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  • Articles  (366)
  • Ecology  (196)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (327)
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  • Articles  (366)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ideology and wildlands management: The case of Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental management 4 (1980), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Carolinian ; Ecology ; Ideology ; Policy ; Rondeau ; Technology ; Wildland Management ; Parks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This is a critical examination of some of the basic concepts that have guided management of parks and related reserves, often termed wildlands. Study is focussed on Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, and on concepts such as wilderness, primeval forest, and the Carolinian forest. Deer culling and other management policies and practices have been based upon the idea that the highly valued sassafras, tulip, and other species of the Carolinian forest are decreasing due to browsing. Field mapping and analysis of historic vegetation records indicate that this trend is not in fact occurring. Historic research also reveals difficulties in defining the Carolinian or other perceived types of forest for management purposes. A major reassessment of ideology and management policy and practice seem to be required in Rondeau and other wildlands. Vague or general concepts such as wilderness or preservation should be strongly complemented and supported by more precise statements of objectives, a learning attitude, and experimentation and research. As a result of the technical uncertainties and value judgments frequently involved, management should also be based upon the expressed preferences and continuing involvement of citizens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866508
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological planning: A review (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 495-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Suitability analysis ; Land-use assessment ; Ecology ; Planning ; Human ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Beginning with the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969, the federal government of the United States has enacted numerous pieces of legislation intended to protect or conserve the environment. Other national governments have also enacted environmental legislation during the past two decades. State and local governments have also adopted policies concerned with environmental planning and management. Multiple laws and overlapping governmental agency responsibilities have confused development and resource management efforts. A comprehensive methodology that integrates the legal mandates and the agency missions into a common and unified framework is needed. Ecological planning offers such a method. Application of the method allows planners and resource managers to better understand the nature and character of the land and/or resource and therefore make better decisions about its appropriate use or management. The steps taken in an ecological planning process—1) goal setting, 2) inventory and analysis of data, 3) suitability analysis, 4) developing alternatives, 5) implementation, 6) administration, and 7) evaluation—are outlined and explained. Hand-drawn overlays and computer programs as techniques for handling ecological planning information are compared. Observations and suggestions for further research are offered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866722
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic metabolism in the cyanophytaOscillatoria rubescens D.C. (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Oscillatoria rubescens ; Photosynthetic pathways ; Photosynthetic enzymes ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Short term14C labelling experiments and enzymatic activities related to primary pathways of photosynthesis have been studied in the cyanophytaOscillatoria rubescens D.C. from axenic cyclostat cultures. Responses of samples from cultures with different amounts of nitrogen are presented and compared. Variations in photosynthetic pigments are used to quantify the degree of nitrogen starvation at different levels. PEPcarboxylase activity remains low and is not affected by nitrogen starvation. RuBPcarboxylase activity is lowered to nearly two thirds of its normal metabolic rate by starvation but PEPcarboxykinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities are significantly higher in this case. Malate dehydrogenase is slightly altered and malic enzyme is never active. Starved algae replaced in fresh complete media fix rapidly14C in nitrogen compounds such as amino acids. Results are discussed in regard to both physiological and ecological characteristics ofO. rubescens. PEPcarboxykinase can play a role in making efficient use of HCO 3 - .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053990
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic denitrification: a controversy revived (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aerobic denitrification ; Thiosphaera pantotropha ; Nitrate reduction ; Bacterial selection ; Ecology ; Oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During studies on the denitrifying mixotroph, Thiosphaera pantotropha, it has been found that this organism is capable of simultaneously utilizing nitrate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors in respiration. This phenomenon, termed aerobic denitrification, has been found in cultures maintained at dissolved oxygen concentrations up to 90% of air saturation. The evidence for aerobic denitrification was obtained from a number of independant experiments. Denitrifying enzymes were present even in organisms growing aerobically without nitrate. Aerobic yields on acetate were higher (8.1 g protein/mol) without than with (6.0 g protein/mol) nitrate, while the anaerobic yield with nitrate was even lower (4 g protein/mol). The maximum specific growth rate of Tsa. pantotropha was higher (0.34 h-1) in the presence of both oxygen (〉80% air saturation) and nitrate than in similar cultures not supplied with nitrate (0.27 h-1), indicating that the rate of electron transport to oxygen was limiting. This was confirmed by oxygen uptake experiments which showed that although the rate of respiration on acetate was not affected by nitrate, the total oxygen uptake was reduced in its presence. The original oxygen uptake could be restored by the addition of denitrification inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408378
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacillus tusciae, a new species of thermoacidophilic, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic hydrogen oxidizing sporeformer from a geothermal area (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 397-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus tusciae ; New species ; Taxonomy ; Ecology ; Chemolithoautotrophy ; Hydrogen oxidation ; Hydrogenase ; Thermophily ; Geothermal manifestation ; Solfatara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing sporeformer has been isolated from ponds in a solfatara in the geothermal area of Tuscany (Italy). Some physicochemical parameters of the habitat were determined. The habitat was characterized by the presence of molecular hydrogen in the escaping gases, a very low content of phosphate and organic matter. Temperature and water level in the ponds varied widely. The organism formed oval, subterminal spores, which swelled distinctly the sporangium. Optimal growth occured between pH 4.2 and 4.8 at 55°C. It grew best under autotrophic conditions, but organic substrates including short chain fatty acids, amino acids and alcohols could also support heterotrophic growth. Sugars were not metabolized. The hydrogenase was soluble but did not reduce pyridine nucleotides. Based on its morphological and biochemical features, the organism belongs to the genus Bacillus, but differs from all the previously described species. It is therefore proposed as constituting a new species, Bacillus tusciae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408386
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On optimal intrinsic growth rates for populations in periodically changing environments (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 12 (1981), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Ecology ; Periodic differential equations ; Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The theory developed here applies to populations whose size x obeys a differential equation, $$\dot x = r(t)xF(x,t)$$ in which r and F are both periodic in t with period p. It is assumed that the function r, which measures a population's intrinsic rate of growth or intrinsic rate of adjustment to environmental change, is measurable and bounded with a positive lower bound. It is further assumed that the function F, which is determined by the density-dependent environmental influences on growth, is such that there is a closed interval J, with a positive lower bound, in which there lies, for each t, a number K(t) for which $$F(K(t),t) = 0$$ and, as functions on J × ℝ, F is continuous, while ∂F/∂x is continuous, negative, and bounded. Because x(t) = 0, 〉 0, or 〈 0 in accord with whether K(t) = x(t), K(t) 〉 x(t), or K(t) 〈 x(t), the number K(t) is called the “carrying capacity of the environment at time t”. The assumptions about F imply that the number K(t) is unique for each t, depends continuously and periodically on t with period P, and hence attains its extrema, K min and K max. It is, moreover, easily shown that the differential equation for x has precisely one solution x * which has its values in J and is bounded for all t in ℝ; this solution is of period p, is asymptotically stable with all of J in its domain of attraction, and is such that its minimum and maximum values, x min * and x max * , obey $$K_{min} \leqslant x_{min}^* \leqslant x_{max}^* \leqslant K_{max}^* .$$ The following question is discussed: If the function F is given, and the function r can be chosen, which choices of r come close to maximizing, x min * ? The results obtained yield a procedure for constructing, for each F and each ɛ 〉 0, a function r such that x min * 〉 K max − ɛ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276921
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition for fluctuating nutrient (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 18 (1983), S. 255-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Population dyamics ; Ecology ; Periodic solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model of the competition of n species for a single essential periodically fluctuating nutrient is considered. Instead of the familiar Michaelis-Menten kinetics for nutrient uptake, we assume only that the uptake rate functions are positive, increasing and bounded above. Sufficient conditions for extinction are given. The existence of a nutrient threshold under which the Principle of Competitive Exclusion holds, is proven. For two species systems the following very general result is proven: All solutions of a τ-periodic, dissipative, competitive system are either τ-periodic or approach a τ-periodic solution. A complete description of the geometry of the Poincaré operator of the two species system is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276091
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fagus silvatica L. und das aceri-fagetum an der alpinen Waldgrenze in Mitteleuropäischen gebirgen (1981)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 44 (1981), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Aceri-Fagetum ; Alpine timberline ; Dynamics of stands ; Ecology ; Fagus silvatica ; Morphogenesis ; Polycormons ; Vegetative regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the Central Europaean mountain ranges, the alpine timberline is usually formed by Picea abies or by other conifers (Larix decidua, Pinus mugo, Pinus cembra). Unlike in the East Europaean mountains, the Balkan Peninsula, the Europaean Mediterranean and Les Vosges, Fagus silvatica occurs sporadically on the alpine timberline in this area where it forms very specific woods. This type of the alpine timberline is bound to the association Aceri-Fagetum (Bartsch 1940, Moor 1952). This association is found on the highest sites of the Fagion alliance in the subalpine vegetation zone. Within this zone, the association is bound to localities with heavy snowfall and a submaritime climat. It occupies larger areas in the Swiss Jura and in Les Vosges. In other Central Europaean mountains (the Alps, Schwarzwald, Krkonoše etc.) it occus in isolated areas only. Many trunk deformations and bush forms are found with Fagus on a large scale in the snow impacted localities (steep slopes, periphery of corries, avalanche slopes etc.). Crawling and sliding snow causes these growth deformations in the Fagus seedlings since their first year. The general increase of the vegetative propagation is a remarkable and exceptional response of Fagus in adapting to these extreme growth conditions. Under alpine timberline conditions, the generative propagation is very limited. The vegetative shoots with adventitious root systems are formed mainly from branches layering in the humus. The typical monocormonal tree-form of Fagus from lower altitudes turns in this way into a polycormon. From an evolutionary point of view, it is a suitable substitution; but from the ecological viewpoint, however, it is a sturdy growth form. In its typical form, the polycormon is formed by a number of vegetative shoots, which may be deformed but are very elastic and resistent. The number of shoots in a polycormon varies from 3–5 below, and up to 40–50 at and above the timberline. They are formed by shoots of a number of filial successions. The decay of a polycormon results from decreasing vitality of single shoots or, very often, it is caused by the impact of snow and ice. Considering, however, the fact that single shoots have a sufficient adventitious root system and are thus physiologically independent, the dying of the other shoots does not mean a danger for the existence of the remaining part of the polycormon. The age of a polycormon as a whole is difficult to determine. Fagus polycormons can be considered as a typical growthform of the highest sites of the association Aceri-Fagetum. No other tree species is able to form close stands under these conditions. This phenomenon is of primary importance for the existence of this plant community. The unusual character of the structure and dynamics of the highest Aceri-Fagetum stands gives rise to a special type of the alpine timberline which should be understood not as a ‘line’ but as a transitional zone between the closed stands and the hon-wooded plant communities of the subalpine vegetation zone. The dynamic succession of the Fagus polycormons guarantees the stability of the Fagus stands forming the alpine timberline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119797
