ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introducing climate capitalism ; 2 Histories of climate, histories of capitalism ; 3 Climate for business: from threat to opportunity ; 4 Mobilising the power of investors ; 5 Searching for flexibility, creating a market ; 6 Caps, trades and profits ; 7 Buying our way out of trouble ; 8 The limits of climate capitalism ; 9 Governing the carbon economy ; 10 What futures for climate capitalism? ; Conclusions

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I. Random Network Models: 2. The Erdos-Renyi models; 3. Observations in real-world networks - the internet, epidemics, proteins and DNA; 4. Models for complex networks; 5. Growing network models - the Barabási-Albert model and its variants; Part II. Structure and Robustness of Complex Networks: 6. Distances in scale-free networks - the ultra small world; 7. Self-similarity in complex networks; 8. Distances in geographically embedded networks; 9. The structure of networks - the generating function method; 10. Percolation on complex networks; 11. Structure of random directed networks - the bow tie; 12. Introducing weights - bandwidth allocation and multimedia broadcasting; Part III. Network Function - Dynamics and Applications: 13. Optimization of the network structure; 14. Epidemiological models; 15. Immunization; 16. Thermodynamic models on networks; 17. Spectral properties, transport, diffusion and dynamics; 18. Searching in networks; 19. Biological networks and network motifs; Part IV. Appendices; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The role of a climate policy mix; 3. Implementing a carbon price, the example of cap and trade; 4. Shifting investment to low-carbon choices; 5. Co-operation among developed countries - a role for carbon markets?; 6. A world of different carbon prices; 7. International support for low-carbon growth in developing countries; 8. Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I Why a Global Green New Deal? ; 1 Introduction: opportunity from crisis ; Part II The Key Components of a Global Green New Deal ; 2 Reducing carbon dependency ; 3 Reducing ecological scarcity ; 4 Challenges facing developing economies ; 5 National priorities for a Global Green New Deal ; Part III The Role of the International Community ; 6 Promoting global governance ; 7 Facilitating access to finance ; 8 Enhancing trade incentives ; 9 Conclusion: International priorities for a Global Green New Deal ; Part IV Towards a Greener World Economy ; 10 Summary of recommendations ; 11 Will a Global Green New Deal succeed? ; 12 Beyond a green economic recovery ; Appendix 1 PIIE-WRI analysis of a green recovery program for the United States ; Appendix 2 Pew comparative analysis of clean energy jobs and investments in the United States, 1998-2007

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction: the individual in economics; Part I. Atomism Revised: 2. Psychology's challenge to economics: rationality and the individual; 3. Multiple selves and self-control: contextualizing individuality; 4. Social identity and social preferences in the utility function; Part II. Interaction: 5. The individual in game theory: from fixed points to experiments; 6. Multiple selves in interaction: teams and neuroscience; 7. Evolutionary conceptions of the individual: identity through change; Part III. Socially Embedded Individuals: 8. Evolution and capabilities: human heterogeneity; 9. The identity of individuals and the economics of identity; 10. Economic policy, democracy, and justice.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Hard truths on global warming: a roadmap to reading this book ; Part I. Setting the Scene: 1. Introduction and overview ; 2. Why global warming is such a difficult problem to solve ; Part II. The Three Dimensions to Climate Policy Strategy: 3. Regulating emissions part 1: the enthusiastic countries ; 4. Regulating emissions part 2: engaging reluctant developing countries ; 5. Promoting technological innovation ; 6. Preparing for a changing climate: adaptation, geoengineering and triage ; Part III. Putting It All Together: 7. Explaining diplomatic gridlock: what went wrong? ; 8. A new strategy ; 9. Climate change and world order: implications for the UN, government, industry and nature

Description / Table of Contents: Principles of Optics is one of the classic science books of the twentieth century, and probably the most influential book in optics published in the past 40 years. The new edition is the first ever thoroughly revised and expanded edition of this standard text. Among the new material, much of which is not available in any other optics text, is a section on the CAT scan (computerized axial tomography), which has revolutionized medical diagnostics. The book also includes a new chapter on scattering from inhomogeneous media which provides a comprehensive treatment of the theory of scattering of scalar as well as of electromagnetic waves, including the Born series and the Rytov series. The chapter also presents an account of the principles of diffraction tomography - a refinement of the CAT scan - to which Emil Wolf, one of the authors, has made a basic contribution by formulating in 1969 what is generally regarded to be the basic theorem in this field.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction to probabilities, graphs, and causal models ; A theory of inferred causation ; Causal diagrams and the identification of causal effects ; Actions, plans, and direct effects ; Causality and structural models in social science and economics ; Simpson's paradox, confounding, and collapsibility ; The logic of structure-based counterfactuals ; Imperfect experiments: bounding effects and counterfactuals ; Probability of causation: interpretation and identification ; The actual cause

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Summary for Policymakers ; Technical Summary ; 1 Renewable Energy and Climate Change ; 2 Bioenergy ; 3 Direct Solar Energy ; 4 Geothermal Energy ; 5 Hydropower ; 6 Ocean Energy ; 7 Wind Energy ; 8 Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems ; 9 Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development ; 10 Mitigation Potential and Costs ; 11 Policy, Financing and Implementation ; Annex I Glossary, Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Prefixes ; Annex II Methodology ; Annex III Recent Renewable Energy Cost and Performance Parameters ; Annex IV Contributors to the IPCC Special Report ; Annex V Reviewers of the IPCC Special Report ; Annex VI Permissions to Publish ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Rivers provide the primary link between land and sea. Utilizing the world's largest database, this book presents a detailed analysis and synthesis of the processes affecting fluvial discharge of water, sediment and dissolved solids. The ways in which climatic variation, episodic events, and anthropogenic activities - past, present and future - affect the quantity and quality of river discharge are discussed in the final two chapters. The book contains 26 tables and more than 165 figures - many in full color - including global and regional maps. The book's extensive appendix presents the 1534-river database as a series of 44 tables that provide quantitative data regarding the discharge of water, sediment and dissolved solids. The complete database is also presented within a GIS-based package available online at www.cambridge.org/milliman. River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean provides an invaluable resource for researchers, professionals and graduate students in hydrology, oceanography, geology, geomorphology and environmental policy

