ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of Illustrations. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Parts of the Spectrum. - 1.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Flux. - 1.2.2 Terrestrial lnfrared Flux. - 1.3 Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media. - 1.3.1 Feedback Processes. - 1.3.2 Types of Matter that Affect Radiation. - 1.4 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres. - 1.4.1 Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws. - 1.4.2 Minor Species in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.3 Optical Line-of-Sight Paths. - 1.4.4 Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres. - 1.4.5 Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks. - 1.5 Density Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6 Vertical Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6.1 The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean. - 1 .6.2 Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties. - 1.6.3 Sea-Surface Temperature. - 1.6.4 Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity. - 1.7 Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units. - 1.8 Summary. - 2 Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation. - 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Geometrical Optics. - 2.3 Radiative Flux or Irradiance. - 2.4 Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments. - 2.4.1 Relationship between Flux and Intensity. - 2.4.2 Average Intensity and Energy Density. - 2.5 Some Theorems on Intensity. - 2.5.1 lntensity and Flux from an Extended Source. - 2.6 Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance. - 2.7 The Extinction Law. - 2.7.1 Extinction = Scattering + Absorption. - 2.8 The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 2.9 Summary. - 3 Basic Scattering Processes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Lorentz Theory for Radiation- Matter Interactions. - 3.2.1 Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium. - 3.2.2 Scattering from Density Irregularities. - 3.2.3 Scattering in Random Media. - 3.2.4 First-Order and Multiple Scattering. - 3.3 Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator. - 3.3.1 Case ( 1 ): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile. - 3.3.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering. - 3.3.3 Natural Broadening. - 3.3.4 Pressure Broadening. - 3.3.5 Doppler Broadening. - 3.3.6 Realistic Line-Broadening Processes. - 3.3.7 Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering. - 3.4 The Scattering Phase Function. - 3.4.1 Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function. - 3.5 Mie-Debye Scattering. - 3.6 Summary. - 4 Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media. - 4.2.1 Solids. - 4.2.2 Aerosols. - 4.2.3 Liquids. - 4.3 Molecular Absorption in Gases. - 4.3.1 Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws. - 4.3.2 Planck's Spectral Distribution Law. - 4.3.3 Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules. - 4.3.4 Inelastic Collisional Processes. - 4.3.5 Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions. - 4.4 The Two-Level Atom. - 4.4.1 Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation. - 4.4.2 Effects of Collisions on State Populations. - 4.5 Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands. - 4.5.1 Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator. - 4.5.2 Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator. - 4.5.3 Line Strengths. - 4.6 Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible. - 4.7 Summary. - 5 Principles of Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Boundary Properties of Planetary Media. - 5.2.1 Thermal Emission from a Surface. - 5.2.2 Absorption by a Surface. - 5.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces. - 5.2.4 Surface Reflection: The BRDF. - 5.2.5 Albedo for Collimated lncidence. - 5.2.6 The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence. - 5.2.7 Analytic Reflectance Expressions. - 5.2.8 The Opposition Effect. - 5.2.9 Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface. - 5.2.10 Transmission through a Slab Medium. - 5.2.11 Spherical, or Bond Albedo. - 5.3 Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media. - 5.3.1 Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission. - 5.3.2 Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering. - 5.4.1 Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry. - 5.4.2 Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry. - 5.4.3 Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry. - 5.5 Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 5.6 Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission. - 5.7 Radiative Heating Rate. - 5.7.1 Generalized Gershun's Law. - 5.7.2 Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency. - 5.7.3 Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate. - 5.8 Summary. - 6 Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components. - 6.2.1 Lower Boundary Conditions. - 6.2.2 Multiple Scattering. - 6.2.3 Azimuth lndependence of Flux and Mean Intensity. - 6.3 Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field. - 6.4 Spherical Shell Geometry. - 6.5 Nonstratified Media. - 6.6 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 6.6.1 Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction. - 6.7 Examples of Phase Functions. - 6.7.1 Rayleigh Phase Function. - 6.7.2 The Mie-Debye Phase Function. - 6.8 Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering. - 6.8.1The [Delta]-Isotropic Approximation. - 6.8.2 The [Delta]- Two-Term Approximation. - 6.8.3 Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations. - 6.8.4 The [Delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N. - 6.8.5 Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling. - 6.9 Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory. - 6.9.1 Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination. - 6.9.2 Prototype Problem 2: Constant lmbedded Source. - 6.9.3 Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem. - 6.9.