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  • Springer Nature  (297,753)
  • Canadian Science Publishing
  • 2015-2019  (251,695)
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  • 1
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    South Atlantic paleobathymetry since early Creteceous (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(11819)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-24
    Description: We present early Cretaceous to present paleobathymetric reconstructions and quantitative uncertainty estimates for the South Atlantic, offering a strong basis for studies of paleocirculation, paleoclimate and paleobiogeography. Circulation in an initially salty and anoxic ocean, restricted by the topography of the Falkland Plateau, Rio Grande Ridge and Walvis Rise, favoured deposition of thick evaporites in shallow water of the Brazilian-Angolan margins. This ceased as sea oor spreading propagated northwards, opening an equatorial gateway to shallow and intermediate circulation. This gateway, together with subsiding volcano-tectonic barriers would have played a key role in Late Cretaceous climate changes. Later deepening and widening of the South Atlantic, together with gateway opening at Drake Passage would lead, by mid-Miocene (∼15 Ma) to the establishment of modern-style thermohaline circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    Evidence of long-term NAO influence on East-Central Europe winter precipitation from a guano-derived δ15N record (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(1), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-06
    Description: Currently there is a scarcity of paleo-records related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), particularly in East-Central Europe (ECE). Here we report δ15N analysis of guano from a cave in NW Romania with the intent of reconstructing past variation in ECE hydroclimate and examine NAO impacts on winter precipitation. We argue that the δ15N values of guano indicate that the nitrogen cycle is hydrologically controlled and the δ15N values likely reflect winter precipitation related to nitrogen mineralization prior to the growing season. Drier conditions indicated by δ15N values at AD 1848–1852 and AD 1880–1930 correspond to the positive phase of the NAO. The increased frequency of negative phases of the NAO between AD 1940–1975 is contemporaneous with higher δ15N values (wetter conditions). A 4‰ decrease in δ15N values at the end of the 1970’s corresponds to a strong reduction in precipitation associated with a shift from negative to positive phase of the NAO. Using the relationship between NAO index and δ15N values in guano for the instrumental period, we reconstructed NAO-like phases back to AD 1650. Our results advocate that δ15N values of guano offer a proxy of the NAO conditions in the more distant past, helping assess its predictability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Along-shelf connectivity and circumpolar gene flow in Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific reports, Springer Nature, 8(17856), pp. 1-16
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-04
    Description: The Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) is a critically important forage species with a circumpolar distribution and is unique among other notothenioid species for its wholly pelagic life cycle. Previous studies have provided mixed evidence of population structure over regional and circumpolar scales. The aim of the present study was to test the recent population hypothesis for Antarctic silverfish, which emphasizes the interplay between life history and hydrography in shaping connectivity. A total of 1067 individuals were collected over 25 years from different locations on a circumpolar scale. Samples were genotyped at fifteen microsatellites to assess population differentiation and genetic structuring using clustering methods, F-statistics, and hierarchical analysis of variance. A lack of differentiation was found between locations connected by the Antarctic Slope Front Current (ASF), indicative of high levels of gene flow. However, gene flow was significantly reduced at the South Orkney Islands and the western Antarctic Peninsula where the ASF is absent. This pattern of gene flow emphasized the relevance of large-scale circulation as a mechanism for circumpolar connectivity. Chaotic genetic patchiness characterized population structure over time, with varying patterns of differentiation observed between years, accompanied by heterogeneous standard length distributions. The present study supports a more nuanced version of the genetic panmixia hypothesis that reflects physical-biological interactions over the life history.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Arctic megaslide at presumed rest (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 6(38529), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-16
    Description: Slope failure like in the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide is one of the major geohazards in a changing Arctic environment. We analysed hydroacoustic and 2D high-resolution seismic data from the apparently intact continental slope immediately north of the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide for signs of past and future instabilities. Our new bathymetry and seismic data show clear evidence for incipient slope instability. Minor slide deposits and an internally-deformed sedimentary layer near the base of the gas hydrate stability zone imply an incomplete failure event, most probably about 30000 years ago, contemporaneous to or shortly after the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide. An active gas reservoir at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone demonstrate that over-pressured fluids might have played a key role in the initiation of slope failure at the studied slope, but more importantly also for the giant HYM slope failure. To date, it is not clear, if the studied slope is fully preconditioned to fail completely in future or if it might be slowly deforming and creeping at present. We detected widespread methane seepage on the adjacent shallow shelf areas not sealed by gas hydrates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, (39213), pp. 1-10
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-05
    Description: Little is known about the production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the anoxic oceanic sediments. In this study, sediment pore waters were sampled from four different sites in the Chukchi-East Siberian Seas area to examine the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their optical properties. The production of FDOM, coupled with the increase of nutrients, was observed above the sulfate-methane-transition-zone (SMTZ). The presence of FDOM was concurrent with sulfate reduction and increased alkalinity (R2 〉 0.96, p 〈 0.0001), suggesting a link to organic matter degradation. This inference was supported by the positive correlation (R2 〉 0.95, p 〈 0.0001) between the net production of FDOM and the modeled degradation rates of particulate organic carbon sulfate reduction. The production of FDOM was more pronounced in a shallow shelf site S1 with a total net production ranging from 17.9 to 62.3 RU for different FDOM components above the SMTZ depth of ca. 4.1 mbsf, which presumably underwent more accumulation of particulate organic matter than the other three deeper sites. The sediments were generally found to be the sources of CDOM and FDOM to the overlying water column, unearthing a channel of generally bio-refractory and pre-aged DOM to the oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Reconciling glacial Antarctic water stable isotopes with ice sheet topography and the isotopic paleothermometer (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 9(3537), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-17
    Description: Stable water isotope records from Antarctica are key for our understanding of Quaternary climate variations. However, the exact quantitative interpretation of these important climate proxy records in terms of surface temperature, ice sheet height and other climatic changes is still a matter of debate. Here we report results obtained with an atmospheric general circulation model equipped with water isotopes, run at a high-spatial horizontal resolution of one-by-one degree. Comparing different glacial maximum ice sheet reconstructions, a best model data match is achieved for the PMIP3 reconstruction. Reduced West Antarctic elevation changes between 400 and 800 m lead to further improved agreement with ice core data. Our modern and glacial climate simulations support the validity of the isotopic paleothermometer approach based on the use of present-day observations and reveal that a glacial ocean state as displayed in the GLAMAP reconstruction is suitable for capturing the observed glacial isotope changes in Antarctic ice cores.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat for larval Antarctic krill (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 1, pp. 1853-1861, ISSN: 2397-334X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: A dominant Antarctic ecological paradigm suggests that winter sea ice is generally the main feeding ground for krill larvae. Observations from our winter cruise to the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean contradict this view and present the first evidence that the pack-ice zone is a food-poor habitat for larval development. In contrast, the more open marginal ice zone provides a more favourable food environment for high larval krill growth rates. We found that complex under-ice habitats are, however, vital for larval krill when water column productivity is limited by light, by providing structures that offer protec- tion from predators and to collect organic material released from the ice. The larvae feed on this sparse ice-associated food during the day. After sunset, they migrate into the water below the ice (upper 20 m) and drift away from the ice areas where they have previously fed. Model analyses indicate that this behaviour increases both food uptake in a patchy food environment and the likelihood of overwinter transport to areas where feeding conditions are more favourable in spring.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Submarine slope failures due to pipe structure formation (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 9(1), pp. 715, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-04
    Description: There is a strong spatial correlation between submarine slope failures and the occurrence of gas hydrates. This has been attributed to the dynamic nature of gas hydrate systems and the potential reduction of slope stability due to bottom water warming or sea level drop. However, 30 years of research into this process found no solid supporting evidence. Here we present new reflection seismic data from the Arctic Ocean and numerical modelling results supporting a different link between hydrates and slope stability. Hydrates reduce sediment permeability and cause build-up of overpressure at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. Resulting hydro-fracturing forms pipe structures as pathways for overpressured fluids to migrate upward. Where these pipe structures reach shallow permeable beds, this overpressure transfers laterally and destabilises the slope. This process reconciles the spatial correlation of submarine landslides and gas hydrate, and it is independent of environmental change and water depth.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Tundra landform and vegetation productivity trend maps for the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Data, Springer Nature, 5, pp. 180058, ISSN: 2052-4463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Arctic tundra landscapes are composed of a complex mosaic of patterned ground features, varying in soil moisture, vegetation composition, and surface hydrology over small spatial scales (10–100 m). The importance of microtopography and associated geomorphic landforms in influencing ecosystem structure and function is well founded, however, spatial data products describing local to regional scale distribution of patterned ground or polygonal tundra geomorphology are largely unavailable. Thus, our understanding of local impacts on regional scale processes (e.g., carbon dynamics) may be limited. We produced two key spatiotemporal datasets spanning the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km2) to evaluate climate-geomorphological controls on arctic tundra productivity change, using (1) a novel 30m classification of polygonal tundra geomorphology and (2) decadal-trends in surface greenness using the Landsat archive (1999–2014). These datasets can be easily integrated and adapted in an array of local to regional applications such as (1) upscaling plot-level measurements (e.g., carbon/energy fluxes), (2) mapping of soils, vegetation, or permafrost, and/or (3) initializing ecosystem biogeochemistry, hydrology, and/or habitat modeling.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Predictability of Arctic sea ice on weather time scales (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 8(6514), pp. 1-7, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Description: The field of Arctic sea ice prediction on “weather time scales” is still in its infancy with little existing understanding of the limits of predictability. This is especially true for sea ice deformation along so-called Linear Kinematic Features (LKFs) including leads that are relevant for marine operations. Here the potential predictability of the sea ice pack in the wintertime Arctic up to ten days ahead is determined, exploiting the fact that sea ice-ocean models start to show skill at representing sea ice deformation at high spatial resolutions. Results are based on ensemble simulations with a high-resolution sea ice-ocean model driven by atmospheric ensemble forecasts. The predictability of LKFs as measured by different metrics drops quickly, with predictability being almost completely lost after 4–8 days. In contrast, quantities such as sea ice concentration or the location of the ice edge retain high levels of predictability throughout the full 10-day forecast period. It is argued that the rapid error growth for LKFs is mainly due to the chaotic behaviour of the atmosphere associated with the low predictability of near surface wind divergence and vorticity; initial condition uncertainty for ice thickness is found to be of minor importance as long as LKFs are initialized at the right locations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Functional characterization of the circadian clock in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(17742), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-08
    Description: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a key species in Southern Ocean ecosystem where it plays a central role in the Antarctic food web. Available information supports the existence of an endogenous timing system in krill enabling it to synchronize metabolism and behavior with an environment characterized by extreme seasonal changes in terms of day length, food availability, and surface ice extent. A screening of our transcriptome database “KrillDB” allowed us to identify the putative orthologues of 20 circadian clock components. Mapping of conserved domains and phylogenetic analyses strongly supported annotations of the identi ed sequences. Luciferase assays and co-immunoprecipitation experiments allowed us to de ne the role of the main clock components. Our ndings provide an overall picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the functioning of the endogenous circadian clock in the Antarctic krill and shed light on their evolution throughout crustaceans speciation. Interestingly, the core clock machinery shows both mammalian and insect features that presumably contribute to an evolutionary strategy to cope with polar environment’s challenges. Moreover, despite the extreme variability characterizing the Antarctic seasonal day length, the conserved light mediated degradation of the photoreceptor EsCRY1 suggests a persisting pivotal role of light as a Zeitgeber.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 8(1), pp. 2345, ISSN: 2045-2322
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Arctic tundra ecosystems have experienced unprecedented change associated with climate warming over recent decades. Across the Pan-Arctic, vegetation productivity and surface greenness have trended positively over the period of satellite observation. However, since 2011 these trends have slowed considerably, showing signs of browning in many regions. It is unclear what factors are driving this change and which regions/landforms will be most sensitive to future browning. Here we provide evidence linking decadal patterns in arctic greening and browning with regional climate change and local permafrost-driven landscape heterogeneity. We analyzed the spatial variability of decadal-scale trends in surface greenness across the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km²) using the Landsat archive (1999–2014), in combination with novel 30 m classifications of polygonal tundra and regional watersheds, finding landscape heterogeneity and regional climate change to be the most important factors controlling historical greenness trends. Browning was linked to increased temperature and precipitation, with the exception of young landforms (developed following lake drainage), which will likely continue to green. Spatiotemporal model forecasting suggests carbon uptake potential to be reduced in response to warmer and/or wetter climatic conditions, potentially increasing the net loss of carbon to the atmosphere, at a greater degree than previously expected.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Competition-induced starvation drives large-scale population cycles in Antarctic krill (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 1(0177)
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-29
    Description: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)—one of the most abundant animal species on Earth—exhibits a five to six year population cycle, with oscillations in biomass exceeding one order of magnitude. Previous studies have postulated that the krill cycle is induced by periodic climatological factors, but these postulated drivers neither show consistent agreement, nor are they supported by quantitative models. Here, using data analysis complemented with modelling of krill ontogeny and population dynamics, we identify intraspecific competition for food as the main driver of the krill cycle, while external climatological factors possibly modulate its phase and synchronization over large scales. Our model indicates that the cycle amplitude increases with reduction of krill loss rates. Thus, a decline of apex predators is likely to increase the oscillation amplitude, potentially destabilizing the marine food web, with drastic consequences for the entire Antarctic ecosystem.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    An innovative methodology for the non-destructive diagnosis of architectural elements of ancient historical buildings (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: In the following we present a new non-invasive methodology aimed at the diagnosis of stone building materials used in historical buildings and architectural elements. This methodology consists of the integrated sequential application of in situ proximal sensing methodologies such as the 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner for the 3D modelling of investigated objects together with laboratory and in situ non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data, preceded by an accurate petrographical study of the investigated stone materials by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The increasing necessity to integrate different types of techniques in the safeguard of the Cultural Heritage is the result of the following two interdependent factors: 1) The diagnostic process on the building stone materials of monuments is increasingly focused on difficult targets in critical situations. In these cases, the diagnosis using only one type of non-invasive technique may not be sufficient to investigate the conservation status of the stone materials of the superficial and inner parts of the studied structures 2) Recent technological and scientific developments in the field of non-invasive diagnostic techniques for different types of materials favors and supports the acquisition, processing and interpretation of huge multidisciplinary datasets.
