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  • Rat  (115)
  • Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption  (90)
  • Springer  (205)
  • American Physical Society
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2015-2019
  • 1975-1979  (205)
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  • Springer  (205)
  • American Physical Society
  • Frontiers Media
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  • 1
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Rat ; Remodeling ; Tetracyclines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cortical bone remodeling along the femur diaphysis was determined in normal female rats (Sprague-Dawley) with the tetracycline technique. Three segments on the cortical bone circumference (the anterolateral, the medial, and the posterior) were found to be most suitable for the study of the remodeling process. Oxytetracycline was administered at age 60 and 75 days, and groups of animals were killed at age 75, 85, 95, and 105 days. The accumulated endosteal growth during age 60 to 75 days in the anterolateral segment was found to increase uniformly in the distal direction along the femur diaphysis. A method is described where this accumulated endosteal growth is used. This method eliminates the use of calipers to determine the section level and makes it possible to study comparable sections even after varying periods of time. The proximal part of the diaphysis showed periosteal apposition in all three segments. The periosteal apposition turned into resorption in the distal part of the diaphysis in the anterolateral and medial segments, whereas the periosteal appsition increased in the posterior segment. The endosteal growth increased in the distal direction in the anterolateral and medial segments. Irregular OTC bands made measurements of endosteal remodeling in the posterior segment impossible. The cortical width decreased in the distal direction along the femoral shaft. Comparison between the different age groups is described and also the relation between the accumulated endosteal growth and the diameter of the medullary cavity.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Rat ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α-OH-D3)on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1α-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1α-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.
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  • 3
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    Mycopathologia 55 (1975), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Rubratoxine B ; Mitochondria ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondria was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondria and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Blood plasma ; Enamel mineralization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that tissue fluid F concentrations are the primary determinants of fluoride effects on bones and developing teeth and that these concentrations are dependent on, or mirrored by, blood plasma F. It has earlier been shown that the plasma F levels are dependent on the dietary F supply as well as on skeletal F concentration. Fasting and post-ingestion or postinjection plasma F levels have been determined in rats on F doses that cause different degrees of enamel fluorosis. The results indicate that temporary peak values rather than elevated fasting values are responsible for the occurrence of enamel fluorosis and that the peak values must approach about 10 μM in order to block enamel formation by the ameloblasts. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of plasma F determinations is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Adrenal medulla ; Embryonic induction ; Adrenocortical hormones ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (or dopa decarboxylase, DDC), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the adrenal medulla of adult rats and rat fetuses (14th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 21st day) was examined. In the prenatal stages the medullary blastema and an adjacent part of the primitive sympathetic trunk were also investigated. Tissues were fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Cryostat sections (10 μm in thickness) were stained by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Rabbit antibodies to TH (isolated from human pheochromocytoma), DDC, DBH and PNMT (the latter three isolated from bovine adrenal medulla) were used. Sections incubated with serum of non-immunized rabbits were used as controls. In the adult adrenal medulla, two cell types can be distinguished. One cell type contains only TH, DDC and DBH. The other cell type contains PNMT in addition. It is concluded that these cells correspond to the noradrenaline-(NA-) and adrenaline-(A-)storing cells respectively. In all prenatal stages TH, DDC and DBH are found in the primitive sympathetic trunk, in the medullary blastema, and in the medullary cells which have migrated into the cortical “anlage”. PNMT is observed for the first time on the 18th day. Moreover, PNMT could only be demonstrated inside the adrenal gland. From these observations it is concluded that the capacity to synthesize NA is developed even before the “medullary” cells have reached the cortical “anlage”. On the contrary, the capacity to synthesize A seems to be acquired only after this contact is established. The hypothesis is put forward that this phenomenon might indicate the induction of PNMT by glucocorticoids secreted by the fetal cortex.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Cytogenesis ; Synaptogenesis ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphogenesis of the arcuate nucleus of the rat from the 15th fetal day to the 6th postnatal day was investigated light and electron microscopically. The arcuate neurons exhibit a gradual development after the 15th fetal day. All cytoplasmic constituents are present in these nerve cells already during the last days of gestation. Nevertheless, they are not fully differentiated at birth. The first synapse-like structures (presynapses) were observed in 17 day-old, the first synapses in 18 day-old fetuses. During the early postnatal period the number of presynapses decreases, but at the same time there is a gradual increase in the number of the relatively mature synapses. This process starts already during the last days of prenatal life. Although all structural elements of the arcuate nucleus of the adult rat appear to be present at birth, the extent of the neuropil area and the number of the presynapses indicate that the arcuate nucleus is still in a fairly undeveloped stage during the first postnatal days.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Axon terminals ; Tanycytes ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these “axo-tanycytic” endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 505-511 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Cerebral artery ; Filaments ; Rod-shaped inclusion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endothelia of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats aged 1 to 3 days were studied. Thin (about 50–90 Å) and thick (about 100–110 Å) filaments are present in the endothelia. Numerous spherical- or rod-shaped bodies, measuring approximately 0.07 to 0.3 μm in diameter and up to 0.6 μm in length occur in the endothelial cells. These bodies contain a tubular structure. The diameter of the individual tubules is about 200 Å. The present observations suggest that spherical- or rod-shaped inclusions are first synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and thereafter these materials are transported into the Golgi complex for maturation. A small number of the inclusions, however, may originate directly from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and not pass through the Golgi apparatus.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Nuclear alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Changes in the nucleoplasm were primarily reflected by a condensation of chromatin, particularly along the nuclear membrane and adjacent to the nucleolus. Later, different types of intranuclear inclusions were observed. After 21 days, the nuclei were characterized by an irregular outline with large indentation. Within the nucleoplasm aggregates of coarse granular chromatin were found. No cell necrosis was observed, indicating that androgen deprivation results in a remodeling of the cell to a less active state with marked cellular alterations and cessation of secretion, but apparently with some of their basic functions still intact. Injections of testosterone completely reverse the castrated-induced alterations. The changes observed are assumed to be due to the withdrawal of the androgenic stimulus, with a direct influence on the secretory function of the cell. The findings support the view that the stimulating secretory effect of androgen is mediated via an intranuclear androgen receptor, probably located in the nucleolus-associated-chromatin. It is also proposed that the secretory function of the epithelial cells of the prostatic complex, initiated by androgens, may be regulated by an intranuclear secretory center.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Populations of axonal granules ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit wurde die Eminentia mediana von männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, sowie die trächtiger und durstender Tiere auf die Fragestellung hin untersucht, ob 1. die Eminentia mediana der erste Ort ist, wo die beiden Neurohormone Oxytocin und Vasopressin freigesetzt werden, und 2. ob sich die Axone in der externen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in verschiedene Populationen differenzieren lassen. Bei männlichen und weiblichen Kontrolltieren haben die Oxytocin-bzw. Vasopressin-granula in der Eminentia mediana bereits ihre endgültige Größe erreicht; ihr mittlerer Durchmesser ändert sich nicht mehr wesentlich bis zum Hypophysenhinterlappen. Allerdings gibt der unterschiedliche prozentuale Anteil beider Populationen in der Eminentia mediana, in Zusammenhang mit den früher bestimmten Werten für die jeweiligen Kerne und die Neurohypophyse, Hinweise auf gewisse Unterschiede im turnover beider Hormone bei männlichen und weiblichen Tieren. Bei graviden und durstenden Ratten findet sich eine scheinbare Abnahme der Granula Durchmesser in den oxytocin-bzw. vasopressinführenden Axonen. In Verbindung mit sehr charakteristischen morphologischen Befunden, besonders bei langdurstenden Tieren, sprechen die morphometrischen Ergebnisse dafür, daß in der Eminentia mediana bereits Neurohormon freigesetzt wird, wenn eine schnelle Deckung des peripheren Bedarfes notwendig ist. Die Axone mit Granula, die kleiner sind als 115 nm, lassen sich in der internen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in vier Populationen aufteilen. Ihre mittleren Granula-Durchmesser liegen bei etwa 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm und 110 nm. Dieselben vier Populationen finden sich sowohl in der Zona palisadica als auch in der perikapillären Schicht der Eminentia mediana. Im Unterschied zur Zona interna findet sich aber in diesen beiden Schichten noch eine fünfte Population von Axonen mit einem mittleren Granula-Durchmesser von etwa 70–75 nm. Der mengenmäßige Anteil dieser fünf Populationen aber ist unterschiedlich in der Zona palisadica und in der perikapillären Schicht einerseits und in den verschiedenen Tiergruppen andererseits. Einige morphologische Befunde an den Tanycyten werden im Zusammenhang mit der neueren Literatur diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In connection with previous studies (Krisch, 1974), a morphologic analysis of the median eminence of male, female, pregnant, and thirsting rats has been made, in order to evaluate: 1. whether the median eminence is an additional area where oxytocin and vasopressin may be released from neurosecretory axons in the zona interna; 2. whether it is possible to distinguish different populations of axons according to the mean diameters of their granules in the external zone of the median eminence. In the zona interna of the male and the female control animals, the oxytocin-and vasopressin-containing granules have already reached their final diameters, i.e. their size remains constant until they reach and are stored in the neurohypophysis. However, the relative proportions of these populations in the fibre layer of the median eminence indicate certain differences between male and female animals, concerning the turnover of oxytocin and vasopressin. In pregnant, as well as in thirsting animals, there is an apparent decrease of the mean granule diameters in oxytocin and vasopressin-containing axons. In particular in the latter group, ballooned axons in the fibre layer of the median eminence, containing disintegrating granules, tubular structures filled with electron dense material, and fine-flocculent material in the axoplasm, together with the morphometric results, support our concept that in case of highly increased peripheral demand the contents of the mature, large granules are released into the axoplasm of the fibre layer in the median eminence. In addition, axons containing granules smaller than 115 nm may be classified into four populations with mean diameters of 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm, and 110 nm. The same populations are found in the palisade zone of the median eminence as well as in the pericapillary zone, but in contrast to the zona interna there is a fifth population of axons containing very small granules with a mean diameter of about 70–75 nm. The relative proportions of these five populations differ between the zona palisadica and the pericapillary zone on the one hand and between the experimental groups on the other hand. Some morphological findings concerning the tanycytes are discussed with respect to previously published data.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompanied by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the mucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholinergic stimulation.