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part 1 ; 1 Introduction ; 2 Why is variability a challenge? ; 3 Greater flexibility is the right response ; 4 Key distinguishing features of power systems ; 5 The Flexibility Assessment Method ; 6 Identifying the flexible resource ; 7 How much of the flexible resource is available? ; 8 What are the needs for flexibility? ; 9 Identifying the Present VRE Penetration Potential ; 10 What is the cost of balancing variable renewable energy? ; 11 Conclusions, recommendations to policy makers and next steps ; Part 2 ; 12 Case study methodology ; 13 Great Britain and Ireland area (British Isles) ; 14 Spain and Portugal area (Iberian Peninsula) ; 15 Mexico ; 16 Nordic ; 17 Denmark ; 18 Japan ; 19 US West 2017 ; 20 Canada Maritime: the NBSO area ; Annexes

Description / Table of Contents: "The advent of accessible student computing packages has meant that geophysics students can now easily manipulate datasets and gain first-hand modeling experience - essential in developing an intuitive understanding of the physics of the Earth. Yet to gain a more in-depth understanding of physical theory, and to develop new models and solutions, it is necessary to be able to derive the relevant equations from first principles. This compact, handy book fills a gap left by most modern geophysics textbooks, which generally do not have space to derive all of the important formulae, showing the intermediate steps. This guide presents full derivations for the classical equations of gravitation, gravity, tides, earth rotation, heat, geomagnetism and foundational seismology, illustrated with simple schematic diagrams. It supports students through the successive steps and explains the logical sequence of a derivation - facilitating self-study and helping students to tackle homework exercises and prepare for exams"--

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Experimentation in political science James N. Druckman, Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski and Arthur Lupia ; Part I. Designing Experiments: 2. Experiments: an introduction to core concepts James N. Druckman, Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski and Arthur Lupia ; 3. Internal and external validity Rose McDermott ; 4. Students as experimental participants: a defense of the 'narrow data base' James N. Druckman and Cindy D. Kam ; 5. Economics vs. psychology experiments: stylization, incentives, and deception Eric S. Dickson ; Part II. The Development of Experiments in Political Science: 6. Laboratory experiments in political science Shanto Iyengar ; 7. Experiments and game theory's value to political science John H. Aldrich and Arthur Lupia ; 8. The logic and design of the survey experiment: an autobiography of a methodological innovation Paul M. Sniderman ; 9. Field experiments in political science Alan S. Gerber ; Part III. Decision Making: 10. Attitude change experiments in political science Allyson L. Holbrook ; 11. Conscious and unconscious information processing with implications for experimental political science Milton Lodge, Charles Taber and Brad Verhulst ; 12. Political knowledge Cheryl Boudreau and Arthur Lupia ; Part IV. Vote Choice, Candidate Evaluations, and Turnout: 13. Candidate impressions and evaluations Kathleen M. McGraw ; 14. Media and politics Thomas E. Nelson, Sarah M. Bryner and Dustin M. Carnahan ; 15. Candidate advertisements Shana Kushner Gadarian and Richard R. Lau ; 16. Voter mobilization Melissa R. Michelson and David W. Nickerson ; Part V. Interpersonal Relations: 17. Trust and social exchange Rick K. Wilson and Catherine C. Eckel ; 18. An experimental approach to citizen deliberation Christopher F. Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg ; 19. Social networks and political context David W. Nickerson ; Part VI. Identity, Ethnicity, and Politics: 20. Candidate gender and experimental political science Kathleen Dolan and Kira Sanbonmatsu ; 21. Racial identity and experimental methodology Darren Davis ; 22. The determinants and political consequences of prejudice Vincent L. Hutchings and Spencer Piston ; 23. Politics from the perspective of minority populations Dennis Chong and Jane Junn Part VII. Institutions and Behavior: 24. Experimental contributions to collective-action theory Eric Coleman and Elinor Ostrom ; 25. Legislative voting and cycling Gary Miller ; 26. Electoral systems and strategic voting (laboratory election experiments) Rebecca B. Morton and Kenneth C. Williams ; 27. Experimental research on democracy and development Ana L. De La O and Leonard Wantchekon ; Part VIII. Elite Bargaining: 28. Coalition experiments Daniel Diermeier29. Negotiation and mediation Daniel Druckman ; 30. The experiment and foreign policy decision making Margaret G. Hermann and Binnur Ozkececi-Taner ; Part IX. Advanced Experimental Methods: 31. Treatment effects Brian J. Gaines and James H. Kuklinski ; 32. Making effects manifest in randomized experiments Jake Bowers ; 33. Design and analysis of experiments in multilevel populations Betsy Sinclair ; 34. Analyzing the downstream effects of randomized experiments Rachel Milstein Sondheimer ; 35. Mediation analysis is harder than it looks John G. Bullock and Shang E. Ha ; Afterword: 36. Campbell's ghost Donald R. Kinder.

Description / Table of Contents: "Climate change and rising oil prices have thrust the Arctic to the top of the foreign policy agenda and raised difficult issues of sovereignty, security and environmental protection. Improved access for shipping and resource development is leading to new international rules on safety, pollution prevention and emergency response. Around the Arctic, maritime boundary disputes are being negotiated and resolved, and new international institutions, such as the Arctic Council, are mediating deep-rooted tensions between Russia and NATO and between nation states and indigenous peoples. International Law and the Arctic explains these developments and reveals a strong trend towards international cooperation and law-making. It thus contradicts the widespread misconception that the Arctic is an unregulated zone of potential conflict"--

Description / Table of Contents: "During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union squared off across the Arctic Ocean. Nuclear submarines prowled under the ice while long-range bombers patrolled high overhead. A more peaceful and cooperative approach emerged in 1990 when the two superpowers negotiated a maritime boundary in the Bering Sea, Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. In 1996, the eight Arctic countries - the United States, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland - created the Arctic Council as an intergovernmental forum for discussing issues other than those of "military security." At the same time, Russia accepted Western assistance with the decommissioning and disposal of Soviet-era nuclear reactors and warheads"--