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface. - 6.10 Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneaus Media. - 6.11 Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field. - 6.12 Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13 Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13.1 The Escape Probability. - 6.14 Summary. - 7 Approximate Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering. - 7.2.1 Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scaltering Series. - 7.2.2 Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem. - 7.3 The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering. - 7.3.1 Approximate Differential Equations. - 7.3.2 The Mean lnclination: Possible Choices for [My]. - 7.3.3 Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach. - 7.3.4 Prototype Problem 2: lmbedded Source. - 7.3.5 Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence. - 7.4 Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab. - 7.5 Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.1 Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations. - 7.5.2 The Backscattering Coefficients. - 7.5.3 Two-Stream Salutions for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.4 Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.5 Generalized Two-Stream Equations. - 7.6 Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method. - 7.7 Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method. - 7.8 Summary. - 8 Accurate Numerical Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method - Isotropic Scattering. - 8.2.1 Quadrature Formulas. - 8.2.2 The Double-Gauss Method. - 8.3 Anisotropic Scattering. - 8.3.1 General Considerations. - 8.3.2 Quadrature Rule. - 8.4 Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.4.1 Two- and Four-Stream Approximations. - 8.4.2 Multistream Approximation ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5 Matrix Eigensolutions. - 8.5.1 Two-Stream Salutions ( N = 1). - 8.5.2 Multistream Solutions ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5.3 Inhomogeneous Solution. - 8.5.4 General Solution. - 8.6 Source Function and Angular Distributions. - 8.7 Boundary Conditions - Removal of Ill-Conditioning. - 8.7.1 Boundary Conditions. - 8.7.2 Removal of Numerical lll-Conditioning. - 8.8 Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media. - 8.8.1 General Solution - Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions. - 8.8.2 Source Functions and Angular Distributions. - 8.8.3 Numerical lmplementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.9 Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field. - 8.9.1 The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure. - 8.9.2 Computed lntensity Distributions for the Standard Problem. - 8.10 The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem. - 8.10.1 Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 8.10.2 Quadrature and General Solution. - 8.10.3 Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions. - 8.11 The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods. - 8.11.1 Matrix-Exponential Solution - Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules. - 8.11.2 Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods. - 8.11.3 Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules - Adding of Dissimilar Layers. - 8.12 Other Accurate Methods. - 8.12.1 The Spherical-Harmonics Method. - 8.12.2 Invariant lmbedding. - 8.12.3 Iteration Methods. - 8.12.4 The Feautrier Method. - 8.12.5 Integral Equation Approach. - 8.12.6 Monte Carlo Methods. - 8.13 Summary. - 9 Shortwave Radiative Transfer. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Solar Radiation. - 9.3 Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - 9.3.1 Gaseaus Absorption and Penetration Depth. - 9.3.2 Optical Properlies of Atmospheric Aerosols. - 9.3.3 Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds. - 9.3.4 Optical Properties of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.5 Optical Properties of the Ocean. - 9.3.6 Optical Properties of Snow and Ice. - 9.4 Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere. - 9.4.1 Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean. - 9.4.2 Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds. - 9.4.3 Computation of Photolysis Rates. - 9.4.4 UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance. - 9.4.5 UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth 's Surface. - 9.4.6 Comparisan of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface. - 9.5 Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean. - 9.5.1 Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean. - 9.5.2 Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water. - 9.5.3 Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factars. - 9.5.4 Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance. - 9.5.5 Modefing the UV Transmission into the Ocean. - 9.5.6 Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean. - 9.6 Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice. - 9.7 Summary. - 1 0 Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Transmission in an Isolated Line. - 10.2.1 Isolated Lorentz Line. - 10.3 Band Models. - 10.3.1 The Elsasser Band Model. - 10.3.2 Distributed Line lntensities. - 10.3.3 Random Band Model. - 10.3.4 MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model. - 10.4 Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media. - 10.4.1 Method of the k-Distribution. - 10.4.2 k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model. - 10.5 Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneaus Media. - 10.5.1 The H- C-G Scaling Approximation. - 10.5.2 LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneaus Paths. - 10.5.3 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations. - 10.5.4 The Correlated-k Method. - 10.5.5 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method. - 10.6 Summary. - 11 Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media. - 11.1 lntroduction. - 11.2 Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions. - 11.2.1 Monochromatic Flux Equations. - 11.2.2 Wide-Band Emittance Models. - 11.2.3 Narrow-Band Absorption Model. - 11.2.4 Band Overlap. - 11.2.5 The Diffusivity Approximation. - 11.2.6 Equationsfor the Heating Rate. - 11.2.7 Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium. - 11.2.8 Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates. - 11.3 The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols. - 11.3.1Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud. - 11.3.2 Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds. - 11.3.3 Accurate Treatment Including Scattering. - 11.4 Summary. - 12 The Role of Radiation in Climate. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity. - 12.3 Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity. - 12.4 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium. - 12.5 The Concept of the Emission Height. - 12.6 Effects of spectral window. - 12.7 Radiative forcing. - 12.8 Climate impact of clouds. - 12.8.1 Longwave Effects of water clouds. - 12.8.2 Shortwave effects of water clouds. - 12.8.3 Combined shortwave and longewave effects of clouds. - 12.9 Climate impact of cloud height. - 12.10 Cloud and aerosol forcing. - 12.10.1 Aerosol forcing. - 12.11 Water-Vapor Feedback. - 12.12 Effects of carbon dioxide changes. - 12.13 Greenhouse effect from individual gas species. - 12.14 Summary. - Appendices. - A Nomenclature: Glossary of symbols. - B Physical constants. - C Model atmospheres. - D Ocean optics nomenclature. - E Reflectance and transmittance at an interface. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Radiative transfer is important to a range of disciplines, from the study of greenhause warming to stellar atmospheres and ocean optics. This text provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer for senior undergraduate and graduate students of atmospheric, oceanic, and environmental sciences. With an emphasis on formulation, judicial approximations and numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equation, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean fills a gap between descriptive texts covering the physical processes and the practical numerical approaches needed in research. Designed to convey physical insight into the transfer process, it can also be used as a self-contained manual for practitioners who require accurate modeling of the effects of solar and infrared radiation on natural systems. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean includes a unified treatment of radiation within both the atmosphere and ocean, boundary properties (such as reflectionand absorptance of solid surfaces), heuristic models (Lorentzatom, two-level atom, rotating vibrator), and extensive use of two-stream and approximate methods. State of the-art computational methods are illustrated by a thorough treatment of the discrete-ordinates technique and the correlated-k band absorption method. Exercises and problem sets provide practice in both formulation and solution techniques. Applications to the subjects of solar UV penetration of the atmosphere / ocean system and the greenhause effect serve to illustrate the use of such techniques in modern research. This self-contained, systematic treatment will prepare the student in solving radiative transfer problems across a broad range of subjects.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction to MATLAB. Systems of linear algebraic equations. Interpolation and curve fitting. Roots of equations. Numerical differentiation. Numerical Integration. Initial value problems. two-point boundary value problems. Symmetric matrix eigenvalue problems. Introduction to optimization.

Description / Table of Contents: Motivations and Opportunities. - Structural Mapping Techniques and Tools. - Characterizing Structures Using Differential Geometry. - Physical Quantities, Fields, Dimensions, and Scaling. - Deformation and Flow. - Force, Traction, and Stress. - Conservation of Mass and Momentum. - Elastic Deformation. - Brittle Behavior. - Viscous Flow. - Rheological Behavior. - Model Development and Methodology.