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebral cortex ; Endothelial cells ; Intraendothelial lumen ; Interendothelial lumen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developing blood vessels in rat cerebral cortex were studied at a number of stages between 3 and 28 days postnatal, in an attempt to obtain data on the mechanisms by which the lumen is established within cords of mesodermal cells. A combination of techniques was utilized in an attempt to elucidate these mechanisms. These were: (a) aldehyde fixation and block staining with phosphotungstic acid; (b) aldehyde perfusion followed by perfusion of a lead solution and post-fixation in osmium tetroxide; (c) conventional preparation of tissue with aldehyde and osmium fixation. Support for interendothelial lumen formation was readily forthcoming, including vessels with junctions between two or more endothelial cells cut transversely. There was some support for intraendothelial lumen formation, in the form of “seamless” endothelial cells. Other features noted included the presence of free ribosomes and vacuoles in the endothelial cells, endothelial flaps, sprouts and tendrils, intraluminal debris, endothelial degeneration and a junction with a nonendothelial cell. Large numbers of endothelial vacuoles were noted, many of them occurring at the abluminal edge of the cells. These vacuoles may be involved in the formation of intraendothelial lumina and also in the enlargement of both types of lumina. This study provides evidence that besides the well-established inter-endothelial lumen formation, intraendothelial mechanisms may also be operative in rat cerebral cortex. The techniques employed in this study offer the potential for clarifying these and related issues.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 261-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Exercise ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four groups of male rats were exercised for periods of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks with controls in each group. As a result of chronic exercise there was an increase in the width of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Also, there was an increase in the number and size of the mitochondria, and an increase in the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and during the first 4 weeks of exercise an increase in the number of lipid droplets in the zona fasciculata. The close relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, and the relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the lipid droplets suggests a possible means for a transport mechanism for movement of precursors between these organelles.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraependymal cells ; Third ventricle ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophyseotropic area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The supraependymal cells (SEC) are a normal component of the wall of the cerebral ventricles. In the hypothalamic area of the third ventricle they are restricted, in healthy animals, to the ependymal projection of the hypophyseotropic area. Here the SEC show great polymorphism. In addition to bipolar, multipolar and stellate or spider-like cells, transitional forms between these types can be seen. Their perikarya and processes can either remain at some distance from the ependyma or be in close contact with it. The processes may protrude between the ependymal cells or show surface differentiations that resemble the thin cytoplasmic folds of the mesenchymal wandering cells. Considering this and the variations in the number of cells, for example during the ovarian cycle, the SEC can be interpreted as mesenchymal cells, probably related to microglial cells of the subependymal layer. It is suggested that the SEC have a phagocytotic function and may be involved in the normal renewal of the ependyma. A definitive explanation for the restriction of the SEC to the hypophyseotropic area as well as the elucidation of their function remain to be found.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 431-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea ; Rat ; NaK-ATPase ; K-NPPase ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaKATPase) activity of the rat cornea was investigated histochemically using a Pb2+-precipitation technique in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as substrate and two methods for potassium-dependent para-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K-NPPase) activity. With all the three techniques used it was demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity is localized in the cell membranes of the endothelium whereas a much weaker activity was observed in the epithelium. When the Pb2+-technique was used, the epithelial cell membranes showed a weaker reaction in the presence of ouabain. This activity was only Mg2+-dependent and was presumably due to an Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The validity of the histochemical techniques for NaK-ATPase activity is discussed. The results emphasize the importance of the endothelium as the main site of Na+ transport in the cornea. Small amounts of the enzyme are also present in the epithelium, which seems to be rich in Mg2+-ATPase. Provided that careful controls are performed, all the methods give consistent results in the cornea.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pineal glands were grafted under the kidney capsule of mature male rats for periods of 20, 40, 60 and 100 days. Each grafted gland was then excised and divided into two halves. One half was processed for conventional electron microscopy and the other was fixed in aldehydes and then incubated in a zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide mixture at pH 4.4 (A-ZIO-4.4). During the forty days following the operation pinealocytes showed the typical ultrastructural features associated with cells with a high protein and/or peptide secretory activity. On the other hand, during this period, the number of granular vesicles decreased progressively. From day 40 on, the grafted pinealocytes lacked granular vesicles. During the second half of the experimental period the ultrastructure of the pinealocytes indicated that their secretory activity was considerably decreased. During the acute phase of the experimental period numerous structures regarded as the tip of growing axons as well as typical nerve fibres appeared around blood vessels and within the parenchyma of the grafted gland. In the transplanted tissue obtained 60 and 100 days after the operation the growth cones were scarce, whereas typical nerve endings became numerous. These endings contained small clear vesicles which reacted positively when the tissue was treated with A-ZIO-4.4. The secretory activity of the grafted pineal gland and the nature of the nerve fibres which innervate the graft are discussed. The authors wish to thank Mrs. E.M. Rodríguez de Calderón for her valuable help
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-hypothalamic projection ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat ; Axonal iontophoresis/cobalt precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The technique of cobalt sulfide precipitation combined with Timm's sulfide-silver method for intensification of heavy metals was used to delineate the retino-hypothalamic projection of the rat. Freshly isolated rat brains were dissected and a solution of cobaltous chloride was applied to one of the cut optic nerves. Sixteen hours later, after cobalt ions had passed into the brain along the entire length of the optic fibers, the preparation was treated with ammonium sulfide to precipitate the cobalt as cobalt sulfide. In thick light microscopic sections, cobalt-filled axons were visualized as black fibers against a light gold background. Such fibers were observed to leave the posterior medial portion of the optic chiasm and, after arching dorsally, to project into the posterior fifth of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), as well as into the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus. Neither bifurcation of these axons nor looping of the axons back to the chiasm was seen. Most fibers projected to the SCN contralateral to the filled nerve, but the projection represented less than 0.1 % of the total number of fibers in one optic nerve. These observations are considered to be graphic evidence of a retino-hypothalamic projection. The interpretation of the cobalt method is discussed, as are the functions of the connections that have been observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 287-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Intralobular nerves ; Rat ; Cobalt and Procion Yellow staining
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a recent study (Skaaring and Bierring, 1976) we found cholinesterase positive nerve-like structures in the lobules of rat liver, and scanning electron microscopy revealed cords having a distribution pattern similar to that of the cholinesterase-positive structures. To obtain further evidence for an intralobular nerve supply the methods of cobalt and Procion Yellow nerve staining (Stretton and Kravitz, 1968; Iles and Mulloney, 1971; Pitman, Tweedle and Cohen, 1972) were adapted, iontophoretic introduction of the dyes being attempted through cut axonal ends in the surface of small excised blocks of rat liver.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal organ ; Membrane particles ; Cell contacts ; Freeze-etching ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The free surfaces and cell contacts in the epithelia of the vomeronasal organ of the rat were investigated by freeze-etching. The microvilli of receptor cells show a lower density of intramembranous particles (IMP) than the microvilli in the receptor-free epithelium. The ratio between the IMP on P and E-face is approximately 11∶1 in the receptor terminals, and 3.5∶1 in the cilia and microvilli of the receptor-free epithelium. Although atypical in length and only poorly equipped with rootlet fibers, the cilia of the receptor-free epithelium are furnished with typical ciliary necklace structures of up to 10 rows of membrane particles. Differences in the density of IMP on the P-faces of different cilia are probably due to continual ciliogenesis and also due to the different age of cilia in the receptor-free epithelium. Zonulae occludentes show different configurations in the neuroepithelium and in the receptor-free epithelium. In the former, they show a tendency to cross-link and form facet-like patterns, reflecting a constant morphology and relative stability for this apical region. In the receptor-free epithelium the junctional rows of zonulae occludentes display only loosely interconnected networks and a tendency to orient parallel to each other and to the free surface. In addition to zonulae occludentes, typical square aggregations of IMP are observed in the receptor-free epithelium. They are not exclusively restricted to the zone of intensive cell contacts by means of fine interdigitating cell processes, and their function has yet to be identified experimentally.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 249-262 
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    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; p-Chlorophenylalanine
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ganglion cells and paraganglionic (PG) cells in the developing rat superior cervical ganglion were studied following postnatal treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) for 5 to 8 days. Litter mates, injected with saline solution, served as controls. Ganglion cells of control animals were differentiated ultrastructurally according to L. Eränkö (1972 a) into late sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic nerve cells. In both maturation stages treatment with pCPA caused marked swelling of mitochondria, concomitant with minor changes of other cell organelles. Parallel to the ultrastructural alterations, fluorescence microscopy and cytophotometry revealed a slight diminution of diffuse fluorescence intensity in sympathetic neurons as the expression of a mainly extragranular amine depletion. In distinction from ganglion blocking agents the alterations are regarded as a general toxic effect of pCPA upon maturing sympathetic neurons, which secondarily influences catecholamine storage sites. Following treatment with pCPA, in PG-cells an alteration of mitochondria was scarcely to recognize. Specific granules were distinctly decreased in number, in some cases to an almost complete degree. Concordant to ultrastructural observations a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in SIF-cells. In addition in these elements the fluorescence spectrum shifted towards the green field. Fluorescence cytophotometric evaluations confirmed the optical impression. Provided, that PG-cells, demonstrated with electron microscopy, are identical with SIF-cells in fluorescence microscopy, the results are discussed on the basis of a specific decrease of primary catecholamines due to an enzyme inhibition involved in catecholamine synthesis.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interdigitating cells ; Lymph node ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopic and cytochemical studies were performed to localize interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) in the popliteal lymph node of the rat. The morphological features of the IDC of the rat correspond to those described for other species, but also show similarities to normal macrophages in the rat. This is considered to be an argument in favour of the common origin of IDC's and macrophages. Ultrahistochemical studies with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reveal no phagocytotic capacity of IDC's. After perfusion fixation containing ruthenium red (RR) the surface coat stains heavily: RR is also found deep in the membrane invaginations of the IDC, indicating the presence of polyanionic sialoglyco-proteins. The post-capillary-venules (PVC) are very permeable to both HRP and RR. The phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stain (PTA-CrA) also reveals glycoproteins in the surface coat; these glycoproteins are susceptible to α-neuraminidase, whereas glycoproteins in the Golgi complexes, lysosomes and in the vesicular complexes of IDC are not. The glycoproteins of the latter are susceptible to 0.1 N NaOH. These findings indicate that IDC produce different kinds of glycoprotein, one of which may be secreted and act as a factor for stimulating peripheral T-lymphocytes. Intimate contact between IDC's and PCV's could be observed. It is therefore conceivable that IDC's play an important role in the homing of T-lymphocytes.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-dexamethasone ; Radioautography
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    Notes: Summary The central nervous system and the pituitary of adrenalectomized male rats injected with 3H-dexamethasone were examined by radioautography. At 1 hr after the injection, radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, the pituitary and the pineal gland. In the hypothalamus, radioactive material was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons in the ventral part of nucleus arcuatus and in the infundibular region. In the anterior pituitary, a large proportion of cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. However, in a small number of cells, the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei. Less radioactivity was present in the intermediate and posterior lobes. The pineal gland contained more silver grains than did other regions of the brain. The results obtained in the present study suggest essentially an action of dexamethasone in the medial basal hypothalamus and at the level of the pituitary.