Description / Table of Contents: An essential guide for succeeding in today's competitive environment, this book provides beginning scientists and experienced researchers with practical advice on writing about their work and getting published. This new, updated edition discusses the latest print and Internet resources. Preparing, submitting and publishing scientific papers is now largely electronic, and the book has been revised to reflect this. New material includes more information on including supplementary material online, using reference management software, and preparing tables and figures; expanded sections on structuring a discussion section and the strengths and limitations of the research; and additional material on international aspects of scientific writing. The book guides readers through the processes involved in writing and publishing for scientific journals, from choosing a suitable journal to presenting results and citing references. It covers ethical issues in scientific publishing; explains rights and permissions; and discusses writing grant proposals, giving presentations and writing for general audiences.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Why we question collapse and study human resilience, ecological vulnerability, and the aftermath of empire ; Part I. Human Resilience and Ecological Vulnerability: ; 2. Ecological catastrophe, collapse, and the myth of 'ecocide' on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) ; 3. Did the medieval Norse society in Greenland really fail? ; 4. Calamities without collapse: environment, economy, and society in China, ca. 1800-1949 ; Part II. Surviving Collapse: Studies of Societal Regeneration: 5. Marketing conquest and the vanishing Indian: an indigenous response to Jared Diamond's archaeology of the American southwest ; 6. Bellicose rulers and climatological peril? Retrofitting 21st century woes on 8th century Maya society ; 7. Collapse in ancient Mesopotamia: what happened, what didn't ; Part III. Societies in the Aftermath of Empire:8. Advanced Andeans and backward Europeans: structure and agency in the collapse of the Inca empire ; 9. Rwandan genocide: towards an explanation in which history and culture matter ; 10. 'Failed' states, societal 'collapse', and ecological 'disaster': a Haitian lesson on grand theory ; 11. The power of the past: environment, Aborigines, archaeology, and a sustainable Australian society ; 12. Excusing the haves and blaming the have-nots in the telling of history ; Part IV. Reflections on Sustainability: 13. Sustainable survival

Description / Table of Contents: "The law of the sea is a complex and fascinating subject. This textbook explores the subject from the perspective of public international law, covering all the key topics from the legal regimes governing the different jurisdictional zones, to international co-operation for protection of the marine environment. Students interested in international environmental and natural resources law will find chapters on emerging issues such as the conservation and the protection of natural resources and biodiversity in the oceans. It includes student-friendly features such as chapter overviews, conclusions, figures and tables and further reading sections. Clarity of expression, engaging analysis and comprehensive coverage make this book essential reading for all students of the law of the sea"--

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Risk and uncertainty assessment in natural hazards L. J. Hill, R. S. J. Sparks and J. C. Rougier; 2. Quantifying natural hazard risk J. C. Rougier; 3. Model limitations: the sources and implications of epistemic uncertainty J. C. Rougier and K. J. Beven; 4. Expert elicitation and judgment W. P. Aspinall and R. M. Cooke; 5. Risk and uncertainty in hydrometeorological hazards T. L. Edwards and P. G. Challenor; 6. Hydrometeorological hazards under future climate change T. L. Edwards and P. G. Challenor; 7. Hydrological flood uncertainty and risk research J. Freer, K. J. Beven, J. Neal, G. Schumann, J. Hall and P. Bates; 8. Uncertainties in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment W. P. Aspinall; 9. Landslide and avalanche hazards T. K. Hincks, W. P. Aspinall, R. S. J. Sparks, E. A. Holcombe and M. Kern; 10. Tsunami hazard and risk T. K. Hincks, R. S. J. Sparks and W. P. Aspinall; 11. Risk and uncertainty assessment of volcanic hazards R. S. J. Sparks, W. P. Aspinall, H. S. Crosweller and T. K. Hincks; 12. Risk assessment and management of wildfires T. K. Hincks, B. D. Malamud, R. S. J. Sparks, M. J. Wooster and T. J. Lynham; 13. Technological facilities, infrastructure and hazardous materials, including some notes on space weather R. S. J. Sparks, W. P. Aspinall, N. A. Chapman, B. E. Hill, D. J. Kerridge, J. Pooley and C. A. Taylor; 14. Statistical aspects of risk characterization in ecotoxicology G. L. Hickey and A. Hart; 15. Social science perspectives on natural hazards risk and uncertainty S. Cornell and M. Jackson; 16. Human responses to natural hazard risk: considerations for improving the effectiveness of risk management systems H. S. Crosweller and J. Wilmshurst; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Modelling as a method of enquiry ; 2. Model building: new recipes, ingredients and integration ; 3. Imagining and imaging: creating a new model world ; 4. Character making: ideal types, idealization and the art of caricature ; 5. Metaphors and analogies: choosing the world of the model ; 6. Questions and stories: capturing the heart of matters ; 7. Model experiments? ; 8. Simulating: taking a microscope to economics ; 9. Model situations, typical cases and exemplary narratives ; 10. From the world in the model to the model in the world

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook provides a modern, quantitative and process-oriented approach to equip students with the tools to understand geomorphology. Insight into the interpretation of landscapes is developed from basic principles and simple models, and by stepping through the equations that capture the essence of the mechanics and chemistry of landscapes. Boxed worked examples and real-world applications bring the subject to life for students, allowing them to apply the theory to their own experience. The book covers cutting edge topics, including the revolutionary cosmogenic nuclide dating methods and modeling, highlights links to other Earth sciences through up-to-date summaries of current research, and illustrates the importance of geomorphology in understanding environmental changes. Setting up problems as a conservation of mass, ice, soil, or heat, this book arms students with tools to fully explore processes, understand landscapes, and to participate in this rapidly evolving field.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Origins and development of the EU ETS ; 3. Allowance allocation ; 4. Effects of free allocation ; 5. Market development ; 6. Emissions abatement ; 7. Industrial competitiveness ; 8. Costs ; 9. Linkage and global implications ; 10. Conclusions ; Annex: The interaction between the EU ETS and European electricity markets