    Description: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (RAS) (Sardinian Autonomous Region), Regional Law 7th August 2007, no. 7, Promotion of scientific research and technological innovation in Sardinia (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 4334
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Non-invasive methodology ; Stone building materials ; Diagnosis ; 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner ; Non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data ; Microscopy ; Methodology for the non-destructive diagnosis of architectural elements ; Cultural Heritage
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger intermediate water formation during Heinrich Stadial 1 (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 10(656), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-16
    Description: The deglacial history of CO2 release from the deep North Pacific remains unresolved. This is due to conflicting indications about subarctic Pacific ventilation changes based on various marine proxies, especially for Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS-1) when a rapid atmospheric CO2 rise occurs. Here, we use a complex Earth System Model to investigate the deglacial North Pacific overturning and its control on ocean stratification. Our results show an enhanced intermediate-to-deep ocean stratification coeval with intensified North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation during HS-1, compared to the Last Glacial Maximum. The stronger NPIW formation causes lower salinities and higher temperatures at intermediate depths. By lowering NPIW densities, this enlarges vertical density gradient and thus enhances intermediate-to-deep ocean stratification during HS-1. Physically, this process prevents the North Pacific deep waters from a better communication with the upper oceans, thus prolongs the existing isolation of glacial Pacific abyssal carbons during HS-1.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    Studying the cardiovascular system of a marine crustacean with magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1352-8661
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-27
    Description: An approach is presented for high-field MRI studies of the cardiovascular system (CVS) of a marine crustacean, the edible crab Cancer pagurus, submerged in highly conductive seawater. Structure and function of the CVS were investigated at 9.4 T. Cardiac motion was studied using self-gated CINE MRI. Imaging protocols and radio-frequency coil arrangements were tested for anatomical imaging. Haemolymph flow was quantified using phase-contrast angiography. Signal-to-noise-ratios and flow velocities in afferent and efferent branchial veins were compared with Student’s t test (n = 5). Seawater induced signal losses were dependent on imaging protocols and RF coil setup. Internal cardiac structures could be visualized with high spatial resolution within 8 min using a gradient-echo technique. Variations in haemolymph flow in different vessels could be determined over time. Maximum flow was similar within individual vessels and corresponded to literature values from Doppler measurements. Heart contractions were more pronounced in lateral and dorso-ventral directions than in the anterior–posterior direction. Choosing adequate imaging protocols in combination with a specific RF coil arrangement allows to monitor various parts of the crustacean CVS with exceptionally high spatial resolution despite the adverse effects of seawater at 9.4 T.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Magma plumbing system and seismicity of an active mid-ocean ridge volcano (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(42949), pp. 1-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-23
    Description: At mid-ocean ridges volcanism generally decreases with spreading rate but surprisingly massive volcanic centres occur at the slowest spreading ridges. These volcanoes can host unexpectedly strong earthquakes and vigorous, explosive submarine eruptions. Our understanding of the geodynamic processes forming these volcanic centres is still incomplete due to a lack of geophysical data and the difficulty to capture their rare phases of magmatic activity. We present a local earthquake tomographic image of the magma plumbing system beneath the Segment 8 volcano at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. The tomography shows a confined domain of partial melt under the volcano. We infer that from there melt is horizontally transported to a neighbouring ridge segment at 35 km distance where microearthquake swarms and intrusion tremor occur that suggest ongoing magmatic activity. Teleseismic earthquakes around the Segment 8 volcano, prior to our study, indicate that the current magmatic spreading episode may already have lasted over a decade and hence its temporal extent greatly exceeds the frequent short-lived spreading episodes at faster opening mid-ocean ridges.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Evidence for a palaeo-subglacial lake on the Antarctic continental shelf (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 8, pp. 15591, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Subglacial lakes are widespread beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet but their control on ice-sheet dynamics and their ability to harbour life remain poorly characterized. Here we present evidence for a palaeo-subglacial lake on the Antarctic continental shelf. A distinct sediment facies recovered from a bedrock basin in Pine Island Bay indicates deposition within a low-energy lake environment. Diffusive-advection modelling demonstrates that low chloride concentrations in the pore water of the corresponding sediments can only be explained by initial deposition of this facies in a freshwater setting. These observations indicate that an active subglacial meltwater network, similar to that observed beneath the extant ice sheet, was also active during the last glacial period. It also provides a new framework for refining the exploration of these unique environments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Springer Nature, 547(7661), pp. 43-48, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Glaciological and oceanographic observations coupled with numerical models show that warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) incursions onto the West Antarctic continental shelf cause melting of the undersides of floating ice shelves. Because these ice shelves buttress glaciers feeding into them, their ocean-induced thinning is driving Antarctic ice-sheet retreat today. Here we present a multi-proxy data based reconstruction of variability in CDW inflow to the Amundsen Sea sector, the most vulnerable part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, during the Holocene epoch (from 11.7 thousand years ago to the present). The chemical compositions of foraminifer shells and benthic foraminifer assemblages in marine sediments indicate that enhanced CDW upwelling, controlled by the latitudinal position of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds, forced deglaciation of this sector from at least 10,400 years ago until 7,500 years ago—when an ice-shelf collapse may have caused rapid ice-sheet thinning further upstream—and since the 1940s. These results increase confidence in the predictive capability of current ice-sheet models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Erratum to: Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals off Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer Nature, 40(5), pp. 1167-1168, ISSN: 0722-4060
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Paleozoic diversification of terrestrial chitin-degrading bacterial lineages (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gruen, D. S., Wolfe, J. M., & Fournier, G. P.. Paleozoic diversification of terrestrial chitin-degrading bacterial lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 19, (2019): 34, doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1357-8.
    Description: Background Establishing the divergence times of groups of organisms is a major goal of evolutionary biology. This is especially challenging for microbial lineages due to the near-absence of preserved physical evidence (diagnostic body fossils or geochemical biomarkers). Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can serve as a temporal scaffold between microbial groups and other fossil-calibrated clades, potentially improving these estimates. Specifically, HGT to or from organisms with fossil-calibrated age estimates can propagate these constraints to additional groups that lack fossils. While HGT is common between lineages, only a small subset of HGT events are potentially informative for dating microbial groups. Results Constrained by published fossil-calibrated studies of fungal evolution, molecular clock analyses show that multiple clades of Bacteria likely acquired chitinase homologs via HGT during the very late Neoproterozoic into the early Paleozoic. These results also show that, following these HGT events, recipient terrestrial bacterial clades likely diversified ~ 300–500 million years ago, consistent with established timescales of arthropod and plant terrestrialization. Conclusions We conclude that these age estimates are broadly consistent with the dispersal of chitinase genes throughout the microbial world in direct response to the evolution and ecological expansion of detrital-chitin producing groups. The convergence of multiple lines of evidence demonstrates the utility of HGT-based dating methods in microbial evolution. The pattern of inheritance of chitinase genes in multiple terrestrial bacterial lineages via HGT processes suggests that these genes, and possibly other genes encoding substrate-specific enzymes, can serve as a “standard candle” for dating microbial lineages across the Tree of Life.
    Description: This work was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program Award to DSG., and Simons Collaboration on the Origins of Life Award #339603 and NSF Integrated Earth Systems Program Award #1615426 to GPF. The funding agencies for this study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, or in writing the manuscript.
    Keywords: Horizontal gene transfer ; Chitinase ; Chitin ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Arthropods
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    Superplume mantle tracked isotopically the length of Africa from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 10(5493), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: Seismological findings show a complex scenario of plume upwellings from a deep thermo-chemical anomaly (superplume) beneath the East African Rift System (EARS). It is unclear if these geophysical observations represent a true picture of the superplume and its influence on magmatism along the EARS. Thus, it is essential to find a geochemical tracer to establish where upwellings are connected to the deep-seated thermo-chemical anomaly. Here we identify a unique non-volatile superplume isotopic signature (‘C’) in the youngest (after 10 Ma) phase of widespread EARS rift-related magmatism where it extends into the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. This is the first sound evidence that the superplume influences the EARS far from the low seismic velocities in the magma-rich northern half. Our finding shows for the first time that superplume mantle exists beneath the rift the length of Africa from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean offshore southern Mozambique
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Antarctic marine animal forests: three-dimensional communities in Southern Ocean ecosystems (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests - The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Marine Animal Forests - The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Cham, Switzerland, Springer Nature, 29 p., pp. 315-344, ISBN: 978-3-319-21011-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sediment characteristics of a thermokarst lagoon in the northeastern Siberian Arctic (Ivashkina Lagoon, Bykovsky Peninsula) (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer Nature, 4(13), ISSN: ISSN: 2364-9461
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: Lagoon development in ice-rich permafrost environments such as the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coastline and the Yedoma coastlines of northern Siberia represents a key mechanism of marine inundation of permafrost along the Arctic coastal plains. Here we show lithological, geochronological, and geochemical data from a core drilled in 1999 in Ivashkina Lagoon on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia. This study extends previous studies of the Ivashkina Lagoon, and provides a first dated geochronological context for sedimentation and lithological characteristics. In addition, we report ground temperature measurements from different borehole sites in and around the lagoon to support our analysis of the thermokarst lagoon environment. Furthermore, a change detection study was carried out using historical aerial photography and modern satellite imagery for the 1982 to 2016 period. Several stages of landscape dynamics were reconstructed, starting with an initial Yedoma Ice Complex that covered the area during the late Pleistocene and which was locally thawed by thermokarst lake development during the Late Glacial with subsequent lacustrine sedimentation. A final stage completed the landscape dynamics during the last few hundreds of years. This stage was characterized by lake drainage and lagoon development, including strong reworking of surface sediments. By extrapolating the organic carbon data from Ivashkina Lagoon to the lagoons of the Bykovsky Peninsula, we estimate that lagoons contain 1.68 ± 0.04 Mt of organic carbon in their upper 6 m.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Phytoplankton responses to temperature increases are constrained by abiotic conditions and community composition (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Oecologia, Springer Nature, 182(3), pp. 815-827, ISSN: 0029-8549
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: Effects of temperature changes on phytoplankton communities seem to be highly context-specific, but few studies have analyzed whether this context specificity depends on differences in the abiotic conditions or in species composition between studies. We present an experiment that allows disentangling the contribution of abiotic and biotic differences in shaping the response to two aspects of temperature change: permanent increase of mean temperature versus pulse disturbance in form of a heat wave. We used natural communities from six different sites of a floodplain system as well as artificially mixed communities from laboratory cultures and grew both, artificial and natural communities, in water from the six different floodplain lakes (sites). All 12 contexts (2 communities × 6 sites) were first exposed to three different temperature levels (12, 18, 24 °C, respectively) and afterward to temperature pulses (4 °C increase for 7 h day(-1)). Temperature-dependent changes in biomass and community composition depended on the initial composition of phytoplankton communities. Abiotic conditions had a major effect on biomass of phytoplankton communities exposed to different temperature conditions, however, the effect of biotic and abiotic conditions together was even more pronounced. Additionally, phytoplankton community responses to pulse temperature effects depended on the warming history. By disentangling abiotic and biotic effects, our study shows that temperature-dependent effects on phytoplankton communities depend on both, biotic and abiotic constraints.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The body-size structure of macrobenthos changes predictably along gradients of hydrodynamic stress and organic enrichment (2015)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer Nature, 162(3), pp. 675-685, ISSN: 0025-3162
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    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Quantifying population-specific growth in benthic bacterial communities under low oxygen using H218O (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in ISME Journal (2019), doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0373-4.