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics ofOstrya carpinifolia woods in the Southern Alps (N-Italy) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 48 (1982), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fringe communities ; Numerical classification ; Ostrya carpinifolia woods ; Phytogeographic elements ; Phytosociology ; Southern Alps (N-Italy) ; Vegetation dynamics ; Wood edge communities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forest regeneration in the vegetation complex of the submontane belt in the Southern Alps involves the active participation ofOstrya carpinifolia woods and their wood edge communities. The corresponding syndynamical processes are described by employing phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological methods. It is concluded that: (i) The communities of the grassland-wood transition are of major importance in the successional developments in this man-made vegetation complex. (ii) Many species occurring in the region of the deciduous forests of Eurasia find their refuge in such transitional communities and are supposed to play an important part in the succession. (iii) Ostrya carpinifolia is considered as an early successional tree species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00726880
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some observations on the ecology, metal uptake and nickel tolerance of Alyssum serpyllifolium subspecies from the Iberian peninsula (1981)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 45 (1981), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alyssum serpyllifolium subspecies ; Nickel accumulation ; Nickel tolerance ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out on the tolerance to, and uptake of, nickel by three iberian subspecies of Alyssum serpylliforium Desf. Two of these subspecies, the serpentine-endemic ssp. lusitanicum from Bragança, Portugal and ssp. malacitanum from Málaga, Spain, are hyperaccumulators (〉 1000 μg/g in dried material) of nickel. Their possible ancestor, ssp. serpyllifolium (from Granada, Spain) was a non-accumulator of this element. Seeds of the two serpentine-endemics germinated extensively in nickel concentrations up to 12 000 μg/g (1.2%) whereas ssp. serpyllifolium only germinated in nickel concentrations below 60 μg/ml. Tolerance tests involving measurement of new root lengths of excised seedlings placed in varying nickel concentrations, again showed much greater tolerance of the two serpentinophytes. In both series of experiments, the order of tolerance was: ssp. lusitanicum 〉 ssp. malacitanum 〉 ssp. serpyllifolium. In pot trials involving seedlings of ssp. malacitanum grown in mixtures containing varying amounts of calcium, magnesium, and nickel, the most important finding was that plants will tolerate higher nickel contents in the soil when excess calcium is added. This is achieved by lowering the uptake of nickel. There appeared to be some concomitant reduction in calcium uptake in the presence of nickel, and some increase in uptake of magnesium. The resultant lower calcium/magnesium ratio in the plant, though not symptomatic of a favourable condition for colonization of serpentine soils, probably results from a mechanism which renders nickel innocuous to the plant at the expense of calcium uptake. It is suggested that the physiological characters of ssp. lusitanicum and ssp malacitanum are sufficiently different to support arguments for promoting the latter to full specific rank as has now been done for ssp. lusitanicum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054673
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pflanzenvergesellschaftungen mit Riccia-Arten in Südwestafrika (Namibia) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 55 (1984), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Hepaticae ; Pioneer vegetation ; Resurrection (poikilohydric) plants ; Riccia ; South West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three associations of the Nanocyperion teneriffae Lebrun 1947 (Sporoboletalia festivi Lebrun 1947) are described. They are physiognomically and ecologically similar to associations of the Mediterranean Isoeto-Nanojuncetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 and Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. 1940. They are rich in very specialized therophytes and resurrection plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039982
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting growth and nodulation ofHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.Rhamnoides in soils from two successional stages of dune formation (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 317-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Ecology ; Gamma irradiation ; Hippophaë rhamnoides ; Longidorus ; Nematode ; Nodulation ; Root nodules ; Soil sterilization ; Succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To explain the decline of Hippophaë scrub in the vegetation succession in the dunes of The Netherlands, the growth and nodulation of Hippophaë plants grown in pots, using soil from an early stage (site AH) and a post-optimum stage (site HP), were investigated. In HP-soil nodulation, yield, and the nitrogen and phosphorus content of test plants were always lower and the number of necrotic nodules and the dry matter content were always higher than in AH-soil, even after inoculation with crushed nodules and the addition of a nutrient solution. Plants in HP-soil also had darker roots, less root hairs, a higher number of short lateral roots and a higher percentage of dead roots than those in AH-soil. These characteristics of adverse growth conditions disappeared upon ignition or gamma-irradiation of HP-soil. Possible explanations of these results are discussed. The degeneration of Hippophaë scrub cannot be ascribed to the age of the plants, the absence of sufficient infective endophyte particles or to abiotic factors such as unfavourable physical (particle size) or chemical soil conditions but is caused by biotic factors. No indications were obtained that plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria are involved. HP-soil in contrast to AH-soil, however, contained large numbers of the nematodeLongidorus sp., a species known to cause root deformations. The conclusion was that this nematode is one of the biotic factors involved in the degeneration of the Hippophaë scrub. This degeneration is due to a restriction of the root system resulting in a low phosphate uptake, a low nodulation capacity and, as a consequence, a low nitrogen content. The results demonstrate that biotic soil factors are important in influencing succession in higher plant communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370033
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frankia growth and activity as influenced by water potential (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth responses of Frankia isolates to decreasing water potential were monitored in systems where potentials were controlled by KCl, NaCl and Polyethylene glycol. The highest potential tested was −2 bar (basal medium). The general pattern emerging was that isolates fromAlnus glutinosa, A. viridis andComptonia peregrina showed declining growth at potentials below −2 to −5 bar. AMyrica gale isolate showed declining growth with decreasing potential. All isolates were more sensitive to decreases in potential in a matric controlled than an osmotic controlled system. They all showed approximately 50 percent growth reduction at −5 to −8 bar, and meagre growth at −16 bar after 35 days. The Comptonia isolate was the most vigorous at low potentials. Nitrogen fixation ability was monitored for two isolates. Highest specific activities were observed between −3 and −5 bar for the Myrica isolate and between −5 and −7.5 bar for theA. glutinosa isolate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374525
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nematodes (Longidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis loof) in growth and nodulation of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; (Actinomycetes) ; Ecology ; Hippophaë ; (Mystiflora: Elaeagnaceae) ; Longidorus ; (Nematoda: Longidoridae) ; Nodulation ; Soil ; sterization ; Vegetational succession ; Tylenchorhynchus (Nematoda: Tylenchrohynchidae)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hippophaë rhamnoides seedlings were grown in sterilized and unsterilized soil from a decliningH. rhamnoides scrub, to which different numbers ofLongidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis were added. In sterilized and unsterilized soil, retardation of growth, content of dry matter in the shoots, and incidence of deformed short lateral roots of test plants were positively correlated with counts of both nematode species. Nitrogen content in the shoots, nodulation on the roots of test plants and increase increase in nematodes were negatively correlated with the initial number of both nematode species in sterilized soil. In unsterilized soil, an unknown biotic factor was present that reduces growth ofH. rhamnoides, nodulation and multiplication of the nematodes. This factor seems to interact with the nematodes in reducing growth ofH. rhamnoides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197763
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of crop rotation and fertilization on catalase activity in a soil of the southeastern United States (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Catalase ; Ecology ; Fertilizers ; H2O2∶H2O2 oxidoreductase ; Rhizosphere effects ; Soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Catalase activity of a loamy sand under a 3-year crop rotation in the southeastern U.S.A. was monitored. Corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were the summer crops in the rotation. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted after corn, and soybean was followed by a winter fallow period. Cotton was followed by a mixture of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum Gibelli & Belli) which was eventually plow-incorporated as a green manure. Highest mean catalase activities were recorded in soil under the wheat, soybean, and winter legume crops; lowest activities were found in soil bearing corn and cotton, and during the winter fallow period. The fertilization regime influenced soil catalase activity independently of the crop. Soil deficient in any of the major elements showed low enzyme activity. Highest activity was found in soil fertilized with P and K, and with N supplied by a winter legume crop. Addition of supplementary mineral nitrogen to this regime reduced catalase activity. Elimination of the winter legume crop from an otherwise complete fertilization regime resulted in a drastic reduction in enzyme activity. In soil receiving a complete fertilization regime there was a close correlation between soil catalase and xylanase activities. A similar correlation between these two enzymes was not found in soil receiving incomplete fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185708
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  • 16
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    The determination of soil chitinase activity: Conditions for assay and ecological studies (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chitin ; Chitinase ; Chitinglycanohydrolase ; E. C. 3.2.1.14 ; Ecology ; Fertilizers ; Rhizosphere effects ; Soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chitinase activity was determined by incubating a mixture of toluene-treated soil with 1% (w/w) colloidal chitin suspension for 18 h at 37°C and then, after dilution, assaying the amount of N-acetyl-glucosamine released. Maximal chitinase activity was observed at 45°C and optimal pH for enzymatic reaction was 5.0–5.5. Soil chitinase activity decreased with increasing soil depth and was significantly affected by crop cover and fertilization regime. Chitin added to soil stimulated chitinase activity. Enzyme activity was correlated with the soil fungal population but not with numbers of actinomycetes or bacteria. A specialized mycoflora was associated with chitin decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178617
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  • 17
