ALBERT

Description: Extreme and inaccessible environments are a new frontier that unmanned and remotely operated ve-hicles can today safely access and monitor. The Lusi mud eruption (NE Java Island, Indonesia) representsone of these harsh environments that are totally unreachable with traditional techniques. Here boilingmud is constantly spewed tens of meters in height and tall gas clouds surround the 100 m wide activecrater. The crater is surrounded by a ~600 m diameter circular zone of hot mud that prevents anyapproach to investigate and sample the eruption site. In order to access this active crater we designedand assembled a multipurpose drone.The Lusi drone is equipped with numerous airborne devices suitable for use on board of other mul-ticopters. During the missions, three cameras can complete 1) video survey, 2) high resolution photo-grammetry of desired and preselected polygons, and 3) thermal photogrammetry surveys with infra-redcamera to locate hotfluids seepage areas or faulted zones. Crater sampling and monitoring operationscan be pre-planned with aflight software, and the pilot is required only for take-off and landing. A winchallows the deployment of gas, mud and water samplers and contact thermometers to be operated withno risk for the aircraft. During the winch operations (that can be performed automatically), the aircrafthovers at a safety height until the tasks controlled by the winch-embedded processor are completed. Thedrone is also equipped with GPS-connected CO2and CH4sensors. Gridded surveys using these devicesallowed obtaining 2D maps of the concentration and distribution of various gasses over the area coveredby theflight path.The device is solid, stable even with significant wind, affordable, and easy to transport. The Lusi dronesuccessfully operated during several expeditions at the ongoing active Lusi eruption site and proved to bean excellent tool to study other harsh or unreachable sites, where operations with more conventionalmethods are too expensive, dangerous or simply impossible

Description: LUSI LAB project, PI A. Mazzini; esearch Council of Norway through itsCenters of Excellence funding scheme, Project Number 223272; BPLS (Badan Penanggulangan Lumpur Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo Mudflow Management Agency)

Description: Published

Description: 26-37

Description: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Syneruptive gas flux time series can, in principle, be retrieved from satellite maps of SO2 collected during and immediately after volcanic eruptions, and used to gain insights into the volcanic processes which drive the volcanic activity. Determination of the age and height of volcanic plumes are key prerequisites for such calculations. However, these parameters are challenging to constrain using satellite-based techniques. Here, we use imagery from OMI and GOME-2 satellite sensors and a novel numerical procedure based on back-trajectory analysis to calculate plume height as a function of position at the satellite measurement time together with plume injection height and time at a volcanic vent location. We applied this new procedure to three Etna eruptions (12 August 2011, 18 March 2012 and 12 April 2013) and compared our results with independent satellite and ground-based estimations. We also compare our injection height time-series with measurements of volcanic tremor, which reflects the eruption intensity, showing a good match between these two datasets. Our results are a milestone in progressing towards reliable determination of gas flux data from satellite-derived SO2 maps during volcanic eruptions, which would be of great value for operational management of explosive eruptions.

Description: 1) European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2.007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 279802, project 283 CO2Volc. 2) MEDiterranean SUpersite Volcanoes 280 (MED-SUV) WP 3.3.3

Description: Published

Description: 79-91

Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: MOON (Mediterranean Operational Oceanography Network http://www.moon-oceanforecasting.eu) pro- vides near-real-time information on oil-spill detection (ocean color and SAR) and predictions [ocean fore- casts (MFS and CYCOFOS) and oil-spill predictions (MEDSLIK)]. We employ this system to study the Lebanese oil-pollution crisis in summer 2006 and thus to assist regional and local decision makers in Europe, regionally and locally. The MEDSLIK oil-spill predictions obtained using CYCOFOS high-resolution ocean fields are compared with those obtained using lower-resolution MFS hydrodynamics, and both are validated against satellite observations. The predicted beached oil distributions along the Lebanese and Syrian coasts are compared with in situ observations. The oil-spill predictions are able to simulate the northward movement of the oil spill, with the CYCO- FOS predictions being in better agreement with satellite observations. Among the free MEDSLIK param- eters tested in the sensitivity experiments, the drift factor appears to be the most relevant to improve the quality of the results.