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  • 26
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    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine ; ZIO reaction ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The reaction of nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining was examined electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions. The experimental condition of catecholamine exhaustion in the nerve endings was induced by the administration of H44/68 and reserpine. Vesicles in the terminals of catecholaminergic nerves reacted similarly to ZIO staining in both normal and experimental material. The majority of synaptic vesicles in various terminals gave a positive ZIO reaction. The neurosecretory elementary granules, however, failed to react with ZIO. On the other hand, some nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasmic matrix, in mitochondria as well as in synaptic vesicles. These findings strongly suggest that the ZIO-positive substance in nerve terminals is not the transmitter itself, i.e. the monoamine, but rather represents a range of substances commonly found in various kinds of synaptic vesicles and is probably proteinaceous in nature. A brief discussion is also given on the difference in ZIO reactivity between neurosecretory elementary granules and small vesicles in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 407-412 
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    Keywords: Pituitary primordium ; Cytodifferentiation ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Immunohistochemistry
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    Notes: Summary Rathke's pouches isolated from rat fetuses on day 12 were maintained in organ culture for 9 days and investigated immunohistochemically to test whether or not the hypothalamus is involved in the cytodifferentiation of the adenohypophysis. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method demonstrated that the cultured tissue contains different types of glandular cells, i.e., adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-, growth hormone (GH)-, luteinizing hormone (LH)-, thyrotropin (TSH)-, and prolactin-producing cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained to indicate the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-cells. These findings suggest that adenohypophysial primordial cells of rats start to synthesize their respective hormones without stimuli from neurosecretory substances of the brain which are known to be essential for the maintenance of the secretory activity of the adult gland.
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  • 28
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    Keywords: Microtubules ; Tractus hypophyseus ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Evidence has already been adduced suggesting that an increase in microtubular number occurs in the tractus hypophyseus of rats stressed by the administration of hypertonic saline, and of rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (CDI). Since the tractus hypophyseus in these animals shows high secretory activity, it seems likely that the microtubular increase reflects the participation of microtubules in axoplasmic transport. To exclude, however, a congenital microtubular abnormality in CDI, affected newborn rats were examined. In these, the microtubular number was normal, thus suggesting that the increase in microtubular number seen in adult animals was not a congenital morphological abnormality. However, by 4 days of age there was a slight but statistically significant increase in microtubular number in affected rats, a change probably attributable to increased secretory activity.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cells ; Entero-endocrine cells ; Rat ; Cell isolation ; Pylorus
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    Notes: Summary A technique has been developed to obtain viable, isolated and enriched populations of gastrin cells (G-cells) from the rat stomach. Restricted tissue samples from a small area of the pyloric antrum known to be particularly rich in G-cells, were sequentially digested with pronase followed by mechanical agitation, to remove the epithelial cells. This technique resulted in a significant enrichment of G-cells (3–4 fold) since the surface epithelial cells and upper portions of the glands were discarded before the initial G-cell fraction was collected. These cells in suspension were then isolated from each other by gentle pipetting in a DNase containing solution and designated the crude preparation (CP). The G-cells were then purified further by separating the cells according to size by velocity sedimentation. The greatest concentration of G-cells (15–25 %) was found in the fraction containing cells with diameters of 10 to 12 μm. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by counting G-cells as identified by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence and assessing gastrin activity by radioimmunoassay. All three methods indicated that cell separation by gravity velocity sedimentation enriched the G-cell population 15–20 fold over their concentration in the CP. The combined techniques of selective pronase digestion followed by gravity velocity sedimentation resulted in an isolated cell preparation containing a 50–100 fold increase of G-cells over their normal distribution in the intact gastric mucosa. Since these isolated G-cells retain features indicating viability, their usefulness for in vitro studies is suggested.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycocalyx ; Urinary bladder ; Ruthenium red ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Earlier statements to the contrary, the present study demonstrates the presence of a cell surface coat (glycocalyx) on the luminal plasma membrane of the super ficial transitional epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder of male Buffalo rats. This coat was demonstrated with ruthenium red, an electron dense stain, which revealed a surface layer, 60–80 Å thick, separated from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane by an electron lucent layer, approximately 30 Å thick. The structure of the glycocalyx was not affected by 12 weeks of treatment with dibutylnitrosamine, a known bladder carcinogen.
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 49-62 
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    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Pelvic plexus ; SIF cells ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary To further evaluate the role of autonomic ganglia in the regulation of pelvic visceral activity, the neural elements in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat have been studied with histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The principal findings are that the ganglion is composed of cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells as well as small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Polarity in the ganglion is indicated by clustering of small ganglion cells which stain intensely for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along the pelvic nerve while larger cells, with weak to moderate AChE activity, collect near small branches of the hypogastric nerve. Some cholinergic ganglion cells are enclosed by a plexus of adrenergic terminals. SIF cells appear to be in contact with both cholinergic and adrenergic cells, although many of the fluorescent beads around adrenergic neurons may be short dendrites of ganglion cells, rather than processes of SIF cells. Two types of SIF cells may be distinguished on the basis of size and morphology of their granulated vesicles. Afferent synapses of the cholinergic type were common on SIF cells of the large granule and small granule type. Portions of SIF cells with large granules occur within the capsule of ganglion cells. Contacts seen here were interpreted as efferent synapses from SIF cells to the dendrites of ganglion cells.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus luteum ; Autografts ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The rat ovary has been transplanted successfully to subcutaneous tissue areas by several investigators. Light microscopy has revealed that corpora lutea in ovarian autografts are formed by luteinization of intact follicles and contain entrapped ova. In the present study, corpora lutea from autografted ovaries in castrate rats were obtained at metestrus and examined electron microscopically to determine whether their cellular morphology correlated with the normal progesterone levels in these animals. Cellular features usually accepted as regressive were apparent. The findings suggest either structural luteolysis is occurring before functional luteolysis or that the adrenal has increased steroidogenic activity in the castrate with ovarian autografts to account for the normal progesterone levels.
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  • 33
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    Keywords: Portal vein ; Rat ; Adrenergic innervation ; Postnatal ; Ontogenesis ; Histofluorescence
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    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the adrenergic innervation pattern in the rat portal vein has been studied with the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and Falck. Stretch preparations and transverse freeze-dried sections of intact portal veins were studied from rats during the first 5 weeks of life and from adult rats. Orientation of undifferentiated smooth muscle cells into two layers was observed at 4 days of age. Dominance of the thick outer longitudinal muscle layer was apparent at two weeks of age. A terminal adrenergic nerve plexus with some varicosities was restricted outside the media at the end of the first week. Ingrowth of penetrating non-terminal adrenergic nerve fibers through the longitudinal muscle layer occurred during the second week of age when the main terminal nerve plexus was developing between the two muscle layers. After 3 weeks of age the adult pattern of a two-dimensional adrenergic plexus between the muscle was established. In the adult rat pharmacological treatment with nialamide and noradrenaline revealed the thin, penetrating non-terminal adrenergic nerve fibers in the longitudinal muscle layer which were poorly visible otherwise. The present observations strongly indicate that the main adrenergic plexus between the two muscle layers emanates directly from the outer axonal plexus. These findings are discussed regarding possible trophic interactions between ingrowing sympathetic adrenergic vasomotor nerves and maturing vascular smooth muscle.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Rat ; Marginal sinus ; Marginal zone
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    Notes: Summary The marginal sinus in the spleen of the Wistar rat surrounds the follicle and has more numerous PAS positive fibers on the inner wall than on the outer wall. India ink- and lead oxide-gelatin were injected into the abdominal aorta. It was found that much of the india ink-gelatin accumulated in the marginal sinus, the marginal zone, and part of the red pulp, while most of the lead oxide-gelatin collected in the marginal sinus. Ultrastructurally, the capillaries of the follicle were found to open into the marginal sinus. Regions not perforated by the marginal sinus lie between the follicle and the marginal zone. The wall of the marginal sinus is discontinuous and the discontinuities are wider on the marginal zone side than on the follicle side. The relationship of these findings is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Rat ; Innervation ; Three-dimensional reconstruction
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the carotid body of adult rats was studied by means of serial ultrathin sections. A single branching nerve fiber innervates 12 chief cells through several kinds of terminals (vesicle-containing, mitochondrial sack, and calyx-type) in en-passant and bouton forms. Two types of synaptic contacts between nerve terminals and chief cells are found; type 1 in which chief cells are postsynaptic, and type 2 in which chief cells are presynaptic. Since a single nerve fiber (possibly from the glossopharyngeal nerve) forms both types of synapses with type 2 predominating, the nerve fiber is considered basically sensory or centripetal. In addition to their synaptic connections with sensory nerve fibers, chief cells located in the periphery of this organ are in synaptic relation with dendrites of a few ganglion cells adjacent to these cells. Here the chief cells are presynaptic. A few synaptic contacts between two adjacent chief cells are seen, and so are direct contacts between chief cells and preganglionic efferent nerve fibers terminating on ganglion cells.