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    Production ecology in the Northern Baltic (1981)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 76 (1981), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecology ; production ; Gulf of Bothnia ; pelagial ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Production biology in the Bothnian Bay is discussed and compared to that of the southern parts of the Baltic. Severe ice-conditions, low water temperatures in spring and early summer and a pronounced water-colouring cause a delay of the spring development of phytoplankton and a low annual production in the Bothnian Bay. This delay makes possible a higher efficiency of the pelagic system as the zooplankton fauna can develop in harmony with the food resources. The downward transport of energy and matter to the bottom communities from an efficient pelagial should be small and temporally unpredictable, which is thought to be an adequate explanation of the observed very low benthic fauna biomasses in the Bothnian Bay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014038
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    Ecology of sessile rotifers (1980)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 73 (1980), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecology ; feeding ; invertebrate behavior ; larval biology ; Rotifer ; sessile rotifer ; substrate-dependent survivorship ; substrate selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019445
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  • 19
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    Production of brook charr and ouananiche in a large rapid, tributary of the Caniapiscau River, northern Quebec (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Salvelinus fontinalis ; Salmo salar (ouananiche) ; Ecology ; Salmonids ; Atlantic salmon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The age structures of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) and ouananiche (Salmo salar) stocks inhabiting a large rapid the river Méo, tributary to the Caniapiscau River were used to compare population stability and production of these species in north central Quebec. The brook chart stock was stable whereas ouananiche showed considerable variation in year class strength. Stock estimates were not significantly different for the two species although the brook charr estimate was 1.5 that of the ouananiche. Production estimates differed by a greater margin because of different growth patterns. Brook chair production was estimated at 19.4 kg ha−1 yr−1. Above age 2+ it was 11.4 kg ha−1 yr−1 which compares with 4.8 kg ha−1 yr−1 for the same age groups of ouananiche.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000947
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  • 20
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    Analysis of temporal changes in fish assemblages in Serpentine Creek, Queensland (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 117-133 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cycles ; Communities ; Diversity ; Ecology ; Estuary ; Multiple regressions ; Oceanography ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Time-series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis From November 1975 to April 1977 nocturnal dermersal fish were sampled fortnightly at ten sites in Serpentine Creek using a three meter beam trawl with a 3.2 cm mesh net. Forty-five species from thirty-four families were obtained totalling 14 518 individuals with the six most abundant species comprising approximately 72% of the catch. Using multiple regression techniques with Fourier transformations, the mean number of species (S) and abundance (N) of all fish were found to conform to a regular annual cyclical pattern with maxima in April and May. A trend toward declining abundances of individuals and species was present. Shannon (H′) and Gleason (G) diversity indices showed no regular seasonal trends and are considered poor indicators of pollution. In comparison with other estuarine studies at different latitudes Serpentine Creek conforms to the theory that more tropical waters have the greatest faunal diversity. Seventeen of the 22 most abundant species demonstrated a regular annual cycle of abundance. The number of species, abundance and diversity measures were greatest about 1 km from the mouth of the creek and gradually declined upstream. This was the region with highest macrobenthos diversity and with the most stable abiotic values. Temperature and/or salinity were positively correlated with the abundance of eleven species. The species were placed in five groups according to their periodic characteristics. The proportion of ‘resident’ species was low and this is consistent with Tyler's (1971) theory of temperature stabilized fish assemblages. The known biology of six species is related to their occurrence. Salinity and temperature values in the creek exhibit an annual cycle which preceeds that of Bramble Bay by approximately one month. Rainfall in the watershed was correlated with observed salinity values. It is postulated that salinity is the common feature between temperate and tropical estuaries in the maintenance of community cycles.
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    Reproductive tactics of the Asian cichlids of the genusEtroplus in Sri Lanka (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Behavior ; Ecology ; Parental care ; Reproductive cycles ; Colonial nesting ; Etroplus maculatus ; Etroplus suratensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The Asian cichlids,Etroplus maculatus (the orange chromide) and E. suratensis (the green chromide) in Sri Lanka reproduce twice during the year when water conditions are favorable for nest construction and maintaining visual contact with offspring. These are the drier premonsoonal and monsoonal seasons when water turbidity decreased and salinity increased. When breeding in isolation orange chromide pairs selected dense vegetation where nests were camouflaged. During the peak breeding cycle (July) orange chromide pairs selected sparse vegetation for nesting as a compromise between survival of young and availability of adult food. These areas were also occupied by foraging non-breeding conspecifics which increased the threat of cannibalism of offspring. Under these pressures most orange chromides nested in colonies which helped decrease both actual and attempted cannibalism. The sympatric green chromide does not forage during nesting and nest site selection was determined mainly by factors favoring offspring survival. Biparental care is exhibited by both species. One member of an orange chromide pair stands guard over offspring while the other leaves the territory to forage — their roles are reversed every few minutes. The total parental investment is equivalent to the full investment of a single parent. Monogamy appears to be maintained by their metabolic constraints. In the green chromide both parents are vigilant over offspring and neither forages thus spending twice as much time in parental investment.
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    Fluctuations in the muskellunge (Esox masquinongy Mitchill) population of Chautauqua Lake, New York (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Fish ; Ecology ; Population density ; Exploitation ; Tagging ; Catch per effort
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Population and exploitation estimates were made from angler recaptures of Chautauqua Lake muskellunge,Esox masquinongy Mitchill. Fish were tagged during Conservation Department studies in 1941–1946, 1961–1965 and 1976–1978. Population estimates of adult fish ranged from one to seven fish per hectare and angler exploitation rates of tagged fish fluctuated from 3.8% to 14.1%. Relative catch indicators suggest a major decline in the lake's muskellunge population during the last decade. Overexploitation, habitat alteration and interspecific competition with recently introduced fish species were cited as probable causes of the decline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002785
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  • 23
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    The lack of changes in nocturnal estuarine fish assemblages between new and full moon phases in Serpentine Creek, Queensland (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Australia ; Communities ; Cycles ; Diversity ; Ecology ; Estuary ; Lunar periodicity ; Migration ; Sub-tropics ; Tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis A series of 10 sites were sampled at new and full moon phases in a vertically homogenous estuary, Serpentine Creek, Queensland, Australia. Forty-five species (14,518 individuals) were caught and analysed using standardized Shannon & Gleason diversity indices, and total number of species and individuals. The coefficients of variation for these values were greater for times than for sites. There were no significant differences between 14 pairs of new and full moon phases fort,t,t, andt, or between mean number of individuals for the 16 most abundant species. If significant variations do exist within months, then experiments should be done between spring and neap tides as this study found no differences between the spring tides associated with new and full moon phases.
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    Progress report on the eel expedition of R.V. ‘Anton Dohrn’ and R.V. ‘Friedrich Heincke’ to the Sargasso Sea 1979 (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 371-375 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Anguilliformes ; Anguillidae ; Leptocephalus ; Fish larvae ; Horizontal distribution ; Vertical distribution ; Spawning area ; Migration ; Ultrasonic tracking ; Hydrography ; Ecology ; North Atlantic ; Anguilla anguilla ; A. rostrata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis This report presents preliminary results of the 1979 Sargasso Sea expedition from February to May 1979. Information is given on horizontal and vertical distribution of eel larvae and adults, adult eel tracking and pelagic trawling. Related matters such as electrophoretic studies on anguilliform larvae, feeding of eel larvae, predation on leptocephali, occurrence of other anguilliform larvae and hydrography are mentioned.
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    Thermoregulatory behavior and diel activity of yearling winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Temperature ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Fish ; Marine juveniles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Sixteen yearling winter flounder, tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes, voluntarily occupied an 8–27°C range of temperature, with a modal final thermal preferendum of 18.5°C (mean 18.7°C, median 19°C, midpoint 17.5°C, s.d. 1.9°C, S k + 0.33). The locomotor activity pattern of the yearling fish in the laboratory was markedly nocturnal, with mean hourly nocturnal activity exceeding mean hourly diurnal activity by a factor of 3.4. Maximum activity occurred at 0300 EST, minimum activity at 1400 EST. While activity generally increased with temperature, a local activity minimum occurred at 18.7°C, coinciding with the 24-hour mean final thermal preferendum. Comparison of these laboratory data with previously published field data suggest that behavioral responses to temperature and light play significant roles in determining age- and size-specific differences in seasonal depth stratification and onshore-offshore distributions in this species.
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    Observations on adults and eggs of chaoborus flavicans (Diptera: Chaoboridae) (1980)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 74 (1980), S. 195-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Adult ; Chaoborus ; copulation ; egg ; morphology ; rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adults of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (Diptera: Chaoboridae) were observed in the laboratory. Newly emerged females contained well-developed oöcytes. Copulation was successfully induced using a method originally developed for mosquitoes. Copulation also took place naturally in a cage. Females could be induced to oviposit by decapitating them. Natural deposition of 18 to 387 eggs occurred on deionized water or on oak-leaf infusion. Naturally deposited eggs were arranged in a regular pattern within a gelatinous matrix. The eggs were smoky-gray in color and translucent, allowing observation of the developing embryos.
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    Beta diversity of a Gulf of California rocky-shore fish community (1980)
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    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Bay ; Dispersal ; Ecology ; Egg type ; Fish larvae ; Islands ; Points ; Rocky habitats ; Species turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Reef fish community composition in three segments of a peninsular rocky shoreline in the Gulf of California was estimated over four periods by visual observation. ‘Point’ and ‘bay’ segments had regular and distinct species compositions over most periods while a ‘middle’ segment was least distinct but consistently had the greatest number of species. Compositional change along the peninsula was least regular during the coldest sea temperature period (April). Mean species turnover between segments was highest between point and bay. Within segments, the point had greater compositional predictable composition (lowest species turnover). When species with regular frequency of encounter were classified into ‘point’, ‘middle’, ‘bay’, and ‘no trend’ groups it was found that comparatively more ‘point’ species had pelagic eggs and comparatively more ‘bay’ species had demersal eggs. Beta diversity of rocky-shore fishes along the physical gradient of the Punta Doble peninsula reflects a transition between exposed and protected rocky shoreline communities. The correlated physical environmental characteristics associated with exposed and protected habitats are discussed in relation to diversity regulation and dispersal strategies in reef fishes.