    Description: The benthos in estuarine environments often experiences periods of regularly occurring hypoxic and anoxic conditions, dramatically impacting biogeochemical cycles. How oxygen depletion affects the growth of specific uncultivated microbial populations within these diverse benthic communities, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we applied H218O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) in order to quantify the growth of diverse, uncultured bacterial populations in response to low oxygen concentrations in estuarine sediments. Over the course of 7- and 28-day incubations with redox conditions spanning from hypoxia to euxinia (sulfidic), 18O labeling of bacterial populations exhibited different patterns consistent with micro-aerophilic, anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerotolerant anaerobic growth. 18O-labeled populations displaying anaerobic growth had a significantly non-random phylogenetic distribution, exhibited by numerous clades currently lacking cultured representatives within the Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Latescibacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Acidobacteria. Genes encoding the beta-subunit of the dissimilatory sulfate reductase (dsrB) became 18O labeled only during euxinic conditions. Sequencing of these 18O-labeled dsrB genes showed that Acidobacteria were the dominant group of growing sulfate-reducing bacteria, highlighting their importance for sulfur cycling in estuarine sediments. Our findings provide the first experimental constraints on the redox conditions underlying increased growth in several groups of “microbial dark matter”, validating hypotheses put forth by earlier metagenomic studies.
    Description: This work was supported by a grant OR 417/1-1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and a Junior Researcher Fund grant from LMU Munich to WDO. This work was performed in part, through the Master’s Program in Geobiology and Paleontology (MGAP) at LMU Munich.
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    Phenology and vegetation change measurements from true colour digital photography in high Arctic tundra (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  EPIC3Arctic Science, Canadian Science Publishing, 2(2), pp. 33-49, ISSN: 2368-7460
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Manual collection of accurate phenology data is time-consuming and expensive. In this study, we investigate whether repeat colour digital photography can be used (1) to identify phenological patterns, (2) to identify differences in vegetation due to experimental warming and site moisture conditions, and (3) as a proxy for biomass. Pixel values (RGB) were extracted from images taken of permanent plots in long-term warming experiments in three tundra communities at a high Arctic site during one growing season. The Greenness Excess Index (GEI) was calculated from image data at the plot scale (1 × 1 m) as well as for two species, Dryas integrifolia and Salix arctica. GEI values were then compared to corresponding field-based phenology observations. GEI and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from a paired set of true colour and infrared images were compared with biomass data. The GEI values followed seasonal phenology at the plot and species scale and correlated well with standardized observations. GEI correlated well with biomass and was able to detect quantitative differences between warmed and control plots and the differences between communities due to site-specific moisture conditions. We conclude that true colour images can be used effectively to monitor phenology and biomass in high Arctic tundra. The simplicity and affordability of the photographic method represents an opportunity to expand observations in tundra ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in the Laptev Sea (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Springer Nature, 15 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-94067-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-16
    Description: The Laptev and Eastern Siberian shelves are the world’s broadest shallow shelf systems. Large Siberian rivers and coastal erosion of up to meters per summer deliver large volumes of terrestrial matter into the Arctic shelf seas. In this chapter we investigate the applicability of Ocean Colour Remote Sensing during the ice-free summer season in the Siberian Laptev Sea region. We show that the early summer river peak discharge may be traced using remote sensing in years characterized by early sea-ice retreat. In the summer time after the peak discharge, the spreading of the main Lena River plume east and north-east of the Lena River Delta into the shelf system becomes hardly traceable using optical remote sensing methods. Measurements of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and coloured dissolved organic matter (cDOM) are of the same magnitude in the coastal waters of Buor Khaya Bay as in the Lena River. Match-up analyses of in situ chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) show that standard Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite-derived Chl-a is not a valid remote sensing product for the coastal waters and the inner shelf region of the Laptev Sea. All MERIS and MODIS-derived Chl-a products are overestimated by at least a factor of ten, probably due to absorption by the extraordinarily high amount of non-algal particles and cDOM in these coastal and inner-shelf waters. Instead, Ocean Colour remote sensing provides information on wide-spread resuspension over shallows and lateral advection visible in satellite-derived turbidity. Satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data clearly show hydrodynamics and delineate the outflow of the Lena River for hundreds of kilometres out into the shelf seas.
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    Active subseafloor microbial communities from Mariana back-arc venting fluids share metabolic strategies across different thermal niches and taxa (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Trembath-Reichert, E., Butterfield, D. A., & Huber, J. A. Active subseafloor microbial communities from Mariana back-arc venting fluids share metabolic strategies across different thermal niches and taxa. Isme Journal, 13(9), (2019): 2264-2279, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0431-y.
    Description: There are many unknowns regarding the distribution, activity, community composition, and metabolic repertoire of microbial communities in the subseafloor of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Here we provide the first characterization of subseafloor microbial communities from venting fluids along the central Mariana back-arc basin (15.5–18°N), where the slow-spreading rate, depth, and variable geochemistry along the back-arc distinguish it from other spreading centers. Results indicated that diverse Epsilonbacteraeota were abundant across all sites, with a population of high temperature Aquificae restricted to the northern segment. This suggests that differences in subseafloor populations along the back-arc are associated with local geologic setting and resultant geochemistry. Metatranscriptomics coupled to stable isotope probing revealed bacterial carbon fixation linked to hydrogen oxidation, denitrification, and sulfide or thiosulfate oxidation at all sites, regardless of community composition. NanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) incubations at 80 °C show only a small portion of the microbial community took up bicarbonate, but those autotrophs had the highest overall rates of activity detected across all experiments. By comparison, acetate was more universally utilized to sustain growth, but within a smaller range of activity. Together, results indicate that microbial communities in venting fluids from the Mariana back-arc contain active subseafloor communities reflective of their local conditions with metabolisms commonly shared across geologically disparate spreading centers throughout the ocean.
    Description: This work was funded by the NOAA Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) Program, the NSF Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) (OCE-0939564), and NOAA/PMEL and JISAO under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063. ETR was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship. The data collected in this study includes work supported by the Schmidt Ocean Institute during cruise FK161129 aboard R/V Falkor. We thank the captains and crews of the R/V Falkor and ROV SuBastian. Critical support in cruise planning and sampling at sea was carried out by Andra Bobbitt, Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley, Ben Larson, and Kevin Roe. Caroline Fortunato, Connor Skennerton, Rika Anderson, Karthik Anantharaman, Jaclyn Saunders, Hank Yu, Lewis Ward, Elaina Graham, and Ben Tully aided bioinformatics pipeline development and Victoria Orphan and Yunbin Guan aided with NanoSIMS analysis. This is C-DEBI Contribution 470, JISAO Contribution 2018-0173, and PMEL Contribution 4867.
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    Ocean acidification responses in paralarval squid swimming behavior using a novel 3D tracking system (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2019. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer Nature for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Zakroff, C., Mooney, T.A. & Wirth, C. Ocean acidification responses in paralarval squid swimming behavior using a novel 3D tracking system. Hydrobiologia, 808(1),(2018):83-106, doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3342-9.
    Description: Chronic embryonic exposure to ocean acidification (OA) has been shown to degrade the aragonitic statolith of paralarval squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, a key structure for their swimming behavior. This study examined if day-of-hatching paralarval D. pealeii from eggs reared under chronic OA demonstrated measurable impairments to swimming activity and control. This required the development of a novel, cost-effective, and robust method for 3D motion tracking and analysis. Squid eggs were reared in pCO2 levels in a dose-dependent manner ranging from 400 - 2200 ppm. Initial 2D experiments showed paralarvae in higher acidification environments spent more time at depth. In 3D experiments, velocity, particularly positive and negative vertical velocities, significantly decreased from 400 to 1000 ppm pCO2, but showed non-significant decreases at higher concentrations. Activity and horizontal velocity decreased linearly with increasing pCO2, indicating a subtle impact to paralarval energetics. Patterns may have been obscured by notable individual variability in the paralarvae. Responses were also seen to vary between trials on cohort or potentially annual scales. Overall, paralarval swimming appeared resilient to OA, with effects being slight. The newly developed 3D tracking system provides a powerful and accessible method for future studies to explore similar questions in the larvae of aquatic taxa.
    Description: We thank D. Remsen, the MBL Marine Resources Center staff, and MBL Gemma crew for their support in acquiring squid. R. Galat and the facilities staff of the WHOI ESL provided system support. D. McCorkle, KYK Chan, and M. White provided valuable insight on the OA system. E. Moberg, A. Beet, and A. Solow assisted in the development and coding of the 3D model system. We also thank E. Bonk, K. Hoering, M. Lee, D. Weiler, and A. Schlunk for their assistance and input with the experiments. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 1122374. This project is funded by NSF Grant No. 1220034.
    Keywords: Hypercapnia ; Cephalopod ; Larvae ; Movement analysis ; Stress physiology
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    Parkinson's disease protein DJ-1 regulates ATP synthase protein components to increase neuronal process outgrowth (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chen, R.; Park, H. A.; Mnatsakanyan, N.; Niu, Y.; Licznerski, P.; Wu, J.; Miranda, P.; Graham, M.; Tang, J.; Boon, A. J. W.; Cossu, G.; Mandemakers, W.; Bonifati, V.; Smith, P. J. S.; Alavian, K. N.; Jonas, E. A. Parkinson's disease protein DJ-1 regulates ATP synthase protein components to increase neuronal process outgrowth. Cell Death & Disease, 10(6), (2019):469, doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1679-x.
    Description: Familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) protein DJ-1 mutations are linked to early onset PD. We have found that DJ-1 binds directly to the F1FO ATP synthase β subunit. DJ-1’s interaction with the β subunit decreased mitochondrial uncoupling and enhanced ATP production efficiency while in contrast mutations in DJ-1 or DJ-1 knockout increased mitochondrial uncoupling, and depolarized neuronal mitochondria. In mesencephalic DJ-1 KO cultures, there was a progressive loss of neuronal process extension. This was ameliorated by a pharmacological reagent, dexpramipexole, that binds to ATP synthase, closing a mitochondrial inner membrane leak and enhancing ATP synthase efficiency. ATP synthase c-subunit can form an uncoupling channel; we measured, therefore, ATP synthase F1 (β subunit) and c-subunit protein levels. We found that ATP synthase β subunit protein level in the DJ-1 KO neurons was approximately half that found in their wild-type counterparts, comprising a severe defect in ATP synthase stoichiometry and unmasking c-subunit. We suggest that DJ-1 enhances dopaminergic cell metabolism and growth by its regulation of ATP synthase protein components.
    Description: The research was supported by NIH (NS081746) to E.A.J., W.M. and V.B. are supported by the Stichting Parkinson Fonds (The Netherlands).
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    Using spatial variability in the rate of change of chlorophyll a to improve water quality management in a subtropical oligotrophic estuary (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Millette, N. C., Kelble, C., Linhoss, A., Ashby, S., & Visser, L. Using spatial variability in the rate of change of chlorophyll a to improve water quality management in a subtropical oligotrophic estuary. Estuaries and Coasts, 42(7), (2019): 1792-1803, doi:10.1007/s12237-019-00610-5.
    Description: Anthropogenic eutrophication threatens numerous aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Proactive management that prevents a system from becoming eutrophied is more effective and cheaper than restoring a eutrophic system, but detecting early warning signs and problematic nutrient sources in a relatively healthy system can be difficult. The goal of this study was to investigate if rates of change in chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations at individual stations can be used to identify specific areas that need to be targeted for management. Biscayne Bay is a coastal embayment in southeast Florida with primarily adequate water quality that has experienced rapid human population growth over the last century. Water quality data collected at 48 stations throughout Biscayne Bay over a 20-year period (1995–2014) were examined to identify any water quality trends associated with eutrophication. Chlorophyll a and phosphate concentrations have increased throughout Biscayne Bay, which is a primary indicator of eutrophication. Moreover, chlorophyll a concentrations throughout the northern area, where circulation is restricted, and in nearshore areas of central Biscayne Bay are increasing at a higher rate compared to the rest of the Bay. This suggests increases in chlorophyll a are due to local nutrient sources from the watershed. These areas are also where recent seagrass die-offs have occurred, suggesting an urgent need for management intervention. This is in contrast with the state of Florida listing of Biscayne Bay as a medium priority impaired body of water.