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword ; 1. Introduction: the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements ; Part I. Alternative International Policy Architectures: 2. A proposal for specific formulas and emission targets for all countries in all decades ; 3. EU emission trading scheme: a prototype global system? ; 4. Linkage of tradable permit systems in international climate policy architecture ; 5. The case for charges on greenhouse gas emissions ; 6. Towards a global compact for managing climate change ; 7. A sectoral approach as an option for a post-Kyoto framework ; 8. A portfolio system of climate treaties ; Part II. Negotiation, Assessment, and Compliance: 9. How to negotiate and update climate agreements ; 10. Metrics for evaluating policy commitments in a fragmented world: the challenges of equity and integrity ; 11. Justice and climate change Eric Posner and ; 12. Toward a post-Kyoto climate change architecture: a political analysis ; Part III. The Role and Means of Technology Transfer: 13. International climate technology strategies ; 14. Resource transfers to developing countries: improving and expanding greenhouse gas offsets ; 15. Possible development of a technology clean development mechanism in a post-2012 regime ; Part IV. Global Climate Policy and International Trade: 16. Global environmental policy and global trade policy ; 17. Kyoto's successor ; Part V. Economic Development, Adaptation, and Deforestation: 18. Reconciling human development and climate protection ; 19. What do we expect from an international climate agreement? A low-income country perspective ; 20. Climate accession deals for taming growth of greenhouse gases in developing countries ; 21. Policies for developing country engagement ; 22. International forest carbon sequestration in a post-Kyoto agreement ; Part VI. Modeling Impacts of Alternative Allocations of Responsibility: 23. A quantitative and comparative assessment of architectures for agreement ; 24. Sharing the burden of GHG reductions ; 25. Technology and international climate policy ; 26. Revised emissions growth projections for China: why post-Kyoto climate policy must look east ; 27. Expecting the unexpected: macroeconomic volatility and climate policy ; Part VII. Synthesis and Conclusion: 28. Epilogue: implementing architectures for agreement ; 29. A synthesis from the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements ; Glossary and abbreviations; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Presenting a rigorous treatment of the physical and mechanical basis for the modelling of sedimentary basins, this book supplies geoscientists with practical tools for creating their own models. It begins with a thorough grounding in properties of porous media, linear elasticity, continuum mechanics and rock compressibility. Chapters on heat flow, subsidence, rheology, flexure and gravity consider sedimentary basins in the context of the Earth's lithosphere, and the book concludes with coverage of pore space cementation, compaction and fluid flow. The volume introduces basic, state-of-the-art models and demonstrates how to reproduce results using tools like MATLAB and Octave. Main equations are derived from first principles, and their basic solutions obtained and then applied.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction: The comeback of the gravity model ; Part I Methodology ; 2 A general equilibrium theory for estimating gravity equations of bilateral FDI, final goods trade, and intermediate trade flows ; 3 The incidence of gravity ; 4 Approximating general equilibrium impacts of trade liberalizations using the gravity equation: applications to NAFTA and the European Economic Area ; 5 An extended gravity model with substitution applied to international trade ; Part II Distance in the gravity model ; 6 Illusory border effects: distance mismeasurement inflates estimates of home bias in trade ; 7 Trade costs, market access, and economic geography: Why the empirical specification of trade costs matters ; 8 Intangible barriers to international trade: a sectoral approach ; Part III Specific applications ; 9 International environmental arrangements and international commerce ; 10 Diplomatic relations and trade reorientation in transition countries ; 11 Economic and financial integration and the rise of cross-border M&As ; 12 The impact of economic geography on GDP per capita in OECD countries

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Regional frequency analysis; 2. L-moments; 3. Screening the data; 4. Identification of homogeneous regions; 5. Choice of a frequency distribution; 6. Estimation of the frequency distribution; 7. Performance of the regional L-moment algorithm

Description / Table of Contents: Engineers and applied geophsicists routinely encounter interpolation and estimation problems when analyzing data from field observations. Introduction to Geostatistics presents practical techniques for the estimation of spatial functions from sparse data. The author's unique approach is a synthesis of classic and geostatistical methods, with a focus on the most practical linear minimum-variance estimation methods, and includes suggestions on how to test and extend the applicability of such methods. The author includes many useful methods often not covered in other geostatistics books, such as estimating variogram parameters, evaluating the need for a variable mean, parameter estimation and model testing in complex cases (e.g., anisotropy, variable mean, and multiple variables), and using information from deterministic mathematical models. Well illustrated with exercises and worked examples taken from hydrogeology, Introduction to Geostatistics assumes no background in statistics and is suitable for graduate-level courses in earth sciences, hydrology, and environmental engineering and also for self-study.

Description / Table of Contents: describes the interaction between geophysics and condensed matter physics. Condensed matter physics leads to a first-principles way of looking at crystals, enabling physicists and mineralogists to study the rich and sometimes unexpected behavior that minerals exhibit under the extreme conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature, found deep within the earth. Leading international researchers from both geosciences and condensed matter physics discuss the state-of-the-art of this interdisciplinary field. A summary for specialists and graduate students researching mineralogy and crystallography.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics. - 3 The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations. - 4 The momentum equation in cartesian and spherical coordinates. - 5 Vertical-coordinate conversions. - 6 Numerical solutions to partial differential equations. - 7 Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics. - 8 Boundary-layer processes. - 9 Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics. - 10 Radiative energy transfer. - 11 Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates. - 12 Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry. - 13 Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations. - 14 Particle components, size distributions, and size structures. - 15 Aerosol emissions and nucleation. - 16 Coagulation. - 17 Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation. - 18 Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes. - 19 Aqueous chemistry. - 20 Sedimentation and dry deposition. - 21 Model design, application, and testing. - Appendix A: Conversions, constants, and symbols. - Appendix B: Tables. - References. - Index