Description / Table of Contents: describes the interaction between geophysics and condensed matter physics. Condensed matter physics leads to a first-principles way of looking at crystals, enabling physicists and mineralogists to study the rich and sometimes unexpected behavior that minerals exhibit under the extreme conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature, found deep within the earth. Leading international researchers from both geosciences and condensed matter physics discuss the state-of-the-art of this interdisciplinary field. A summary for specialists and graduate students researching mineralogy and crystallography.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Basic wave propagation. Transforms. Review of continuum mechanics and elastic waves. Asymptotic ray theory. Rays at an interface. Differential systems for stratified media. Inverse transforms for stratified media. Canonical signals. Generalizations of ray theory. Useful integrals. Useful Fourier transforms. Ordinary differential equations. Saddle-point methods.

Description / Table of Contents: Electromagnetic wave propagation. The absorption of light. Specular reflection. Scattering by a single particle. Propagation in a non-uniform medium: the equation of radiative transfer. The bidirectional reflectance of a semi-infinite medium. The bidirectional reflectance in other geometries. Other quantities related to reflectance, integrated reflectances, planetary photometry, reflectances of mixtures. Reflectance spectroscopy. Photometric effects of large scale roughness. Thermal emission. Polarization.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Basic theoretical concepts. Planning a field campaign. From time series to transfer functions: data processing. Dimensionality and distortion. Numerical forward modelling. Inversion of MT data. Conduction mechanisms. Other EM induction techniques.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Stress and strain. Elasticity. Tensile testing. Other tests of plastic behavior. Strain hardening of metals. Plasticity theory. Strain-rate and temperature dependence of flow stress. Slip. Dislocation geometry and energy. Dislocation mechanics. Mechanical twinning. Hardening mechanisms in metals. Ductility and fracture. Fracture mechanics. Viscoelasticity. Creep and stress rupture. Fatigue. Residual stress. Ceramics and glasses. Polymers. Composites. Mechanical working.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Mechanical vibrations: a review of some fundamentals. Sound waves: a review of some fundamentals. Interactions between sound waves and solid structures. Noise and vibration measurement and control procedures. The analysis of noise and vibration signals. Statistical energy analysis of noise and vibration. Pipe flow noise and vibration: a case study. Noise and vibration as a diagnostic tool.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Some necessary background; 3. Simple sampling Monte Carlo methods; 4. The metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm for lattice models; 5. More on importance sampling Monte Carlo methods for lattice systems; 6. Off-lattice models; 7. Reweighting methods; 8. Quantum Monte Carlo methods; 9. Monte Carlo renormalization group methods; 10. Non-equilibrium and irreversible processes; 11. Lattice gauge models: a brief introduction; 12. A brief review of other methods of computer simulation; 13. Outlook.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I. Processing: 2. Mathematical preliminaries; 3. Practical estimation of spectra; 4. Filtering; 5. Processing two-dimensional data; Part II. Inversion: 6. Linear parameter estimation; 7. The underdetermined problem; 8. Nonlinear inverse problems; 9. Continuous inverse theory; Part III. Applications: 10. Fourier analysis as an inverse problem; 11. Seismic travel times and tomography; 12. Geomagnetism; Appendix 1. Fourier series; Appendix 2. The Fourier integral transform; Appendix 3. Shannon's sampling theorem; Appendix 4. Linear algebra; Appendix 5. Vector spaces and the function space; Appendix 6. Lagrange multipliers and penalty parameters; Appendix 7. Files for the computer exercises; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introducing geophysics. Geophysical Methods: Data acquisition and reduction: carrying out a geophysical survey; Data processing: getting more information from the data; Global seismology and seismic waves;Earthquakes and seismotectonics; Refraction seismology; Seismic reflection; Gravity