    Description: Data provided by the SERC-FIU/SFWMD Water Quality Monitoring Network is supported by SFWMD/SERC Cooperative Agreement #4600000352 as well as EPA Agreement #X7-96410603-3. This research was also funded by a NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory grant to the Northern Gulf Institute (award number NA160AR4320199).
    Keywords: Chlorophyll a ; Eutrophication ; Oligotrophic ; Ecological indicators
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    Marine litter: Sea change for plastic pollution (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Springer Nature, 544(7650), pp. 297-297, ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Living on Cold Substrata: New Insights and Approaches in the Study of Microphytobenthos Ecophysiology and Ecology in Kongsfjorden (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Advances in Polar Ecology 2, The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Switzerland, Springer Nature, 2, pp. 303-330, ISSN: 2468-5712
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Organisms in shallow waters at high latitudes are under pressure due to climate change. These areas are typically inhabited by microphytobenthos (MPB) communities, composed mainly of diatoms. Only sparse information is available on the ecophysiology and acclimation processes within MPBs from Arctic regions. The physico-chemical environment and the ecology and ecophysiology of benthic diatoms in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway) are addressed in this review. MPB biofilms cover extensive areas of sediment. They show high rates of primary production, stabilise sediment surfaces against erosion under hydrodynamic forces,and affect the exchange of oxygen and nutrients across the sediment-water interface. Additionally, this phototrophic community represents a key component in the functioning of the Kongsfjorden trophic web, particularly as a major food source for benthic suspension- or deposit-feeders. MPB in Kongsfjorden is confronted with pronounced seasonal variations in solar radiation, low temperatures, and hyposaline (meltwater) conditions in summer, as well as long periods of ice and snow cover in winter. From the few data available, it seems that these organisms can easily cope with these environmental extremes. The underlying physiological mechanisms that allow growth and photosynthesis to continue under widely varying abiotic parameters, along with vertical migration and heterotrophy, and biochemical features such as a pronounced fatty-acid metabolism and silicate incorporation are discussed. Existing gaps in our knowledge of benthic diatoms in Kongsfjorden, such as the chemical ecology of biotic interactions, need to be filled. In addition, since many of the underlying molecular acclimation mechanisms are poorly understood, modern approaches based on transcriptomics, proteomics, and/or metabolomics, in conjunction with cell biological and biochemical techniques, are urgently needed. Climate change models for the Arctic predict other multifactorial stressors, such as an increase in precipitation and permafrost thawing, with consequences for the shallow-water regions. Both precipitation and permafrost thawing are likely to increase nutrient-enriched, turbid freshwater runoff and may locally counteract the expected increase in coastal radiation availability. So far, complex interactions among factors, as well as the full genetic diversity and physiological plasticity of Arctic benthic diatoms, have only rarely been considered. The limited existing information is described and discussed in this review.
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    Far-ranging generalist top predators enhance the stability of meta-foodwebs (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 9(1), pp. 12268-12268, ISSN: 2045-2322
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    Publication Date: 2023-09-25
    Description: Identifying stabilizing factors in foodwebs is a long standing challenge with wide implications for community ecology and conservation. Here, we investigate the stability of spatially resolved meta-foodwebs with far-ranging super-predators for whom the whole meta-foodwebs appears to be a single habitat. By using a combination of generalized modeling with a master stability function approach, we are able to efficiently explore the asymptotic stability of large classes of realistic many-patch meta-foodwebs. We show that meta-foodwebs with far-ranging top predators are more stable than those with localized top predators. Moreover, adding far-ranging generalist top predators to a system can have a net stabilizing effect. These results highlight the importance of top predator conservation.
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    Correction to: Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3arktos, Springer Nature, 4(1), pp. 1-1, ISSN: 2364-9453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Arctic river deltas are highly dynamic environments in the northern circumpolar permafrost region that are affected by fluvial, coastal, and permafrost-thaw processes. They are characterized by thick sediment deposits containing large but poorly constrained amounts of frozen organic carbon and nitrogen. This study presents new data on soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage as well as accumulation rates from the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river deltas, two small, permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. A soil organic carbon storage of 42.4 ± 1.6 and 37.9 ± 3.5 kg C m− 2 and soil nitrogen storage of 2.1 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.2 kg N m− 2 was found for the first 2 m of soil for the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river delta, respectively. While the upper meter of soil contains 3.57 Tg C, substantial amounts of carbon (3.09 Tg C or 46%) are also stored within the second meter of soil (100–200 cm) in the two deltas. An increasing and inhomogeneous distribution of C with depth is indicative of the dominance of deltaic depositional rather than soil forming processes for soil organic carbon storage. Largely, mid- to late Holocene radiocarbon dates in our cores suggest different carbon accumulation rates for the two deltas for the last 2000 years. Rates up to 28 g C m− 2 year− 1 for the Ikpikpuk river delta are about twice as high as for the Fish Creek river delta. With this study, we highlight the importance of including these highly dynamic permafrost environments in future permafrost carbon estimations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    SILVA–Referenzdatensätze für den Nachweis von Mikroorganismen (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3BIOspektrum, Springer Nature, 24(7), pp. 750-751, ISSN: 0947-0867
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Ein neuer Baum des Lebens? (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3BIOspektrum, Springer Nature, 25(1), pp. 50-57, ISSN: 0947-0867
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 40
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    Correction to: Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer Nature, 41(3), pp. 415-416, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: The authors regret an error in the published article, where incorrect data was used to produce Figure 2, showing the temporal development of pH over the duration of the experiment. The corrected Fig. 2 shows that the error did not affect the interpretation of nor the conclusions drawn from the present dataset. The original article has been corrected.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A survey on technologies for automatic forest fire monitoring, detection, and fighting using unmanned aerial vehicles and remote sensing techniques (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-01
    Description: Because of their rapid maneuverability, extended operational range, and improved personnel safety, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with vision-based systems have great potential for monitoring, detecting, and fighting forest fires. Over the last decade, UAV-based forest fire fighting technology has shown increasing promise. This paper presents a systematic overview of current progress in this field. First, a brief review of the development and system architecture of UAV systems for forest fire monitoring, detection, and fighting is provided. Next, technologies related to UAV forest fire monitoring, detection, and fighting are briefly reviewed, including those associated with fire detection, diagnosis, and prognosis, image vibration elimination, and cooperative control of UAVs. The final section outlines existing challenges and potential solutions in the application of UAVs to forest firefighting.
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    Modeling net CO2 assimilation (AN) within the crown of young planted Larix olgensis trees (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-01
    Description: Net CO2 assimilation (AN) is an important physiological indicator that reflects the photosynthetic capacity. The seasonal and spatial variations of AN play an important role in carbon uptake simulations, especially for trees. To gain a clearer understanding of the state of the branch carbon balance, it is necessary to more carefully evaluate the dynamic variation of AN over different gradients in the crown during the growing season. Gas exchange, leaf temperature (Tleaf), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), leaf mass per area (LMA), and relative depth into crown (RDINC) were measured throughout the growing season of planted Larix olgensis A. Henry trees. A semi-empirical model for predicting multilayered crown AN was established by incorporating Tleaf, VPD, LMA, RDINC, and their combinations into a photosynthetic light response (PLR) curve model using re-parameterization. The model was assessed based on goodness of fit (adjusted coefficient of determination ([Formula: see text]), root mean square error (RMSE), and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)) and on the validation results (mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), precision estimation (P)) and performed well. The multilayered predicted model of crown AN lays the foundation for calculating the multilayered photosynthetic production within the crown and determining the range of the functional crown for individual trees.
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    Fuel load, structure, and potential fire behaviour in black spruce bogs (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-01
    Description: Boreal peatlands in Canada comprise a substantial store of soil organic carbon (peat), and this peat is vulnerable to extensive burning during periods of extended drying. Increased frequency of extreme weather events in boreal regions is expected with future climate change, and the conditions that would support sustained smouldering peat combustion within peatlands may be more common. Organic soils tend to burn by smouldering combustion, a very slow-moving process in fuels such as those found in peatlands. Thus the most extreme conditions for carbon loss to the atmosphere due to the burning of peat likely occur when widespread propagation of flaming combustion leads to widespread initiation of smouldering. To investigate the potential for large-scale, high-intensity fire spread across forested bogs, we examined the fuel conditions in forested bogs necessary to support active crown fire. We measured surface and canopy fine fuels (those available to contribute to the propagating energy flux of the main flaming front) across a postfire chronosequence of forested boreal bog from central Alberta, Canada. We found that fuel load of fine surface material remained relatively constant across the chronosequence and at levels large enough to support crown fire initiation. Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) regeneration begins to fill in the crown space with increasing time since disturbance and achieves crown bulk densities similar to black spruce upland forests. We estimated that after about 80 years, the black spruce canopy has developed enough available fuel to support active crown fire on between 10% to 40% of days in a typical fire season in central Alberta, Canada. Broad-scale propagation of high-intensity fire across a peatland when coincident with drought-induced lower moisture in deep peatland layers has the potential to lead to a substantial release of stored terrestrial carbon.
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    Spatial patterns of tree and shrub biomass in a deciduous forest using leaf-off and leaf-on lidar (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-01
    Description: Understanding patterns of aboveground carbon storage across forest types is increasingly important as managers adapt to threats of global change. We combined field measures of aboveground biomass with lidar to model fine-scale biomass in deciduous forests located in two watersheds; one watershed was underlain by sandstone and the other by shale. We measured tree and shrub biomass across three topographic positions for both watersheds and analyzed biomass using mixed models. The watershed underlain by shale had 60% more aboveground biomass than the sandstone watershed. Although spatial patterns of biomass were different across watersheds, both had higher (between about 40% and 55%) biomass values at the toe-slope position than at the ridge-top position. To model fine-scale spatial patterns of biomass, we tested the effectiveness of leaf-on and leaf-off lidar combined with topographic metrics to develop a spatially explicit random forest model of tree and shrub biomass across both watersheds. Leaf-on variables were more important for modeling shrub biomass, while leaf-off variables were more effective at modeling tree biomass. Our model of tree and shrub biomass reflects the distribution of biomass across both watersheds at a fine scale and highlights the potential of abiotic factors such as topography and bedrock to affect carbon storage.
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    The pine-wood nematode, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus, in Minnesota and Wisconsin: insect associates and transmission studies (1983)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: The pine-wood nematode, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer), was most commonly extracted from Cerambycidae emerging from nematode-infested pines in Minnesota and Wisconsin during 1981 and 1982. The greatest number of nematodes were extracted from Monochamusscutellatus (Say) and Monochamuscarolinensis (Olivier). Low numbers of B. xylophilus were found in some buprestids but no nematodes were found in the curulionid and scolytid beetles examined. Two species of Cerambycidae, Monochamusmannorator (Kiby.) and M. scutellatus were associated with B. xylophilus from balsam fir in Minnesota. Bursaphelenchusxylophilus from insects associated with balsam fir were morphologically different from insects associated with pine. Dauer larvae of B. xylophilus were concentrated in the thoracic segments of M. scutellatus and Monochamusmutator (Lec.) examined. Bursaphelenchusxylophilus was transmitted to twigs during maturation feeding and to logs during oviposition by M. carolinensis, M. mutator, and M. scutellatus.
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    Checking the performance of point and plot sampling on aerial photoimagery of a large-scale population of trees outside forests (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
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    The spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance in the western Canadian boreal forest following oil and gas development (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Description: Resource development can have significant consequences for the distribution of vegetation cover and for species persistence. Modelling changes to anthropogenic disturbance regimes over time can provide profound insights into the mechanisms that drive land cover change. We analyzed the spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance before and after a period of significant oil and gas extraction in two boreal forest subregions in Alberta, Canada. A spatially explicit model was used to map levels of anthropogenic forest crown mortality across 700 000 ha of managed forest over a 60-year period. The anthropogenic disturbance regime varied both spatially and temporally and was outside the historical range of variability characterized by regional fire regimes. Levels of live forest crown within anthropogenic disturbances declined and edge density increased following oil and gas development, whereas patch size varied regionally. In some places, anthropogenic disturbance generated profoundly novel landscapes with spatial patterns that had no historical analogue in the boreal system. The results illustrate that a shift in one sector of the economy can have dramatic outcomes on landscape structure. The results also suggest that any efforts to better align cumulative anthropogenic disturbance patterns with the historic baseline will almost certainly require a concerted and collaborative effort from all of the major stakeholders.
