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  • Articles  (30)
  • 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
  • Salinity
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (20)
  • American Meteorological Society  (9)
  • Agu
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 2010-2014  (21)
  • 2005-2009  (9)
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  • Articles  (30)
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  • 1
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    Environmental science: new life for the Dead Sea? (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glausiusz, Josie -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 22;464(7292):1118-20. doi: 10.1038/4641118a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Animals ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fresh Water/*analysis/chemistry/microbiology ; Indian Ocean ; International Cooperation ; Middle East ; Salinity ; Volatilization ; *Water Supply/analysis/economics/statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Single-molecule analysis of Mss116-mediated group II intron folding (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: DEAD-box helicases are conserved enzymes involved in nearly all aspects of RNA metabolism, but their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of the DEAD-box protein Mss116 on its natural substrate, the group II intron ai5gamma. Group II introns are structurally complex catalytic RNAs considered evolutionarily related to the eukaryotic spliceosome, and an interesting paradigm for large RNA folding. We used single-molecule fluorescence to monitor the effect of Mss116 on folding dynamics of a minimal active construct, ai5gamma-D135. The data show that Mss116 stimulates dynamic sampling between states along the folding pathway, an effect previously observed only with high Mg(2+) concentrations. Furthermore, the data indicate that Mss116 promotes folding through discrete ATP-independent and ATP-dependent steps. We propose that Mss116 stimulates group II intron folding through a multi-step process that involves electrostatic stabilization of early intermediates and ATP hydrolysis during the final stages of native state assembly.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484588/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484588/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karunatilaka, Krishanthi S -- Solem, Amanda -- Pyle, Anna Marie -- Rueda, David -- R01 GM050313/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085116/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM050313/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM085116/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 21;467(7318):935-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09422. Epub 2010 Oct 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/*metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Hydrolysis ; Introns/*genetics ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA, Catalytic/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism ; Salinity ; Static Electricity ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Stability against freezing of aqueous solutions on early Mars (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-22
    Description: Many features of the Martian landscape are thought to have been formed by liquid water flow and water-related mineralogies on the surface of Mars are widespread and abundant. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that Mars has been cold with mean global temperatures well below the freezing point of pure water. Martian climate modellers considering a combination of greenhouse gases at a range of partial pressures find it challenging to simulate global mean Martian surface temperatures above 273 K, and local thermal sources cannot account for the widespread distribution of hydrated and evaporitic minerals throughout the Martian landscape. Solutes could depress the melting point of water in a frozen Martian environment, providing a plausible solution to the early Mars climate paradox. Here we model the freezing and evaporation processes of Martian fluids with a composition resulting from the weathering of basalts, as reflected in the chemical compositions at Mars landing sites. Our results show that a significant fraction of weathering fluids loaded with Si, Fe, S, Mg, Ca, Cl, Na, K and Al remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below 273 K. We tested our model by analysing the mineralogies yielded by the evolution of the solutions: the resulting mineral assemblages are analogous to those actually identified on the Martian surface. This stability against freezing of Martian fluids can explain saline liquid water activity on the surface of Mars at mean global temperatures well below 273 K.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fairen, Alberto G -- Davila, Alfonso F -- Gago-Duport, Luis -- Amils, Ricardo -- McKay, Christopher P -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 21;459(7245):401-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07978.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. alberto.g.fairen@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmospheric Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; *Freezing ; Ice/analysis ; *Mars ; Partial Pressure ; Salinity ; Transition Temperature ; Volatilization ; Water/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions suggest that the late twentieth century was warmer than any other time during the past 500 years and possibly any time during the past 1,300 years (refs 1, 2). These temperature reconstructions are based largely on terrestrial records from extra-tropical or high-elevation sites; however, global average surface temperature changes closely follow those of the global tropics, which are 75% ocean. In particular, the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) represents a major heat reservoir that both influences global atmospheric circulation and responds to remote northern high-latitude forcings. Here we present a decadally resolved continuous sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction from the IPWP that spans the past two millennia and overlaps the instrumental record, enabling both a direct comparison of proxy data to the instrumental record and an evaluation of past changes in the context of twentieth century trends. Our record from the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, exhibits trends that are similar to a recent Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction. Reconstructed SST was, however, within error of modern values from about ad 1000 to ad 1250, towards the end of the Medieval Warm Period. SSTs during the Little Ice Age (approximately ad 1550-1850) were variable, and approximately 0.5 to 1 degrees C colder than modern values during the coldest intervals. A companion reconstruction of delta(18)O of sea water-a sea surface salinity and hydrology indicator-indicates a tight coupling with the East Asian monsoon system and remote control of IPWP hydrology on centennial-millennial timescales, rather than a dominant influence from local SST variation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oppo, Delia W -- Rosenthal, Yair -- Linsley, Braddock K -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 27;460(7259):1113-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08233.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. doppo@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/analysis ; Calibration ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Ice Cover ; India ; Indonesia ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton/metabolism ; Rain ; Records as Topic ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/*analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Migration of the subtropical front as a modulator of glacial climate (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-17