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    Field observation on death feigning: a unique hunting behavior by the predatory cichlid, Haplochromis livingstoni, of Lake Malawi (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 361-365 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Mimicry ; Shamming death ; Africa ; Fish ; Chafing ; Predation ; Ecology ; Cyrtocara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Haplochromis (=Cyrtocara) livingstoni, one of the predatory cichlids of the sand community of Lake Malawi, Africa, occurs at a density of 1.3 individuals per hectare. They are territorial, defending areas 15 m wide by 40 m long along the interface of sand andVallisneria weed beds. Individuals use a ‘death feigning’ hunting pattern to capture prey. From a position of lying on their sides semiburied in the sand, these fish attack small cichlids. During four hours of SCUBA observations three successful attacks from this position were seen. After an attack the small cichlids scatter and the predator moves on toward a new aggregation of fish where it again plays dead. Individuals feign death an average of seven times per thirty minutes watch. Death feigning behavior is initiated in two ways. The fish either 1) is stationary with its ventral surface on or close to the sand, and then falls onto its side, or 2) drops from the water colum into `lying on side' position. The initial behavioral actions of the latter method are similar to chafing behavior. But instead of chafing the sand and rising again off the bottom, the fish plows into the sand and remains immobile. These data further add to the evidence that cichlids are remarkably flexible in their feeding behavior.
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    Patterns of abundance variation in reef fishes near an artificial reef at Guam (1982)
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    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 121-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Seasonality ; Predator-prey ; Predator interference ; Turnoverrate ; Diversity ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Development of the fish community on a submerged 16 m barge and variation in fish abundance on nearby transects were surveyed twice monthly for twenty months. A steady increase in abundance was observed for certain fishes on the barge, whereas a few species exhibited distinct seasonal variation on both the barge and transects. Most of the seasonal species settled between March and May. Some seasonal species appeared to be site selective in their settlement and consequently settled juveniles were clumped in their distribution. An abundance of preferred topographical features may be why settlement was relatively high at the study site and indirectly why predators became significantly (r3 = 7.67***, N = 37) more abundant at the study area during the months of maximum prey settlement. Concurrent settlement of several species during the same few months may be important because juveniles become an abundant food source to predators during those few months only. Periodic swamping of predators by abundant juvenile prey may improve the chances for individuals of rarer prey species to be overlooked and therefore be succesfully recruited.
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    Biology of the southern brook lamprey,Ichthyomyzon gagei (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 305-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Adult ; Ammocoetes ; Fecundity ; Growth ; Metamorphosis ; Morphometrics ; Spawning ; Temperature ; Cyclostomata ; Petromyzoniformes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Larval, metamorphosing and adult representatives of the southern brook lamprey,Ichthyomyzon gagei, were collected from Choclafaula Creek in Alabama to provide information on aspects of its life cycle. The proportional length of the prebranchial, branchial, trunk and tail regions changed throughout larval life in a pattern similar to that demonstrated in other lampreys. Body depth changed also throughout much of larval life. Oral disc, dorsal fin height, and eye diameter increased through all or most of metamorphosis and the adult interval. Length-frequency curves for larvae indicate a larval life of 3 1/4–4 1/4 years. Growth rate, reflected by change in total length, was constant throughout the year for each age group. Sex ratio of larvalI. gagei was 1♂: 1.02♀. Metamorphosis is initiated in early September and is completed between early February and mid March. Adult 1. gagei spawn between mid April and early May. The number of oocytes ranged from 820–2485 between 95–150 mm total length. The maximum gonadosomic ratio in males was 17.1 and 26.3% in females.
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    Resiliency of reef fish communities in the Florida Keys following a January 1977 hypothermal fish kill (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 9 (1983), S. 41-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Artificial reefs ; Competition ; Intermediate disturbance ; Ecology ; Mortality ; Predation ; Recruitment ; Stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis In January 1977, a record breaking cold spell caused fish kills at Big Pine Key, Florida. Census data collected before and after the cold spell from a series of model reefs constructed in 1975 showed a significant drop in mean number of reef fish species and individuals. Following this disturbance, high recruitment of juveniles occurred, presumably due to reduced competition, predation, or a combination of these. Model and natural patch reef communities examined the summer following the cold spell (1977) were significantly different from those examined the summer before (1976) and the second summer following the cold spell (1978). During the summer of 1977, a significantly smaller mean fish size and a significantly greater mean number of species and individuals were observed. Increased species richness following the cold spell is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Contrary to some theoretical predictions, results suggest reef fish communities are highly resilient to some regional disturbance.
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    Occurrence and infective potential of the endophyte ofHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.rhamnoides in coastal sand-dune areas (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 123-139 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Ecology ; Endophyte distribution ; Hippophaë rhamnoides ; Infective potential ; Nodulation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The infective potential (IP) of nodule homogenates from field-grownHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.rhamnoides was determined by counting the number of nodules formed on test plants after inoculation with various dilutions of the homogenates. The IP was almost constant,i.e. 105 to 106 per gram of fresh nodule material. Methods to store nodule material without loss of IP were tested. The IP of air-dried nodule powders stored at 6°C hardly decreased during a period of more than a year. Data are presented on the IP of soil samples from sites representing various stages of dune formation. BeforeH. rhamnoides appeared, the IP was low: 1 to 36 nodules were formed on test plants per kg of soil. This low IP was due to low numbers of infective endophyte particles in these soils. During the succession of theH. rhamnoides scrub, the IP of the soil increased, due to the increase in the number of endophyte particles in the soil. Gradually, however, nodulation was limited by other environmental factors. The nature of these factors is discussed.
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    Populations ofRhizobium japonicum associated with the surfaces of soil-grown roots (1981)
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    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 71-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fluorescent antibody ; Immunofluorescence ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizosphere ; Root surfaces ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of nativeRhizobium japonicum 123 in the rhizospheres of field and pot grown plants as determined by immunofluorescence were calculated on the basis of root surface area. The density ofR. japonicum 123 on the root fluctuated between a few hundred to over a thousand per square centimeter of root surface. As root volume expanded rapidly, the Rhizobium density fell to less than one hundred per unit area. There was no appreciable effect due to different plant, nitrogen amendment, or addition of another strain ofR. japonicum, on the surface density of the nativeR. japonicum population on roots. Nor did the native population influence the added strain. Direct examination of root surface segments revealed that naturalized rhizobia existed sparsely on root surfaces in the form of short rods. They were observed to be attached sideways or in a polar manner on root hairs, epidermal cells, and at junctions of tap and lateral roots. There was no evidence of specific stimulation of the homologous Rhizobium by the host plant as a prelude to nodulation.
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    Life history of the gulf darter, Etheostoma swaini (Pisces: Percidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 11 (1984), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Habitat ; Feeding ; Age ; Growth ; Reproduction ; Mississippi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Etheostoma swaini, the gulf darter, was collected from the Black Creek drainage in southern Mississippi (February 1978 – April 1979). The gulf darter generally inhabits small- to moderate-size creeks and occurs over a sand or sandy mud bottom, often in association with aquatic vegetation or a layer of organic debris. Larval dipterans were the most important food items, both numerically and volumetrically. Chironomids were found in 71–100% of the stomachs in all except the unusual March 16 collection. The length frequency distribution and the scale annuli analysis indicated there were three year-classes present in the population at any one time. Fifty-one percent of the specimens taken were less than 12 months old. During the mid-February to late March spawning season gulf darters were most often collected over clean gravel or gravelsand substrates. Laboratory observations suggest that the female burrows into the gravel where the demersal, adhesive eggs are deposited. Female gulf darters significantly outnumbered males at a ratio of 59:41.
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    Early development of the northern logperch, Percina caprodes semifasciata, according to the theory of saltatory ontogeny (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 11 (1984), S. 173-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Percidae ; Etheostomatini ; Darters ; Ecomorphology ; Embryology ; Ecology ; Early life history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The early development of northern logperch, Percina caprodes semifasciata, was examined from an ecological perspective and in relation to the theory of saltatory ontogeny. Steps, the intervals of relative homeostasis, separated by thresholds, rapid switches to new form and function resulting from canalization of changes in the preceeding step, are described and related to environmental factors. Adaptive shifts in growth allometries provided further evidence of the saltatory nature of ontogeny. Logperch eggs are small (1.2 mm diameter), demersal, and adhesive. The simple embryonic respiratory system reflects high oxygen availability on the lotic spawning grounds. Hatching occurs early, relative to other darters, and free embryos are pelagic. The small free embryos presumably drift downstream to lentic areas, where small planktonic food is more abundant. Logperch are therefore nonguarding, open substrate spawning lithopelagophils and, along with other Percina species, have not advanced from ancestral percid reproductive styles. Percina species have generally remained in ancestral habitats-rivers and lakes. The close correlation between developmental patterns of logperch and environmental factors is therefore interpreted as a restriction based on retention of ancestral characteristics, not as evidence of novel adaptations to new habitats.
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    Early development of the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, according to the theory of saltatory ontogeny (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 11 (1984), S. 277-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Percidae ; Etheostomatini ; Ecomorphology ; Embryology ; Ecology ; Early life history ; Heterochrony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The early development of rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, was examined from an ecological perspective. Steps and thresholds of ontogeny to completion of body squammation are defined, and related to environmental factors. Rainbow darter eggs are about 2 mm diameter, considerably larger than those of related logperch (Percina caprodes). The embryonic vitelline respiratory plexus is much more extensive. The pelagic interval characteristic of logperch and ancestral percids is eliminated and onset of exogenous feeding is delayed. The larger larvae of the rainbow darter can begin feeding directly on aquatic insects, and complete their life cycle in streams. Therefore, shifts in the timing of important thresholds (e.g. exogenous feeding) are ecologically important. Furthermore, early maturation and/or delayed bone and scale formation may be responsible for reductions in the lateralis system and scalation in this and other darter species.