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    Nitrogen accumulation in a chronosequence of red alder communities along the Hoh River, Olympic National Park, Washington (1983)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: Alnusrubra Bong, dominates the first 65 – 80 years of a sere that is initiated naturally on the terraces of the Hoh River. Stands of 14, 24, and 65 years were studied to determine to what extent the Alnus stage enriched the nitrogen inventory of the site. Bare sandbars deposited by the river had a mean of 783 kg/ha nitrogen. Alnus communities caused an increase in the nitrogen inventory so that, by 65 years, total community nitrogen was 4659 kg/ha, soils held 3594 kg/ha N in the upper 45 cm, and Alnus trees held 942 kg/ha N. The nitrogen contents of the soil, Alnus wood, bark, and branches, grasses, total aboveground biomass, total belowground biomass, and sticks less than 1 cm diameter all showed significant increases from 14 to 65 years. The A. rubra stage is an important link in the nutrient inventory between unvegetated, recently deposited sandbars and the climax coniferous forests dominated by Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. and Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
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    Simultaneous optimization of harvest schedule and data quality (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: In many recent studies, the value of forest inventory information in harvest scheduling has been examined. In a previous paper, we demonstrated that making measurement decisions for stands for which the harvest decision is uncertain simultaneously with the harvest decisions may be highly profitable. In that study, the quality of additional measurements was not a decision variable, and the only options were between making no measurements or measuring perfect information. In this study, we introduce data quality into the decision problem, i.e., the decisionmaker can select between making imperfect or perfect measurements. The imperfect information is obtained with a specific scenario tree formulation. Our decision problem includes three types of decisions: harvest decisions, measurement decisions, and decisions about measurement quality. In addition, the timing of the harvests and measurements must be decided. These decisions are evaluated based on two objectives: discounted aggregate income for the planning periods and the end value of the forest at the end of the planning horizon. Solving the bi-objective optimization problem formed using the ε-constraint method showed that imperfect information was mostly sufficient for the harvest timing decisions during the planning horizon but perfect information was required to meet the end-value constraint. The relative importance of the two objectives affects the measurements indirectly by increasing or decreasing the number of certain decisions (i.e., situations in which the optimal decision is identical in all scenarios).
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    Wood ash as a soil amendment in Canadian forests: what are the barriers to utilization? (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-01
    Description: The contribution of forest biomass to Canada’s energy production is small but growing. As the forest bioenergy industry in Canada expands, there is growing interest in more sustainably managing the wood ash that is generated as a by-product. Despite being rich in nutrients, wood ash is usually landfilled in Canada. Soil applications of ash in Canadian forests could be used to mimic some of the effects of wildfire, to replace nutrients removed during harvesting, to counteract the negative effects of acid deposition, and to improve tree growth. At present, the provincial and territorial processes for obtaining regulatory approval to use wood ash as a forest soil amendment can be challenging to navigate. Furthermore, the costs for obtaining approval and transporting and applying wood ash to the soil can render landfilling a more cost-effective method of ash management. To ensure that wood ash applications in Canadian forests are conducted safely, effectively, and efficiently, experience from European countries could provide a useful starting point for developing best practices. The results of Canadian research trials will assist policy makers and forest managers in refining management guidelines that encourage soil applications of wood ash as a forest management tool while protecting the ecology, water quality, biodiversity, and productivity of Canadian forests.
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    Distribution of genetic variation in five coppice growth traits among natural populations of seven North American willow (Salix) species (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Description: Genetic variation and population structure in biomass yield and coppice growth traits were assessed in seven native North American willow species (Salix amygdaloides (AMY), Salix bebbiana (BEB), Salix discolor (DIS), Salix eriocephala (ERI), Salix humilis (HUM), Salix interior (INT), and Salix nigra (NIG)) established together in common-garden field tests on two sites. Differences in biomass yield, coppice stem number, and average single-stem mass were significant at the site, species, population, and genotype (clonal) levels. There were also species × site interactions. Analyses of variance components for these traits showed that only 3%–5% of the total variation in these traits was due to site differences, whereas genetic variation at the species, population, and genotype levels accounted for approximately 10%–39%, 5%–13%, and 12%–23%, respectively. Populations were a significant source of variation in some willow species (e.g., AMY, DIS, ERI, and INT) but not in other species. Tree willows were less prolific in stem sprout production than shrub willows, and ERI coppices produced by far the highest number of stem sprouts per coppice. This multispecies investigation demonstrated strong species and clonal differences, but variation among populations within a species, although significant, was relatively small, indicating that major growth and yield gains can be made through proper species selection and clonal selection within local populations.
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    Sex-specific responses of bud burst and early development to nongrowing season warming and drought in Populus cathayana (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-01
    Description: Bud burst is one of the most observable phenological stages in tree species, and its responses to environmental factors are found to be species-specific. Nevertheless, for dioecious plants, whether the bud burst responses are sex specific remains an open question, as do the underlying physiological mechanisms. Here, we investigated the effect of elevated temperature (+2 °C) and drought (30% field capacity) during December–March on bud development, gas exchange, water and nitrogen status, and carbohydrate metabolism in female and male Populus cathayana to understand how nongrowing season warming and drought modifies physiological and phenological traits. Our results showed that at ambient temperature, males experienced earlier bud burst than females. Winter warming significantly delayed bud burst and even synchronized it for both sexes because of the greater responsiveness of males. Although drought exerted little effect on the timing of bud burst, it significantly reduced bud fresh mass and limited bud growth by decreasing gas exchange capacity and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation; moreover, females were more affected by drought stress. The significant sex × watering × temperature interactions for δ13C and NSC indicate that sexual dimorphism in these condition-specific traits would increase along the environmental gradients, implying contrasting life history strategies in different ecological scenarios. The convergence in the time for bud burst caused by elevated temperature might exaggerate the competition among males, thus influencing the sex ratio, structure, and functioning of P. cathayana populations.
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    Large-scale prediction of aboveground biomass in heterogeneous mountain forests by means of airborne laser scanning (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-01
    Description: This study considered airborne laser scanning (ALS) based aboveground biomass (AGB) prediction in mountain forests. The study area consisted of a long transect from southern Norway to northern parts of the country with wide ranges of elevation along a long latitudinal gradient (58°N–69°N). This transect was covered by ALS data and field data from 238 plots. AGB was modeled using different types of predictor variables, namely ALS metrics, variables related to growing conditions (elevation, latitude, and climatic variables), and tree species information. Modelling of AGB in the long transect covering diverse mountainous forest conditions was challenging: the RMSE values were rather large (37%–70%). The effects of growing conditions on model predictions were minor. However, species information was essential to improve accuracy. The analysis revealed that when doing inventories of spruce-dominated areas, all plots should be pooled together when the models are developed, whereas if pine or deciduous species dominate the area in question, separate dominant species-wise models should be constructed.
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    The impact of root exclusion on duff moisture and fire danger (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: The impact of root water uptake on duff (both fibric and humic horizons) moisture was investigated at deciduous, mixedwood, and conifer stands in Ontario, Canada. Roots were actively excluded from the duff layer using geotextiles inserted at the duff–mineral soil interface and along the plot edges; liquid and vapour water flow was otherwise not affected by the geotextiles. Root exclusion caused little difference in duff moisture content prior to early June, after which the root exclusion plots remained at 15%–20% volumetric water content, whereas root-intact plots declined to as low as 5% volumetric water content during rain-free periods. Only in the root-intact plots did the duff water content reach sufficiently low levels that duff evaporation was limited by low water content. The net effect of root exclusion was to reduce the cumulative growing season water loss in the duff by 19%–31%, depending on the stand type. Root exclusion also decreased the number of days with a high probability of duff smouldering from as many as 72 days·year−1 to as few as 0 days·year−1. This root exclusion experiment provides a model for short-term duff moisture transitions under thinned forests such as those forests under community wildfire protection.
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    Some physiological and morphological responses of Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings to flooding (1982)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1982-06-01
    Description: Flooding for 30 days induced several changes in Quercusmacrocarpa Michx. seedlings, with stomatal closure among the earliest responses. Stomata remained more closed in flooded than in unflooded plants during the entire experimental period. Leaf water potential was consistently higher in flooded than in unflooded plants. Other responses to flooding included acceleration of ethylene production by stems; formation of hypertrophied lenticels on submerged portions of stems; growth inhibition, with greatest reduction in roots; and formation of a few adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem above the soil line. Some of the morphological responses to flooding, especially formation of hypertrophied lenticels, appeared to be associated with increased ethylene production. Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings adapted poorly to flooding as shown by failure of stomata to reopen after an early period of flooding and low capacity for production of adventitious roots. The much greater inhibition of root growth than shoot growth by flooding will reduce drought tolerance after floodwaters recede.
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    Effects of gibberellic acid and magnetically treated water on physiological characteristics of Tilia miqueliana seeds (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-01
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    Random forests and stochastic gradient boosting for predicting tree canopy cover: comparing tuning processes and model performance (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: As part of the development of the 2011 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) tree canopy cover layer, a pilot project was launched to test the use of high-resolution photography coupled with extensive ancillary data to map the distribution of tree canopy cover over four study regions in the conterminous US. Two stochastic modeling techniques, random forests (RF) and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB), are compared. The objectives of this study were first to explore the sensitivity of RF and SGB to choices in tuning parameters and, second, to compare the performance of the two final models by assessing the importance of, and interaction between, predictor variables, the global accuracy metrics derived from an independent test set, as well as the visual quality of the resultant maps of tree canopy cover. The predictive accuracy of RF and SGB was remarkably similar on all four of our pilot regions. In all four study regions, the independent test set mean squared error (MSE) was identical to three decimal places, with the largest difference in Kansas where RF gave an MSE of 0.0113 and SGB gave an MSE of 0.0117. With correlated predictor variables, SGB had a tendency to concentrate variable importance in fewer variables, whereas RF tended to spread importance among more variables. RF is simpler to implement than SGB, as RF has fewer parameters needing tuning and also was less sensitive to these parameters. As stochastic techniques, both RF and SGB introduce a new component of uncertainty: repeated model runs will potentially result in different final predictions. We demonstrate how RF allows the production of a spatially explicit map of this stochastic uncertainty of the final model.
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    Electrical properties of temperate forest trees: a review and quantitative comparison with vines (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-01
    Description: Trees form the terrestrial interface with the atmosphere in forested regions. The electrical properties of trees may influence their response to atmospheric conditions and potentially lethal phenomena (e.g., lightning). We review the literature describing electrical properties of trees and provide a tabular summary of the methods and goals of each study. We hypothesized that electrical resistivity varies consistently among species and between growth forms. We surveyed resistivity of eight tree and three vine species in Michigan and Kentucky, and we quantified resistivity over a moisture gradient for wood blocks of four tree species. Resistivity varied predictably with stem diameter and differed among species and growth forms. Specifically, resistivity of trees was approximately 200% higher than resistivity of vines, and resistivity of conifers was 135% higher than that of hardwoods. The regional comparison showed no difference in resistivity of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) between Michigan and Kentucky. These results, in combination with interspecific differences observed among wood blocks, suggest that there is a phylogenetic basis for variation in resistivity that reflects differences in anatomy and physiology. Our review and empirical survey provide a framework for studying the ecological effects of lightning in the context of the electrical properties of trees.
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    Resin vesicles in conifer seeds: morphology and allelopathic effects (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
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    Different mixtures of Norway spruce, silver fir, and European beech modify competitive interactions in central European mature mixed forests (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-01
    Description: The influence of forest ecology and strategic planning has increased in importance to support the management of mixed-species forests to enhance biodiversity. However, little is known about competitive and facilitative interactions between trees and species in mixed fir–beech–spruce forests, mostly because of a lack of long-term experimental research. In the 1960s, long-term sample plots were established in the Western Carpathians to develop region-specific yield models. Trees in the plots were measured at 5- to 16-year intervals from 1967(69). In 2010, the positions of standing trees in all plots were identified spatially. Stump positions were also identified to record the coordinates of trees that had been removed or had died. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the applicability of widely used competition indices for mature fir–beech–spruce mixed forests and to test whether the tree competition zone changes among species and forest stands of different stocking densities. Results showed that the best competition index was based on the comparison of the basal area of competitors and the subject tree in the radius, which was defined as a function of stand density and species. In addition, beech was found to be a strong self-competitor, which was not the case for silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Results suggest that simpler competition indices are better suited for such diverse forests, as more complex indices do not describe the competition interactions sufficiently well.