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  • 36
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    Keywords: Exocytosis, endocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane particles, rosettes ; Neurohypophysis, neurosecretion ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Images have been obtained from freeze-etch replicas of neurohypophyses which are consistent with the view that orderly arranged aggregates of membrane particles occur in regions where fragments of membrane are being added to and taken away from the plasma membrane during secretion. Aggregates of particles included rosette-like and necklace-like patterns similar to those described by other authors at sites of exocytosis and endocytosis.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1976), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; Paraganglionic cells ; Monoamine synthesis inhibition
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    Notes: Summary Monoamine storage sites in paraganglionic (PG-)cells of the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by electron and fluorescence microscopy following treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), disulfiram or guanethidine respectively. Dense core vesicles in PG-cells are significantly decreased (p〈 0.001) in number following pCPA, and in the majority of these cells following disulfiram and guanethidine. However in a minor portion of PG-cells the latter agents cause an increase in number and in size of dense core vesicles, in parallel with structural alterations. In agreement with these electron microscopic findings fluorescence microscopic and cytophotometric evaluations reveal a general decrease in catecholamine content with few cells showing an increase. The findings provide a morphological basis for the assumption, that monoamine storage sites in PG-cells can be decreased by inhibition of monoamine synthesis, following administration of pCPA, disulfiram and guanethidine. However the two types of responses of PG-cells which occur after disulfiram and guanethidine demonstrate a functional heterogeneity of this cell system in the rat superior cervical ganglion which is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbons ; Pineal organ ; Rat ; Ultracytochemistry
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    Notes: Summary The synaptic complexes of the rat pinealocytes are neither cholinergic nor adrenergic. In the synaptic vesicles, a neurotransmitter carrier substance of lipid nature reacting with OsO4-Zn I2 mixture (similar to that present in both cholinergic and adrenergic vesicles) was not found. In addition, there were no indications of glucose-6-phosphatase or thiamine-pyrophosphatase activity in the synaptic vesicles. Thus, it appears that the synaptic vesicles do not originate from the rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The synaptic ribbons do not contain carbohydrates, are of protein nature and possess some chemical resemblance to microtubules and microtubular bouquets. Appropriate ultracytochemical reactions have not shown detectable quantities of sodium and calcium ions in pinealocyte synaptic complexes.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 411-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Autoradiography
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity in the rat hypothalamus after intraventricular injection of tritiated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was studied by autoradiography and compared with that expected from Fick's second law which defines the character of ordinary diffusion. The results suggest that LH-RH penetrates through the ependyma and thin subependymal layer in the median eminence and into the suprachiasmatic area by ordinary diffusion. By contrast, concentration of radioactivity in outer layers of the median eminence is increased and, therefore, can not be explained by the diffusion law. In this region incorporation of radioactivity into cell bodies was demonstrated. In the subependymal layer of the median eminence a few rows of silver grains seemingly located in cellular processes were also observed. The diffusion coefficient in the periventricular zone was lower than that in the deeper tissue. It is suggested that the ependymal-subependymal complex of the third and lateral ventricles acts as a passive membrane towards LH-RH contained in the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of this mechanism for the intrahypothalamic transport of RHs is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 549-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis ; Rat ; Development ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The adrenal glands of decapitated and encephalectomized fetal rats were investigated electron microscopically and compared to those of normal intact fetal rats. Although the adrenal cortices did not show three zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) on the 16.5th day of gestation when the decapitation or encephalectomy was carried out in utero, the zonation was recognized in fetuses operated on the 21.5th day of gestation. The same was true for normal control fetuses. However, cytoplasmic characteristics suggesting steroidogenesis in the cortical cells were reduced to various degrees in the encephalectomized or decapitated fetuses, especially in the latter ones. The change in cytoplasmic appearance was more conspicuous in the inner portion of the cortex. This result suggests that for the maintenance of normal adrenocortical function the hypothalamus may be indispensable even during the prenatal life of rats.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 159-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle transplantation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Rat soleus muscles were autografted from right to left legs, and regeneration following necrosis of all original myofibres was studied after 7 to 250 days. The best regenerates were from grafts replacing all calf muscles and sutured to the tendon stumps. After 30 days the size of such regenerates was equal to those from minced gastrocnemius muscles: the cross sectional area of muscle tissue was 30% (1.7 mm2) and the number of fibres was 180% (4500) of normal soleus muscles; the fibre diameters were 10 to 40 μm. To increase the number of myoblasts before grafting some muscles were injured by Ringer solution of 70° C and transplanted after 2 days. Nevertheless, this did not influence regeneration. After 7 days clusters of myotubes occurred in the periphery of the muscle. These myotubes originated from myoblasts growing like endothelial cells on the inner face of the persisting basal lamina tubes of necrotic fibres. After 30 days the muscles were vascularized. Fibres formed in a common basal lamina detached and so looked “split”. Satellite cells of new fibres came from undifferentiated cells associated with myotubes, i.e. from myoblasts. After 30 days and more regenerates contained three sorts of fibres. 1. Thin (5 to 20 μm) fibres resembling fetal muscle fibres. They were most prominent after 30 days, and probably not yet innervated. 2. Thin (10 μm) degenerating fibres as in long-time denervated muscles. 3. Thick (more than 30 μm) mature looking fibres which were innervated and revealed end-plates. Half of the grafts studied after 30 and 60 days contained unmyelinated and myelinated axons which had grown along strands of surviving Schwann cells. After 250 days, only two muscles were studied which both lacked innervation. Almost all regenerates contained muscle spindles, which, however, were not innervated. Within the persisting spindle capsules new muscle fibres had been formed from satellite cells of the former intrafusal fibres.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrioventricular node ; Rat ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The problem of development of the innervation of the rat atrioventricular node has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nerve bundles appear in relation to the node as early as the second postnatal day and vesiculated axons are seen throughout the entire node by the fourth day. Intimate contacts between nodal cells, axons and terminal varicosities are frequently observed. Use of the 5-hydroxydopamine tracer technique has enabled the identification of both cholinergic and adrenergic axons. It is concluded that the node has a dual innervation although cholinergic endings far outnumber those classified as adrenergic on the sixth postnatal day. These results are quite different to earlier findings made at the light microscope level and the discrepancies are discussed with respect to the histochemical techniques used. The suggestion that nodal differentiation is induced by nerves is considered in relation to the differences in cholinesterase activity exhibited by nodal cells during normal development and following neonatal sympathectomy.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Gonadal function ; Rat ; Japanese quail
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependymal linings of the median eminence were destroyed by electric cautery or intraventricular injection of picric acid in the rat and Japanese quail. In these animals the ventricular lumen near the median eminence disappeared due to adhesion of lesioned walls on both sides of the third ventricle. Electric lesions of the ependymal layer containing tanycytes did not induce appreciable disturbance in the estrous cycles. Rats in which tanycytes were lesioned by picric acid displayed 4-day estrous cycles after prolonged diestrus (10–22 days). After destruction of tanycytes in the quail, a photostimulated gonadal growth was observed. It is concluded that the tanycyte transport of the ventricular fluid to capillaries of the portal vessels appears unnecessary for maintenance of adenohypophysial gonadotrophic activities.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 100-101 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen, Mangan, Kobalt in Serum ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schwermetallen in Wasser, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; verbesserter Gas-stop
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Einfluß von Wertigkeit, Säuren, Liganden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Wertigkeit des Titans, von Mineralsäuren und von verschiedenen organischer Komplexliganden auf die Ti-Absorption in N2O-Acetylen-Flammen wurde ausführlich untersucht. Die thermischen Prozesse in den trockenen Aerosolpartikeln scheinen für die Atomisierung wichtiger zu sein, als die Komplexbildungsgleichgewichte in der Lösung. In Gegenwart von Chromotropsäure ist die Titanbestimmung mit AAS empfindlicher und selektiver als bei der bisherigen Ausführung.
    Notes: Abstract The atomic absorption method for the determination of titanium in N2O-acetylene flames is studied from the point of view of the valence state of titanium, the effect of mineral acids and various organic complexing ligands in solution. It seems evident that the thermal procedures within the dry aerosol particle are rather more deciding for the atomisation processes than the complexation equilibria in solution. In the presence of chromotropic acid the sensitivity and selectivity of the method are increased in comparison with the usual procedure in pure solutions.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Reextraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Vorversuchen wurde gezeigt, da\ beim Aufbewahren der organischen APDC/MIBK-Extrakte starke Bleiverluste auftraten. Daher war es notwendig, das Blei mit SalpetersÄure in die wÄ\erige Phase zu reextrahieren. Wiederfindungsversuche bestÄtigten, da\ Extraktion und Reextraktion quantitativ verlaufen. Das Blei wird dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Es werden mittlere Standardabweichungen für vier Konzentrationsbereiche angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde eine Konzentration von 0,16 mg Pb/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,03 mg Pb/l gesenkt wird. Arbeitsvorschriften für das Verfahren sind angegeben.