Description: The paper was produced using the INGV MFS forecasting-sys- tem product and the OC-UCY CYCOFOS forecasting-system prod- ucts. The MODIS satellite data products were processed at the GOS-CNR-ISAC Rome laboratory using the SeaDAS software devel- oped by NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, the HDFLook software developed by The Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, Univer- sity of Lille, France, and the MS2GT tool box developed by the Uni- versity of Colorado. Procedures for oil-spill detection were developed in the ENVI environment. Processed ENVISAT-ASAR data were made available by Telespazio and JRC. Part of this work was carried out with the support of the PRIMI project (ASI Contract No. I/094/06/0) financed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).

Description: In press

Description: 4.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marine

Description: JCR Journal

Description: reserved

Description: Volcanic eruptions are commonly preceded, accompanied, and followed by variations of a number of detectable geophysical and geochemical manifestations. Many remote sensing techniques have been applied to tracking anomalies and eruptive precursors, and monitoring ongoing volcanic eruptions, offering obvious advantages over in situ techniques especially during hazardous activity. While spaceborne instruments provide a distinct advantage for collecting data remotely in this regard, they still cannot match the spatial detail or time resolution achievable using portable imagers on the ground or aircraft. Hand-held infrared camera technology has advanced significantly over the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of commercially available instruments, such that volcano observatories are increasingly implementing them in monitoring efforts. Improved thermal surveillance of active volcanoes has not only enhanced hazard assessment but it has contributed substantially to understanding a variety of volcanic processes. Drawing on over a decade of operational volcano surveillance in Italy, we provide here a critical review of the application of infrared thermal cameras to volcano monitoring. Following a summary of key physical principles, instrument capabilities, and the practicalities and methods of data collection, we discuss the types of information that can be retrieved from thermal imagery and what they have contributed to hazard assessment and risk management, and to physical volcanology. With continued developments in thermal imager technology and lower instrument costs, there will be increasing opportunity to gather valuable observations of volcanoes. It is thus timely to review the state of the art and we hope thereby to stimulate further research and innovation in this area.

Description: Published

Description: 63-91

Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani

Description: JCR Journal

Description: restricted

Description: Visual is a visualization system used to access and analyze high-volume multi-sensor data collected from remotely operated underwater vehicles. Since 1991, scientists have used Visual for scientific visualization and analysis of underwater surveys ranging from real-time survey monitoring, to geological mapping and interpretation of hydrothermal vent sites, to a forensic study of a shipwreck. This report describes Visual's capabilities and gives examples of typical applications for Visual including sonar visualization, real-time monitoring, and multi-sensor data access and analysis. This report also includes a User's Manual and Reference Guide for the Visual system.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-9627160.

Description: In order to analyze the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite data from South Africa, a software package has been written. Methodology and algorithms are described which create geometrically corrected registered satellite images over the Agulhas Retroflexion region. Also discussed are programs to overlay latitude and longitude lines, ship tracks, and ancillary data. A method of masking the land and compositing images for cloud removal is also described.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Numbers N00014-82-C-0019, NR 083-004, N00014-85-C-001, NR 083-004, and N00014-87-K-0007, NR 083-004.

Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Coastal Engineering 136 (2018): 147-160, doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.01.003.

Description: The performance of a linear depth inversion algorithm, cBathy, applied to coastal video imagery was assessed using observations of water depth from vessel-based hydrographic surveys and in-situ altimeters for a wide range of wave conditions (0.3 〈 significant wave height 〈 4.3 m) on a sandy Atlantic Ocean beach near Duck, North Carolina. Comparisons of video-based cBathy bathymetry with surveyed bathymetry were similar to previous studies (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.75 m, bias = −0.26 m). However, the cross-shore locations of the surfzone sandbar in video-derived bathymetry were biased onshore 18–40 m relative to the survey when offshore wave heights exceeded 1.2 m or were greater than half of the bar crest depth, and broke over the sandbar. The onshore bias was 3–4 m when wave heights were less than 0.8 m and were not breaking over the sandbar. Comparisons of video-derived seafloor elevations with in-situ altimeter data at three locations onshore of, near, and offshore of the surfzone sandbar over ∼1 year provide the first assessment of the cBathy technique over a wide range of wave conditions. In the outer surf zone, video-derived results were consistent with long-term patterns of bathymetric change (r2 = 0.64, RMSE = 0.26 m, bias = −0.01 m), particularly when wave heights were less than 1.2 m (r2 = 0.83). However, during storms when wave heights exceeded 3 m, video-based cBathy over-estimated the depth by up to 2 m. Near the sandbar, the sign of depth errors depended on the location relative to wave breaking, with video-based depths overestimated (underestimated) offshore (onshore) of wave breaking in the surfzone. Wave speeds estimated by video-based cBathy at the initiation of wave breaking often were twice the speeds predicted by linear theory, and up to three times faster than linear theory during storms. Estimated wave speeds were half as fast as linear theory predictions at the termination of wave breaking shoreward of the sandbar. These results suggest that video-based cBathy should not be used to track the migration of the surfzone sandbar using data when waves are breaking over the bar nor to quantify morphological evolution during storms. However, these results show that during low energy conditions, cBathy estimates could be used to quantify seasonal patterns of seafloor evolution.