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    Salvage logging effects on regulating and supporting ecosystem services — a systematic map (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-01
    Description: Wildfires, insect outbreaks, and windstorms are increasingly common forest disturbances. Post-disturbance management often involves salvage logging, i.e., the felling and removal of the affected trees; however, this practice may represent an additional disturbance with effects on ecosystem processes and services. We developed a systematic map to provide an overview of the primary studies on this topic and created a database with information on the characteristics of the retrieved publications, including information on stands, disturbance, intervention, measured outcomes, and study design. Of 4341 retrieved publications, 90 were retained in the systematic map. These publications represented 49 studies, predominantly from North America and Europe. Salvage logging after wildfire was addressed more frequently than after insect outbreaks or windstorms. Most studies addressed logging after a single disturbance event, and replication of salvaged stands rarely exceeded 10. The most frequent response variables were tree regeneration, ground cover, and deadwood characteristics. This document aims to help managers find the most relevant primary studies on the ecological effects of salvage logging. It also aims to identify and discuss clusters and gaps in the body of evidence, relevant for scientists who aim to synthesize previous work or identify questions for future studies.
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    Modelling and localizing a stem taper function for Pinus radiata in Spain (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Description: The parsimonious taper function proposed by Riemer et al. (1995. Allg. Forst.- Jagdztg. 166(7): 144–147) was fitted for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stems in Spain by using a nonlinear mixed modelling approach. Eight candidate models (all possible expansion combinations of the three fixed parameters with random effects) were assessed, and the mixed model with three random effects performed the best according to the goodness-of-fit statistics. An evaluation data set was used to assess the performance of these models in predicting stem diameter along the bole, as well as total stem volume. Four prediction approaches were compared: one subject (tree) specific (SS) and three population specific (ordinary least squares (OLS), mean (M), and population averaged (PA)). The SS responses for a tree were estimated from a prior stem diameter measurement available for that tree, whereas OLS, M, and PA were obtained from the fixed-effects model, from the fixed parameters of mixed-effects models, and by computing mean predictions from the mixed-effects models over the distribution of random effects, respectively. Prediction errors were greater for the M and PA responses than for the OLS response, and therefore, from the prediction point of view, the use of the mixed-effects models is not recommended when an additional stem diameter measurement is not available. The mixed model with three random effects was also selected as the best model for SS estimations. Measurement of an additional stem diameter at a relative tree height of approximately 0.5 provided the best calibrations for stem diameters along the bole and total stem volume predictions. The SS approach increased the flexibility and efficiency of the selected mixed-effects model for localized predictions and thus improved the overall predictive capacity of the base model.
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    Previous growing season climate controls the occurrence of black spruce growth anomalies in boreal forests of Eastern Canada (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-01
    Description: To better understand climatic origins of annual tree-growth anomalies in boreal forests, we analysed 895 black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) tree-growth series from 46 xeric sites situated along three latitudinal transects in Eastern Canada. We identified interannual (based on comparison with previous year growth) and multidecadal (based on the entire tree-ring width distribution) growth anomalies between 1901 and 2001 at site and transect levels. Growth anomalies occurred mainly at site level and seldom at larger spatial scales. Both positive interannual and multidecadal growth anomalies were strongly associated with below-average temperatures and above-average precipitation during the previous growing season (Junet–1 – Augustt–1). The climatic signature of negative interannual and multidecadal growth anomalies was more complex and mainly associated with current-year climatic anomalies. Between the early and late 20th century, only negative multidecadal anomalies became more frequent. Our results highlight the role of previous growing season climate in controlling tree growth processes and suggest a positive association between climate warming and increases in the frequency of negative multidecadal growth anomalies. Projected climate change may further favour the occurrence of tree-growth anomalies and enhance the role of site conditions as modifiers of tree response to regional climate change.
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    An endophytic fungus interacts with crown level and larval density to reduce the survival of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on white spruce (Picea glauca) (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-01
    Description: A two-year field study was carried out to determine whether inoculating white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, with a native endophytic fungus, Phialocephala scopiformis DAOM 229536 Kowalski & Kehr (Helotiales, Ascomycota), decreased the performance of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, developing on these trees. Second instars were reared at three densities in the mid crown and at one density in the lower, mid, and upper crown. Larval survival (i.e., survival of larvae to pupation) was lower on endophyte-inoculated trees than on control trees in the mid crown and especially the upper crown but was similar in the lower crown, resulting in a significant interaction between endophyte and crown level. A similar but marginally insignificant interaction was observed for overall survival up to adult emergence (i.e., total survival). Larval survival and total survival were approximately 22% and 19% lower, respectively, when developing in the upper crown of endophyte-inoculated trees than in control trees. Larval survival remained relatively constant, with increased density on control trees but decreased with density on endophyte-inoculated trees, resulting in a significant interaction between endophyte and larval density. Sex ratios of emerged adults and wing lengths of emerged females were not influenced by the endophyte. Our results suggest that endophytic fungi could be useful additions to integrated pest management programs.
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    Genetic analysis of fiber-dimension traits and combined selection for simultaneous improvement of growth and stiffness in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-01
    Description: Quantitative genetic variation of fiber-dimension traits and their relationship with diameter at breast height (DBH) and solid-wood traits (i.e., density and modulus of elasticity (MOE)) was investigated in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.). A total of 823 increment cores were sampled from 207 half-sib families at two independent progeny trials, aged 34–35 years, located in northern Sweden. High-resolution pith-to-bark profiles were obtained for radial fiber width (RFW), tangential fiber width (TFW), fiber wall thickness (FWT), and fiber coarseness (FC) using SilviScan. Heritabilities ranged from 0.29 to 0.74, and inheritance increased with cambial maturity. Estimated age–age genetic correlations indicate that early selection between ages 5 and 8 years is highly efficient. Our results indicate that selection for a 1% increase in DBH or MOE incurs a negligible effect on fiber-dimension traits and maximum genetic gains are reached when DBH and MOE are considered jointly. Moreover, simultaneous improvement of growth and stiffness is achievable when a selection index with 7 to 10 economical weights for MOE relative to 1 for DBH is incorporated. However, the unfavorable relationship between solid-wood traits and pulp and paper related traits suggests that breeding strategies must be implemented to improve wood quality of lodgepole pine for multiple uses.
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    Generalized stem taper and tree volume equations applied to eucalyptus of varying genetics in Brazil (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-01
    Description: Lack of generalized equations has prevailed in Brazil, because it is assumed that localized or climate-specific equations are needed. This study aimed to develop generalized stem taper and volume equations applicable to 11 eucalyptus clones and evaluate if climate variation impacts the accuracy of the estimates. A total of 693 trees evenly distributed across 11 clones at 21 sites were used for model fittings and predictive validation. The penalized mixed spline (PMS) approach was developed for predicting stem taper and volume along the stem profile. The Schumacher and Hall (1933) equation was used to predict total tree volume, while volume ratio equations were applied to predict merchantable volume. For every fitted equation, an annual climatic variable was included to assess the improvement in model performance. The overall results highlighted that climatic variation does not need to be accounted for in stem taper and volume modeling. All of the equations displayed desirable accuracy, but the generalized PMS equation may be preferred when the forestry enterprise looks to furnish a range of multiple forest products. The generalized total tree volume equation, combined with the ratio equations, is highly recommended when the forestry enterprise produces a single product.
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    Responses of Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) abundance 1 year after application of wood ash in a northern hardwood forest (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: Wood ash may be an effective soil amendment in North America to restore acidified and low-nutrient forest soils, but little research exists beyond its effects on soil and plants. Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818)) abundance was assessed in a northern hardwood forest 1 year following an ash-addition field trial. Plots were established with fly ash and bottom ash treatments of 0, 1, 4, and 8 Mg·ha−1 (n = 4), and cover boards were positioned both with and without ash beneath. One year following ash additions, salamander abundance had increased under boards with fly ash beneath, and bottom ash had no effect. Soil pH and electrical conductivity increased under cover boards with ash beneath them and for uncovered soil, and the effects were strongest under cover boards with ash beneath. The effects of ash were generally stronger at higher dosages, and fly ash was stronger than bottom ash. The moisture holding capacity of fly ash was 60% higher than the soil and was 63% lower than the soil for bottom ash, but they had little effect on moisture of the forest floor. These results suggest that ash altered salamander abundance via soil pH and moisture and would not inhibit salamander movement over the forest floor.
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    Fine root biomass declined in response to restoration of soil calcium in a northern hardwood forest (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-01
    Description: Forest health deteriorated in eastern North America as a result of depletion of available soil base cations by elevated inputs of acid deposition. We experimentally restored available calcium (Ca) to soils of a forested watershed at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, and measured the response of fine root biomass 14 years after treatment. In this northern hardwood forest, fine root (
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    Temperature control over root growth and root biomass in taiga forest trees (1983)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1983-10-01
    Description: Root elongation of greenhouse-grown Alaskan taiga tree seedlings increased with increasing root temperature in all six species examined and was most temperature sensitive in warm-adapted aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.). Root elongation was slower in fine than large roots and in black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) was less temperature sensitive in fine than in large roots. Root elongation in the laboratory was slowest in black spruce, which has an inherently slow growth rate, and most rapid in poplar (Populusbalsamifera L.) and aspen, which grow more rapidly. In contrast, field root elongation rates tended to be highest in black spruce from cold wet sites, suggesting that site factors other than soil temperature (e.g., moisture) predominated over genetic differences among species in determining field root elongation rates. The seasonal pattern of root elongation was closely correlated with soil temperature and reached maximum rates in July for all tree species (except aspen medium-sized roots). Most roots of each species were in the top 20 cm of soil. However, root growth penetrated to greater depth in warm compared with cold sites. Root biomass in a 130-year black spruce forest (1230 g/m2) comprised only 15% of total tree biomass. Root biomass of 25-year aspen and 60-year poplar sites (517 and 5385 g/m2, respectively) comprised a greater proportion (57% in poplar) of total tree biomass than in spruce.
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    Are vegetation–soil systems drivers of ecosystem carbon contents along an elevational gradient in a highland temperate forest? (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-01
    Description: Vegetation–soil systems differentially influence the ecosystem processes related to the carbon cycle, particularly when one tree species is dominant over wide geographic regions that are undergoing climate change. The objective of this study was to quantify the stocks of ecosystem carbon in three vegetation–soil systems along a highland elevational gradient in central Mexico. The vegetation–soil systems, from lower to higher elevation, were dominated by Alnus jorullensis Kunth, Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham., and Pinus hartwegii Lindl., respectively. Above- and below-ground tree biomass was determined in each system, along with the litter, coarse woody material, roots, and litterfall. The A. religiosa system had the greatest stock of aboveground biomass carbon (216 ± 31 Mg C·ha−1). The A. jorullensis system had the greatest production of litterfall (3.1 ± 0.08 Mg·ha−1·year−1); however, the carbon content of this litter layer (1.2 ± 0.32 Mg C·ha−1) was lower than that of P. hartwegii (10.1 ± 0.28 Mg C·ha−1). Thus, the litter layer in the A. jorullensis system had markedly the shortest residence time (8 years), suggesting high rates of litter decomposition. The soil carbon stock (at soil depth of 1 m) was greater in A. jorullensis (189 Mg C·ha−1) and P. hartwegii (137 Mg C·ha−1) than in A. religiosa (68 Mg C·ha−1). The A. religiosa and A. jorullensis systems had the highest and lowest total ecosystem C content (301 and 228 Mg C·ha−1, respectively). Upward migration of the A. religiosa system in response to global climate change, however, could cause losses by 2030 of 187 Mg C·ha−1 associated with aboveground biomass.
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    Comparison of taper functions applied to eucalypts of varying genetics in Brazil: application and evaluation of the penalized mixed spline approach (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-01
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    Cold hardiness of white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and lodgepole pine needles during dehardening (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-01
    Description: Conifer winter damage results primarily from loss of cold hardiness during unseasonably warm days in late winter and early spring, and such damage may increase in frequency and severity under a warming climate. In this study, the dehardening dynamics of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were examined in relation to thermal accumulation during artificial dehardening in winter (December) and spring (March) using relative electrolyte leakage and visual assessment of pine needles and spruce shoots. Results indicated that all four species dehardened at a similar rate and to a similar extent, despite considerably different thermal accumulation requirements. Spring dehardening was comparatively faster, with black spruce slightly hardier than the other conifers at the late stage of spring dehardening. The difference, however, was relatively small and did not afford black spruce significant protection during seedling freezing tests prior to budbreak in late March and early May. The dehardening curves and models developed in this study may serve as a tool to predict cold hardiness by temperature and to understand the potential risks of conifer cold injury during warming–freezing events prior to budbreak.