on a small scale; Large-scale gravity and isostasy; Palaeomagnetism and mineral magnetism; Magnetic surveying; Resistivity methods; Induced polarisation and self-potential; Electromagnetic methods; The ages of rocks and minerals: radiometric dating; Radioactive surveying; Geothermics: heat and temperature in the Earth; Well-logging and other sub-surface geophysics; Examples of Applications: Which geophysical methods to use?; Global tectonics; Is the Kenya Rift a new plate margin? - a regional geophysical study; Hydrocarbon exploration; Exploration for metalliferous ores; Volcanoes; The Chicxulub structure and the K/T mass extinction; Hydrogeology and contaminated land; Location of cavities and voids; Archaeological site surveying.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Uncertainty and decision-making. The concept of probability. Distributions and expectation. The concept of utility. Games and optimization. Entropy. Mathematical aspects. Exchangeability and inference. Extremes. Risk, safety and reliability. Data and simulation

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Regional frequency analysis; 2. L-moments; 3. Screening the data; 4. Identification of homogeneous regions; 5. Choice of a frequency distribution; 6. Estimation of the frequency distribution; 7. Performance of the regional L-moment algorithm

Description / Table of Contents: This treatise is concerned with the stresses and deformation of solid bodies in contact with each other, along curved surfaces which touch initially at a point or along a line. Examples are a railway wheel and rail, or a pair of gear wheel teeth. Professor Johnson first reviews the development of the theory of contact stresses since the problem was originally addressed by H. Hertz in 1882. Next he discusses the influence of friction and the topographical roughness of surfaces, and this is incorporated into the theory of contact mechanics. An important feature is the treatment of bodies which deform plastically or viscoelastically. In addition to stationary contact, an appreciable section of the book is concerned with bodies which are in sliding or rolling contact, or which collide.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Planetary Perspective: 1. Origin and early history; 2. Comparative planetology; 3. Building blocks of planets; Part II. Earth: The Dynamic Planet: 4. Outer shells of Earth; 5. Eclogite engine; 6. Shape of the Earth; 7. Convection and complexity; Part III. Radial and Lateral Structure: 8. Lets take it from the top; crust and upper mantle; 9. A laminated lumpy mantle; 10. The bowels of the Earth; 11. Geotomography; heterogeneity of the mantle; Part IV. Sampling Earth: 12. Statistics and other damned lies; 13. Making an Earth; 14. Magmas - windows into the mantle; 15. The hard rock cafe; 16. Noble gas isotopes; 17. The other isotopes; Part V. Mineral Physics: 18. Elasticity and solid state geophysics; 19. Dissipation; 20. Anisotropy; fabric of the mantle; 21. Nonelastic and transport properties; 22. Squeezing; phase changes and mantle mineralogy; Part VI. Origin and Evolution of Layers and Blobs: 23. The upper mantle; 24. The nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity; 25. Crystallization of the mantle; Part VII. Energetics: 26. Terrestrial heat flow; 27. Thermal history.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Fundamentals of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: 1. Equations of motion; 2 Effects of rotation and stratification; 3. Shallow water systems and isentropic coordinates; 4. Vorticity and potential vorticity; 5. Simplified equations for ocean and atmosphere; Part II. Instabilities, Waves and Turbulence: 6. Barotropic and baroclinic instability; 7. Wave-mean flow interaction; 8. Turbulence: basic theory; 9. Geostrophic turbulence and baroclinic eddies; 10. Turbulent diffusion and eddy transport; Part III. Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation: 11. The overturning circulation: Hadley and Ferrel cells; 12. Mid-latitude atmospheric circulation; 13. Zonal asymmetries, planetary waves and stratosphere; Part IV. Large-Scale Circulation: 14. Wind-driven gyres; 15. The buoyancy driven circulation; 16. Wind and buoyancy driven circulation; Appendix: miscellaneous relationships in a layered model.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Oscillations and teleconnections; 3. Tropical climates; 4. Middle latitude climates; 5. Climate of the polar realms; 6. Post-glacial climatic change and variability; 7. Urban climates; 8. Human response to climate change; 9. Model interpretation of climate signals; 10. Conclusions and the future of climate research