    Description: Ice cores extracted from the Antarctic ice sheet suggest that glacial conditions, and the relationship between isotopically derived temperatures and atmospheric PCO(2) have been constant over the last 800,000 years of the Late Pleistocene epoch. But independent lines of evidence, such as the extent of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, sea level and other temperature records, point towards a fluctuating severity of glacial periods, particularly during the more extreme glacial stadials centred around 340,000 and 420,000 years ago (marine isotope stages 10 and 12). Previously unidentified mechanisms therefore appear to have mediated the relationship between insolation, CO(2) and climate. Here we test whether northward migration of the subtropical front (STF) off the southeastern coast of South Africa acts as a gatekeeper for the Agulhas current, which controls the transport of heat and salt from the Indo-Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Using a new 800,000-year record of sea surface temperature and ocean productivity from ocean sediment core MD962077, we demonstrate that during cold stadials (particularly marine isotope stages 10 and 12), productivity peaked and sea surface temperature was up to 6 degrees C cooler than modern temperatures. This suggests that during these cooler stadials, the STF moved northward by up to 7 degrees latitude, nearly shutting off the Agulhas current. Our results, combined with faunal assemblages from the south Atlantic show that variable northwards migration of the Southern Hemisphere STF can modulate the severity of each glacial period by altering the strength of the Agulhas current carrying heat and salt to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. We show hence that the degree of northwards migration of the STF can partially decouple global climate from atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, P CO(2), and help to resolve the long-standing puzzle of differing glacial amplitudes within a consistent range of atmospheric PCO(2).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bard, Edouard -- Rickaby, Rosalind E M -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 16;460(7253):380-3. doi: 10.1038/nature08189.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CEREGE (UMR 6635), College de France, University Paul-Cezanne Aix-Marseille, CNRS, IRD, Europole de l'Arbois BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19606147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amoeba/metabolism ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; Cold Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Ice Cover ; Indian Ocean ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; Partial Pressure ; Plankton/metabolism ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; South Africa ; Tropical Climate ; *Water Movements
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Increase in Agulhas leakage due to poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere westerlies (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-27
    Description: The transport of warm and salty Indian Ocean waters into the Atlantic Ocean-the Agulhas leakage-has a crucial role in the global oceanic circulation and thus the evolution of future climate. At present these waters provide the main source of heat and salt for the surface branch of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). There is evidence from past glacial-to-interglacial variations in foraminiferal assemblages and model studies that the amount of Agulhas leakage and its corresponding effect on the MOC has been subject to substantial change, potentially linked to latitudinal shifts in the Southern Hemisphere westerlies. A progressive poleward migration of the westerlies has been observed during the past two to three decades and linked to anthropogenic forcing, but because of the sparse observational records it has not been possible to determine whether there has been a concomitant response of Agulhas leakage. Here we present the results of a high-resolution ocean general circulation model to show that the transport of Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic via the Agulhas leakage has increased during the past decades in response to the change in wind forcing. The increased leakage has contributed to the observed salinification of South Atlantic thermocline waters. Both model and historic measurements off South America suggest that the additional Indian Ocean waters have begun to invade the North Atlantic, with potential implications for the future evolution of the MOC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biastoch, A -- Boning, C W -- Schwarzkopf, F U -- Lutjeharms, J R E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):495-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08519.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leibniz-Institut fur Meereswissenschaften, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany. abiastoch@ifm-geomar.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Computer Simulation ; Foraminifera ; Indian Ocean ; Salinity ; Seawater/*analysis/chemistry ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; *Wind
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Evidence for middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from diatoms and ice-rafted debris (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-17
    Description: Oceanic sediments from long cores drilled on the Lomonosov ridge, in the central Arctic, contain ice-rafted debris (IRD) back to the middle Eocene epoch, prompting recent suggestions that ice appeared in the Arctic about 46 million years (Myr) ago. However, because IRD can be transported by icebergs (derived from land-based ice) and also by sea ice, IRD records are restricted to providing a history of general ice-rafting only. It is critical to differentiate sea ice from glacial (land-based) ice as climate feedback mechanisms vary and global impacts differ between these systems: sea ice directly affects ocean-atmosphere exchanges, whereas land-based ice affects sea level and consequently ocean acidity. An earlier report assumed that sea ice was prevalent in the middle Eocene Arctic on the basis of IRD, and although somewhat preliminary supportive evidence exists, these data are neither comprehensive nor quantified. Here we show the presence of middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from an extraordinary abundance of a group of sea-ice-dependent fossil diatoms (Synedropsis spp.). Analysis of quartz grain textural characteristics further supports sea ice as the dominant transporter of IRD at this time. Together with new information on cosmopolitan diatoms and existing IRD records, our data strongly suggest a two-phase establishment of sea ice: initial episodic formation in marginal shelf areas approximately 47.5 Myr ago, followed approximately 0.5 Myr later by the onset of seasonally paced sea-ice formation in offshore areas of the central Arctic. Our data establish a 2-Myr record of sea ice, documenting the transition from a warm, ice-free environment to one dominated by winter sea ice at the start of the middle Eocene climatic cooling phase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stickley, Catherine E -- St John, Kristen -- Koc, Nalan -- Jordan, Richard W -- Passchier, Sandra -- Pearce, Richard B -- Kearns, Lance E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 16;460(7253):376-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉[1] Department of Geology, University of Tromso, N-9037 Tromso, Norway [2] Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19606146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; *Cold