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    Assessing components of the model-based mean square error estimator for remote sensing assisted forest applications (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-01
    Description: Model-based inference is an alternative to probability-based inference for small areas or remote areas for which probability sampling is difficult. Model-based mean square error estimators incorporate three components: prediction covariance, residual variance, and residual covariance. The latter two components are often considered negligible, particularly for large areas, but no thresholds that justify ignoring them have been reported. The objectives of the study were threefold: (i) to compare analytical and bootstrap estimators of model parameter covariances as the primary factors affecting prediction covariance; (ii) to estimate the contribution of residual variance to overall variance; and (iii) to estimate thresholds for residual spatial correlation that justify ignoring this component. Five datasets were used, three from Europe, one from Africa, and one from North America. The dependent variable was either forest volume or biomass and the independent variables were either Landsat satellite image bands or airborne laser scanning metrics. Three conclusions were noteworthy: (i) analytical estimators of the model parameter covariances tended to be biased; (ii) the effects of residual variance were mostly negligible; and (iii) the effects of spatial correlation on residual covariance vary by multiple factors but decrease with increasing study area size. For study areas greater than 75 km2 in size, residual covariance could generally be ignored.
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    Patterns of translocation of carbon in four common moss species in a black spruce (Piceamariana) dominated forest in interior Alaska (1983)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1983-10-01
    Description: The patterns of translocation of carbon in different-age tissues of four common moss species in a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) dominated forest near Fairbanks, Alaska, were studied by 14C labelling and carbohydrate analysis. A simple, in-vial combustion technique was developed for combustion of small (
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    Measurement of water stress in subalpine trees: effects of temporary tissue storage methods and needle age (1982)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1982-12-01
    Description: Water stress of subalpine conifer species may be measured with the pressure chamber after several hours of tissue storage. Tissue samples stored in cool, humid vials exhibited very little change in xylem pressure potential over a 4-h period. However, xylem pressure potential declined steadily when a source of water vapor was not available. Xylem pressure potentials of current-year and 1-year-old needles of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) were slightly lower than those of older needles.
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    An improved canopy wind model for predicting wind adjustment factors and wildland fire behavior (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-05-01
    Description: The ability to rapidly estimate wind speed beneath a forest canopy or near the ground surface in any vegetation is critical to practical wildland fire behavior models. The common metric of this wind speed is the “mid-flame” wind speed, UMF. However, the existing approach for estimating UMF has some significant shortcomings. These include the assumptions that both the within-canopy wind speed and the canopy structure are uniform with depth (z) throughout the canopy and that the canopy roughness length (z0) and displacement height (d) are the same regardless of canopy structure and foliage density. The purpose of this study is to develop and assess a model of canopy wind and Reynolds stress that eliminates these shortcomings and thereby provide a more physically realistic method for calculating UMF. The present model can be used for canopies of arbitrary plant surface distribution and leaf area, and the single function that describes the within-canopy wind speed is shown to reproduce observed canopy wind speed profiles across a wide variety of canopies. An equally simple analytical expression for the within-canopy Reynolds stress, [Formula: see text], also provides a reasonable description of the observed vertical profiles of Reynolds stress. In turn, [Formula: see text] is used to calculate z0 and d. Tests of operational performance are also discussed.
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    Pixel-level statistical analyses of prescribed fire spread (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Wildland fire dynamics are a complex three-dimensional turbulent process. Cellular automata (CA) is an efficient tool to predict fire dynamics, but the main parameters of the method are challenging to estimate. To overcome this challenge, we compute statistical distributions of the key parameters of a CA model using infrared images from controlled burns. Moreover, we apply this analysis to different spatial scales and compare the experimental results with a simple statistical model. By performing this analysis and making this comparison, several capabilities and limitations of CA are revealed.
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    Position of cones within cone clusters determines seed survival in black spruce during wildfire (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: It has recently become clear that the regeneration density of serotinous species within a burned area declines with local fire intensity. It is assumed that this occurs because variation in local fire intensity leads to variation in incident heat fluxes and, ultimately, seed necrosis. We argue here that this same relationship between incident heat flux and seed necrosis is important at the scale of individual plant crowns. Using Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce), we show that postfire seed viability increases with crown height, depth into the crown, and angle from wind direction (with the windward side enjoying greater viability). All three effects are what one would expect given the physics of buoyant plumes, interactions of moving fire lines with wake flow around cylinders, and heat transfer in porous bodies such as a tree crown. We conclude by discussing the broader consequences of cone cluster size and global change on regeneration in serotinous species.
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    Mapping the diversity of forest attributes: a design-based approach (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Forest attributes such as volume or basal area are concentrated at tree locations and are absent elsewhere. It is, therefore, more meaningful to consider the amount of forest attributes at a prefixed spatial grain, within regular plots of prefixed size centered at the points of the study area. In this way, the diversity of attributes within plots also can be considered and quantified by suitable indexes, giving rise to a diversity surface defined on the continuum of points constituting the area. We analyze the estimation of diversity surfaces when a sample of plots is selected by a probabilistic sampling scheme and diversity within nonsampled plots is estimated using an inverse distance weighting interpolator. We discuss the design-based asymptotic properties of the resulting maps when the survey area remains fixed and the number of sampled points increases. Because diversity surfaces share suitable mathematical properties, if the schemes adopted to select sample points ensure an even coverage of the study areas avoiding large portions of non-sampled zones, it can be proven that the estimated maps approach the true maps.
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    Direct effects of lightning in temperate forests: a review and preliminary survey in a hemlock–hardwood forest of the northern United States (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-01
    Description: Lightning strikes millions of trees worldwide each year, yet structured lightning damage surveys are relatively rare. Estimates drawn from the literature suggest that lightning directly or indirectly kills up to 4% of large canopy trees in a stand annually. Lightning is a major cause of death for pines in southeastern US forests and for large cacti in some deserts, but its landscape-level effects exclusive of fire at higher latitudes are poorly known. We quantified damage to trees from lightning and other sources in hemlock–hardwood forests of the Huron Mountain Region of Michigan, USA. This region receives ca. 100 cloud-to-ground lightning flashes per year, with most occurring in May to August. We recorded abiotic and biotic damage on 309 trees distributed among nine transects, each 〉2 km long. None of the transect trees had lightning scars, and we observed only 14 clear cases of lightning damage among thousands of trees examined during associated meander surveys (each ca. 0.5 ha). This damage was more commonly associated with emergent stature (50% of struck trees) and higher rates of biotic damage (50%) than we observed in the 309 transect trees (22% emergent status and 16% incidence of biotic damage). Nearly all (93%) of the lightning damaged trees were conifers, suggesting that either susceptibility to, or response to, lightning strikes has a phylogenetic basis. These preliminary results provide a foundation for comparative studies in other forests. Accurate quantification of lightning-induced tree mortality will improve forest turnover models and facilitate predictions of future forest structure under conditions of increased lightning frequency.
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    Uncertainty of inventory-based estimates of the carbon dynamics of Canada’s managed forest (1990–2014) (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-01
    Description: Canada’s National Forest Carbon Monitoring Accounting and Reporting System (NFCMARS) quantifies the carbon (C) dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals of Canada’s managed forest to fulfill reporting obligations under international climate conventions. Countries are also requested to assess the uncertainty associated with these estimates, which we report here. We used Monte Carlo simulation to quantify uncertainty of carbon stock and flux estimates from the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3), the core ecosystem model of the NFCMARS. We evaluated the impacts of model algorithms, parameters, and the input data used to describe forest characteristics and disturbance rates. Under our assumptions, 95% confidence interval widths averaged 16.2 Pg C (+8.3 and –7.9 Pg C, or ±15%) for total ecosystem C stock and 32.2 Tg C·year−1 (+16.6 and –15.6 Tg C·year−1) for net biome production relative to an overall simulation median of –0.8 Tg C·year−1 from 1990 to 2014. The largest sources of uncertainty were related to factors determining biomass increment and the parameters used to model soil and dead organic matter C dynamics. Opportunities to reduce uncertainty and associated research challenges were identified.
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    An approach for assessing suitability for forest management based on constraints of the physical environment at a regional scale (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-01
    Description: Constraints of the physical environment affect forest growth and forest operations. At a local scale, these constraints are generally considered during forest operations. At regional or continental scales, they are often integrated to larger assessments of the potential for a given land unit to be managed. In this study, we propose an approach to analyze the integration of physical-environment constraints in forest management activities at the regional scale (482 000 km2). The land features that pose constraints to forest management (i.e., hydromorphic organic deposits, dead-ice moraines, washed till, glacial block fields, talus, and active aeolian deposits, slopes 〉 40%) were evaluated within 1114 land districts. To distinguish land districts that can be suitably managed from those where constraints are too important for sustainable timber production, we carried out a sensitivity analysis of physical constraints for the 1114 land districts. After analysis of two portions of the study area under management, a land district was considered suitable for management when more than 20% of its land area consists of features imposing few constraints or, for mountain-type relief districts, when more than 40% of the land area consists of features imposing few constraints. These cutoff values were defined by expert opinion, based on sensitivity analyses performed on the entire study area, on analyses of two different sectors with different types of constraints and on a strong understanding of the study area. Our results show that land districts where the physical environment posed significant constraints covered 7.5% of the study area (36 000 km2). This study shows that doing an a priori classification of land units based on permanent environmental features could facilitate the identification of areas that are not suitable for forest management activities.
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    Comparaison du volume et de la valeur des bois résineux issus d’éclaircies par le bas et par dégagement d’arbres-élites dans l’Est du Canada (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
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    Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of Douglas-fir: relative contribution of foliage quantity and efficiency (1983)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1983-02-01
    Description: The aboveground biomass of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and annual production over 7 years was studied in relation to thinning and nitrogen fertilization. Biomass yield of both treatments increased during the first 3–4 years then decreased for fertilization but not with thinning. Treatments doubled biomass production of individual trees over the study period when applied separately and quadrupled it when combined. Annual biomass production per unit of foliage (E) increased during the first 3–4 years, but was at or below control level after 7 years. The increased E accounted for 20, 37, and 27% of the stemwood dry matter response to thinning, fertilization and the combined treatments, respectively; the remainder was attributed to an increase in foliage biomass. Thinning, but not fertilization, influenced distribution of radial growth along the stem, increasing growth only below the top one-third of the stem. This pattern was related to crown development.
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    Recruitment patterns and growth of high-elevation pines in response to climatic variability (1883–2013), in the western Great Basin, USA (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-01
    Description: Over the period 1883–2013, recruitment of subalpine limber pine (Pinus flexilis E. James) and Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) above the upper tree line, below the lower tree line, and across middle-elevation forest borders occurred at localized sites across four mountain ranges in the western Great Basin. A synchronous pulse at all ecotones occurred between 1963 and 2000 (limber pine) and between 1955 and 1978 (bristlecone pine) when pines expanded 225 m beyond forest borders. Little recruitment occurred before this interval or in the 21st century. No obvious environmental factors distinguished recruitment locations from nonrecruitment locations. Where their ranges overlap, limber pine has leapfrogged above bristlecone pine by 300 m. Limber pine tree-ring chronologies, developed to compare radial-growth responses with recruitment, showed dominant pulses of increased growth during the same interval as recruitment. Significant climate correlations of growth and recruitment indicated lead and lag effects as much as 6 years and complex relationships with climate variables, corroborating the importance of cumulative climate effects relative to any single year. Water relations were the most important drivers of growth and recruitment and interacted with growing-season minimum and maximum temperatures. These results underscore the importance of studying ecotones at all margins when evaluating conifer response to climate change.
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    Deterioration of trembling aspen clones in the Great Lakes region (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1981-09-01
    Description: In order to test the hypothesis that the deterioration of trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) is related to variations in climate, soil properties, and genotype, 59 trembling aspen clones were sampled in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ontario. A longevity index (LI) was calculated by taking the difference between predicted basal area from normal yield tables and measured basal area for each clone. Correlations of environmental variables with LI indicate that aspen longevity decreases with increasing mean annual temperature. Under similar temperature regimes, aspen growing on xeric sites and on sites low in exchangeable Ca are most susceptible to early breakup. Since there were negligible differences in soil properties between nine pairs of adjacent deteriorating and relatively well stocked clones, we hypothesize that, under similar environmental conditions, variation in the timing of deterioration may be due to genotypic differences between clones.