Description / Table of Contents: This comprehensive text describes the atmospheric processes, numerical methods, and computational techniques required for a scientist to successfully study air pollution and meteorology. Computer modeling has become a powerful tool in modern atmospheric sciences, combining the disciplines of meteorology, physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer sciences, and , to a lesser extent, geology, biology, microbiology, and oceanographic sciences. This text presents fundamental equations that describe physical, chemical, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, and it provides numerical methods to solve these equations. Along with classic methods for simulating gas and aerosol processes not available in any other text. The book has been developed from the author's graduate courses and research at Standford University and contains homework and computer programming assignments. It is a valuable textbook for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses in atmospheric sciences and meteorology. It will also be useful for courses in earth sciences, environmental sciences, and applied mathematics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of Illustrations. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Parts of the Spectrum. - 1.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Flux. - 1.2.2 Terrestrial lnfrared Flux. - 1.3 Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media. - 1.3.1 Feedback Processes. - 1.3.2 Types of Matter that Affect Radiation. - 1.4 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres. - 1.4.1 Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws. - 1.4.2 Minor Species in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.3 Optical Line-of-Sight Paths. - 1.4.4 Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres. - 1.4.5 Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks. - 1.5 Density Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6 Vertical Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6.1 The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean. - 1 .6.2 Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties. - 1.6.3 Sea-Surface Temperature. - 1.6.4 Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity. - 1.7 Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units. - 1.8 Summary. - 2 Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation. - 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Geometrical Optics. - 2.3 Radiative Flux or Irradiance. - 2.4 Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments. - 2.4.1 Relationship between Flux and Intensity. - 2.4.2 Average Intensity and Energy Density. - 2.5 Some Theorems on Intensity. - 2.5.1 lntensity and Flux from an Extended Source. - 2.6 Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance. - 2.7 The Extinction Law. - 2.7.1 Extinction = Scattering + Absorption. - 2.8 The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 2.9 Summary. - 3 Basic Scattering Processes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Lorentz Theory for Radiation- Matter Interactions. - 3.2.1 Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium. - 3.2.2 Scattering from Density Irregularities. - 3.2.3 Scattering in Random Media. - 3.2.4 First-Order and Multiple Scattering. - 3.3 Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator. - 3.3.1 Case ( 1 ): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile. - 3.3.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering. - 3.3.3 Natural Broadening. - 3.3.4 Pressure Broadening. - 3.3.5 Doppler Broadening. - 3.3.6 Realistic Line-Broadening Processes. - 3.3.7 Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering. - 3.4 The Scattering Phase Function. - 3.4.1 Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function. - 3.5 Mie-Debye Scattering. - 3.6 Summary. - 4 Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media. - 4.2.1 Solids. - 4.2.2 Aerosols. - 4.2.3 Liquids. - 4.3 Molecular Absorption in Gases. - 4.3.1 Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws. - 4.3.2 Planck's Spectral Distribution Law. - 4.3.3 Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules. - 4.3.4 Inelastic Collisional Processes. - 4.3.5 Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions. - 4.4 The Two-Level Atom. - 4.4.1 Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation. - 4.4.2 Effects of Collisions on State Populations. - 4.5 Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands. - 4.5.1 Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator. - 4.5.2 Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator. - 4.5.3 Line Strengths. - 4.6 Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible. - 4.7 Summary. - 5 Principles of Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Boundary Properties of Planetary Media. - 5.2.1 Thermal Emission from a Surface. - 5.2.2 Absorption by a Surface. - 5.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces. - 5.2.4 Surface Reflection: The BRDF. - 5.2.5 Albedo for Collimated lncidence. - 5.2.6 The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence. - 5.2.7 Analytic Reflectance Expressions. - 5.2.8 The Opposition Effect. - 5.2.9 Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface. - 5.2.10 Transmission through a Slab Medium. - 5.2.11 Spherical, or Bond Albedo. - 5.3 Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media. - 5.3.1 Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission. - 5.3.2 Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering. - 5.4.1 Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry. - 5.4.2 Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry. - 5.4.3 Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry. - 5.5 Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 5.6 Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission. - 5.7 Radiative Heating Rate. - 5.7.1 Generalized Gershun's Law. - 5.7.2 Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency. - 5.7.3 Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate. - 5.8 Summary. - 6 Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components. - 6.2.1 Lower Boundary Conditions. - 6.2.2 Multiple Scattering. - 6.2.3 Azimuth lndependence of Flux and Mean Intensity. - 6.3 Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field. - 6.4 Spherical Shell Geometry. - 6.5 Nonstratified Media. - 6.6 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 6.6.1 Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction. - 6.7 Examples of Phase Functions. - 6.7.1 Rayleigh Phase Function. - 6.7.2 The Mie-Debye Phase Function. - 6.8 Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering. - 6.8.1The [Delta]-Isotropic Approximation. - 6.8.2 The [Delta]- Two-Term Approximation. - 6.8.3 Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations. - 6.8.4 The [Delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N. - 6.8.5 Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling. - 6.9 Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory. - 6.9.1 Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination. - 6.9.2 Prototype Problem 2: Constant lmbedded Source. - 6.9.3 Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem. - 6.9.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface. - 6.10 Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneaus Media. - 6.11 Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field. - 6.12 Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13 Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13.1 The Escape Probability. - 6.14 Summary. - 7 Approximate Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering. - 7.2.1 Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scaltering Series. - 7.2.2 Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem. - 7.3 The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering. - 7.3.1 Approximate Differential Equations. - 7.3.2 The Mean lnclination: Possible Choices for [My]. - 7.3.3 Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach. - 7.3.4 Prototype Problem 2: lmbedded Source. - 7.3.5 Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence. - 7.4 Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab. - 7.5 Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.1 Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations. - 7.5.2 The Backscattering Coefficients. - 7.5.3 Two-Stream Salutions for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.4 Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.5 Generalized Two-Stream Equations. - 7.6 Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method. - 7.7 Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method. - 7.8 Summary. - 8 Accurate Numerical Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method - Isotropic Scattering. - 8.2.1 Quadrature Formulas. - 8.2.2 The Double-Gauss Method. - 8.3 Anisotropic Scattering. - 8.3.1 General Considerations. - 8.3.2 Quadrature Rule. - 8.4 Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.4.1 Two- and Four-Stream Approximations. - 8.4.2 Multistream Approximation ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5 Matrix Eigensolutions. - 8.5.1 Two-Stream Salutions ( N = 1). - 8.5.2 Multistream Solutions ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5.3 Inhomogeneous Solution. - 8.5.4 General Solution. - 8.6 Source Function and Angular Distributions. - 8.7 Boundary Conditions - Removal of Ill-Conditioning. - 8.7.1 Boundary Conditions. - 8.7.2 Removal of Numerical lll-Conditioning. - 8.8 Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media. - 8.8.1 General Solution - Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions. - 8.8.2 Source Functions and Angular Distributions. - 8.8.3 Numerical lmplementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.9 Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field. - 8.9.1 The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure. - 8.9.2 Computed lntensity Distributions for the Standard Problem. - 8.10 The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem. - 8.10.1 Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 8.10.2 Quadrature and General Solution. - 8.10.3 Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions. - 8.11 The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods. - 8.11.1 Matrix-Exponential Solution - Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules. - 8.11.2 Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods. - 8.11.3 Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules - Adding of Dissimilar Layers. - 8.12 Other Accurate Methods. - 8.12.1 The Spherical-Harmonics Method. - 8.12.2 Invariant lmbedding. - 8.12.3 Iteration Methods. - 8.12.4 The Feautrier Method. - 8.12.5 Integral Equation Approach. - 8.12.6 Monte Carlo Methods. - 8.13 Summary. - 9 Shortwave Radiative Transfer. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Solar Radiation. - 9.3 Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - 9.3.1 Gaseaus Absorption and Penetration Depth. - 9.3.2 Optical Properlies of Atmospheric Aerosols. - 9.3.3 Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds. - 9.3.4 Optical Properties of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.5 Optical Properties of the Ocean. - 9.3.6 Optical Properties of Snow and Ice. - 9.4 Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere. - 9.4.1 Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean. - 9.4.2 Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds. - 9.4.3 Computation of Photolysis Rates. - 9.4.4 UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance. - 9.4.5 UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth 's Surface. - 9.4.6 Comparisan of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface. - 9.5 Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean. - 9.5.1 Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean. - 9.5.2 Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water. - 9.5.3 Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factars. - 9.5.4 Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance. - 9.5.5 Modefing the UV Transmission into the Ocean. - 9.5.6 Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean. - 9.6 Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice. - 9.7 Summary. - 1 0 Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Transmission in an Isolated Line. - 10.2.1 Isolated Lorentz Line. - 10.3 Band Models. - 10.3.1 The Elsasser Band Model. - 10.3.2 Distributed Line lntensities. - 10.3.3 Random Band Model. - 10.3.4 MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model. - 10.4 Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media. - 10.4.1 Method of the k-Distribution. - 10.4.2 k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model. - 10.5 Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneaus Media. - 10.5.1 The H- C-G Scaling Approximation. - 10.5.2 LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneaus Paths. - 10.5.3 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations. - 10.5.4 The Correlated-k Method. - 10.5.5 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method. - 10.6 Summary. - 11 Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media. - 11.1 lntroduction. - 11.2 Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions. - 11.2.1 Monochromatic Flux Equations. - 11.2.2 Wide-Band Emittance Models. - 11.2.3 Narrow-Band Absorption Model. - 11.2.4 Band Overlap. - 11.2.5 The Diffusivity Approximation. - 11.2.6 Equationsfor the Heating Rate. - 11.2.7 Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium. - 11.2.8 Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates. - 11.3 The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols. - 11.3.1Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud. - 11.3.2 Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds. - 11.3.3 Accurate Treatment Including Scattering. - 11.4 Summary. - 12 The Role of Radiation in Climate. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity. - 12.3 Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity. - 12.4 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium. - 12.5 The Concept of the Emission Height. - 12.6 Effects of spectral window. - 12.7 Radiative forcing. - 12.8 Climate impact of clouds. - 12.8.1 Longwave Effects of water clouds. - 12.8.2 Shortwave effects of water clouds. - 12.8.3 Combined shortwave and longewave effects of clouds. - 12.9 Climate impact of cloud height. - 12.10 Cloud and aerosol forcing. - 12.10.1 Aerosol forcing. - 12.11 Water-Vapor Feedback. - 12.12 Effects of carbon dioxide changes. - 12.13 Greenhouse effect from individual gas species. - 12.14 Summary. - Appendices. - A Nomenclature: Glossary of symbols. - B Physical constants. - C Model atmospheres. - D Ocean optics nomenclature. - E Reflectance and transmittance at an interface. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Radiative transfer is important to a range of disciplines, from the study of greenhause warming to stellar atmospheres and ocean optics. This text provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer for senior undergraduate and graduate students of atmospheric, oceanic, and environmental sciences. With an emphasis on formulation, judicial approximations and numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equation, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean fills a gap between descriptive texts covering the physical processes and the practical numerical approaches needed in research. Designed to convey physical insight into the transfer process, it can also be used as a self-contained manual for practitioners who require accurate modeling of the effects of solar and infrared radiation on natural systems. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean includes a unified treatment of radiation within both the atmosphere and ocean, boundary properties (such as reflectionand absorptance of solid surfaces), heuristic models (Lorentzatom, two-level atom, rotating vibrator), and extensive use of two-stream and approximate methods. State of the-art computational methods are illustrated by a thorough treatment of the discrete-ordinates technique and the correlated-k band absorption method. Exercises and problem sets provide practice in both formulation and solution techniques. Applications to the subjects of solar UV penetration of the atmosphere / ocean system and the greenhause effect serve to illustrate the use of such techniques in modern research. This self-contained, systematic treatment will prepare the student in solving radiative transfer problems across a broad range of subjects.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Some necessary background; 3. Simple sampling Monte Carlo methods; 4. The metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm for lattice models; 5. More on importance sampling Monte Carlo methods for lattice systems; 6. Off-lattice models; 7. Reweighting methods; 8. Quantum Monte Carlo methods; 9. Monte Carlo renormalization group methods; 10. Non-equilibrium and irreversible processes; 11. Lattice gauge models: a brief introduction; 12. A brief review of other methods of computer simulation; 13. Outlook.