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    Seasonality in habitat selection by the gold color morph of Cichlasoma citrinellum and its relevance to sympatric speciation in the family Cichlidae (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cichlid ; Ecology ; Behavior ; Evolution ; Tropics ; Polymorphism ; Central America ; Lake Malawi ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Cichlasoma citrinellum is a polymorphic species whose individual coloration varies from the dark grey markings typical of the species to yellow, orange, and red. In Lake Jiloá, Nicaragua the depth distribution of these latter, nongrey, golden morphs shows dramatic seasonal variation. In the height of the dry season in February over 50% of the gold morphs occur above 9 m, but as the breeding season approaches they migrate deeper such that less than 7% of the gold population occurs above 9 m at the onset of the breeding season. During the rainy season when breeding occurs most of the gold morphs occur below 15 m. It appears that gold morphs ‘voluntarily’ move into deeper water to breed rather than being aggressively forced deeper by larger, territorial grey morphs as was implied in an earlier paper (McKaye & Barlow 1976). Since the morphs of this species assortatively mate and select different habitats in which to breed, future sympatric splitting of this species is possible. Likely examples of sympatric speciation and of incipient speciation in the family Cichlidae are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000953
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence and intensity ofCapillaria catostomi (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in southern Lake Huron, Canada (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Fish ; Nematode ; Populations ; Life cycle ; Host factors ; Ecology ; Parasites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis A total of 314 white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) taken monthly during May to December 1975 and in April and May 1976 from southern Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada, were examined forCapillaria catostomi. Prevalence determined from fresh white suckers (66%) was significantly lower than from frozen white suckers (81%). However, there was no significant difference in prevalence ofC. catostomi in samples taken at monthly intervals; in male and female white suckers; or in the age categories. Mean intensity of infection was not significantly different in fresh (9.6 [± 13.41]) or frozen (10.4 [± 13.11]) white suckers. There was no significant difference in intensities between monthly samples in male and female white suckers or in the age categories. Suckers were infected with 1–172 worms. The percentage of male, female and immature worms did not change with sex or age of host or by month. The frequency distribution showed the parasites were overdispersed. A possible life cycle forC. catostomi involving an oligochaete intermediate host is discussed and an attempt made to explain the almost constant levels of prevalence and intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005362
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bionomics and health importance of fowl tickArgas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818) (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Argas persicus ; Bionomics ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fowl tickArgas (Persicargas) persicus occurs in warm areas of Slovakia, where its distribution is limited by the 650–700 mm annual average isohyet and the +8° C annual average isotherm. In Slovakia, larvae hatch from spring to autumn, and nymphal and adult moultings occur chiefly in July and August. Larvae feed for four days, nymphs and adults for less than one hour. The tick develops and reproduces during the warm season in the wild but throughout the year under favourable laboratory conditions in which the life cycle requires 17 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931982
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    [Perspective] How much biodiversity loss is too much? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Butterfly communities under threat (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Butterflies are better documented and monitored worldwide than any other nonpest taxon of insects (1). In the United Kingdom alone, volunteer recorders have sampled more than 750,000 km of repeat transects since 1976, equivalent to walking to the Moon and back counting butterflies (2). Such programs are revealing regional extinctions and population declines that began before 1900 (3, 4). In a recent study, Habel et al. report a similar story based on inventories of butterflies and burnet moths since 1840 in a protected area in Bavaria, Germany (5). The results reveal severe species losses: Scarce, specialized butterflies have largely disappeared, leaving ecosystems dominated by common generalist ones. Similar trends are seen across Europe (6) and beyond, with protected areas failing to conserve many species for which they were once famed. Author: Jeremy A. Thomas
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] This is no time to be a butterfly (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Can Apulia's olive trees be saved? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: On 21 October 2013, the Italian phytosanitary service notified the European Commission (EC) that the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa had been detected in olive trees near Gallipoli, a tourist destination in Italy's southern region of Apulia (1). This xylem-limited bacterium is spread by insect vectors and causes disease in crops such as grapevines, citrus, coffee, and almond; various ornamentals; and trees such as oaks, elms, and sycamores. Because of the risks of X. fastidiosa being introduced, established, and spread throughout Europe, this species is a regulated quarantine pest. Yet, X. fastidiosa has been left unchecked and has marched northward, leaving destruction in its wake (see the photo) (2). The establishment of X. fastidiosa in Italy has been an agricultural, environmental, political, and cultural disaster. Author: Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Olive quick decline syndrome (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] An unhappy peace dividend (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Recent dives into Colombia's Cartagena Bay have revealed an unusually resilient coral reef thriving in the polluted waters. But the reef faces a threat: an end to Colombia's decades-long guerrilla war. The government is on the verge of inking a peace deal with its main adversary, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC. Experts expect peace to lead to a development boom, threatening ecosystems all over the country with deforestation and runoff. A new shipping lane is planned for Cartagena Bay, and construction will mean dredging right through the reef. Researchers believe studying the reef's resiliency could help struggling corals around the world and are racing to collect samples before it's too late. Author: Lizzie Wade
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Thermal trouble in the tropics (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Early Victorian naturalists marveled at the profusion of diversity they encountered as they traveled from temperate to tropical latitudes. The inverse relationship between latitude and species richness that these naturalists first observed is now referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. Various ecological and evolutionary explanations have been proposed for the latitudinal diversity gradient. Of these, perhaps none are more relevant to contemporary conservation issues than Janzen's hypothesis of latitudinal differences in species' climatic tolerances and thermal selectivity (1). On page 1437 of this issue, Chan et al. (2) advance Janzen's early theories by elucidating some of the potential selective pressures imposed by climate and climate variability. Authors: Timothy M. Perez, James T. Stroud, Kenneth J. Feeley
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] How frigate birds soar around the doldrums (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: In 1492, Columbus encountered frigate birds while en route to the New World and noted that the bird “does not alight on the sea nor depart from land 20 leagues” (1). Columbus observed correctly that frigate birds do not land on the sea, but he severely underestimated how far some frigate birds fly from land. On page 74 of this issue, Weimerskirch et al. (2) show that great frigate birds (Fregata minor) reduce transit costs by riding strong thermal updrafts beneath or inside cumulus clouds and then gliding long distances to another thermal, searching for food along the way. By exploiting cumulus clouds and trade winds in the Indian Ocean, the birds forage around the doldrums, a largely windless zone. Authors: Raymond B. Huey, Curtis Deutsch
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] How climate change affects plants' sex lives (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Climate change affects wild plant species across their geographical ranges. Studies at the margins of species' ranges reveal upslope expansion, low-elevation range contraction, and, in some cases, a lack of geographic response to climate change (1). However, all populations, including those in the core of species' ranges, are subject to climate-driven natural selection that promotes adaptation to a warmer world (2). Theoretical models show that coupled spatial and temporal responses of populations can mediate the negative effects of climate change (3, 4), but it remains unclear whether these processes can occur fast enough to rescue populations from extinction (5). On page 69 of this issue, Petry et al. (6) report rapid spatial and temporal change in plant sex ratios in response to changing climatic conditions. These changes could facilitate geographic range shifts in the montane perennial herb valerian (Valeriana edulis). Authors: Julie R. Etterson, Susan J. Mazer
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] Scientists split on Oregon old-growth forest plan (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-13
    Description: New rules governing 1 million hectares of federal forestland in the Pacific Northwest are rekindling a bit of the old-growth timber wars of the late 20th century. The changes announced by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) on 5 August have environmentalists charging that it rolls back important habitat protections contained in the 1994 Northwest Forest Plan. That plan severely curtailed logging on 10 million hectares of federal lands in the name of protecting forests and species, including the northern spotted owl. Meanwhile, Oregon counties that get timber revenue from BLM land charge that the agency is still restricting logging too much. Some scientists are siding with the environmental groups, whereas others say the new approach is an advance that rests on science that has emerged over the last 2 decades. The outcome of this debate could set the stage for changes by the U.S. Forest Service, which controls most of the land covered by the 1994 plan. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [In Depth] Blind cave fish may provide insights into human health (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Degenerated retinas, globs of liver fat, wildly fluctuating blood sugar and insulin levels—all can spell trouble for people. But they are a way of life for Astyanax mexicanus, better known as the blind cave fish or Mexican tetra. For decades, biologists have studied these pale 6-centimeter-long fish to understand the ecological and evolutionary effects of subterranean life. Now, some researchers argue that the fishes' adaptations can shed light on human diseases including retinal degeneration and diabetes. And results presented last week at the 2016 International Conference on Subterranean Biology back up that view. The U.S. National Institutes of Health sees promise in cave fish as well, having agreed to fund the work of several cave fish biologists. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Ancient grasslands at risk (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: Concerns over deforestation have led to attempts to identify suitable areas for reforestation around the world (1). The most ambitious effort to date is the World Resources Institute (WRI) Atlas of Forest and Landscape Restoration Opportunities (1). This map is linked to a global plan to reforest degraded lands to offset anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The immediate target is the reforestation of 1.5 million km2 by 2020 (2, 3). Vast areas of open grassy vegetation have been identified as suitable for reforestation. But are all these grasslands secondary products of deforestations? Recent research shows that grasslands are often ancient and highly biodiverse, but it remains difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary grasslands on a large scale. Reforestation efforts thus risk converting ancient tropical grasslands to plantations. Author: William J. Bond
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Reforest with care (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Soil immune responses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Soil microorganisms are central to the provision of food, feed, fiber, and medicine. Engineering of soil microbiomes may promote plant growth and plant health, thus contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability (1, 2). However, little is known about most soil microorganisms and their impact on plant health. Disease-suppressive soils offer microbiome-mediated protection of crop plants against infections by soil-borne pathogens. Understanding of the microbial consortia and mechanisms involved in disease suppression may help to better manage plants while reducing fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Authors: Jos M. Raaijmakers, Mark Mazzola
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Soils to the rescue (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Ecologically relevant data are policy-relevant data (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: History tells us that the motivation for new environmental policy is much stronger when there is demonstrated ecological impact. Multinational agreements to stop the use of DDT followed the precipitous decline of predatory bird populations. Similarly, decisions to regulate emissions to prevent acid rain followed widespread degradation of aquatic habitats. Ideally, environmental policy should be catalyzed by scientific evidence rather than environmental catastrophe. As scientists, we can do our part by providing evidence that is relevant to the natural environment. On page 1213 of this issue, Lönnstedt and Eklöv (1) take an important step forward in this regard by reporting ecologically relevant evidence on a growing environmental issue: microplastic pollution. Author: Chelsea M. Rochman