Climate ; Diatoms/chemistry/*isolation & purification/ultrastructure ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ice Cover/*chemistry/*microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Oceans and Seas ; Principal Component Analysis ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Nitrate supply from deep to near-surface waters of the North Pacific subtropical gyre (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) decrease in the surface mixed layers during spring and summer in most of the oligotrophic ocean. Mass balance calculations require that the missing DIC is converted into particulate carbon by photosynthesis. This DIC uptake represents one of the largest components of net community production in the world ocean. However, mixed-layer waters in these regions of the ocean typically contain negligible concentrations of plant nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate. Combined nutrient supply mechanisms including nitrogen fixation, diffusive transport and vertical entrainment are believed to be insufficient to supply the required nutrients for photosynthesis. The basin-scale potential for episodic nutrient transport by eddy events is unresolved. As a result, it is not understood how biologically mediated DIC uptake can be supported in the absence of nutrients. Here we report on high-resolution measurements of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and oxygen (O(2)) concentration made over 21 months using a profiling float deployed near the Hawaii Ocean Time-series station in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Our measurements demonstrate that as O(2) was produced and DIC was consumed over two annual cycles, a corresponding seasonal deficit in dissolved NO(3)(-) appeared in water at depths from 100 to 250 m. The deep-water deficit in NO(3)(-) was in near-stoichiometric balance with the fixed nitrogen exported to depth. Thus, when the water column from the surface to 250 m is considered as a whole, there is near equivalence between nutrient supply and demand. Short-lived transport events (〈10 days) that connect deep stocks of nitrate to nutrient-poor surface waters were clearly present in 12 of the 127 vertical profiles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Kenneth S -- Riser, Stephen C -- Karl, David M -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1062-5. doi: 10.1038/nature09170.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA. johnson@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577212" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Nitrates/*analysis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Oxygen/analysis/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Ships ; Solubility ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 9
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    North Atlantic forcing of tropical Indian Ocean climate (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: The response of the tropical climate in the Indian Ocean realm to abrupt climate change events in the North Atlantic Ocean is contentious. Repositioning of the intertropical convergence zone is thought to have been responsible for changes in tropical hydroclimate during North Atlantic cold spells, but the dearth of high-resolution records outside the monsoon realm in the Indian Ocean precludes a full understanding of this remote relationship and its underlying mechanisms. Here we show that slowdowns of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during Heinrich stadials and the Younger Dryas stadial affected the tropical Indian Ocean hydroclimate through changes to the Hadley circulation including a southward shift in the rising branch (the intertropical convergence zone) and an overall weakening over the southern Indian Ocean. Our results are based on new, high-resolution sea surface temperature and seawater oxygen isotope records of well-dated sedimentary archives from the tropical eastern Indian Ocean for the past 45,000 years, combined with climate model simulations of Atlantic circulation slowdown under Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3 boundary conditions. Similar conditions in the east and west of the basin rule out a zonal dipole structure as the dominant forcing of the tropical Indian Ocean hydroclimate of millennial-scale events. Results from our simulations and proxy data suggest dry conditions in the northern Indian Ocean realm and wet and warm conditions in the southern realm during North Atlantic cold spells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mohtadi, Mahyar -- Prange, Matthias -- Oppo, Delia W -- De Pol-Holz, Ricardo -- Merkel, Ute -- Zhang, Xiao -- Steinke, Stephan -- Luckge, Andreas -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 1;509(7498):76-80. doi: 10.1038/nature13196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. ; Department of Oceanography, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. ; Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, 30655 Hannover, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Eastern ; Air ; Atlantic Ocean ; Borneo ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Greenland ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Humidity ; Hydrology ; Ice Cover ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Lakes ; *Models, Theoretical ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Rain ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate ; Water Movements
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  • 10
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    On the role of the Agulhas system in ocean circulation and climate (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-29
    Description: The Atlantic Ocean receives warm, saline water from the Indo-Pacific Ocean through Agulhas leakage around the southern tip of Africa. Recent findings suggest that Agulhas leakage is a crucial component of the climate system and that ongoing increases in leakage under anthropogenic warming could strengthen the Atlantic overturning circulation at a time when warming and accelerated meltwater input in the North Atlantic is predicted to weaken it. Yet in comparison with processes in the North Atlantic, the overall Agulhas system is largely overlooked as a potential climate trigger or feedback mechanism. Detailed modelling experiments--backed by palaeoceanographic and sustained modern observations--are required to establish firmly the role of the Agulhas system in a warming climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beal, Lisa M -- De Ruijter, Wilhelmus P M -- Biastoch, Arne -- Zahn, Rainer -- SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO Working Group 136 -- England -- Nature. 2011 Apr 28;472(7344):429-36. doi: 10.1038/nature09983.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Florida 33149, USA. lbeal@rsmas.miami.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; *Global Warming ; Indian Ocean ; Salinity ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Water Movements
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  • 11
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    Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-09