    Notes: Summary Preliminary investigations have shown, that considerable losses of lead occur during storage of the organic APDC/MIBK-extracts. Therefore, it was necessary to reextract lead into the aqueous phase by nitric acid. Investigations of recoveries confirmed, that extraction and reextraction of lead were quantitative. In this way the concentration of lead is increased by a factor of five. Mean standard deviations for four concentration ranges are given. A detection limit of 0.16 mg of Pb/l is obtained, which is lowered by the preceding enrichment to about 0.03 mg of Pb/l. Details of the procedure are given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut, Cadmium, Thallium in Gesteinen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; fraktionierte Destillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The analysis of bismuth, cadmium and thallium in rock samples can be performed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, after separation and preconcentration by a volatilization technique. This method has the major advantage that small amounts of substance can be used with a minimum consumption of chemicals, so that sources of contamination are reduced. The detection limit for Bi and Tl is about 1 ppb and for Cd about 0.1 ppb in the rock. Depending on the content in the rock samples, the relative standard deviation is between 2 and 30%. Several attempts have been made to determine the yields of Bi, Cd and Tl from synthetic and natural samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung von Wismut, Cadmium und Thallium in Gesteinen kann mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie nach verdampfungsanalytischer Abtrennung erfolgen. Die Verdampfungsnalyse hat den Vorteil, daß bei geringem Reagentienverbrauch kleine Mengen analysiert werden können. Die Gefahr der Einschleppung von Verunreinigungen wird erheblich vermindert. Die Nachweisgrenze bezogen auf die Probe beträgt für Wismut und Thallium ca. 1 ppb und für Cadmium ca. 0.1 ppb. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration liegt die relative Standardabweichung zwischen 2 und 30 %. An synthetischen und natürlichen Proben sind die Ausbeuten an diesen Elementen bestimmt worden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Geolog. Material, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Serious systematic errors inherent in the determination of lead in geological and biological samples by flameless atomic-absorption spectrometry are demonstrated. The reduced absorption of lead is due to partial interaction with alkaline, alkaline-earth and iron chlorides during the atomization stage. Incomplete dissociation of the volatile monochloride of lead in the gaseous phase reduces the absorption signal. An addition of 20% hydrogen to nitrogen (purge gas) diminishes signal suppression by removing the chlorine in form of volatile HCl. The detection limit is about 0.6 ppm in rocks and about 0.3 ppm in plant materials. Depending on the content in the samples the relative standard deviation is between 1 and 12%. The accuracy of the method was tested on 39 international standard reference samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerwiegende systematische Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Blei in geologischen und biologischen Materialien mit der Graphitrohrküvette werden aufgezeigt. Die Reaktion von Blei mit Alkali-, Erdalkali- und Eisenchloriden während der Atomisierungsphase führt zur Bildung von Bleimonochlorid, das nur unvollständig dissoziiert und eine Signalunterdrückung zur Folge hat. Ein Zusatz von 20% Wasserstoff zu Stickstoff als Spülgas vermindert die Signalunterdrückung, indem überschüssiges Chlor als Chlorwasserstoff entfernt wird. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 0,6 ppm für Gesteine und bei ca. 0,3 ppm für Pflanzenmaterialien. Je nach der Konzentration beträgt die relative Standardabweichung 1–12%. Die Genauigkeit der Methode wurde an 39 internationalen Standardreferenzproben überprüft.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Zähnen, Knochen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; HNO3/HF-Aufschluß, Kaltdampfverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Quecksilber in Zahnwurzeln und Kieferknochen beschrieben. Die homogenisierten Proben werden in Teflonbomben unter Druck mit einem Gemisch von HNO3/HF aufgeschlossen. Die Quecksilberbestimmung erfolgt mit einem Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometer nach dem Kaltdampfverfahren. Unter Einsatz von 200 mg Probe können Quecksilbergehalte bis zu 0,1 μg/g bestimmt werden. Die relativen Standardabweichungen liegen im Arbeitsbereich von 10–100 ng Quecksilber zwischen 2,7 und 5,6 %. Es wurden Quecksilbergehalte von 〈0,1–187 μg/g in den Proben gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The homogenized samples are decomposed with a mixture of HNO3/HF in teflon vessels under pressure. The determination of mercury is carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer by means of the cold-vapour technique. The limit of detection is 0.1 μg/g for a 200 mg sample. A relative standard deviation of 2.7–5.6% is achieved in the working range of 10–100 ng mercury. Mercury contents of 〈0.1–187 μg/g were found in the samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 402-404 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Antimon in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Nanospuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine selektive Bestimmung von Antimon durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ist durch elektrothermale Atomisierung von Antimonwasserstoff in einem Argonspülgasstrom möglich. Das Verfahren erfordert eine hohe und reproduzierbare Geschwindigkeit der Reduktion des Antimons zu Antimonwasserstoff in der wäßrigen Probelösung. Geeignete Bedingungen für diese Reduktion erreicht man, wenn man in der Lösung zunächst einen Komplex von Antimon(III) mit Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure bildet; dieser Komplex reagiert mit Natriumborhydrid in der geforderten Weise zu Antimonwasserstoff. Bei der Mineralisierung des organischen Materials ist auf genaue Temperaturführung zu achten.
    Notes: Summary High selectivity in measuring antimony by atomic absorption spectrometry is obtained by electrothermal atomisation of stibine in a stream of argon purging gas. This procedure requires a fast and reproducible reduction to stibine of the total antimony present in an aequeous solution. Optimum conditions for this reduction are reached by first transforming all antimony in the solution to an EDTA-chelate of antimony(III) which then reacts uniformly with sodium boron hydride to give stibine. Close temperature control is essential in decomposition of biological samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Benzin ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; emulgierte Proben
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zr-beschichtete Graphitrohre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, nach einer Anreicherung von Cadmium durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure, die stark salpetersaueren Reextrakte direkt in Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohren bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption zu vermessen. Diese Rohre zeigten eine gute Lebensdauer (150–300 Analysen). Durch eine Behandlung der Rohre mit einer Fe3+-Lösung konnten Beeinflussungen der Cadmiumsignale durch Begleitstoffe verhindert werden. Cadmium wird bei der Extraktion und Reextraktion um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Bei hohen Cadmiumgehalten in den Proben kann die Analyse bei gleicher Probenvorbereitung mit Hilfe der Flammenatomabsorption durchgeführt werden. Die Arbeitsbedingungen für die flammenlose, sowie für die Flammen-Atomabsorption werden angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenzen bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption wurden im Mittel 0,53 μg Cd/l, für die Flammenatomabsorption 19,4μg Cd/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,1, bzw. 4 μg Cd/l gesenkt werden.
    Notes: Summary Cadmium is enriched by an extraction with APDC/MIBK and subsequent reextraction with nitric acid. A procedure is described for analyzing these solutions directly by means of flameless atomic absorption, inspite of the high concentration of nitric acid in a zirconium coated graphite tube. These tubes, proved to be very resistant (150–300 analyses). After treatment of the tubes with a Fe3+-solution no interference by accompanying anions and cations could be observed. By the extraction and reextraction procedure described cadmium is enriched by a factor of five. Samples of higher cadmium concentrations were analyzed by means of flame atomic absorption after the same sample preparation. Working conditions for flameless and flame atomic absorption are given. Detection limits have been calculated as 0.53 μg Cd/l in the case of flameless, 19.4 μg Cd/l in the case of flame atomic absorption. These values are further decreased by the above enrichment procedure to 0.1 and 4 μg Cd/l, respectively.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber, Kupfer, Wismut, Blei, Cadmium, Tellur in Wasser ; Röntgenfluorescenz-Spektrometrie ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Anreicherung an Sulfidschichten, Fällungsaustausch
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Verbesserung des Nachweisvermögens und der Zuverlässigkeit von röntgenfluorimetrischen und atomabsorptiometrischen Bestimmungsverfahren für geringe Spurengehalte von Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co und Ni in wäßrigen Lösungen wurde die Eignung einer der Bestimmung vorgeschalteten Anreicherungsmethode durch Fällungsaustausch an einer dünnen Sulfidschicht systematisch untersucht. Die wäßrige Probe (0,1–61, pH 3–6) wird durch eine auf einem Membranfilter (Cellulosenitrat bzw. PTFE, Porenweite ≤1 μm) frisch präparierte homogene Metallsulfidschicht (ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS u.a., Dicke: 300–400 nm) filtriert. Dabei werden mit Ausnahme des Arsens die Elemente praktisch vollständig aus der Lösung zurückgehalten, die schwerlösliche Sulfide mit einem kleineren Löslichkeitsprodukt als das der austauschenden Schicht bilden. Nach dem Austausch kann die Bestimmung der Elemente entweder simultan durch RFA direkt auf dem Filter oder nach Lösen des Niederschlages in wenig Säure durch AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung erfolgen. Durch erhebliche Voranreicherung können Nachweisgrenzen im ng/l-Bereich erzielt werden. Eichung, Störungen durch Begleitsubstanzen und Güteziffern des Verbundverfahrens werden beschrieben, das vor allem für die simultane und zuverlässige Bestimmung von Spuren, Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd und Te in Trink-, Oberflächen- und Schneeschmelzwasser empfohlen werden kann.
    Notes: Summary For the improvement of the power of detection and the reliability of X-ray fluorimetric and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination procedures for very low levels of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co and Ni in aqueous solutions the applicability of a pre-concentration method by precipitate-exchange on thin sulphide layers which preceds the actual determination has been investigated systematically. The aqueous sample (0.1–61, pH 3–6) is filtered through a freshly prepared homogeneous metal sulphide layer (e.g. ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS, thickness: 300–400 nm) which is placed on a membrane filter (cellulose nitrate or PTFE, pore size ≤1 μm). In this way with the exception of As, the elements forming sparingly soluble sulphides with a lower solubility product than the corresponding sulphides of the layer are practically completely retained from the solution. The exchanged elements can be determined either simultaneously directly on the filter by RFA or sequentially after dissolution of the precipitate in a small volume of acid by AAS with electrothermal atomization. By a considerable pre-concentration detection limits in the ng/l range can be obtained. Calibration, interferences by concomitant elements, and quality grades of the multi-stage procedure are described, which can be recommended for the simultanous and reliable determination of traces of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, and Te in potable, surface, and snow-melting water.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 352-354 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösungsmittel für die Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The utility of various organic solvents, such as acetates and ketones, for the CuDBC chelate extraction and subsequent atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination is studied. Methyl propionate was found to be the most sensitive solvent. Data for the different substances are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verwendbarkeit verschiedener Lösungsmittel (Acetate und Ketone) für die Extraktion des CuDBC-Komplexes und anschließende atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrische Bestimmung wurde systematisch untersucht. Werte für die verschiedenen Substanzen werden angegeben. Die größte Empfindlichkeit kann mit Methylpropionat erzielt werden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 282-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut in Aluminiumlegierungen, Lötlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for the extraction and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination of bismuth with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC) has been developed for aluminium alloys and solder alloys. Bismuth is extracted from relatively strong acidic solution into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as BiDBC complex and its concentration is determined by spraying the MIBK extract into an air-acetylene flame. Iron and copper up to 1 mg resp. 100 μg did not interfere with the extraction of bismuth in the range of 0–80 μg. The limit of detection was about 0.12 ppm in MIBK.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Wismutbestimmung mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat wurde ausgearbeitet. Wismut wird dabei aus relativ stark saurer Lösung als Bi-DBC-Komplex mit Methylisobutylketon extrahiert und zur Messung der Extrakt direkt in die Luft-Acetylen-Flamme gesprüht. Bis zu 1 mg Fe und 100 μg Cu stören die Bestimmung von 0–80 μg Bi nicht. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,12 ppm in Methylisobutylketon.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Kaltdampf, Vergleich der Reduktion mit NaBH4-Tablette oder SnCl2-Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method for the rapid and precise determination of mercury has been studied by using the sodium borohydride tablet reduction and cold-vapour atomicabsorption procedure coupled with amalgamation on gold. The comparison of the sodium borohydride tablet and tin(II) chloride solution reducing systems are described in detail. The use of the sodium borohydride tablet wrapped in a wafer sheet is very simple and gives more precise results. From the comparison of the effect of diverse ions, it is obvious that both reducing systems have their merits and demerits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrisches Kaltdampf-Verfahren zur schnellen Quecksilberbestimmung wird beschrieben, das auf der Reduktion mit Hilfe der Natriumborhydridtablette und der Amalgamierung mit Gold beruht. Der Vergleich mit der Zinn(II)-Chloridmethode wird diskutiert. Genaue Ergebnisse werden durch einfaches Einhüllen der Reduktionstablette in ein Waffelblatt erzielt, wodurch der Reaktionsbeginn verzögert wird. In bezug auf Störelemente ergeben sich für beide Verfahren Vor- und Nachteile.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 278-281 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Algen, Diatomeen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine nasse HF-HClO4Veraschungsmethode von biologischem Material in offenen PTFE-Reagensgläsern beschrieben. In anschließenden flammenlosen AAS-Messungen mit Hilfe der Deuterium-Untergrundkompensation und des automatischen Probenwechslers AS-1 konnte gezeigt werden, daß Silicium vollständig entfernt worden, kein meßbarer Matrix-Effekt festzustellen war und die Bleikonzentrationsbestimmung durch eine Eichgerade und durch Standard-Addition zu gleichen Werten führte. Die Methode ist mit einem Variations-Koeffizient von 0,45% behaftet.