Description / Table of Contents: "James Madison wrote, 'Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob.' The contributors to this volume discuss and for the most part challenge this claim by asking whether many minds can be wiser than one"--

Description / Table of Contents: Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters. This Special Report explores the social as well as physical dimensions of weather- and climate-related disasters, considering opportunities for managing risks at local to international scales. SREX was approved and accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 18 November 2011 in Kampala, Uganda

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introducing geophysics. Geophysical Methods: Data acquisition and reduction: carrying out a geophysical survey; Data processing: getting more information from the data; Global seismology and seismic waves;Earthquakes and seismotectonics; Refraction seismology; Seismic reflection; Gravity on a small scale; Large-scale gravity and isostasy; Palaeomagnetism and mineral magnetism; Magnetic surveying; Resistivity methods; Induced polarisation and self-potential; Electromagnetic methods; The ages of rocks and minerals: radiometric dating; Radioactive surveying; Geothermics: heat and temperature in the Earth; Well-logging and other sub-surface geophysics; Examples of Applications: Which geophysical methods to use?; Global tectonics; Is the Kenya Rift a new plate margin? - a regional geophysical study; Hydrocarbon exploration; Exploration for metalliferous ores; Volcanoes; The Chicxulub structure and the K/T mass extinction; Hydrogeology and contaminated land; Location of cavities and voids; Archaeological site surveying.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Mechanical vibrations: a review of some fundamentals. Sound waves: a review of some fundamentals. Interactions between sound waves and solid structures. Noise and vibration measurement and control procedures. The analysis of noise and vibration signals. Statistical energy analysis of noise and vibration. Pipe flow noise and vibration: a case study. Noise and vibration as a diagnostic tool.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Acknowledgements ; 1. Introduction to collapse ; 2. The nature of complex societies ; 3. The study of collapse ; 4. Understanding collapse: the marginal productivity of sociopolitical change ; 5. Evaluation: complexity and marginal returns in collapsing societies ; 6. Summary and implications

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction: scarcity and frontiers ; 2. The agricultural transition (from 10,000 BC to 3000 BC) ; 3. The rise of cities (from 3000 BC to 1000 AD) ; 4. The emergence of the world economy (from 1000 to 1500) ; 5. Global frontiers and the rise of Western Europe (from 1500 to 1914) ; 6. The Atlantic economy triangular trade (from 1500 to 1860) ; 7. The golden age of resource-based development (from 1870 to 1914) ; 8. The age of dislocation (from 1914 to 1950) ; 9. The contemporary era (from 1950 to present) ; 10. Epilogue: the age of ecological scarcity?