Description: This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Field Data Collection Program, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology under ERDC's research program titled “Force Projection Entry Operations, STO D.GRD.2015.34”, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory base program from the Office of Naval Research, a Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship funded by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, and the National Science Foundation.

Description: DESCRIPTION_HFR; The WHOI HF radar system, as operated during the field periods, consisted of 6 land-based sites spaced between the islands of Nantucket, MA and Block Island, RI. A series of four multi-antenna HFRs built by the University of Hawaii [described by Kirincich et al. 2019] were deployed in the region and augmented by two existing high resolution SeaSonde HFRs previous deployed with funding from NOAA-IOOS. Using a grid of 8 separate receive antennas and recently developed analysis methods, the UH systems maximize both the temporal and azimuthal resolution of surface currents over a wide area, producing fully independent, 30-min averages of high-resolution--2 km everywhere-- low error surface currents over a 150 km x 80 km stretch of the NES. Rms differences of the system against in situ observations were 5-7 cm/s. DESCRIPTION_INSITU_MOORING; The HFR observations were paired with detailed, in situ observations of hydrography, currents, and winds during three separate study periods, spanning July to December of 2018 and 2019, and October to December of 2020. For the two 6-month periods in both 2018 and 2019, trio of surface moorings and one subsurface mooring were deployed in the center of the eastern HFR coverage area. The central surface mooring, stationed along the 40-m isobath, hosted a Vaisala WXT520 weather station and water column hydrography using 8 temperature-conductivity (CT) sensors (SBE37 Microcats). A nearby subsurface mooring supported upward- and downward-looking ADCPs to collect high resolution velocity profiles of the top 8 m of the water column and coarser resolution velocity profiles of the lower 30 m of the water column. The two additional flanking surface moorings, each with 7 CT sensors, were located 10 km away in both the across- and along-shelf (2018 only) directions, allowing estimates of the depth-dependent lateral hydrographic gradients. While all mooring data was returned during 2018, the western flanking mooring was irretrievably lost during the 2019 season, limiting the fixed hydrographic observations that year. During an additional three-month period in fall 2020, a single mooring pair, similar to the central surface and sub-surface moorings described above, was deployed further west along the 40-m isobath. DESCRIPTION_INSITU_MOBILE; Two WHOI-owned, Liquid Robotics SV2 Wave Glider autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) were deployed for 3-month periods during both 2018 and 2019 to collect along-track observations of winds and surface hydrography. Outfitted with AirMar 2-axis sonic anemometers at 1 m above sea level and SeaBird CTDs at water depths of 0.3 and 6.5 m, the ASVs followed a butterfly-shaped regular survey pattern centered on the central mooring site, which allowed repeated, detailed sampling of horizontal gradients of temperature and salinity within the surface layer at multiple scales around the mooring locations. With transit speeds of 0.5-1 m/s, the ASV is 3-5 times faster than a Slocum-type glider, allowing O(10 km) features to be sampled on synoptic timescales (2-4 hours). Combined, the ASV surveys sampled each transect line approximately once per day. Acquisition Description: SENSOR_INFORMATION_HFR; The two eastern systems were deployed on the islands of Nantucket (NWTP, 41.2deg N 70.1degW) in June 2017 and Martha's Vineyard (LPWR, 41.3degN 70.7degW) in April 2018, while the two western systems, at Westport, MA (HBSR, 41.5degN 71.1degW) and Narragansett, RI (CPVN, 41.5degN 71.4degW), were deployed and operational in June and July 2019 respectively. Thus, the eastern systems were in operation for all years, 2018-2020, but the western systems were only available during 2019 and 2020. All systems were operated using range-resolutions of 2 km and run in a novel `hybrid' configuration that combines qualities of phased-array and direction-finding radars to increase the azimuthal resolution of the HFRs to be less than or equal to the 2-km range resolution. Augmenting