    Notes: Summary A wet HF-HClO4 decomposition method for biological material in open PTFE-test-tubes is described. Flameless AAS measurements with the aid of deuterium background compensation using the auto sampling system AS-1 showed that Si was completely eliminated by the decomposition, that no measurable matrix effect could be detected, and that the values found for the lead concentration by calibration curve and standard addition were identical. The coefficient of variation for the method was V=0.45%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 362-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Siliciumorganoverbindungen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktionsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An extraction technique is described for the determination of ppm concentrations of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic methylsiloxane compounds in water, based on a single extraction with a mixed solvent of (1∶1) l-pentanol and methyl isobutyl ketone followed by the determination of the silicone compounds extracted into the mixed solvent by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method is applicable over the concentration range 0.3–30 ppm Si. Standard deviation in the case of 10 ppm Si is 0.313.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von ppm-Konzentrationen an hydrophoben und hydrophilen Methylsiloxanverbindungen im Wasser wird ein Extraktionsverfahren beschrieben. Hierbei wird nach einfacher Extraktion mit l-Pentanol/Methylisobutylketon (1∶1) das Silicium im Extrakt mit Hilfe der AAS bestimmt. Der erfaßbare Konzentrationsbereich liegt bei 0,3–30 ppm Si. Die Standardabweichung beträgt bei 10 ppm Si 0,313.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 9-11 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Luft ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; neues Spektrometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Atomabsorptions-Spektrometer wird beschrieben, das zur Bestimmung des Quecksilbergehaltes in Luft die Absorption der im vakuumultravioletten Spektralbereich gelegenen Hg-Resonanzlinie 184,9 nm benutzt. Die Kombination einer Hg-Niederdruckdampflampe mit einer Photozelle mit CsI-Kathode gestattet einen Spektrometer-Aufbau ohne Monochromator oder Filter. Zur Messung der HgKonzentration in Gasen wird das Quecksilber einer Probe zunächst auf einem Goldblech gesammelt, durch Ausheizen des Goldes wieder freigesetzt und die Absorption durch die Dampfwolke bestimmt. Das Eichverfahren und Meßbeispiele werden erläutert.
    Notes: Summary An atomic absorption spectrometer is described using the absorption of the vacuum ultraviolet resonance line 184.9 nm to determine the amount of mercury in air. The use of a mercury low-pressure discharge lamp combined with a CsI photocell makes it possible to omit monochromator or filter. For measuring the concentration of mercury in all sorts of gases the mercury of the sample is collected on sheet gold. By heating the sheet mercury is set free and the absorption of the mercury vapour can then be measured. The calibration procedure and some analytical results are described.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular neurosecretory system ; Activation ; Rat ; Vasopressinergic neurons ; Oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glucagon ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretory process ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucagon was infused into conscious rats in doses of 10 to 80 μg/h for periods up to 24 h. The effect on the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas was studied in vitro using isolated pancreatic lobules. A pronounced inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and discharge of stored and newly synthesized proteins combined with increased enzyme content in the pancreas were observed after 30 min infusion. This effect was absent after longer infusion periods of up to six hours. After 12 to 24 h infusions a marked degranulation and decrease in enzyme content was observed. While the rate of protein synthesis was not significantly enhanced, both the basal and stimulated discharge of enzymes from the pancreas were increased. The results suggest a biphasic response of the pancreas to prolonged glucagon infusion.
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 377-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin-neurophysin neurons ; Suprachiasmatic nuclei ; Immunoenzyme histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the hypothalamus of the normal rat showed (1) that the Suprachiasmatic nuclei produce vasopressin; (2) that it is highly probable that these nuclei do not produce oxytocin. From the present and previous investigations it may be concluded that the Suprachiasmatic neurons produce a vasopressin-neurophysin complex.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; L-dopa ; Fluorescence histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary The uptake of L-dopa into the cells of the adenohypophysis of the rat was studied during the postnatal development and at adult age using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method (FIF). The cells taking up L-dopa were classified by Alcian blue-PAS-Orange G staining. The correlation between the cells taking up L-dopa and those containing tryptophyl-peptide was estimated during the postnatal period and in adult rats. The cells containing tryptophyl-peptide were demonstrated using fluorescence induced by treatment with combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. The following observations were made: 1) Great majority of the cells taking up L-dopa did not contain tryptophyl-peptide. Thus the accumulation of L-dopa into the cells of pars distalis is not due to accumulation of L-dopa into the cells by the same transport mechanism as the amino acids for tryptophyl-peptide. 2) Of the cells taking up L-dopa in the adult rats 96% were chromophobes, 2.0% acidophilic cells (somatotrophs and cells producing prolactin), 0.9% R-mucoid cells (corticotrophs), and 1.2% S1- and S2-mucoid cells (gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs). At 10 and 25 days' age the relative numbers of the cells taking up L-dopa were about the same. 3) Pretreatment with nialamide caused only a slight increase in the number of the cells taking up L-dopa. The decrease in the number of the cells uptaking L-dopa of the pars distalis, which takes place after 5 weeks' age is thus not caused by the increased MAO-activity. 4) Strongly chromophilic cells did not take up L-dopa. At the light of our results it seems evident that L-dopa is taken up by the chromophobic cells when these differentiate into chromophilic cells. The accumulation of L-dopa may be a sign of an active transport of amino acids into the cells. The accumulation of L-dopa into the chromophobic stellate and follicular cells may reflect their metabolic activity. These cells probably have an important role in the production of the hormones of the pars distalis.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 179-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiglottis ; Rat ; Elastic cartilage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes of the rat epiglottis contain large amounts of glycogen and lipids, which often make the cells resemble fat cells. The content of lipids is interpreted as being related to the function of the cells. The membranes of some of the large vacuoles are stained with ruthenium red. The cells give rise to long cytoplasmic processes. As in hyaline cartilage the intercellular substance consists of a fine network containing proteoglycan granules together with thicker cross striated fibers. Furthermore elastic fibers are found, consisting of amorphous and microfibrillar parts. In the matrix, both lysosome-like granules and more or less empty vesicles are observed. Accumulations of a finely particulate electron dense material and of a translucent amorphous material containing membrane bound granules are found in some lacunae situated in the outer part of the cartilage. These accumulations are possibly related to the development of collagenous and elastic fibers.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Rat ; Sinusoid ; Pit cell ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pit cells — a new type of cell first described here and so named because they contain highly characteristic granules — are situated in the wall of rat liver sinusoids, and have hyaloplasmic pseudopodia intermingling with the microvilli of the parenchymal cells. The characteristic granules are mainly situated at one side of the nucleus, the other side showing organelle-free hyaloplasm. Pit cells are also found in portal tracts and in granuloma-like cellular aggregates. They also occur in rat peripheral blood, although there are morphological differences between cells in these two sites. Pit cells can be regarded as regular inhabitants of the sinusoidal wall, and therefore belong to the series of sinusoidal cells, i.e., the endothelial (Wisse, 1972), Kupffer (Widmann et al., 1972; Wisse and Daems, 1970; Wisse, 1974a,b), and fat-storing cells (Ito, 1973). Pit cells do not phagocytose and do not react to a great number of experimental conditions, to which endothelial and Kupffer cells do react (Wisse, 1972, 1974b). Mitosis has been observed in a pit cell. The function of pit cells remains obscure, but an endocrine function is suggested by the morphology of their highly characteristic granules.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 543-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Dog ; Basal cells ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the basal cells of rat lateral and ventral prostate and of dog prostate has been studied. Basal cells from both species appear as undifferentiated cells, characterised by a lack of cytoplasmic organelles and a poorly developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of cytoplasmic filaments and micropinocytosis is not considered to be sufficient evidence to assume any similarity to myoepithelium, as has been previously suggested. Basal cells are instead considered to be precursors of secretory epithelial cells.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 83-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine ; Extraneuronal effects ; Rat ; Adrenal ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Microspectrofluorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) on rat adrenocortical cells in tissue culture were studied with phase contrast and electron microscopy. With 40 mg/l of 6-OHDA the first signs of alteration as revealed by microcinematography appeared in isolated cortical cells as early as 15 min after addition of the drug. There was a cessation of movement of cell organelles and an immobilisation of membrane undulations followed by the development of dark inclusion bodies. The cells underwent increasing shrinkage and collapsed by 11/2 h. Chromaffin cells were not affected until 45 min after exposure to the drug and neurons were the most resistant population. However 61/2 h after application of the drug most cells in the culture were dead. 6-OHDA applied in different doses and to adrenal expiants did not alter the sequence of events. Ultrastructurally cortex cells underwent damage along two lines: they either showed lytic changes or developed various types of dense bodies before reaching the lytic stage. Treatment of cortical cells with 40 mg/l 5-or 6-OHDA followed by exposure to buffered 2% glyoxylic acid and heat did not produce a fluorescence within the cells. Microspectrofluorimetry on amine models with noradrenaline, 5- and 6-OHDA revealed that neither 5-nor 6-OHDA are capable to form a fluorophore with glyoxylic acid.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Ovarian autografts ; Autonomic innervation ; Ovarian steroids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Ovaries were removed from female rats and immediately autografted into a subcutaneous pouch in the flank in order to quantitate the relationship of graft re-innervation, steroid secretion and vaginal smear pattern. Animals were killed at three time periods: three days after grafting, on the first day a cornified vaginal smear appeared and at the first metestrus. In addition, control animals were killed at metestrus. Plasma samples were obtained from all rats and analyzed for estradiol-17β and progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. At the first day of vaginal cornification after grafting, plasma estradiol-17β (45.8±4.0 pg/ml) was elevated in comparison to controls at metestrus (24.0±2.6 pg/ml), but plasma progesterone (21.5±4.0 ng/ml) was not different (30.6±1.7 ng/ml). Subsequently, at the first metestrus following grafting, plasma estradiol-17β (23.0±3.5 pg/ml) was comparable to control values. In contrast, progesterone was decreased (17.5±1.9 ng/ml). A definite correlation was detected between the vaginal smear and plasma levels of steroid hormones in the castrated female rat with subcutaneous ovarian autografts. Histochemical techniques were used to study the adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of grafts three days after grafting, at the first day of vaginal cornification, and at the first metestrus. No correlation was shown between density of adrenergic or cholinergic innervation and plasma levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone or onset of a cycling vaginal smear.