ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (52)
  • urea  (52)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (52)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (52)
Collection
  • Articles  (52)
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 1-amidino-2-thiourea ; 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-thiadiazole ; dicyandiamide ; thiourea ; nitrification inhibitor ; urea ; ammonium sulfate ; Nitrosomonas europaea ; N-fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degradation of guanylthiourea (GTU) via 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-thiadiazole (TDZ) to dicyandiamide (DCD) was studied in selected soils. All three compounds could be determined by HPLC. GTU decomposed rapidly (within hours-days), the reaction from TDZ to DCD continued more slowly (within days-weeks). Soil type and temperature had an essential effect on the rate of degradation; conspicuous was a more rapid breakdown of GTU in presence of ammonium sulfate (AS) than in combination with urea. Each compound is a nitrification inhibitor; inNitrosomonas cell suspensions, 0.5 ppm GTU and 10 ppm TDZ achieved an effect comparable to 200 ppm DCD. The combination of these two effects—degradation in soil and inhibition of nitrification—were studied in soil incubation experiments. The three substances had inhibitory effects also in soil, however at significantly different application rates (20 ppm GTU or TDZ and 30 ppm DCD). Using these concentrations, AS/DCD and urea/GTU showed similar effects. Urea/GTU retarded nitrification by the factor 1.7 as compared to urea/DCD. AS/GTU had no advantage over AS/DCD which can be explained by the more rapid degradation of GTU in presence of AS. Urea/GTU apparently presents a promising possibility to utilize N-fertilizers more efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 19 (1989), S. 57-63 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia loss ; dicyandiamide ; shell-lac coated urea ; neem cake coated urea ; urea ; urea supergranule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The extent of ammonia volatilization from prilled urea, urea supergranule and urea amended with neem seed cake, shell-lac and dicyandiamide was studied in a field experiment on flooded rice. The ammonia loss was measured by the closed acid trap method. The collected ammonia was highest from unamended prilled urea, accounting for 19 to 20 per cent of the applied N in 1983 and 20 to 24 per cent of the applied N in 1984. Coating of urea prills was either coaltar soaked neem seed cake or shell-lac was more effective than coating with dicyandiamide in reducing ammonia loss. Deep placement of urea as a supergranule was the most effective method of reducing ammonia volatilization. A diurnal variation in the pH and temperature of floodwater was observed. The quantity of ammonia collected in the acid trap was closely related to ammoniacal-N concentration and pH of the floodwater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen efficiency ; microplots ; ammonium nitrate ; urea ; ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Confined microplots were used to study the fate of15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea when applied to ryegrass in spring at 3 lowland sites (S1, S2 and S3). Urea and differentially and doubly labelled ammonium nitrate were applied at 50 and 100 kg N ha−1. The % utilization of the15N-labelled fertilizer was measured in 3 cuts of herbage and in soil to a depth of 15 cm (soil0–15). Over all rates, forms and sites, the % utilization values for cuts 1, 2, 3 and soil0–15 were 52.4, 5.3, 2.4 and 16.0% respectively. The % utilization of15N in herbage varied little as the rate of application increased but the % utilization in the soil0–15 decreased as the rate of application increased. The total % utilization values in herbage plus soil0–15 indicated that losses of N increased from 12 to 25 kg N ha−1 as the rate of N application was increased from 50 to 100 kg N ha−1. The total % utilization values in herbage plus soil0–15 over both rates of fertilizer N application were 84.1, 80.8 and 81.0% for urea compared with 74.9, 72.5 and 74.4% for all ammonium nitrate forms at S1, S2 and S3 respectively. Within ammonium nitrate forms, the total % utilization values in herbage plus soil0–15 over both rates and all sites were 76.7, 69.4 and 75.7% for15NH4NO3, NH4 15NO3 and15NH4 15NO3 respectively. The utilization of the nitrate moiety of ammonium nitrate was lower than the utilization of the ammonium moiety. The distribution of labelled fertilizer between herbage and soil0–15 varied with soil type. As the total utilization of labelled fertilizer was similar at all sites the cumulative losses due to denitrification and downward movement appeared to account for approximately equal amounts of N at each site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Solubility ; urea ; ammonium nitrate ; phosphoric acid ; urea phosphate ; urea nitrate ; liquid fertilizer ; nitrogen solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solubility data were obtained in the system CO(NH2)2-NH4NO3-H3PO4-H2O at 0° and 15°C. The results show that high-analysis solution fertilizers can be produced from standard urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) and phosphoric acid materials. These acidic solution