Description / Table of Contents: Much of the recent progress in the solid Earth sciences is based on interpretation of a range of geophysical and geological observations in terms of the properties and deformation of Earth materials. This graduate textbook presents a comprehensive, unified treatment of the materials science of deformation as applied to solid Earth geophysics and geology. The deformation of Earth materials is presented in a systematic way that covers elastic, anelastic and viscous deformation. Advanced discussions on current debates are also included to bring readers to the cutting-edge of science in this interdisciplinary area. This textbook is ideal for graduate courses on the rheology and dynamics of solid Earth, and includes review questions with solutions so readers can monitor their understanding of the material presented. It is also a much-needed reference for geoscientists in many fields including geology, geophysics, geochemistry, materials science, mineralogy and ceramics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. The EU ETS Allocation Process, Part II. Experiences from Member States in Allocating Allowances, Part III. Concluding Remarks and Background Material, Appendix I. Participant list; Appendix II. The individual country outline; Appendix III. The country tables; Appendix IV. Background material from the European Commission

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: Preface: H. S. Wheater, S. Sorooshian and K. D. Sharma; 1. Modelling hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas - an introduction H. Wheater; 2. Global precipitation estimation from satellite imagery using artificial neural networks S. Sorooshian, K.-L. Hsu, B. Imam and Y. Hong; 3. Modelling semi-arid and arid hydrology and water resources - the southern Africa experience D. A. Hughes; 4. Use of the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model in arid and semi-arid regions B. F. W. Croke and A. J. Jakeman; 5. KINEROS2 and the AGWA modelling framework D. J. Semmens, D. C. Goodrich, C. L. Unkrich, R. E. Smith, D. A. Woolhiser and S. N. Miller; 6. A distributed spatial sediment delivery model for arid regions K. D. Sharma; 7. The Modular Modeling System (MMS): a toolbox for water and environmental resources management G. H. Leavesley, S. L. Markstrom, R. J. Viger and L. E. Hay; 8. Calibration, uncertainty and regional analysis of conceptual rainfall-runoff models H. Wheater, T. Wagener and N. McIntyre; 9. Real-time flow forecasting P. C. Young; 10. Real-time flood forecasting - Indian experience R. D. Singh; 11. Groundwater modeling in hard-rock terrain in semi-arid areas: experience from India S. Ahmed, J.-C. Maréchal, E. Ledoux and G. de Marsily;

Description / Table of Contents: Content: 1. The Idea of Foundations for Mathematics, 2. Simple Arithmetic, 3. Semantics, Ontology, and Logic, 4. The Principle Axioms and Definitions of Set Theory, 5. Cantorian Finitism, 6. The Axiomatic Method, 7. Axiomatic Set Theory, 8. Euclidean Finitism, 9. The Euclidian Theory of Cardinality, 10. The Euclidean Theory of Simply Infinite Systems, 11. Euclidean Set Theory from the Cantorian Standpoint, 12. Envoi, Appendix 1: Conceptual Notation, Appendix 2: The Rank of a Set

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword; Preface; Summary for Policymakers; Technical Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of CO2; 3. Capture of CO2; 4. Transport of CO2; 5. Underground geological storage; 6. Ocean storage; 7. Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide; 8. Costs and economic potential; 9. Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting; Annex I. Properties of CO2 and carbon-based fuels; Annex II. Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations; Annex III. Units; Annex IV. Authors and Expert Reviewers; Annex V. List of IPCC publications.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I. Mathematics: 2. Spaces and filtrations; 3. Group theory; 4. Homology; 5. Morse theory; 6. New results; Part II. Algorithms: 7. The persistence algorithms; 8. Topological simplification; 9. The Morse-Smale algorithm; 10. The linking number algorithm; Part III. Applications: 11. Software; 12. Experiments; 13. Applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scenarios for CO2 Capture and Storage; 3. CO2 Capture Technologies; 4. CO2 Transport and Storage; 5. Financial, Legal, Regulatory and Public Acceptance Issues; 6. CCS Regional and Country Updates; 7. CCS Technology Roadmaps and Recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Climate change: our approach ; 2. Impacts of climate change on growth and development ; 3. The economics of stabilisation ; 4. Policy responses for mitigation ; 5. Policy responses for adaptation ; 6. International collective action