    Description: Precipitation changes projected for the end of the twenty-first century show an increase of more than 50 per cent in the Arctic regions. This marked increase, which is among the highest globally, has previously been attributed primarily to enhanced poleward moisture transport from lower latitudes. Here we use state-of-the-art global climate models to show that the projected increases in Arctic precipitation over the twenty-first century, which peak in late autumn and winter, are instead due mainly to strongly intensified local surface evaporation (maximum in winter), and only to a lesser degree due to enhanced moisture inflow from lower latitudes (maximum in late summer and autumn). Moreover, we show that the enhanced surface evaporation results mainly from retreating winter sea ice, signalling an amplified Arctic hydrological cycle. This demonstrates that increases in Arctic precipitation are firmly linked to Arctic warming and sea-ice decline. As a result, the Arctic mean precipitation sensitivity (4.5 per cent increase per degree of temperature warming) is much larger than the global value (1.6 to 1.9 per cent per kelvin). The associated seasonally varying increase in Arctic precipitation is likely to increase river discharge and snowfall over ice sheets (thereby affecting global sea level), and could even affect global climate through freshening of the Arctic Ocean and subsequent modulations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bintanja, R -- Selten, F M -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 22;509(7501):479-82. doi: 10.1038/nature13259. Epub 2014 May 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Utrechtseweg 297, 3731GA, De Bilt, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air ; Arctic Regions ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; *Freezing ; Global Warming/statistics & numerical data ; *Ice Cover ; *Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; *Rain ; Rivers ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/analysis ; Snow ; Temperature ; *Volatilization ; Water Cycle ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Researchers track path of oil from rig spill (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrope, Mark -- Fang, Janet -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 3;465(7298):532-3. doi: 10.1038/465532b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Disasters/prevention & control ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Petroleum/*analysis ; Salinity ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Permanent El Nino during the Pliocene warm period not supported by coral evidence (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-11
    Description: The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system during the Pliocene warm period (PWP; 3-5 million years ago) may have existed in a permanent El Nino state with a sharply reduced zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. This suggests that during the PWP, when global mean temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were similar to those projected for near-term climate change, ENSO variability--and related global climate teleconnections-could have been radically different from that today. Yet, owing to a lack of observational evidence on seasonal and interannual SST variability from crucial low-latitude sites, this fundamental climate characteristic of the PWP remains controversial. Here we show that permanent El Nino conditions did not exist during the PWP. Our spectral analysis of the delta(18)O SST and salinity proxy, extracted from two 35-year, monthly resolved PWP Porites corals in the Philippines, reveals variability that is similar to present ENSO variation. Although our fossil corals cannot be directly compared with modern ENSO records, two lines of evidence suggest that Philippine corals are appropriate ENSO proxies. First, delta(18)O anomalies from a nearby live Porites coral are correlated with modern records of ENSO variability. Second, negative-delta(18)O events in the fossil corals closely resemble the decreases in delta(18)O seen in the live coral during El Nino events. Prior research advocating a permanent El Nino state may have been limited by the coarse resolution of many SST proxies, whereas our coral-based analysis identifies climate variability at the temporal scale required to resolve ENSO structure firmly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Tsuyoshi -- Suzuki, Atsushi -- Minobe, Shoshiro -- Kawashima, Tatsunori -- Kameo, Koji -- Minoshima, Kayo -- Aguilar, Yolanda M -- Wani, Ryoji -- Kawahata, Hodaka -- Sowa, Kohki -- Nagai, Takaya -- Kase, Tomoki -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):209-11. doi: 10.1038/nature09777.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. nabe@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/metabolism ; Atmosphere ; *Climate ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation/*history ; Entropy ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; Philippines ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: Freshening in the Canada basin of the Arctic Ocean began in the 1990s and continued to at least the end of 2008. By then, the Arctic Ocean might have gained four times as much fresh water as comprised the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s, raising the spectre of slowing global ocean circulation. Freshening has been attributed to increased sea ice melting and contributions from runoff, but a leading explanation has been a strengthening of the Beaufort High--a characteristic peak in sea level atmospheric pressure--which tends to accelerate an anticyclonic (clockwise) wind pattern causing convergence of fresh surface water. Limited observations have made this explanation difficult to verify, and observations of increasing freshwater content under a weakened Beaufort High suggest that other factors must be affecting freshwater content. Here we use observations to show that during a time of record reductions in ice extent from 2005 to 2008, the dominant freshwater content changes were an increase in the Canada basin balanced by a decrease in the Eurasian basin. Observations are drawn from satellite data (sea surface height and ocean-bottom pressure) and in situ data. The freshwater changes were due to a cyclonic (anticlockwise) shift in the ocean pathway of Eurasian runoff forced by strengthening of the west-to-east Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation characterized by an increased Arctic Oscillation index. Our results confirm that runoff is an important influence on the Arctic Ocean and establish that the spatial and temporal manifestations of the runoff pathways are modulated by the Arctic Oscillation, rather than the strength of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre circulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morison, James -- Kwok, Ron -- Peralta-Ferriz, Cecilia -- Alkire, Matt -- Rigor, Ignatius -- Andersen, Roger -- Steele, Mike -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 4;481(7379):66-70. doi: 10.1038/nature10705.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 Northeast 40th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. morison@apl.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; Atmospheric Pressure ; Canada ; Climate ; Fresh Water/*analysis ; Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Salinity ; Seawater/analysis ; *Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-17
    Description: Water has always been crucial to combustion and hydroelectric processes, but it could become the source of power in membrane-based systems that capture energy from natural and waste waters. Two processes are emerging as sustainable methods for capturing energy from sea water: pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. These processes can also capture energy from waste heat by generating artificial salinity gradients using synthetic solutions, such as thermolytic salts. A further source of energy comes from organic matter in waste waters, which can be harnessed using microbial fuel-cell technology, allowing both wastewater treatment and power production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Logan, Bruce E -- Elimelech, Menachem -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 16;488(7411):313-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11477.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. blogan@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biofuels ; Biomass ; Dialysis/*methods ; Electricity ; Hot Temperature ; *Renewable Energy/economics ; Salinity ; *Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Insolation-induced mid-Brunhes transition in Southern Ocean ventilation and deep-ocean temperature (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-15