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction: food crises and the WTO ; PART i Economics of the food crisis ; 2 The food price crisis, poverty and agricultural trade policy ; 3 Globalisation of agriculture and food crises: then and now ; 4 Solving the food crisis in Africa: achieving an African Green Revolution ; 5 Rising food prices: causes, consequences and policy responses ; 6 Shift and swing factors and the special role of weather and climate ; PART 2 Trade and law: WTO and beyond ; 7 Agricultural policies: past, present and prospective under Doha ; 8 The food crisis and the role of the EC's Common Agricultural Policy ; 9 WTO disciplines and economic dimensions of the 2008 US Farm Bill ; 10 Impact of the food crisis on developing countries and implications for agricultural trade policy ; 11 Responses by the international trade and aid community to food security ; 12 Food security and WTO rules ; 13 Conclusions and policy recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Framings: 1. The framing of climate change ; 2. The idea of human security ; 3. Climate change science and policy in the South Pacific, as if people mattered ; Part II. Equity: 4. A 'shared vision'? Why inequality should worry us ; 5. Fair decision ma ; 7. Human rights, climate change and discounting ; 8. Climate change: a global test for contemporary political institutions and theories ; Part IV. Reflexivity: 9. Linking sustainable development with climate change adaptation and mitigation ; 10. Global poverty and climate change: the responsibility to protect ; 11. Security for whom? Social contracts in a changing climate ; 12. Towards a new science on climate change

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part I. Expected Utility: 1. The general model of decision under uncertainty no-arbitrage (expected utility with known utilities and unknown probabilities) ; 2. Expected utility with known probabilities - "risk" - and unknown utilities ; 3. Applications of expected utility for risk ; 4. Expected utility with unknown probabilities and unknown utilities ; Part II. Nonexpected Utility for Risk: 5. Heuristic arguments for probabilistic sensitivity and rank dependence ; 6. Probabilistic sensitivity and rank dependence analyzed ; 7. Applications and extensions of rank dependence ; 8. Where prospect theory deviates from rank-dependent utility and expected utility: reference dependence versus asset integration ; 9. Prospect theory for decision under risk ; Part III. Nonexpected Utility for Uncertainty: 10. Extending rank-dependent utility from risk to uncertainty ; 11. Ambiguity: where uncertainty extends beyond risk ; 12. Prospect theory for uncertainty ; 13. Conclusion ; Appendices

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction: international organization and US power ; Part I. Theory: 2. A theory of international organization ; 3. A model of informal governance ; Part II. Cases: 4. Informal governance in the IMF ; 5. The World Trade Organization ; 6. The European Union ; Part III. Hypotheses: 7. Access to IMF resources ; 8. Conditionality under IMF programs ; 9. Enforcement ; 10. Conclusions

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Ecological scarcity as an economic problem ; 2. Ecosystem services and ecological landscapes ; 3. The basic natural asset model ; 4. Spatial variation in ecosystems ; 5. The open economy ; 6. Ecological collapse ; 7. The way ahead ; 8. Policies in the age of ecological scarcity

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I - Introduction ; Part II - The global context ; 1. For the ocean ; 2. The United Nations, oceans governance and science ; 3. Marine scientific research and the United Nations convention on the law of the sea ; 4. Fifty years of building national marine skills ; 5. The early days and evolution of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ; Part III - Oceans and science ; 6. Ocean science: an overview ; 7. The development of ocean climate programmes ; 8. The IOC's International Bathymetric Chart Series: a programme facing extermination? ; Harmful algae: a natural phenomenon that became a societal problem ; 10. Non-governmental international marine science organizations ; Part IV - Observations and data ; 11. Ocean observations: the Global Ocean Observing Systems ; 12. Oceanographic data: from paper to pixels ; Part V - Applications ; 13. Life on the edge: managing our coastal zones ; 14. Hazards and warnings ; 15. Regional cooperation: the Caribbean experience ; 16. Oceans, science and governments in Africa ; Part VI - Intergovernmental agencies and science ; 17. The Food and Agriculture Organization ; 18. The International Hydrographic Organization science partnerships ; 19. Ocean science and shipping: IMO's contribution ; 20. The UNEP's contribution to the oceans and marine science ; 21. The World Meteorological Organization need for ocean science ; Part VII - The future ; 22. The future ; 23. Afterword

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: From Richardson to early numerical weather prediction. - The evolution and future research goals for general circulation models. - Beyond prediction to climate modeling and climate control: new perspectives from the papers of Harry Wexler, 1945 - 1962. - Synergies between numerical weather prediction and general circulation climate models. - Contributions of observational studies to the evaluation and diagnosis of atmospheric GCM simulations. - Coupling atmospheric general circulation to oceans. - Coupling atmospheric circulation models to bio-physical, bio-chemical, and biological processes at the land surface. - The evolution of complexity in general circulation models. - 10. The co-evolution of climate models and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Description / Table of Contents: Presenting a comprehensive discussion of general circulation models of the atmosphere, this book covers their historical and contemporary development, their societal context, and current efforts to integrate these models into wider earth-system models. Leading researchers provide unique perspectives on the scientific breakthroughs, overarching themes, critical applications, and future prospects for atmospheric general circulation models. Key interdisciplinary links to other subject areas such as chemistry, oceanography and ecology are also highlighted. This book is a core reference for academic researchers and professionals involved in atmospheric physics, meteorology and climate science, and can be used as a resource for graduate-level courses in climate modeling and numerical weather prediction. Given the critical role that atmospheric general circulation models are playing in the intense public discourse on climate change, it is also a valuable resource for policy makers and all those concerned with the scientific basis for the ongoing public-policy debate" The aim of this volume is to describe the development of atmospheric general circulation models. We are motivated to do so by the central and essential role of these models in understanding, simulating, and predicting the atmosphere on a wide range of time scales. While atmospheric general circulation models are an important basis for many societal decisions, from responses to changing weather to deliberations on responding to anthropogenic climate change, the scientific basis for these models, and how they have come about and continue to develop, are not widely known. Our objective in editing this volume is to provide a perspective on these matters."