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    Seventy years of forest growth and community dynamics in an undisturbed northern hardwood forest (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Long-term forest inventories provide a unique opportunity to quantify changes in forest structure and evaluate how changes compare with current stand development models. An examination of a 70 year record at the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, indicated that although species abundances have primarily changed as expected under natural succession, some unexpected results were also detected. This included a significant decline in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) abundance driven by reduced regeneration and increases in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) at the expense of sympatric balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and hardwoods at upper elevations. In contrast with accepted stand development models, biomass continues to accrue on these mid- to late-successional forests. Importantly, biomass accumulated at even greater rates in recent decades compared with historical norms. These results support evidence that the anthropogenic influences of a changing climate and the legacy of acid deposition may be altering stand dynamics in northeastern forests.
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    Soil moisture controls Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedling carbon balance and survivorship at timberline in Utah, USA (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-01
    Description: Most hypotheses about controls over high-altitude forests, including treeline, the elevation for upright woody plants, or timberline, the upper elevation for aggregated forest, suggest that low temperature drives forest dynamics, either through effects on cell division and tree growth or indirectly through frost damage or nutrient availability. However, abiotic factors other than temperature, including water availability, may serve as other important controls at high elevations, particularly for seedlings. To test the hypothesis that the timing and amount of precipitation exerts a strong control over the high-elevation forest boundary on the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah, USA, we conducted a field experiment that manipulated water availability and monitored photosynthesis, growth, and survivorship in Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. seedlings. Survivorship increased from the driest to the wettest conditions, whereas the timing of precipitation did not explain differences in survival. However, we found that large, infrequent rain events increased maximum photosynthetic flux density compared with small, frequent rain events. Our results highlight the potential role of growing season water availability in limiting timberline expansion below the low-temperature thermal limits of P. engelmannii. As a consequence, the infilling of trees below the treeline in this region in response to climate change is likely to be episodic and driven by multiyear periods of high water availability and frequency that overcome drought limitations.
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    A holistic optimization framework for forest machine trail network design accounting for multiple objectives and machines (2019)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Ground-based mechanized forestry requires the traversal of terrain by heavy machines. The routes that they take are often called “machine trails” and are created by removing trees from the trail and placing the logs outside it. Designing an optimal machine trail network is a complex locational problem that requires understanding how forestry machines can operate on the terrain, as well as the trade-offs between various economic and ecological aspects. Machine trail designs are currently created manually based on intuitive decisions about the importance, correlations, and effects of many potentially conflicting aspects. Badly designed machine trail networks could result in costly operations and adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a holistic optimization framework for machine trail network design. Key economic and ecological objectives involved in designing machine trail networks for mechanized cut-to-length operations are presented, along with strategies for simultaneously addressing multiple objectives while accounting for the physical capabilities of forestry machines, the impact of slope, and the operating costs. Ways of quantitatively formulating and combining these different aspects are demonstrated, together with examples showing how the optimal network design changes in response to various inputs.
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    Broad-scale distribution of epiphytic hair lichens correlates more with climate and nitrogen deposition than with forest structure (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
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    Stand density estimators based on individual tree detection and stochastic geometry (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
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    Influence of soil temperature on growth traits of European beech seedlings (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-01
    Description: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is an economically and ecologically important forest tree species in Europe. Expected future temperature increases due to global climate change may significantly affect growth of beech trees and consequently influence carbon cycling in beech forests. We tested the hypothesis that soil temperature influences the growth of both belowground and aboveground parts of beech seedlings. One-year-old seedlings were transferred into rhizotrons and subjected to two different soil temperatures for 2 years while the soil moisture level was kept constant. The main effect of the soil temperature was a changed biomass of the woody part of the seedlings. Soil temperature significantly influenced the biomass of shoots and roots and diameter of the stem, which were the highest for the seedlings grown in conditions of soil temperatures maintained in the range of summer soil temperatures from the site of origin of the seedlings. Increased soil temperature also resulted in increased specific root length and specific root tip density. Root-to-shoot ratio and leaf parameters (leaf mass, number of leaves, and specific leaf area), except for leaf area ratio, were not influenced by soil temperature.
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    Competition alters tree growth responses to climate at individual and stand scales (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Description: Understanding how climate affects tree growth is essential for assessing climate change impacts on forests but can be confounded by effects of competition, which strongly influences tree responses to climate. We characterized the joint influences of tree size, competition, and climate on diameter growth using hierarchical Bayesian methods applied to permanent sample plot data from the montane forests of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington State, USA, which are mostly comprised of Abies amabilis Douglas ex Forbes, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don. Individual growth was sensitive to climate under low but not high competition, likely because tree ability to increase growth under more favorable climates (generally greater energy availability) was constrained by competition, with important variation among species. Thus, climate change will likely increase individual growth most in uncrowded stands with lower competition. However, crowded stands have more and (or) larger trees, conferring greater capacity for aggregate absolute growth increases. Due to these contrasting effects, our models predicted that climate change will lead to greater stand-scale growth increases in stands with medium compared with low crowding but similar increases in stands with medium and high crowding. Thus, competition will mediate the impacts of climate change on individual- and stand-scale growth in important but complex ways.
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    Carbohydrate reserves and root growth potential in Douglas-fir seedlings before and after cold storage (1982)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1982-12-01
    Description: Carbohydrate reserves and root growth potential (RGP) of 2 + 0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were monitored through a lifting season and during dark, cold storage. Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrate and extractable sugars in root and stem tissues remained relatively constant through winter, while foliar sugars showed a sharp midwinter peak at about 195 mg•g−1 dry weight. RGP was lowest in November and March and peaked in January. During storage at +2 and −1 °C, carbohydrates were depleted in all tissues through respiratory consumption. In contrast, RGP increased during the first 6 months in storage and then fell rapidly. The results do not support the view that changes in RGP are driven by changes in carbohydrate concentrations. Storage may affect frost hardiness and drought resistance through its effect on sugar concentrations.
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    A beech bark disease induced change in tree species composition influences forest floor acid–base chemistry (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-01
    Description: Beech bark disease (BBD) has demonstrable ecosystem consequences for eastern US forests stemming from American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) mortality, often leading to increased dominance by its competitor, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). We hypothesized that this BBD-induced shift in tree species composition leads to changes in soil acid–base chemistry, mediated through differences in leaf litter chemistry of the two species. Using a sequence of plots representing the progression of the disease in the Catskill Mountains, NY, USA, we examined the influence of tree species composition shift on soil chemistry. The BBD impact on tree species composition was confounded by variability in substrate (or nonexchangeable soil) calcium (Ca). While substrate Ca explained much of the variation in acid–base chemistry, increasing BBD was associated with increasing forest floor exchangeable Ca, sum of base cations, base saturation, cation-exchange capacity, and decreasing hydrogen. An apparent threshold effect of substrate Ca on sugar maple litter Ca concentration suggests that underlying soil Ca availability may contribute to the spatial extent and timeframe of BBD-induced shifts in species composition. The species compositional shift is a mechanism contributing to a vegetation effect on soil acid–base status and may partially counteract soil acidification in this acid deposition impacted region.
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    Response of lodgepole pine health to soil disturbance treatments in British Columbia, Canada (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: Soil disturbance from organic matter loss and soil compaction can impair site productivity, but less is known about whether these disturbances also affect forest health (defined here as the presence and severity of damaging pests and diseases, mortality, and overall vigour). We used six long-term soil productivity (LTSP) sites in the interior of British Columbia, Canada to test the effects of organic-matter removal and soil compaction on forest health, and to explore the relationship between forest health response and potential indicators of site sensitivity: mineral soil pH, base saturation, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), carbon to phosphorus ratio (C:P), and calcium to aluminum ratio (Ca:Al). Visual forest health surveys were conducted on 5400 15 and 20 year old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) trees. Soil disturbance treatments significantly affected forest health metrics, but this response typically differed among sites. Principle component analyses indicated the response of healthy trees was negatively related to soil base saturation, the response of dead or dying trees related to soil C:P, and the response of tree disease related to soil Ca:Al, pH, base saturation, and C:N. We found forest health response to soil disturbance varied among sites with relationships between response and soil chemical properties, suggesting a greater vulnerability of pine stands to disease with increasing soil acidity.
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    Assisted lodgepole pine regeneration on reclamation sites using logging slash as both a mulch and natural seed source (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-01
    Description: In this study, we tested the efficacy of establishing lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) from seed using woody mulch produced from slashed tree tops from a pine harvesting site; this mulch contained the closed serotinous cones of the lodgepole pine. Mulch was spread on prepared reclamation sites at depths of 0, 1, 3, and 5 cm. Broadcast seeding of pine was also done at mulch depths of 0 and 1 cm. Mulch cover that was 1 cm thick was the preferred treatment, as it produced 17 000 seedlings·ha−1 by the third year after treatment while being similar in seedling density to the 3 and 5 cm treatments. When 50 000 seeds·ha−1 were added, seedling density went up more on the sites with 1 cm of mulch than the sites with no mulch. Soil temperature was lower and temperature extremes were reduced under the mulch layer compared with the control plot. The plots with 1 cm of mulch also had higher soil moisture in the mineral layer than the plots with 0 cm of mulch. A thin layer of woody mulch, therefore, provided a source of pine seed and the covering of the ground provided a more benign environment for the establishment of pine germinants.
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    Regional risks of wind damage in boreal forests under changing management and climate projections (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: We employed simulations by forest ecosystem (SIMA) and mechanistic wind damage (HWIND) models in upland boreal forests throughout Finland to study regional risks of wind damage under changing management preferences and climates (current and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios) over 2010–2099. We used a critical wind speed for the uprooting of trees as a measure of vulnerability, which together with the probability of such wind speed defined a level of risk. Based on that, we also predicted the stem volume of growing stock at risk and the amount of damage. In this work, medium fertility sites were planted to one of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), or silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) or to the tree species that was dominant before the final clear-felling. The vulnerability to wind damage, the volume of growing stock at risk, and the amount of damage all increased, increasing the most in the south when the proportion of Norway spruce (with shallow rooting) of the growing stock increased. Under a severe climate warming, the proportion of Norway spruce decreased the most in the south, opposite to that of birch. This decreased the risk of damage in autumn (when birch is leafless), unlike in summer. The low risk of damage in the north was due to the large proportion of Scots pine.
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    Mapping boreal peatland ecosystem types from multitemporal radar and optical satellite imagery (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: The ability to distinguish peatland types at the landscape scale has implications for inventory, conservation, estimation of carbon storage, fuel loading, and postfire carbon emissions, among others. This paper presents a multisensor, multiseason remote sensing approach to delineate boreal peatland types (wooded bog, open fen, shrubby fen, treed fen) using a combination of multiple dates of L-band (24 cm) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) from ALOS PALSAR, C-band (∼5.6 cm) from ERS-1 or ERS-2, and Landsat 5 TM optical remote sensing data. Imagery was first evaluated over a small test area of boreal Alberta, Canada, to determine the feasibility of using multisensor SAR and optical data to discriminate peatland types. Then object-based and (or) machine-learning classification algorithms were applied to 3.4 million ha of peatland-rich subregions of Alberta, Canada, and the 4.24 million ha region of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula where peatlands are less dominant. Accuracy assessments based on field-sampled sites show high overall map accuracies (93%–94% for Alberta and Michigan), which exceed those of previous mapping efforts.
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    A new analytical model based on the −3/2 power rule of self-thinning (1984)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1984-10-01
    Description: A nonlinear analytical model is developed to describe the relationship between average plant size (weight or volume) and stand density in single-aged, monospecific plant populations. The model gives estimates of the slope and intercept of the −3/2 power rule asymptote, the nature of the size–density trajectory, and such features as relative density at crown closure and the effects of soil type or site index. The model is tested by growing red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) seedlings under greenhouse and lath house conditions at three initial spacings (8 × 8, 4 × 4, and 2 × 2 cm) and two soil types (river loam and alder forest soil) for 525 growth days. There are seven harvests, starting at crown closure. All size–density trajectories tend consistently towards the same single asymptote irrespective of initial spacing, soil type, or age. The asymptote slope and intercept are 1.46 and ca. 94 kg tree−1•m−2. The crown closure line is parallel to the asymptote at a relative density of 4.6 × 10−3. The model also adequately describes the size–density trajectories for 20–50-year-old red pines (Pinusresinosa Ait.) growing at six initial spacings. The asymptote slope and intercept are 1.6 and ca. 87 × 103 m3•tree−1•ha−1, respectively.
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