    Description: Glacial-interglacial cycles characterized by long cold periods interrupted by short periods of warmth are the dominant feature of Pleistocene climate, with the relative intensity and duration of past and future interglacials being of particular interest for civilization. The interglacials after 430,000 years ago were characterized by warmer climates and higher atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide than the interglacials before, but the cause of this climatic transition (the so-called mid-Brunhes event (MBE)) is unknown. Here I show, on the basis of model simulations, that in response to insolation changes only, feedbacks between sea ice, temperature, evaporation and salinity caused vigorous pre-MBE Antarctic bottom water formation and Southern Ocean ventilation. My results also show that strong westerlies increased the pre-MBE overturning in the Southern Ocean via an increased latitudinal insolation gradient created by changes in eccentricity during austral winter and by changes in obliquity during austral summer. The stronger bottom water formation led to a cooler deep ocean during the older interglacials. These insolation-induced differences in the deep-sea temperature and in the Southern Ocean ventilation between the more recent interglacials and the older ones were not expected, because there is no straightforward systematic difference in the astronomical parameters between the interglacials before and after 430,000 years ago. Rather than being a real 'event', the apparent MBE seems to have resulted from a series of individual interglacial responses--including notable exceptions to the general pattern--to various combinations of insolation conditions. Consequently, assuming no anthropogenic interference, future interglacials may have pre- or post-MBE characteristics without there being a systematic change in forcings. These findings are a first step towards understanding the magnitude change of the interglacial carbon dioxide concentration around 430,000 years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yin, Qiuzhen -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 14;494(7436):222-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Chemin du Cyclotron 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. qiuzhen.yin@uclouvain.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23407538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/analysis/history ; *Climate ; Feedback ; History, Ancient ; Oceans and Seas ; Salinity ; Seasons ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Solar Activity ; *Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dynamics of a Snowball Earth ocean (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-08
    Description: Geological evidence suggests that marine ice extended to the Equator at least twice during the Neoproterozoic era (about 750 to 635 million years ago), inspiring the Snowball Earth hypothesis that the Earth was globally ice-covered. In a possible Snowball Earth climate, ocean circulation and mixing processes would have set the melting and freezing rates that determine ice thickness, would have influenced the survival of photosynthetic life, and may provide important constraints for the interpretation of geochemical and sedimentological observations. Here we show that in a Snowball Earth, the ocean would have been well mixed and characterized by a dynamic circulation, with vigorous equatorial meridional overturning circulation, zonal equatorial jets, a well developed eddy field, strong coastal upwelling and convective mixing. This is in contrast to the sluggish ocean often expected in a Snowball Earth scenario owing to the insulation of the ocean from atmospheric forcing by the thick ice cover. As a result of vigorous convective mixing, the ocean temperature, salinity and density were either uniform in the vertical direction or weakly stratified in a few locations. Our results are based on a model that couples ice flow and ocean circulation, and is driven by a weak geothermal heat flux under a global ice cover about a kilometre thick. Compared with the modern ocean, the Snowball Earth ocean had far larger vertical mixing rates, and comparable horizontal mixing by ocean eddies. The strong circulation and coastal upwelling resulted in melting rates near continents as much as ten times larger than previously estimated. Although we cannot resolve the debate over the existence of global ice cover, we discuss the implications for the nutrient supply of photosynthetic activity and for banded iron formations. Our insights and constraints on ocean dynamics may help resolve the Snowball Earth controversy when combined with future geochemical and geological observations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ashkenazy, Yosef -- Gildor, Hezi -- Losch, Martin -- Macdonald, Francis A -- Schrag, Daniel P -- Tziperman, Eli -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 7;495(7439):90-3. doi: 10.1038/nature11894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990, Israel. ashkena@bgu.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Earth (Planet) ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Salinity ; *Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; *Snow ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
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    Using membrane transporters to improve crops for sustainable food production (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-03
    Description: With the global population predicted to grow by at least 25 per cent by 2050, the need for sustainable production of nutritious foods is critical for human and environmental health. Recent advances show that specialized plant membrane transporters can be used to enhance yields of staple crops, increase nutrient content and increase resistance to key stresses, including salinity, pathogens and aluminium toxicity, which in turn could expand available arable land.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954111/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954111/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schroeder, Julian I -- Delhaize, Emmanuel -- Frommer, Wolf B -- Guerinot, Mary Lou -- Harrison, Maria J -- Herrera-Estrella, Luis -- Horie, Tomoaki -- Kochian, Leon V -- Munns, Rana -- Nishizawa, Naoko K -- Tsay, Yi-Fang -- Sanders, Dale -- 55005946/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- BB/J004561/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- GM060396/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM078536/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P42 ES007373/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42 ES010337/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42ES007373/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42ES010337/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060396/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078536/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 2;497(7447):60-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11909.