Description / Table of Contents: Content:1. How the mobilism debate was structured; 2. Wegener and Taylor develop thei theories of continental drift; 3. Sub-controversies in the drift debate, 1920s-1950s; 4. The mechanism sub-controversy: 1921-1951; 5. Arthur Holmes and his Theory of Substratum Convection, 1915-1955; 6. Regionalism and the reception of mobilism: South Africa, India and South America from the 1920s through the early 1950s; 7. Regional reception of mobilism in North America: 1920s through the 1950s; 8. Reception and development of mobilism in Europe: 1920s through the 1950s; 9. Fixism's popularity in Australia: 1920s to middle 1960s; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. The big questions -- 2. Thermodynamics in a nutshell -- 3. Elementary models of radiation balance -- 4. Radiative transfer in temperature-stratified atmospheres -- 5. Scattering -- 6. The surface energy balance -- 7. Variation of temperature with season and latitude -- 8. Evolution of the atmosphere -- 9. A peek at dynamics

Description / Table of Contents: Image registration employs digital image processing in order to bring two or more digital images into precise alignment for analysis and comparison. Accurate registration algorithms are essential in supporting earth and planetary scientists as they mosaic remote sensing satellite images and track changes of the planet's surface over time for environmental, political, and basic science studies. The book brings together invited contributions by 36 distinguished researchers in the field to present a coherent and detailed overview of current research and practice in the application of image registration to satellite imagery. The chapters cover the problem definition, theoretical issues in accuracy and efficiency, fundamental algorithms used in its solution , and real-world case studies of image registration software applied to imagery from operational satellite systems. This book is an essential reference for earth and space scientists who need a comprehensive and practical overview on how to obtain optimal georegistration of their data, an indispensable source for image processing researchers interested in current resarch, and the ideal text for teaching a special topic university graduate course.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Gravity (Exercises 1-68); 3. Geomagnetism (Exercises 69-110); 4. Seismology (Exercises 111-179); 5. Heat flow and geochronology (Exercises 180-197)

Description / Table of Contents: "Presenting a coherent synthesis of lithosphere studies, this book covers a range of geophysical methods (seismic reflection, refraction, and receiver function methods; elastic and anelastic seismic tomography; electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods; thermal, gravity and rheological models), complemented by petrologic and laboratory data on rock properties. It also provides a critical discussion of the uncertainties, assumptions, and resolution issues that are inherent in the different methods and models of the lithosphere. Multidisciplinary in scope, global in geographical extent, and covering a wide variety of tectonics settings across 3.5 billion years of Earth history, this book presents a comprehensive overview of lithospheric structure and evolution. It is a core reference for researchers and advanced students in geophysics, geodynamics, tectonics, petrology, and geochemistry, and for petroleum and mining industry professionals"--

Description / Table of Contents: "Modern studies of Earth science suffer from fragmentation into a large number of sub-disciplines with limited dialog between them and artificial distinctions between the results based on different approaches. This problem has been particularly acute in the area of lithospheric research where different geophysical techniques have given rise to a multitude of definitions of the lithosphere - seismic, thermal, electrical, mechanical and petrological. This book presents a coherent synthesis of our current state-of-knowledge in lithosphere studies based on a full set of geophysical methods (seismic reflection, refraction, and receiver function methods; elastic and anelastic seismic tomography; electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods; thermal, gravity and rheological models) and complemented by petrologic and laboratory data on rock properties. It also provides a critical discussion of the uncertainties, assumptions, and resolution issues that are inherent in the different methods and models"--

Description / Table of Contents: Text detailing the fundamentals of astrometry at milli- and micro-arcsecond accuracies. Astrometry encompasses all that is necessary to provide the positions and motions of celestial bodies. This includes observational techniques, instrumentation, processing and analysis of observational data, reference systems and frames, and the resulting astronomical phenomena. Astrometry is fundamental to all other fields of astronomy, from the pointing of telescopes, to navigation and guidance systems, to distance and motion determinations for astrophysics. In the last few decades, new observational techniques have enabled improvements in accuracy by orders of magnitude. Starting from basic principles, this 2004 book provides the fundamentals for this new astrometry at milli- and micro-arcsecond accuracies. Topics include: basics of general relativity; co-ordinate systems; vectors, tensors, quaternions, and observational uncertainties; determination and use of the celestial and terrestrial reference systems and frames; applications of new observational techniques; present and future star catalogues and double star astrometry. This comprehensive reference will be invaluable for graduate students and research astronomers. Contens: 1. Introduction; 2. New observational techniques; 3. Basic principles and coordinate systems; 4. Treatment of astronomical data; 5. Principles of relativity; 6. Apparent displacements of celestial objects; 7. Extragalactic reference frame; 8. Dynamical reference frame; 9. Terrestrial coordinate systems; 10. Earth orientation; 11. Stars; 12. Double and multiple star systems; 13. Astronomical phenomena; 14. Application of theory to observations; Appendices.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; 1. What are exponential random graph models ; 2. The formation of social network structure ; 3. A simplified account of ERGM as a statistical model ; 4. An example of ERGM analysis ; 5. Exponential random graph model fundamentals ; 6. Dependence graphs and sufficient statistics ; 7. Social selection, dyadic covariates and geospatial effects ; 8. Autologistic actor attribute models ; 9. ERGM extensions: models for multiple networks and bipartite networks ; 10. Longitudinal models ; 11. Simulation, estimation and goodness of fit ; 12. Illustrations: simulation, estimation and goodness of fit ; 13. Personal attitudes, perceived attitudes and social structures: a social selection model ; 14. How to close a hole: exploring alternative closure mechanisms in inter-organizational network ; 15. Interdependencies between working relations: multivariate ERGMs for advice and satisfaction ; 16. Brain, brawn or optimism? The structure and correlates of emergent military leadership ; 17. An ALAAM analysis of unemployment: the dual importance of who you know and where you live ; 18. Longitudinal changes in face-to-face and text message-mediated friendship networks ; 19. The differential impact of directors' social and financial capital on corporate interlock formation ; 20. Comparing networks: a structural correspondence between behavioural and recall networks ; 21. Modelling social networks: next steps