these hybrid radar systems, data from two existing high resolution, 25-MHz SeaSonde radars deployed within the study area with funding from NOAA-IOOS and owned by WHOI and the University of Rhode Island, respectively, were also used. With ranges of 40 km and range resolutions of 1 km, these systems each approximate the azimuthal resolution of the UH systems over a smaller area. Using recently developed methods Kirincich et al (2019) and Kirincich et al (2012), the full HF radar array maximizes azimuthal--and therefore spatial--resolution, producing 30-min independent averages of surface currents at 2-km resolution within a 10,000 km$^2$ region of the NES. The effective measurement depth of the WHOI HF radars is 0.5 m below the ocean surface. Received Doppler spectra from each were processed using the advanced methods of Kirincich et al. (2012, JOAT) or Kirincich et al (2019) into radial velocity estimates every 30 min based on a 30 min averaging window. Radial velocity estimates were quality controlled before inclusion into the vector velocity estimates using standard time-series QC techniques. SENSOR_INFORMATION_INSITU_MOORING; The detailed deployment information for each station and year are::: In July-November 2018 and July-November 2019: The center surface mooring was deployed at 41.0669degN 70.4828degW in 40 m of water and sampled surface vector winds, air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity using a Vaisala WXT520 located at 2 m above mean sea level at 10 min ensemble averages, of 1 Hz data. The Center surface mooring also had 8 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10,15,20,30, and 35-m at 2 min increments. The center subsurface mooring was deployed at 41.0669degN 70.4828degW and contained a sub-surface float at 8-m below sea level in 40 m of water. The float held an upward looking Nortek Signature 1000 AD2CP that collected 2048 pings @4Hz every 20 min at 0.25 m bin depths. The west surface mooring was deployed at 41.1185degN 70.5812degW in 40 m of water and had 7 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10,15,20, and 30-m at 2 min increments. The south surface mooring was deployed at 40.9881degN 70.5455degW in 50 m of water and had 7 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10,15,20, and 30-m at 2 min increments. In October-December 2020: A similar surface and subsurface mooring pair were deployed to the west of the 2018-2019 mooring locations. The surface mooring was located at 41.0706degN 70.8177degW in 40 m of water and sampled surface vector winds, air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity using a Vaisala WXT520 located at 2 m above mean sea level at 10 min ensemble averages, of 1 Hz data. The 2020 surface mooring also had 5 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10, and 20-m at 2 min increments. Finally the 2020 subsurface mooring was deployed at 41.0706degN 70.8177degW and contained a sub-surface float at 8-m below sea level in 40 m of water. The float held an upward looking Nortek Signature 1000 AD2CP that collected 2048 pings @4Hz every 20 min at 0.25 m bin depths. SENSOR_INFORMATION_INSITU_MOBILE; The Mobile Liquid Robotics SV2 Wave Glider autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) deployed in July to September of both 2018 and 2019 to collected along-track observations of winds and surface hydrography. Only the surface hydrography was used here, collected via SeaBird temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) at water depths of 0.3 and 6.5 m as 10 min averages.

Description: This data was collected by Kirincich as part of the Submesoscale Dynamics Over The Shelf Study, with field observations in 2018 and 2019, as well as the HFR_winds project with field work in 2020. The analysis products presented were used to examine the space and time scales of eddy kinetic energy over the wide, shallow, NES continental shelf using a novel implementation of HFR to achieve spatial and temporal resolutions sufficient to capture the horizontal scales of velocity variability. The data consists of estimates of the near-surface horizontal (East and North) ocean currents made via High Frequency (HF) radar-based remote sensing of the Ocean backscatter spectrum as well as in situ moored hydrographic, velocity, and surface winds, and mobile surface hydrographic observations collected via autonomous vehicles. Data were collected within three separate measurement periods: July to December 2018, July to December 2019, and October to December 2020.