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Look to the locals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Species turnover promotes the importance of bee diversity for crop pollination at regional scales (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Ecologists have shown through hundreds of experiments that ecological communities with more species produce higher levels of essential ecosystem functions such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, and pollination, but whether this finding holds in nature (that is, in large-scale and unmanipulated systems) is controversial. This knowledge gap is troubling because ecosystem services have been widely adopted as a justification for global biodiversity conservation. Here we show that, to provide crop pollination in natural systems, the number of bee species must increase by at least one order of magnitude compared with that in field experiments. This increase is driven by species turnover and its interaction with functional dominance, mechanisms that emerge only at large scales. Our results show that maintaining ecosystem services in nature requires many species, including relatively rare ones.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Rising bedrock may delay ice sheet collapse (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Ecology
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    A continental system for forecasting bird migration (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Billions of animals cross the globe each year during seasonal migrations, but efforts to monitor them are hampered by the unpredictability of their movements. We developed a bird migration forecast system at a continental scale by leveraging 23 years of spring observations to identify associations between atmospheric conditions and bird migration intensity. Our models explained up to 81% of variation in migration intensity across the United States at altitudes of 0 to 3000 meters, and performance remained high in forecasting events 1 to 7 days in advance (62 to 76% of variation was explained). Avian migratory movements across the United States likely exceed 500 million individuals per night during peak passage. Bird migration forecasts will reduce collisions with buildings, airplanes, and wind turbines; inform a variety of monitoring efforts; and engage the public.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Response to Comment on "Unexpected reversal of C3 versus C4 grass response to elevated CO2 during a 20-year field experiment" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Nie and colleagues suggest a key role for interannual climate variation as an explanation for the temporal dynamics of an unexpected 20-year reversal of biomass responses of C 3 -C 4 grasses to elevated CO 2 . However, we had already identified some climate-dependent differences in C 3 and C 4 responses to eCO 2 and shown that these could not fully explain the temporal dynamics we observed.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Classic wolf-moose study to be restarted on Isle Royale (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Tree diversity improves forest productivity (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Impacts of species richness on productivity in a large-scale subtropical forest experiment (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Biodiversity experiments have shown that species loss reduces ecosystem functioning in grassland. To test whether this result can be extrapolated to forests, the main contributors to terrestrial primary productivity, requires large-scale experiments. We manipulated tree species richness by planting more than 150,000 trees in plots with 1 to 16 species. Simulating multiple extinction scenarios, we found that richness strongly increased stand-level productivity. After 8 years, 16-species mixtures had accumulated over twice the amount of carbon found in average monocultures and similar amounts as those of two commercial monocultures. Species richness effects were strongly associated with functional and phylogenetic diversity. A shrub addition treatment reduced tree productivity, but this reduction was smaller at high shrub species richness. Our results encourage multispecies afforestation strategies to restore biodiversity and mitigate climate change.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Antarctic ice melt 125,000 years ago offers warning (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Book Review] Back to nature (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Imagine a chain of uninterrupted wild landscapes spanning the savannas and forests of southern and central Africa, the woodlands of Poland and Belarus, and the tropical forests of Central and South America. By committing half of the planet's terrestrial and marine surface to nature, Edward O. Wilson believes that we can save millions of species, as well as humanity. This is Wilson's audacious proposal to stave off the coming biological apocalypse, the sixth mass extinction event, which he outlines in Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life. Author: Christine J. Griffiths
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Living sentinels for climate change effects (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Humans have long used animals as sentinels for threats to their own well-being. Canaries in coal mines are a classic example. On a global scale, studies of birds were key to detecting environmental problems caused by the excessive use of pesticides (1, 2). The recent loss of up to 98% of some vulture populations highlights the widespread dangerous effects of diclofenac use in cattle (3). Bee populations, sentinels for global insect losses, are also declining owing to the combined stress from pesticides and other environmental changes caused by humans, resulting in a widespread loss of pollination services (4). On page 819 of this issue, van Gils et al. (5) highlight another global ecological warning sign, this time linked to Arctic warming. They show that long-term changes in the body architecture of Arctic wading birds can affect their survival in their tropical wintering range. Authors: Martin Wikelski, Grigori Tertitski
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [In Depth] El Niño's warmth devastating reefs worldwide (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Even as recently as early March, Australian coral reef scientists still hoped that the legendary Great Barrier Reef (GBR) would get off lightly in the current El Niño, the climate phenomenon that brings unusually warm water to the equatorial Pacific, stressing and often killing corals. No such luck. On 20 March, the GBR Marine Park Authority in Townsville, Australia, reported that divers were finding extensive coral bleaching—the loss of symbiotic algae—in remote northern areas of the reef. Many sections were already dead. Subsequent flyover surveys have confirmed an unfolding disaster, with only four of 520 reefs appearing unscathed. The GBR joins a lengthening list of reefs bleached because of the El Niño that started in late 2014. It is now the longest bleaching event ever, and many more corals worldwide will likely die. Author: Dennis Normile
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Underground networking (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: Almost all land plants, including most trees, shrubs, and herbs, form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi (1). These soil fungi acquire nutrients that they transfer to their plant hosts in exchange for carbon (see the photo). Plants in natural vegetation can acquire up to 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus from their mycorrhizal associates (2). Individual mycorrhizal fungi can simultaneously colonize many plant hosts of the same species or different species. As a result, plants in natural communities are interconnected by mycorrhizal networks. Earlier studies with small tree seedlings revealed that carbon is transferred from one plant to another through these underground mycorrhizal pipelines (3). On page 342 of this issue, Klein et al. (4) show that interplant carbon transfer is not confined to tree seedlings. Author: Marcel G. A. van der Heijden
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Endangered species recovery: A resource allocation problem (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-19
    Keywords: Ecology
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    A nature-friendly matrix (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-19
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The ecology of an olfactory trap (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The future of farming (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Animals count (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Space laser to map trees in 3D (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Control freaks (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Learning to migrate (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Protected yet pressured (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-18
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-18
    Description: In an era of massive biodiversity loss, the greatest conservation success story has been the growth of protected land globally. Protected areas are the primary defense against biodiversity loss, but extensive human activity within their boundaries can undermine this. Using the most comprehensive global map of human pressure, we show that 6 million square kilometers (32.8%) of protected land is under intense human pressure. For protected areas designated before the Convention on Biological Diversity was ratified in 1992, 55% have since experienced human pressure increases. These increases were lowest in large, strict protected areas, showing that they are potentially effective, at least in some nations. Transparent reporting on human pressure within protected areas is now critical, as are global targets aimed at efforts required to halt biodiversity loss.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Comment on "Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-25
    Description: LaManna et al . (Reports, 30 June 2017, p. 1389) found higher conspecific negative density dependence in tree communities at lower latitudes, yielding a possible mechanistic explanation for the latitudinal diversity gradient. We show that their results are artifacts of a selective data transformation and a forced zero intercept in their fitted model. A corrected analysis shows no latitudinal trend.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Response to Comment on "Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-25
    Description: Chisholm and Fung claim that our method of estimating conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) in recruitment is systematically biased, and present an alternative method that shows no latitudinal pattern in CNDD. We demonstrate that their approach produces strongly biased estimates of CNDD, explaining why they do not detect a latitudinal pattern. We also address their methodological concerns using an alternative distance-weighted approach, which supports our original findings of a latitudinal gradient in CNDD and a latitudinal shift in the relationship between CNDD and species abundance.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Pesticide affects social behavior of bees (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the Lower Mekong Basin" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-13
    Description: Sabo et al . (Research Articles, 8 December 2017, p. 1270) use sophisticated analyses of flow and fishery data from the Lower Mekong Basin to design a "good" hydrograph that, if implemented by planned hydropower dams, would increase the catch by a factor of 3.7. However, the hydrograph is not implementable, and, if it were, it would devastate the fishery. Further, the analyses are questionable.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Combating deforestation: From satellite to intervention (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Ecology
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    HUMAN IMPACTS. The unique ecology of human predators (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Paradigms of sustainable exploitation focus on population dynamics of prey and yields to humanity but ignore the behavior of humans as predators. We compared patterns of predation by contemporary hunters and fishers with those of other predators that compete over shared prey (terrestrial mammals and marine fishes). Our global survey (2125 estimates of annual finite exploitation rate) revealed that humans kill adult prey, the reproductive capital of populations, at much higher median rates than other predators (up to 14 times higher), with particularly intense exploitation of terrestrial carnivores and fishes. Given this competitive dominance, impacts on predators, and other unique predatory behavior, we suggest that humans function as an unsustainable "super predator," which-unless additionally constrained by managers-will continue to alter ecological and evolutionary processes globally.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Darimont, Chris T -- Fox, Caroline H -- Bryan, Heather M -- Reimchen, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):858-60. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. Hakai Institute, Post Office Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada. darimont@uvic.ca. ; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. ; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. Hakai Institute, Post Office Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada. ; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3060, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Consumer Behavior ; Ecology ; Fishes ; Humans ; Mammals/psychology ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction
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    FOOD SCIENCE. Designing a sustainable diet (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merrigan, Kathleen -- Griffin, Timothy -- Wilde, Parke -- Robien, Kimberly -- Goldberg, Jeanne -- Dietz, William -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 9;350(6257):165-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aab2031. Epub 2015 Oct 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. kmerrigan@gwu.edu. ; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. ; Milken Institute School of Public Health, the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26429883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Diet/*standards ; Food Assistance ; Food Technology/*standards ; Humans ; *Nutrition Policy ; United States