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Topics in Growth Theory: 1. Growth and the elasticity of factor substitution 2. Relative wealth, catching up and economic growth 3. Knowledge and development: a Schumpeterian approach Part II. Statistical Issues in Growth and Dynamics: 4. Delinearizing the neoclassical convergence model 5. Bifurcations in macroeconomic models Part III. Dynamic Issues in International Economics: 6. Dynamic trade creation 7. Substitutability of capital, investment costs, and foreign aid 8. Microchurning with smooth macro growth: two examples

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:1. An overview; 2. Leaves - the food producers; 3. The trunk and branches - more than a connecting drainpipe; 4. Roots - the hidden tree; 5. Towards the next generation - flowers, fruits and seeds; 6. The growing tree; 7. The shape of trees; 8. The next generation - new trees from old; 9. Health, damage and death - living in a hostile world; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 Global Image Analysis ; 3 Gray-Scale Image Analysis ; 4 Binary Image Analysis ; 5 Analysis of Lines and Line Patterns ; 6 Analysis of Point Patterns ; 7 Frequency Domain Analysis ; 8 Program Descriptions ; 9 Projects; APPENDIX: Synopsis of Important Concepts; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: International linkages in the context of global and regional integration -- Trade integration of the Central and Eastern European countries and China : has it reached potential? -- Patterns and determinants of production fragmentation in world manufacturing trade -- Going global : trade, internationalisation of production and domestic performance of euro area firms -- Globalisation and the trade channel in the euro area -- Gauging the labour market effects of international trade openness : an application to the US manufacturing sector

Description / Table of Contents: Abstracts: Describes ocean models for graduate students and researchers in oceanography, geophysics, climatology and atmospheric science.Table of contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Some basic results from numerical analysis; 3. Shallow-water models: the simplest ocean models; 4. Primitive equation models; 5. Quasigeostrophic models; 6. Models of the coastal ocean; 7. Models of the tropical ocean; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. A preview; 2. Resource allocation in a timeless world; 3. Externalities; 4. Intertemporal equilibrium; 5. Renewable resources: some ecological and environmental models; 6. Exhaustible resources: an introduction; 7. Production with exhaustible resources; 8. Resource depletion and capital accumulation in a competitive economy accumulation in a competitive economy; 9. Measureability, comparability and the aggregation of intergenerational welfares; 10. The optimal depletion of exhaustible; 11. Imperfect competition and exhaustible resources; 12. Taxation of exhaustible resources; 13. Uncertainty, information and the allocation of risk; 14. Uncertainty and the allocation of resources; 15. price movements in resource markets; 16. Conclusions; Bibliography; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Defining Historical Seismology: 1. What is historical seismology?; 2. The importance of historical earthquake and tsunami data; Part II. Issues Concerning the Interpretation of Historical Earthquake and Ttsunami Data: 3. Written historical sources and their use; 4. Types of scientific sources; 5. Other types of sources; 6. Potential problems in historical records; 7. Determination of historical earthquakes: dates and times; Part III. Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Historical Earthquake Data: 8. Planning the goals of the analysis of historical earthquakes; 9. Processing historical records; 10. From interpretation of historical records to historical seismic scenarios; 11. Traces of earthquakes in archaeological sites and in monuments; 12. Deriving earthquake source and shaking parameters from historical data; 13. Cooperation in historical seismology research