Description: U.S. National Science Foundation to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. OCE-#1736930, OCE-#1923927

Description: High-frequency radar-based observations of surface currents along the east coast of Taiwan, obtained over a 50-day period in early 2017, are used to examine the occurrence, generation, and downstream advection of submesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio. Measured at an effective depth of 2 m and radial resolution of 3 km from four land-based HF radar systems spanning an 250-km along-stream distance, the surface current observations reveal the instantaneous position of the Kuroshio on hourly time scales as well as the occurrence of numerous high relative vorticity features. Vortex features with spatial scales of 5-20 km were concentrated in the first 30 km offshore, with many created at the southern tip of Taiwan on tidal timescales. Most features, with relative vorticities approaching zeta/f=1, translated northward along the coast at the speed of the Kuroshio itself and were coherent over the 250-km length of the Taiwanese coastline. Both tides and regional winds appear to influence when long-lived features form, and the offshore advection of surface waters by the vortices are observable in intermittent Satellite images of surface chlorophyll. While most features are advected northward with the current, a submarine ridge acts to impede the flow, scattering northward moving features and causing occasional southward-migrating vortices. Data Description: DESCRIPTION; The surface current observations used here were obtained from four long-range (4 MHz transmit frequency) land-based coastal radar systems, operated by the Taiwan Ocean Research Institute (TORI) and the National Taiwan University (NTU). All systems were Codar Ocean Sensors SeaSondes, with the three southern stations operated by TORI, and the northern-most station by NTU. Collected over the time period spanning February 1st to March 26th, 2017, the hourly observations of Doppler cross-spectra had a radial resolution of 3 km. Horizontal resolution was dependent on both the resolution of the measured antenna patterns (1 degree in azimuth) as well as the inherent azimuthal resolution of the radar returns themselves. DATA_PREPARATION_DESCRIPTION; Observed Doppler cross-spectra were reprocessed following Kirincich et al. (2012) using adjusted measured antenna patterns and advanced quality control metrics to estimate the radial surface currents observed at each site. Measured antenna response patterns were adjusted iteratively to reduce radar-to-radar inconsistencies defined using synthetic radials estimated from adjacent radars as well as systematic biases in mean vorticity and divergence patterns. Vector combinations of the radial surface currents, representative of the average currents over the top 2 m of the water column (StewartJoy, 1974) were estimated using power-weighed least-squares methods (Kirincich et al. 2012, Kaplan et al 2005) with a fixed horizontal averaging length-scale of 3 km, and masked for errors due to the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) greater than 2 (Barrack, 2002). Acquisition Description: SENSOR_INFORMATION; Radio frequency interference from the ionosphere is a particular problem for the TORI and NTU radars, due to a combination of latitude and transmit frequency, causing elevated background noise during local nighttime. Returns at ranges of 90 km, the distance to the primary scattering layer within the ionosphere, are especially affected. SNR was used as an effective screening tool to isolate and eliminate data contaminated by ionospheric radio noise common in the region, adding further improvements to the radial velocity results. However, data from a 50x50 km region directly offshore of the radar site near 23deg 30' N 121deg 30' E was excised during the hours of 11 to 17 UTC each day during the observational period due to poor data returns during times of high ionospheric reflections and radio noise that resulted in poorly resolved and inaccurate vector current estimates. Using synthetic radials from adjacent HFR sites (Emery et al 2019), surface current uncertainties are estimated to be 5-10 cm/s. the west of the 2018-2019 mooring locations. The surface mooring was located at 41.0706degN 70.8177degW in 40 m of water and sampled surface vector winds, air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity using a Vaisala WXT520 located at 2 m above mean sea level at 10 min ensemble averages, of 1 Hz data. The 2020 surface mooring also had 5 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10, and 20-m at 2 min increments. Finally the 2020 subsurface mooring was deployed at 41.0706degN 70.8177degW and contained a sub-surface float at 8-m below sea level in 40 m of water. The float held an upward looking Nortek Signature 1000 AD2CP that collected 2048 pings @4Hz every 20 min at 0.25 m bin depths.