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    BRAIN NETWORKS. Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: During rest, brain activity is synchronized between different regions widely distributed throughout the brain, forming functional networks. However, the molecular mechanisms supporting functional connectivity remain undefined. We show that functional brain networks defined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging can be recapitulated by using measures of correlated gene expression in a post mortem brain tissue data set. The set of 136 genes we identify is significantly enriched for ion channels. Polymorphisms in this set of genes significantly affect resting-state functional connectivity in a large sample of healthy adolescents. Expression levels of these genes are also significantly associated with axonal connectivity in the mouse. The results provide convergent, multimodal evidence that resting-state functional networks correlate with the orchestrated activity of dozens of genes linked to ion channel activity and synaptic function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richiardi, Jonas -- Altmann, Andre -- Milazzo, Anna-Clare -- Chang, Catie -- Chakravarty, M Mallar -- Banaschewski, Tobias -- Barker, Gareth J -- Bokde, Arun L W -- Bromberg, Uli -- Buchel, Christian -- Conrod, Patricia -- Fauth-Buhler, Mira -- Flor, Herta -- Frouin, Vincent -- Gallinat, Jurgen -- Garavan, Hugh -- Gowland, Penny -- Heinz, Andreas -- Lemaitre, Herve -- Mann, Karl F -- Martinot, Jean-Luc -- Nees, Frauke -- Paus, Tomas -- Pausova, Zdenka -- Rietschel, Marcella -- Robbins, Trevor W -- Smolka, Michael N -- Spanagel, Rainer -- Strohle, Andreas -- Schumann, Gunter -- Hawrylycz, Mike -- Poline, Jean-Baptiste -- Greicius, Michael D -- IMAGEN consortium -- 93558/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 MH085772-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01NS073498/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 EB020403/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1241-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1255905. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Laboratory of Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. jonas.richiardi@unige.ch greicius@stanford.edu. ; Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; The War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. ; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada. Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. ; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada. ; Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Neurospin, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France. ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. ; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. ; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, France. INSERM Unit 1000 at Maison de Solenn, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Cochin Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. ; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. ; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. ; Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany. ; Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK. ; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA. ; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. ; Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. jonas.richiardi@unige.ch greicius@stanford.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Ion Channels/*genetics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mice ; Nerve Net/metabolism/*physiology ; Neural Pathways/metabolism/physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Rest/*physiology ; Synapses/metabolism/physiology ; *Transcriptome ; Young Adult
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    PUBLIC ATTITUDES. Politics doesn't always rule (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 3;349(6243):16. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6243.16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age Factors ; Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; *Attitude ; Data Collection ; Female ; Global Warming ; Humans ; Nuclear Energy ; Politics ; *Public Opinion ; *Research ; Sex Factors ; United States
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    Democratizing education? Examining access and usage patterns in massive open online courses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-20
    Description: Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are often characterized as remedies to educational disparities related to social class. Using data from 68 MOOCs offered by Harvard and MIT between 2012 and 2014, we found that course participants from the United States tended to live in more-affluent and better-educated neighborhoods than the average U.S. resident. Among those who did register for courses, students with greater socioeconomic resources were more likely to earn a certificate. Furthermore, these differences in MOOC access and completion were larger for adolescents and young adults, the traditional ages where people find on-ramps into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) coursework and careers. Our findings raise concerns that MOOCs and similar approaches to online learning can exacerbate rather than reduce disparities in educational outcomes related to socioeconomic status.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, John D -- Reich, Justin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1245-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3782. Epub 2015 Dec 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. john_hansen@mail.harvard.edu. ; Office of Digital Learning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Career Choice ; Certification/*methods ; Education, Distance/*methods ; Engineering/education ; Humans ; Internet ; Learning ; Mathematics/education ; *Online Systems ; Science/education ; *Social Class ; Students ; Technology/education ; United States ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Immunogenicity of somatic mutations in human gastrointestinal cancers (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-01
    Description: It is unknown whether the human immune system frequently mounts a T cell response against mutations expressed by common epithelial cancers. Using a next-generation sequencing approach combined with high-throughput immunologic screening, we demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from 9 out of 10 patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers contained CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells that recognized one to three neo-epitopes derived from somatic mutations expressed by the patient's own tumor. There were no immunogenic epitopes shared between these patients. However, we identified in one patient a human leukocyte antigen-C*08:02-restricted T cell receptor from CD8(+) TILs that targeted the KRAS(G12D) hotspot driver mutation found in many human cancers. Thus, a high frequency of patients with common gastrointestinal cancers harbor immunogenic mutations that can potentially be exploited for the development of highly personalized immunotherapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tran, Eric -- Ahmadzadeh, Mojgan -- Lu, Yong-Chen -- Gros, Alena -- Turcotte, Simon -- Robbins, Paul F -- Gartner, Jared J -- Zheng, Zhili -- Li, Yong F -- Ray, Satyajit -- Wunderlich, John R -- Somerville, Robert P -- Rosenberg, Steven A -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 11;350(6266):1387-90. doi: 10.1126/science.aad1253. Epub 2015 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. sar@mail.nih.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/*immunology/therapy ; HLA-C Antigens/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics/immunology ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Precision Medicine/methods ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; ras Proteins/genetics/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomic correlates of response to CTLA-4 blockade in metastatic melanoma (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: Monoclonal antibodies directed against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), such as ipilimumab, yield considerable clinical benefit for patients with metastatic melanoma by inhibiting immune checkpoint activity, but clinical predictors of response to these therapies remain incompletely characterized. To investigate the roles of tumor-specific neoantigens and alterations in the tumor microenvironment in the response to ipilimumab, we analyzed whole exomes from pretreatment melanoma tumor biopsies and matching germline tissue samples from 110 patients. For 40 of these patients, we also obtained and analyzed transcriptome data from the pretreatment tumor samples. Overall mutational load, neoantigen load, and expression of cytolytic markers in the immune microenvironment were significantly associated with clinical benefit. However, no recurrent neoantigen peptide sequences predicted responder patient populations. Thus, detailed integrated molecular characterization of large patient cohorts may be needed to identify robust determinants of response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Allen, Eliezer M -- Miao, Diana -- Schilling, Bastian -- Shukla, Sachet A -- Blank, Christian -- Zimmer, Lisa -- Sucker, Antje -- Hillen, Uwe -- Foppen, Marnix H Geukes -- Goldinger, Simone M -- Utikal, Jochen -- Hassel, Jessica C -- Weide, Benjamin -- Kaehler, Katharina C -- Loquai, Carmen -- Mohr, Peter -- Gutzmer, Ralf -- Dummer, Reinhard -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Wu, Catherine J -- Schadendorf, Dirk -- Garraway, Levi A -- U54 HG003067/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 9;350(6257):207-11. doi: 10.1126/science.aad0095. Epub 2015 Sep 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium(DKTK), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center(DKTK), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany. Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center(DKTK), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, University Medical Center, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany. ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany. ; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany. ; Department of Dermatology, Elbe-Kliniken, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany. ; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Hannover, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium(DKTK), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany. levi_garraway@dfci.harvard.edu dirk.schadendorf@uk-essen.de. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. levi_garraway@dfci.harvard.edu dirk.schadendorf@uk-essen.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26359337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Antigens, Neoplasm/*genetics ; *Biomarkers, Pharmacological ; CTLA-4 Antigen/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics/immunology ; Cohort Studies ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Exome ; Female ; Genomics ; HLA Antigens/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Melanoma/*drug therapy/*genetics/secondary ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Skin Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*genetics/pathology ; Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects/immunology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Love knows no boundaries (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fadri-Moskwik, Maria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 10;348(6231):254. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6231.254.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Maria Fadri-Moskwik is a cellular and molecular biologist and most recently a clinical assistant professor at Washington State University, Spokane. For more on life and careers, visit ScienceCareers.org. Send your story to SciCareerEditor@aaas.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; Ecology ; *Marriage ; Molecular Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Antibodies targeting CTLA-4 have been successfully used as cancer immunotherapy. We find that the antitumor effects of CTLA-4 blockade depend on distinct Bacteroides species. In mice and patients, T cell responses specific for B. thetaiotaomicron or B. fragilis were associated with the efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade. Tumors in antibiotic-treated or germ-free mice did not respond to CTLA blockade. This defect was overcome by gavage with B. fragilis, by immunization with B. fragilis polysaccharides, or by adoptive transfer of B. fragilis-specific T cells. Fecal microbial transplantation from humans to mice confirmed that treatment of melanoma patients with antibodies against CTLA-4 favored the outgrowth of B. fragilis with anticancer properties. This study reveals a key role for Bacteroidales in the immunostimulatory effects of CTLA-4 blockade.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721659/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721659/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vetizou, Marie -- Pitt, Jonathan M -- Daillere, Romain -- Lepage, Patricia -- Waldschmitt, Nadine -- Flament, Caroline -- Rusakiewicz, Sylvie -- Routy, Bertrand -- Roberti, Maria P -- Duong, Connie P M -- Poirier-Colame, Vichnou -- Roux, Antoine -- Becharef, Sonia -- Formenti, Silvia -- Golden, Encouse -- Cording, Sascha -- Eberl, Gerard -- Schlitzer, Andreas -- Ginhoux, Florent -- Mani, Sridhar -- Yamazaki, Takahiro -- Jacquelot, Nicolas -- Enot, David P -- Berard, Marion -- Nigou, Jerome -- Opolon, Paule -- Eggermont, Alexander -- Woerther, Paul-Louis -- Chachaty, Elisabeth -- Chaput, Nathalie -- Robert, Caroline -- Mateus, Christina -- Kroemer, Guido -- Raoult, Didier -- Boneca, Ivo Gomperts -- Carbonnel, Franck -- Chamaillard, Mathias -- Zitvogel, Laurence -- R01 CA161879/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1079-84. doi: 10.1126/science.aad1329. Epub 2015 Nov 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France. University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin-Bicetre, France. ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Micalis-UMR1319, 78360 Jouy-en-Josas, France. ; University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunite de Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France. Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 1428, Villejuif, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France. University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 1428, Villejuif, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France. Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, NY, USA. ; Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. ; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. ; Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. Metabolomics Platform, GRCC, Villejuif, France. ; Animalerie Centrale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France. Universite de Toulouse, Universite Paul Sabatier, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France. Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. ; Service de microbiologie, GRCC, Villejuif, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, UMS 3655 CNRS/US 23 INSERM, GRCC, Villejuif, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. INSERM U981, GRCC, Villejuif, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. ; Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. Metabolomics Platform, GRCC, Villejuif, France. INSERM U848, Villejuif, France. Equipe 11 Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, France. Pole de Biologie, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. ; Unite des Rickettsies, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de la Mediterranee, Marseille, France. ; Institut Pasteur, Unit of Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Paris, France. INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France. ; University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Gastroenterology Department, Hopital Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. ; Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France. University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 1428, Villejuif, France. laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26541610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Bacteroides/*immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen/*antagonists & inhibitors/immunology ; Dysbiosis/immunology ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/*immunology ; Germ-Free Life/immunology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Immunotherapy ; Intestines/immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Melanoma/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Aged ; Skin Neoplasms/*therapy ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cognitive neuroscience. Unlearning implicit social biases during sleep (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Although people may endorse egalitarianism and tolerance, social biases can remain operative and drive harmful actions in an unconscious manner. Here, we investigated training to reduce implicit racial and gender bias. Forty participants processed counterstereotype information paired with one sound for each type of bias. Biases were reduced immediately after training. During subsequent slow-wave sleep, one sound was unobtrusively presented to each participant, repeatedly, to reactivate one type of training. Corresponding bias reductions were fortified in comparison with the social bias not externally reactivated during sleep. This advantage remained 1 week later, the magnitude of which was associated with time in slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep after training. We conclude that memory reactivation during sleep enhances counterstereotype training and that maintaining a bias reduction is sleep-dependent.