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Types of neurons ; Secretory cycle ; Herring body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the normal male rat was studied by electron microscopy during various functional states. Four morphologically distinct types of neurosecretory cells were observed. It appears that they do not represent different classes of cells but different phases of secretory activity of a single cell type. The perikarya of the neurosecretory cells show a definite cycle of formation and transportation of secretory granules. We have designated the phases of this cycle as: (1) phase of synthesis, (2) phase of granule production, (3) phase of granule storage and (4) phase of granule transport. The neurosecretory granules appear to be moved in bulk into the axons, forming a large axonal swelling filled with granules as a result of one cycle in the neurosecretory process. Thus it may be postulated that a secretory cycle in the perikaryon of the neurosecretory cell seems to result in the formation of a Herring body in its axon, and that its content is then conveyed to the posterior pituitary.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea ; Nerves ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corneal nerves of the rat was studied in tissue fixed by immersion in and by perfusion with glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives. Of the four types of axonal terminal identified in the nerves, those with the features of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were confined to the nerves at the limbus and were concentrated in the perivascular plexuses. The remaining two types of terminal were found on axons located in all parts of the cornea and on both intraepithelial axons and axons in the stromal nerves. Of these, one contained the numerous mitochondria which occur in the terminals of axons associated with known mechanoreceptors and the second contained variable and often small numbers of both clear and large dense-cored vesicles. While most of the mitochondria-containing terminals were seen in nerves located near the periphery, vesicle-containing terminals were numerous in all of the nerves, and especially in those in the avascular cornea. In material fixed by immersion in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, the vesicle-containing terminals appeared to be dilated, but in material fixed by perfusion there was little evidence of any increase in the diameter of the axons in the terminal regions. The structure of the terminals was compared with that of the terminals of axons identified in the nerves of the skin and the urinary tract and the differences in the vesicle content of the terminals to those reported in other studies of the corneal nerves was related to the use of different fixation procedures. The possibility that axons possessing such terminals are identical with the beaded axons and both the cholinesterase-positive and fluorescent axons demonstrated in light microscopical studies of the corneal nerves is discussed, and the widespread distribution of the axons in the cornea is equated with the hypothesis that they are afferent in nature and represent the peripheral receptors for pain impulses.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Hypothalamic deafferentation ; Synaptic plasticity ; Estrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the effect of estrogen on the synaptic structures in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN), semi-quantitative studies were performed by counting synapses in an 18,000 μm2 area in the middle part of the ARCN in each brain. In ovariectomized female rats injected with 2 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) for three weeks, the mean numbers of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were not significantly different from those in the intact and ovariectomized controls. When the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) including the ARCN was isolated by use of a Halász knife (MBH island), the mean number of axodendritic synapses was decreased to about half of the controls. However, EB treatment for three weeks from the day of surgery effectively restored the axodendritic synaptic population of the deafferented ARCN. This may suggest that estrogen has a facilitatory effect on axodendritic synapse formation in the deafferented ARCN, presumably by stimulating axonal sprouting and synaptic regeneration of intact axons in the MBH island.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Rat ; Seminiferous tubule ; Transitional zone ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study was made on the structure of the testicular transitional zone (TZ) in the adult rat. The TZ proper consists of modified Sertoli cells, with only a few spermatogonia and macrophages, surrounding distally a very narrow lumen. The TZ Sertoli cells have nuclei with a somewhat coarser matrix and more peripheral heterochromatin than Sertoli cell nuclei of the nearby seminiferous tubules, and the electron density of the cytoplasm varies from cell to cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant, but usually there are also scattered ribosomal rosettes and an occasional profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules are very numerous in the columnar portion of the cell, and laminar structures seemingly joining the cell surfaces are sometimes seen. Lipid droplets and lysosomal structures are frequent cellular components in proximal TZ Sertoli cells. Empty intracellular vacuoles are abundant, sometimes arranged around areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, membrane-limited fine granules and vacuoles are seen within Sertoli cells and also in the TZ lumen, suggesting a possible secretory activity by these cells. The apical processes of the Sertoli cells form large vacuolar structures, and in the basal parts of the epithelium vacuoles with capillary-like appearance are frequently seen. Phagocytosis of germinal cells by the Sertoli cells occurs in the proximal region of the TZ. Round waste bodies in contact with the Sertoli cell apices protruding into the tubulus rectus, are also common. The tunica propria of the TZ is thickened and somewhat wrinkled, and in the proximal region the myoid cell layer loses its continuity and is replaced by fibroblasts. The epithelium of the tubulus rectus adjacent to the TZ consists of several overlapping epithelial cells. The typical junctional complexes between TZ Sertoli cells appear to be impermeable to the lanthanum tracer.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Levator ani muscle ; Rat ; Neuromuscular junction ; Castration ; Testosterone effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction (n.m.j.) of the androgen-sensitive levator ani muscle was studied in normal adult male rats, in 8-month-old rats castrated at the age of one month and in castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Castration does not result in significant changes of the n.m.j. The density of synaptic vesicles and the postsynaptic junctional folds remain practically normal in spite of marked atrophy of the muscle. TP administration for 7 days results in marked changes in preand postsynaptic structures. There is slow progressive depletion of synaptic vesicles, appearance of cisternae and coated vesicles in axon terminals, and coalescence of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane. Coated vesicles are also found inside Schwann cells and among junctional folds. Dense core vesicles appear both in the axon terminals and in the postsynaptic area. Collateral sprouting of terminal axons with the formation of new immature junctions is observed. After 35 days of TP administration depletion of synaptic vesicles continues. Glycogen β-particles, mostly freely dispersed, occasionally seen in axon terminals 7 days after TP administration, subsequently increase in number. In the endplate zone of the muscle fibre increased protein synthesis is indicated by a rapid increase in ribosomes and irregularly located myofilaments and myofibrils. The appearance of n.m.j. after testosterone administration resembles that described after nerve stimulation; the degree of change is however less pronounced.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Maternal adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Influence on the adrenals of newborn animals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Maternal adrenalectomy at 7 or 14 days of gestation produced increased cell necrosis within zona reticularis cells on the day of birth and at 24 or 48 h after birth. Small remnants or large portions of adrenocortical cells were present within macrophages. In otherwise normal adrenocortical cells, lipid droplets were incorporated within some mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of single mitochondria was observed within adrenocortical cells. Undoubtedly ultrastructural changes represent stimulation of adrenocortical cells in neonatal rats in response to maternal adrenalectomy.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Perivascular space ; Hormonerelease ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats subjected to neurohypophysial hormone-releasing stimuli were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4 % tannic acid in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde. This fixation allowed the delineation of the perivascular space in the neural lobe tissue. Measurement of the area of the perivascular space showed that it was significantly increased in the rats subjected to vagal stimulation and intraarterial calcium ions compared to the control rats. The rats which had been subjected to haemorrhage as a hormonereleasing stimulus did not show any significant change in the area of the perivascular space. The significance of these findings in relation to hormone release is discussed.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 507-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Osteoblasts ; Cementoblasts ; Intercellular attachments ; Electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoblasts of the young rat cranium, and cementoblasts and odontoblasts of young rat molars were prepared by ethanol freeze-fracture prior to critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Critical point drying causes shrinkage which separates the lateral intercellular contacts between neighbours in the same sheet in the case of cementoblasts and osteoblasts, but not those between odontoblasts. These differences are considered to be of functional significance and need to be taken into consideration when formulating theories of calcium influx into the mineralizable matrix of the respective tissues.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 513-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve terminals in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence were investigated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Fracture face P of the specific terminals showed two populations of intramembranous particles (IMP): a large and a small variety. The large IMP-s often formed small irregular clusters. In nerve terminals the total number of both populations of IMP-s was considerably less than that found on P membrane faces of ependymal feet. On fracture face E of the nerve terminals, the number of IMP-s was about a quarter of that seen on fracture face P. On both fracture faces of most terminals a few small round impressions (or elevations respectively) were found which may be interpreted as broken necks of either exo- or endocytotic vesicles. Neither gap nor tight junctions occurred at lateral membranes of the specific axon terminals. Similarly, no membrane specializations were observed with freeze-fracturing on membrane areas adjacent to the basement membrane. The findings are discussed in relation to a possible exocytosis mechanism of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Taste buds ; Circumvallate papillae ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is believed that differentiation and maintenance of taste buds in vertebrates is dependent on the trophic function of their sensory nerve supply. In the present work colchicine was injected into the circumvallate papilla of the rat. This produced a reversible blockade of neuroplasmic transport and disappearance of taste buds. Colchicine inhibited the further differentiation of bud cells, but apparently did not change the life cycle of the cells present already at the time of injection. It is speculated that the neurotrophic factors in this particular cell system are effective to induce cell differentiation only.