Description: HF Radar observations used here were funded by Taiwan's National Applied Research Laboratories as well as the National Taiwan University. A. Kirincich was funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under contract #N000141712761.

Description: SDPS is a menu driven interactive program designed to facilitate the display and output of image and line-based data sets common to telemetry, modeling and remote sensing. This program can be used to display up to four separate raster images and overlay line-based data such as coastlines, ship tracks and velocity vectors. The program uses multiple windows to communicate information with the user. At any given time, the program may have up to four image display windows as well as auxiliary windows containing information about each image displayed. SDPS is not a commercial program. It does not contain complete type checking or error diagnostics which may allow the program to crash. Known anomalies will be mentioned in the appropriate section as notes or cautions.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-86-K-0751; and by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration under contract No. 957652.

Description: Ninety plots of digitized temperature boundaries from infared satellite images of the Gulf Stream along with corresponding image snapshots were compiled to determine stream width propagation speed. The satellite images are from the years 1982, 1983, and 1985 and are often of consecutive days. In this report, these images and digitized plots are presented.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-87-K-0007, and by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 87-00601 and OCE 85-10828.

Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Luis, K. M. A., Rheuban, J. E., Kavanaugh, M. T., Glover, D. M., Wei, J., Lee, Z., & Doney, S. C. Capturing coastal water clarity variability with Landsat 8. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, (2019): 96-104, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.078.

Description: Coastal water clarity varies at high temporal and spatial scales due to weather, climate, and human activity along coastlines. Systematic observations are crucial to assessing the impact of water clarity change on aquatic habitats. In this study, Secchi disk depths (ZSD) from Boston Harbor, Buzzards Bay, Cape Cod Bay, and Narragansett Bay water quality monitoring organizations were compiled to validate ZSD derived from Landsat 8 (L8) imagery, and to generate high spatial resolution ZSD maps. From 58 L8 images, acceptable agreement was found between in situ and L8 ZSD in Buzzards Bay (N = 42, RMSE = 0.96 m, MAPD = 28%), Cape Cod Bay (N = 11, RMSE = 0.62 m, MAPD = 10%), and Narragansett Bay (N = 8, RMSE = 0.59 m, MAPD = 26%). This work demonstrates the value of merging in situ ZSD with high spatial resolution remote sensing estimates for improved coastal water quality monitoring.

Description: This work was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (grant 14-106159-000-CFP) and by the National Science Foundation grant DGE 1249946, Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT): Coasts and Communities – Natural and Human Systems in Urbanizing Environments. Lastly, we are indebted to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Buzzards Bay Coalition, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, Narragansett Bay Commission, and the numerous citizen scientists responsible for collecting the in situ measurements used in this study. Comments and suggestions from our anonymous reviewer were greatly appreciated.

Description: Researchers and engineers, from academia, government, and industry, met and discussed the feasibility of using state-of-the-art laboratory technology for in-situ chemical measurements in the deep ocean, in and around active submarine hydrothermal systems. The concept of an autonomous benthic explorer (SENTRY) was presented to illustrate some of the constraints which must be kept in mind when adapting laboratory analytical tools to the deep ocean. A concensus was reached that some existing technologies either are being, or can be, adapted for in-situ measurement, in the near future, at reasonable cost . For many analytical techniques, minimal basic research will be required , and laboratory and in-situ testing represent the bulk of the work to be performed. A selection of analytical techniques appear particularly ready to undergo testing and transformations for in-situ measurements, including: electroplating, vol tame try, potentiometric glass electrodes, and fiber optic technologies. Other techniques, such as in-situ Mass Spectrometry, do not appear to meet the criterias of technological readiness for in-situ deployment . Some technologies already being utilized or under development for use in the deep ocean include, for example: CO2, O2, H2, H2S, CH4 sensors, voltametry for the determination of sulfur chemical speciation, fiber optic sensors for pH determination, and automated chemical microlaboratories for a wide variety of applications. These techniques, however, require further research for long-term deployment and their ability to perform at high temperature, as encountered around submarine active hydrothermal systems.

Description: Support was provided by the Mellon Joint Initiative Award to "The WHOI Friends of Vents" and from the NOAA, National Sea Grant Program to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Sea Grant Program through grant Number NA86AA-D-SG090.