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467959/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467959/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, Xiaoqing -- Antony, James W -- Creery, Jessica D -- Vargas, Iliana M -- Bodenhausen, Galen V -- Paller, Ken A -- F31 MH100958/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F31-MH100958/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 AG020506/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32-AG020418/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 29;348(6238):1013-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3841.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. kap@northwestern.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Cognition ; Continental Population Groups/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Prejudice/*psychology ; Sex Factors ; Sleep, REM/*physiology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The distributional preferences of an elite (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: We studied the distributional preferences of an elite cadre of Yale Law School students, a group that will assume positions of power in U.S. society. Our experimental design allows us to test whether redistributive decisions are consistent with utility maximization and to decompose underlying preferences into two qualitatively different tradeoffs: fair-mindedness versus self-interest, and equality versus efficiency. Yale Law School subjects are more consistent than subjects drawn from the American Life Panel, a diverse sample of Americans. Relative to the American Life Panel, Yale Law School subjects are also less fair-minded and substantially more efficiency-focused. We further show that our measure of equality-efficiency tradeoffs predicts Yale Law School students' career choices: Equality-minded subjects are more likely to be employed at nonprofit organizations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisman, Raymond -- Jakiela, Pamela -- Kariv, Shachar -- Markovits, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 18;349(6254):aab0096. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0096.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. rfisman@bu.edu. ; Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. ; Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkely, CA, USA. ; Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administrative Personnel/*psychology ; Adult ; Attitude ; *Career Choice ; Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Organizations, Nonprofit ; *Power (Psychology) ; Public Opinion ; *Resource Allocation ; Social Justice/*psychology ; Students ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    ANTHROPOLOGY. Deadly attack on isolated tribe (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fraser, Barbara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 11;350(6266):1304. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6266.1304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26659035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Anthropology ; Brazil ; Child ; *Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases/*immunology ; Conflict (Psychology) ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; Health ; Humans ; Immunity ; Male ; *Population Groups ; Rivers ; *Social Isolation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Political economy. On the endogeneity of political preferences: evidence from individual experience with democracy (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-07
    Description: Democracies depend on the support of the general population, but little is known about the determinants of this support. We investigated whether support for democracy increases with the length of time spent under the system and whether preferences are thus affected by the political system. Relying on 380,000 individual-level observations from 104 countries over the years 1994 to 2013, and exploiting individual-level variation within a country and a given year in the length of time spent under democracy, we find evidence that political preferences are endogenous. For new democracies, our findings imply that popular support needs time to develop. For example, the effect of around 8.5 more years of democratic experience corresponds to the difference in support for democracy between primary and secondary education.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuchs-Schundeln, Nicola -- Schundeln, Matthias -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 6;347(6226):1145-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0880.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Goethe University Frankfurt, 60320 Frankfurt, Germany. fuchs@wiwi.uni-frankfurt.de schuendeln@wiwi.uni-frankfurt.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25745172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; *Democracy ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; *Individuality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Social Values ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Exome sequencing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identifies risk genes and pathways (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurological disease with no effective treatment. We report the results of a moderate-scale sequencing study aimed at increasing the number of genes known to contribute to predisposition for ALS. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 2869 ALS patients and 6405 controls. Several known ALS genes were found to be associated, and TBK1 (the gene encoding TANK-binding kinase 1) was identified as an ALS gene. TBK1 is known to bind to and phosphorylate a number of proteins involved in innate immunity and autophagy, including optineurin (OPTN) and p62 (SQSTM1/sequestosome), both of which have also been implicated in ALS. These observations reveal a key role of the autophagic pathway in ALS and suggest specific targets for therapeutic intervention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437632/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437632/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cirulli, Elizabeth T -- Lasseigne, Brittany N -- Petrovski, Slave -- Sapp, Peter C -- Dion, Patrick A -- Leblond, Claire S -- Couthouis, Julien -- Lu, Yi-Fan -- Wang, Quanli -- Krueger, Brian J -- Ren, Zhong -- Keebler, Jonathan -- Han, Yujun -- Levy, Shawn E -- Boone, Braden E -- Wimbish, Jack R -- Waite, Lindsay L -- Jones, Angela L -- Carulli, John P -- Day-Williams, Aaron G -- Staropoli, John F -- Xin, Winnie W -- Chesi, Alessandra -- Raphael, Alya R -- McKenna-Yasek, Diane -- Cady, Janet -- Vianney de Jong, J M B -- Kenna, Kevin P -- Smith, Bradley N -- Topp, Simon -- Miller, Jack -- Gkazi, Athina -- FALS Sequencing Consortium -- Al-Chalabi, Ammar -- van den Berg, Leonard H -- Veldink, Jan -- Silani, Vincenzo -- Ticozzi, Nicola -- Shaw, Christopher E -- Baloh, Robert H -- Appel, Stanley -- Simpson, Ericka -- Lagier-Tourenne, Clotilde -- Pulst, Stefan M -- Gibson, Summer -- Trojanowski, John Q -- Elman, Lauren -- McCluskey, Leo -- Grossman, Murray -- Shneider, Neil A -- Chung, Wendy K -- Ravits, John M -- Glass, Jonathan D -- Sims, Katherine B -- Van Deerlin, Vivianna M -- Maniatis, Tom -- Hayes, Sebastian D -- Ordureau, Alban -- Swarup, Sharan -- Landers, John -- Baas, Frank -- Allen, Andrew S -- Bedlack, Richard S -- Harper, J Wade -- Gitler, Aaron D -- Rouleau, Guy A -- Brown, Robert -- Harms, Matthew B -- Cooper, Gregory M -- Harris, Tim -- Myers, Richard M -- Goldstein, David B -- 089701/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- K08 NS075094/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG017586/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG032953/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG025688/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS033123/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS083524/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007754/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- TL1 TR001066/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR001067/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 27;347(6229):1436-41. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3650. Epub 2015 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA. ; Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. ; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. ; Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada. ; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. ; Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ; Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland. ; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan 20149, Italy, and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy. ; Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. ; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA, and Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA. ; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Penn ALS Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. ; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ; Duke ALS Clinic and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. tim.harris@biogenidec.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700176" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics/metabolism ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*genetics ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Exome/*genetics ; Female ; Genes ; Genetic Association Studies ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics/metabolism ; Risk ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factor TFIIIA/genetics/metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-15
    Description: Research suggesting that political conservatives are happier than political liberals has relied exclusively on self-report measures of subjective well-being. We show that this finding is fully mediated by conservatives' self-enhancing style of self-report (study 1; N = 1433) and then describe three studies drawing from "big data" sources to assess liberal-conservative differences in happiness-related behavior (studies 2 to 4; N = 4936). Relative to conservatives, liberals more frequently used positive emotional language in their speech and smiled more intensely and genuinely in photographs. Our results were consistent across large samples of online survey takers, U.S. politicians, Twitter users, and LinkedIn users. Our findings illustrate the nuanced relationship between political ideology, self-enhancement, and happiness and illuminate the contradictory ways that happiness differences can manifest across behavior and self-reports.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wojcik, Sean P -- Hovasapian, Arpine -- Graham, Jesse -- Motyl, Matt -- Ditto, Peter H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):1243-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1260817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. swojcik@uci.edu phditto@uci.edu. ; Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. ; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA. ; University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766233" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Female ; *Happiness ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Politics ; Self Report ; *Self-Assessment ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biomedical research. NIH plots million-person megastudy (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):817. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6224.817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Biomedical Research/economics/*trends ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; *Electronic Health Records ; *Health Records, Personal ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Precision Medicine/economics/*trends ; Research Design ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Protective monotherapy against lethal Ebola virus infection by a potently neutralizing antibody (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-27
    Description: Ebola virus disease in humans is highly lethal, with case fatality rates ranging from 25 to 90%. There is no licensed treatment or vaccine against the virus, underscoring the need for efficacious countermeasures. We ascertained that a human survivor of the 1995 Kikwit Ebola virus disease outbreak maintained circulating antibodies against the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein for more than a decade after infection. From this survivor we isolated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize recent and previous outbreak variants of Ebola virus and mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Strikingly, monotherapy with mAb114 protected macaques when given as late as 5 days after challenge. Treatment with a single human mAb suggests that a simplified therapeutic strategy for human Ebola infection may be possible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corti, Davide -- Misasi, John -- Mulangu, Sabue -- Stanley, Daphne A -- Kanekiyo, Masaru -- Wollen, Suzanne -- Ploquin, Aurelie -- Doria-Rose, Nicole A -- Staupe, Ryan P -- Bailey, Michael -- Shi, Wei -- Choe, Misook -- Marcus, Hadar -- Thompson, Emily A -- Cagigi, Alberto -- Silacci, Chiara -- Fernandez-Rodriguez, Blanca -- Perez, Laurent -- Sallusto, Federica -- Vanzetta, Fabrizia -- Agatic, Gloria -- Cameroni, Elisabetta -- Kisalu, Neville -- Gordon, Ingelise -- Ledgerwood, Julie E -- Mascola, John R -- Graham, Barney S -- Muyembe-Tamfun, Jean-Jacques -- Trefry, John C -- Lanzavecchia, Antonio -- Sullivan, Nancy J -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 18;351(6279):1339-42. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5224. Epub 2016 Feb 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. Humabs BioMed SA, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA. ; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ; Humabs BioMed SA, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ; National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, Kinshasa B.P. 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo. ; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. njsull@mail.nih.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*administration & dosage/immunology/isolation & ; purification ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/*administration & dosage/immunology/isolation & ; purification ; Antibodies, Viral/*administration & dosage/immunology/isolation & purification ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ebolavirus/*immunology ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Macaca ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Survivors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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