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA. jischroeder@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods ; Aluminum/toxicity ; Biological Transport ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism/microbiology ; Food Supply/*statistics & numerical data ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Nutritive Value ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Public Health ; Salinity ; Sodium/toxicity ; Soil/chemistry ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Zinc/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Offshore fresh groundwater reserves as a global phenomenon (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The flow of terrestrial groundwater to the sea is an important natural component of the hydrological cycle. This process, however, does not explain the large volumes of low-salinity groundwater that are found below continental shelves. There is mounting evidence for the global occurrence of offshore fresh and brackish groundwater reserves. The potential use of these non-renewable reserves as a freshwater resource provides a clear incentive for future research. But the scope for continental shelf hydrogeology is broader and we envisage that it can contribute to the advancement of other scientific disciplines, in particular sedimentology and marine geochemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Post, Vincent E A -- Groen, Jacobus -- Kooi, Henk -- Person, Mark -- Ge, Shemin -- Edmunds, W Mike -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 5;504(7478):71-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12858.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] School of the Environment, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. [2] National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Geology ; *Groundwater ; Oceans and Seas ; Salinity
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    An Arabidopsis gene regulatory network for secondary cell wall synthesis (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: The plant cell wall is an important factor for determining cell shape, function and response to the environment. Secondary cell walls, such as those found in xylem, are composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and account for the bulk of plant biomass. The coordination between transcriptional regulation of synthesis for each polymer is complex and vital to cell function. A regulatory hierarchy of developmental switches has been proposed, although the full complement of regulators remains unknown. Here we present a protein-DNA network between Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and secondary cell wall metabolic genes with gene expression regulated by a series of feed-forward loops. This model allowed us to develop and validate new hypotheses about secondary wall gene regulation under abiotic stress. Distinct stresses are able to perturb targeted genes to potentially promote functional adaptation. These interactions will serve as a foundation for understanding the regulation of a complex, integral plant component.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333722/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333722/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor-Teeples, M -- Lin, L -- de Lucas, M -- Turco, G -- Toal, T W -- Gaudinier, A -- Young, N F -- Trabucco, G M -- Veling, M T -- Lamothe, R -- Handakumbura, P P -- Xiong, G -- Wang, C -- Corwin, J -- Tsoukalas, A -- Zhang, L -- Ware, D -- Pauly, M -- Kliebenstein, D J -- Dehesh, K -- Tagkopoulos, I -- Breton, G -- Pruneda-Paz, J L -- Ahnert, S E -- Kay, S A -- Hazen, S P -- Brady, S M -- R01 GM056006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM107311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM056006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM107311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R25 GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 GM092412/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2GM092412/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):571-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14099. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA [2] Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. ; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; 1] Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. ; 1] Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA [2] US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. ; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Wall/*metabolism ; DNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; E2F Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Feedback ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; Iron/deficiency ; Organ Specificity ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salinity ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Xylem/genetics/growth & development/metabolism
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    Aegean Sea Water Masses during the Early Stages of the Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-08
    Description: The Aegean water masses and circulation structure are studied via two large-scale surveys performed during the late winters of 1988 and 1990 by the R/V Yakov Gakkel of the former Soviet Union. The analysis of these data sheds light on the mechanisms of water mass formation in the Aegean Sea that triggered the outflow of Cretan Deep Water (CDW) from the Cretan Sea into the abyssal basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (the so-called Eastern Mediterranean Transient). It is found that the central Aegean Basin is the site of the formation of Aegean Intermediate Water, which slides southward and, depending on their density, renews either the intermediate or the deep water of the Cretan Sea. During the winter of 1988, the Cretan Sea waters were renewed mainly at intermediate levels, while during the winter of 1990 it was mainly the volume of CDW that increased. This Aegean water mass redistribution and formation process in 1990 differed from that in 1988 in two major aspects: (i) during the winter of 1990 the position of the front between the Black Sea Water and the Levantine Surface Water was displaced farther north than during the winter of 1988 and (ii) heavier waters were formed in 1990 as a result of enhanced lateral advection of salty Levantine Surface Water that enriched the intermediate waters with salt. In 1990 the 29.2 isopycnal rose to the surface of the central basin and a large volume of CDW filled the Cretan Basin. It is found that, already in 1988, the 29.2 isopycnal surface, which we assume is the lowest density of the CDW, was shallower than the Kassos Strait sill and thus CDW egressed into the Eastern Mediterranean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1841-1859
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Aegean Sea ; Water Masses ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Effects of NAO variability on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation (2007)
    Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The ocean response to an idealised North Atlantic Oscillation-like wind stress is evaluated as a function of the atmospheric forcing frequency. In order to elucidate the relationship between internal and forced variability, the NAO is modulated with two specific timescales, 10 and 50 years, which characterise the spectrum of the system’s internal variability. Different timescales of atmospheric variability select distinct sea surface temperature (SST) and large scale circulation patterns. Under a 50 year NAO forcing period, a lagged SST response is excited in the Gulf Stream extension region, which is consistent with the spinup of the gyre circulation. The thermohaline circulation varies in phase with the NAO and shows a strong sensitivity to the forcing frequency: a dipole mode of the overturning is excited by a 10 year modulation of the NAO, while an enhanced overturning response emerges under a 50 year NAO. With low enough lateral mixing the ocean exhibits an irregular response to a regular NAO-like forcing.