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subsurface cisterns ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. They appeared as cytoplasmic organelles consisting most often of stacks of parallel cisterns apposed to the neuronal plasmalemma. These SSC's were located in the interneurons of the parvocellular system, but not in neurosecretory cells and glial cells. SSC's were seen at zones of cytoplasm apposed to neuronal or glial cell processes, showing in some instances specific relationships with synaptic areas. The morphological features of these SSC's are described, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Ontogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 377-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Nerve tracts ; Regional organization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (β1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the β1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the β1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 345-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal subfields ; Rat ; Volumes ; Timm stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absolute volumes of the hippocampal and subicular cortical layers in the rat were determined. The boundaries of the various layers were defined on series of sections made through the entire hippocampal region of five rats and stained according to the Timm sulfide silver technique. Coordinates representing the boundaries of the layers on selected sections were fed into a mini-computer programmed to calculate the volume of the layers from the areas of the profiles and the distances between the sections. The distribution of the layers indicates that they constitute the same proportion of the volume of the dorsal and ventral divisions of the hippocampal region, with the exception of the structures lying in regio inferior and regio superior. Although the combined regio superior and regio inferior components of the layers of Ammon's horn occupy the same percentage of the volume of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, the regio superior components occupy a larger percentage of Ammon's horn in the dorsal region than they do in the ventral region. The inter-animal variations in the volumes of the various layers indicate that it is possible to describe quantitatively the subdivisions of the hippocampal region with a precision that is compatible with comparative studies.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Castration ; LH-cells ; Rat ; Development ; Sex-steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 μg). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sexsteroids (200 μg), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 μg) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Adrenal gland ; Rat ; Vinblastine ; Corticosterone ; Exocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vinblastine treatment blocks corticosterone release from rat adrenal zona fasciculata without impairing hormone synthesis, and induces the formation of acid phosphatase-positive granular clumps at the juxta-sinusoidal pole of the cells. Autoradiography shows that ACTH administration to vinblastine-treated animals mobilizes the 3H-cholesterol stored in the lipid droplets and leads to a noticeable labelling of the granular clumps. The possible significance of these granules is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cell ; Gonadotrophs ; Culture ; Cell lines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine fluorescence ; Microfluorometry ; Computer-assisted correction ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a circumscribed area of the preoptic periventricular nucleus of a male rat, formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorophores modified by treatment with HCl vapors were investigated microfluorometrically (measurement of excitation peak ratio 370∶320 nm) in all fluorescent terminals and preterminals. Microfluorometric recordings of an individual fluorescent structure were performed without UV irradiation of neighboring fluorophores. Recorded data were sampled and corrected by a microcomputer (WangPCS II). 19 neuronal processes (axons) contained noradrenaline fluorophores; 11 contained dopamine fluorophores; 6 exhibited uncharacteristic excitation peak ratios; and in 9 recordings technical problems did not allow identification of the fluorophore content.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Normal bone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of vesicles in the extracellular matrix of alveolar bone of normal young rats was demonstrated by both ultrastructural and enzymatic studies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant vesicles in the matrix. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals, both within the vesicles and in the matrix, was affiliated with rupture of the vesicular membrane. Calcifying nodules were scarce. High levels of both specific and total activities of alkalineand pyrophosphatases were found in the fraction of isolated vesicles. This fraction also showed activities of different ATPases and acid phosphatase.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Indole metabolism ; Ultrastructural morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro indole metabolism and ultrastructural morphology of the pineal gland of male rats were examined. A comparison of the effect of norepinephrine stimulation on indole synthesis in whole cultured glands and preparations of dispersed pineal cells is discussed. Our studies on the performance of dispersed cells during the first 24 h after preparation indicate a strong dependence of pineal cells upon physical attachment to the culture dish and probably also on cell-to-cell contact.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestinal epithelium ; Rat ; Kinetics ; Autonomic denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of rats was studied by tracing 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei and counting mitotic figures and goblet cells. Counts of labelled nuclei and goblet cells provided information about cell migration along the intestinal epithelium. The mitotic index and turnover time of this population were calculated from the mitotic figures counts. Comparing denervated animals with sham operated controls, it was possible to conclude that autonomic denervation, either sympathectomy or parasympathectomy results in a decrease in mitotic activity. As a result of lower mitotic activity in the crypts, the turnover time increases and there is a delay in the migration of cells from the crypts towards the villi. Sympathectomy causes an early short-lived effect upon the kinetics of the crypt cell population, since after 27 h there is a tendency to normality. Parasympathectomy produces a slower but continuous decline in mitotic activity.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin containing structures in the median eminence of the rat have been studied by quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography following intraventricular infusion of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. One hour after injection of the tracer the highest density of silver grains was recorded in the ependymal and external zones, especially in the lateral palisade zone. The proportion of labelled neurosecretory terminals was also larger in the lateral palisade zone (29%) as compared with the medial palisade zone (13%), although the mean number of developed silver grains per one terminal was higher in the latter. On the average, 16% of neurosecretory terminals sequestered radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan in the external zone of the rat median eminence. It is suggested that serotonin, like catecholamines, is discharged from neurosecretory terminals localized in the external zone and via the portal circulation affects the function of the anterior pituitary. The sites of origin of serotoninergic structures of the median eminence as well as the possible role of monoamine (catecholamine and indolamine) neurohormones in a dual peptidergic and monoaminergic control of anterior pituitary functions are discussed.
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  • 96
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphor in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, ZrC-beschichtete Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A flameless atomic-absorption method for determination of phosphorus is developed, employing zirconium treated graphite tubes. The great improvement of the sensitivity with these tubes eliminates the necessity of adding La(NO3)3. The sensitivity does not vary from tube to tube and its maximal value is attained within the first 2–3 firings. The atomization signal is practically the same within the range of 2,600–2,800° C when the rise of the temperature is high (〉 1,500° C/s). The best signal to noise ratio is obtained at 2,600° C. The detection limit is 0.05 ppm with injection of 50 μl. The method is applied to the analysis of a standard steel sample.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Verwendung einer ZrC-beschichteten Graphitrohrküvette wurde eine wesentliche Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit erzielt, ohne daß eine Zugabe von La(NO3)3 nötig wäre. Bei Küvettenwechsel ändert sich die Empfindlichkeit nicht. Das maximale Signal wird während der ersten 2–3 Bestimmungen erreicht. Das Atomisierungssignal bleibt im Bereich zwischen 2600 und 2800 °C praktisch unverändert. Das Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis ist bei 2600 °C am größten. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,05 ppm bei 50 μl. Die Methode wurde zur Analyse von Stahlstandardproben angewendet.
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  • 97
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Blei, Zink ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, chromatogr. Trennung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The sample of seawater (51) is freed from solid particles, buffered at pH 5.6 and percolated through a column filled with ED3A. After sample passage 15 ml 1 M hydrochloric acid solution are pumped through the column to dissolve the concentrated ions. The final measurement using flame atomic absorption is carried out in the hydrochloric acid solution. The total labour time is less than 15 min. The standard deviations (4 analyses) for the determination of Cu, Pb and Zn (in the normal concentration range of 2–6 μg · l−1) were 2–5%, 5% and 1–10%, the recoveries 100%, 102% and 104%, respectively. A concentration coefficient of 300–500 was obtained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Probe Meereswasser (51) wird nach Entfernen der festen Teilchen auf einen pH-Wert von 5,6 gepuffert und durch eine Trennsäule mit ED3A geführt. Die angereicherten Metallionen werden mit 15 ml 1 M HCl-Lösung eluiert. Anschließend erfolgt die Bestimmung durch Flammenatomabsorption. Die Methode erfordert insgesamt weniger als 15 min Arbeitszeit. Die Standardabweichungen (4 Best.) betragen für Cu, Pb und Zn (im normalen Bereich von etwa 2–6 μg·l−1) etwa 2–5%, 5% und 1–10%, die Wiederfindungsraten 100%, 102% bzw. 104%. Der Konzentrationskoeffizient beträgt 300 bis 500.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Störung durch Fremdelemente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interfering effect of thirty six metal salts on chromium absorbance in the air-acetylene flame has been studied. The interference does not depend on the boiling point of the added foreign metals or particle size as previously assumed but is postulated to result from the formation of mixed oxides or bimetallic species or from suppression of ionized gaseous chromium pressure. The effect of the alkali sulphates as releasing agents in the determination of chromium has been tested and results show that they can be used to eliminate both suppressive and enhancing interferents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Störungsmöglichkeiten von 36 verschiedenen Metallsalzen bei der AAS-Bestimmung von Chrom mit Hilfe der Luft-Acetylen-Flamme wurden systematisch untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß der Einfluß dieser Salze nicht — wie früher angenommen — vom Siedepunkt der betreffenden Metalle oder der Teilchengröße abhängt, sondern von der Bildung von Mischoxiden, Bimetallverbindungen oder von der Herabsetzung des Chromdampfdrucks. Weiterhin wurde die Wirkung von Alkalisulfaten als Releasing-Reagentien untersucht und gefunden, daß diese sowohl bei abschwächender als auch verstärkender Wirkung angewendet werden können.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Arbeitsbedingungen, Einflüsse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Vielfältigkeit der Einflüsse von Mineralsäuren, Lösungsgenossen, Brennererwärmung und der Wertigkeit des Ions, welche insgesamt die Bestimmung von Chrom mittels AAS sehr problematisch gestalten, systematisch untersucht. Durch Verwendung einer brenngasarmen Acetylen-Lachgasflamme werden diese Schwierigkeiten weitestgehend beseitigt, was an hochprozentigen Normstählen demonstriert wird.
    Notes: Summary The variety of influences, such as mineral acids, heating of the burner head, solvent components and valency of the ion, was examined systematically. By use of a lean acetylene-nitrous oxide flame these difficulties can by eleminated extensively, and this is demonstrated on high chromium standard steels.
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  • 100
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lithium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Isotopie-Effekte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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