    Description: Published
    Description: L02612
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NAO ; Ocean circulation ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    Using Temperature–Salinity Relations in a Global Ocean Implementation of a Multivariate Data Assimilation Scheme (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper results from the application of an ocean data assimilation (ODA) system, combining a multivariate reduced-order optimal interpolator (OI) scheme with a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM), are described. The present ODA system, designed to assimilate in situ temperature and salinity observations, has been used to produce ocean reanalyses for the 1962–2001 period. The impact of assimilating observed hydrographic data on the ocean mean state and temporal variability is evaluated. A special focus of this work is on the ODA system skill in reproducing a realistic ocean salinity state. Results from a hierarchy of different salinity reanalyses, using varying combinations of assimilated data and background error covariance structures, are described. The impact of the space and time resolution of the background error covariance parameterization on salinity is addressed.
    Description: This work has been funded by the ENACT Project (Contract EVK2-CT2001-00117) for A. Bellucci and P. Di Pietro, and partially by the ENSEMBLES Project (Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539) for A. Bellucci.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3785-3807
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ocean modelling ; data assimilation ; reanalysis ; upper ocean variability ; temperature ; Salinity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictability in the North Atlantic: A Multi-Model-Ensemble Study (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ensemble experiments are performed with five coupled atmosphere–ocean models to investigate the potential for initial-value climate forecasts on interannual to decadal time scales. Experiments are started from similar model-generated initial states, and common diagnostics of predictability are used. We find that variations in the ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, a more consistent picture of the surface temperature impact of decadal variations in the MOC is now apparent, and variations of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean are also potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, albeit with potential skill levels that are less than those seen for MOC variations. This intercomparison represents a step forward in assessing the robustness of model estimates of potential skill and is a prerequisite for the development of any operational forecasting system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1195-1203
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Decadal Climate ; North Atlantic ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    Eddies in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, observed from ice-tethered profilers (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 38 (2008): 133–145, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3782.1.
    Description: Five ice-tethered profilers (ITPs), deployed between 2004 and 2006, have provided detailed potential temperature θ and salinity S profiles from 21 anticyclonic eddy encounters in the central Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. The 12–35-m-thick eddies have center depths between 42 and 69 m in the Arctic halocline, and are shallower and less dense than the majority of eddies observed previously in the central Canada Basin. They are characterized by anomalously cold θ and low stratification, and have horizontal scales on the order of, or less than, the Rossby radius of deformation (about 10 km). Maximum azimuthal speeds estimated from dynamic heights (assuming cyclogeostrophic balance) are between 9 and 26 cm s−1, an order of magnitude larger than typical ambient flow speeds in the central basin. Eddy θ–S and potential vorticity properties, as well as horizontal and vertical scales, are consistent with their formation by instability of a surface front at about 80°N that appears in historical CTD and expendable CTD (XCTD) measurements. This would suggest eddy lifetimes longer than 6 months. While the baroclinic instability of boundary currents cannot be ruled out as a generation mechanism, it is less likely since deeper eddies that would originate from the deeper-reaching boundary flows are not observed in the survey region.
    Description: The engineering design work for the ITP was initiated by the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Technology Innovation Program (an internal program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). Prototype development and construction were funded jointly by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Oceanographic Technology and Interdisciplinary Coordination Program and Office of Polar Programs (OPP) under Award OCE-0324233. Continued support has been provided by the OPP Arctic Sciences Section under Award ARC-0519899 and internal WHOI funding.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Eddies ; Profilers ; Stability ; Salinity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Sensor corrections for Sea-Bird SBE-41CP and SBE-41 CTDs (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24 (2007): 1117-1130, doi:10.1175/JTECH2016.1.
    Description: Sensor response corrections for two models of Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) instruments (the SBE-41CP and SBE-41) designed for low-energy profiling applications were estimated and applied to oceanographic data. Three SBE-41CP CTDs mounted on prototype ice-tethered profilers deployed in the Arctic Ocean sampled diffusive thermohaline staircases and telemetered data to shore at their full 1-Hz resolution. Estimations of and corrections for finite thermistor time response, time shifts between when a parcel of water was sampled by the thermistor and when it was sampled by the conductivity cell, and the errors in salinity induced by the thermal inertia of the conductivity cell are developed with these data. In addition, thousands of profiles from Argo profiling floats equipped with SBE-41 CTDs were screened to select examples where thermally well-mixed surface layers overlaid strong thermoclines for which standard processing often yields spuriously fresh salinity estimates. Hundreds of profiles so identified are used to estimate and correct for the conductivity cell thermal mass error in SBE-41 CTDs.
    Description: The National Ocean Partnership Program and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research funded this analysis. The ITP data were acquired under National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE0324233.
    Keywords: Instrumentation ; Profilers ; Salinity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    On sea surface salinity skin effect iInduced by evaporation and implications for remote sensing of ocean salinity (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2010): 85-102, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4168.1.
    Description: The existence of a cool and salty sea surface skin under evaporation was first proposed by Saunders in 1967, but few efforts have since been made to perceive the salt component of the skin layer. With two salinity missions scheduled to launch in the coming years, this study attempted to revisit the Saunders concept and to utilize presently available air–sea forcing datasets to analyze, understand, and interpret the effect of the salty skin and its implication for remote sensing of ocean salinity. Similar to surface cooling, the skin salinification would occur primarily at low and midlatitudes in regions that are characterized by low winds or high evaporation. On average, the skin is saltier than the interior water by 0.05–0.15 psu and cooler by 0.2°–0.5°C. The cooler and saltier skin at the top is always statically unstable, and the tendency to overturn is controlled by cooling. Once the skin layer overturns, the time to reestablish the full increase of skin salinity was reported to be on the order of 15 min, which is approximately 90 times slower than that for skin temperature. Because the radiation received from a footprint is averaged over an area to give a single pixel value, the slow recovery by the salt diffusion process might cause a slight reduction in area-averaged skin salinity and thus obscure the salty skin effect on radiometer retrievals. In the presence of many geophysical error sources in remote sensing of ocean salinity, the salt enrichment at the surface skin does not appear to be a concern.
    Keywords: Salinity ; Precipitation ; Evaporation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Abrupt transitions and hysteresis in thermohaline laboratory models (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 39 (2009): 1231-1243, doi:10.1175/2008JPO4087.1.
    Description: As a driving parameter is slowly altered, thermohaline ocean circulation models show either a smooth evolution of a mode of flow or an abrupt transition of temperature and salinity fields from one mode to another. An abrupt transition might occur at one value or over a range of the driving parameter. The latter has hysteresis because the mode in this range depends on the history of the driving parameter. Although assorted ocean circulation models exhibit abrupt transitions, such transitions have not been directly observed in the ocean. Therefore, laboratory experiments have been conducted to seek and observe actual (physical) abrupt thermohaline transitions. An experiment closely duplicating Stommel’s box model possessed abrupt transitions in temperature and salinity with distinct hysteresis. Two subsequent experiments with more latitude for internal circulation in the containers possessed abrupt transitions over a much smaller range of hysteresis. Therefore, a new experiment with even more latitude for internal circulation was designed and conducted. A large tank of constantly renewed freshwater at room temperature had a smaller cavity in the bottom heated from below with saltwater steadily pumped in. The cavity had either a salt mode, consisting of the cavity filled with heated salty water with an interface at the cavity top, or a temperature mode, in which the heat and saltwater were removed from the cavity by convection. There was no measurable hysteresis between the two modes. Possible reasons for such small hysteresis are discussed.
    Description: Support is gratefully acknowledged from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Climate Change Institute, the National Science Foundation, Physical Oceanography Section under Grant OCE-0081179, and the Paul M. Fye Chair of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Thermohaline circulation ; Experimental design ; Ocean circulation ; Temperature ; Salinity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Subtidal salinity and velocity in the Hudson River estuary : observations and modeling (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 38 (2008): 753-770, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3808.1.
    Description: A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow along the Hudson River estuary. The model achieves high skill at hindcasting salinity and residual velocity variation during a 110-day period in 2004 covering a wide range of river discharges and tidal forcing. The approach is based on an existing model framework that has been modified to improve model skill relative to observations. The external forcing has been modified to capture meteorological time-scale variability in salinity, stratification, and residual velocity due to sea level fluctuations at the open boundary and along-estuary wind stress. To reflect changes in vertical mixing due to stratification, the vertical mixing coefficients have been modified to use the bottom boundary layer height rather than the water depth as an effective mixing length scale. The boundary layer parameterization depends on the tidal amplitude and the local baroclinic pressure gradient through the longitudinal Richardson number, and improves the model response to spring–neap variability in tidal amplitude during periods of high river discharge. Finally, steady-state model solutions are evaluated for both the Hudson River and northern San Francisco Bay over a range of forcing conditions. Agreement between the model and scaling of equilibrium salinity intrusions lends confidence that the approach is transferable to other estuaries, despite significant differences in bathymetry. Discrepancies between the model results and observations at high river discharge are indicative of limits at which the formulation begins to fail, and where an alternative approach that captures two-layer dynamics would be more appropriate.
    Description: This research was supported by the Hudson River Foundation Grant 005/03A, NSF Grant OCE-0452054, and by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the J. Seward Johnson Fund.
    Keywords: Estuaries ; Salinity ; Rivers ; Tides ; Wind stress
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 30
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    Note on the vertical velocity and diffusive salt flux induced by evaporation and precipitation (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 39 (2009): 2680-2682, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4069.1.
    Description: Some (not all) of the oceanographic literature slightly miscalculates the vertical velocity (w) and diffusive salt flux induced by evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) at the sea surface. Short, simple, physical derivations are presented to show that, for a sea surface h = h(x, y, t) varying in space and time, 1) w = VH · h + ∂h/∂t + ρF(E − P)/ρ, where VH is the horizontal component of the aggregate parcel velocity, and ρF and ρ are the densities of freshwater and surface seawater, respectively; and 2) the vertical diffusive salt flux at the sea surface (whether molecular or turbulent) is −ρFS(E − P), where S is the surface salinity.
    Keywords: Evaporation ; Precipitation ; Salinity ; Fluxes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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