fertilizers contain up to 35% total plant nutrient (TPN = N + P2O5 + K2O), with N:P2O5 ratios varying from 20:1 to 1.5:1. Potential liquid products having fertilizer grades of 23-12-0, 26-9-0, 28-6-0, and 31-3-0 are feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrification ; nitrate movement ; urea ; ammonium sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two successive applications of urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) at varying intervals were given in two soils, one of which was salt affected. The nitrification and nitrate leaching after both the applications of fertilizers was studied. The nitrification of first application of AS was faster than urea on both soils. However, the nitrification rate of both fertilizers was slow in salt effected soil. The same trend of results was observed with second application of fertilizers. However, the nitrification of second application given within 6 weeks of the first application proceeded at a much faster rate than that of the first application. The amount of NO 3 - that moved down with periodic water application was related with nitrification rate and the amount of fertilizer nitrified at the time of water application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 19 (1989), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ammonium nitrate ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass ; urea ; coring method ; acetylene inhibition ; leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification losses were measured using the acetylene inhibition technique adapted for a coring procedure. Two soils under a cut ryegrass sward were used. One soil was a freely-drained clay loam receiving under 900 mm rainfall annually, the other soil being a poorly-drained silty clay receiving over 1100 mm rainfall annually. Swards at each site received up to 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1 of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea or a new fertiliser mixture GRANUMS (30% ammonium nitrate, 30% urea, 10% ammonium sulphate, 30% dolomite). For both soils the rate of denitrification exceeded 0.1 kg N ha−1 day−1 only when the air-filled porosity of the soil was 〈 30% v/v and soil nitrate was 〉 2 mg N kg−1 in the top 10cm of the profile and when soil temperature at 10 cm was 〉 4°C. When the soils dried such that their air-filled porosity was 〉 30% v/v, denitrification rates decreased to 〈 0.08 kg N ha−1 day−1. Highest rates (up to 3.7 kg N ha−1 day−1) were observed on the clay soil following application of 94 kg N ha−1 CAN to soil near field capacity in early summer 1986. Losses from CAN were approximately 3 times those from urea for a given application. Denitrification losses from the GRANUMS treatment were, overall, intermediate between those from CAN and urea but the daily losses more closely resembled those from the CAN treatment. The impeded drainage on the clay soil, where soil moisture contents remained close to field capacity throughout the year, showed denitrification losses roughly 3 times those observed on the more freely drained clay-loam for any given treatment. Over a 12-month period, N losses arising from denitrification were 29.0 and 10.0 kg N ha−1 for plots receiving 300 kg N ha−1 CAN and urea, respectively, on the well drained clay-loam and 79.0 and 31.1 kg N ha−1 respectively, for identical plots on the poorly drained clay soil. Annual denitrification losses from control plots were 〈 1 kg N ha−1 on both soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen loss ; volatilization ; micrometeorology ; mass balance method ; urea ; gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simplified techniques for determining the volatilization of ammonia from fertilized crops or pastures without affecting the plant's environment were assessed in the field in New Zealand. The sampler, designed by Leuning et al., gave an accurate measure of the horizontal transport of ammonia at five heights ranging from 0.18m to 2.68m above the soil surface, and thus could be used to determine the vertical flux density of ammonia by the mass balance micrometeorological method. Over a five day period ammonia losses from a field fertilized with urea (100 kg N ha−1) were 13.4% of the applied nitrogen for a full profile, mass balance, reference method and 13.2% for the sampler. The vertical flux density of ammonia could also be determined by using the sampler to measure the horizontal transport of ammonia at just one height above the fertilized field; in this application, either an empirical, or theoretical factor, is used to calculate vertical flux. Using this method the measured loss from the field was 11.6% of the applied nitrogen. Even though the sampler, when used at only one height, gave a slightly less reliable estimation of ammonia loss than the reference method, its use may be preferred because electrical power, pumps, flow meters and anemometers are not required. The original sampler design has been improved by attaching the directional fins to the removable tail section rather than the body. This makes it easier to wash, charge, pack and store the samplers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; apatite ; biotite ; carbon ; fertilization ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitroform ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; pH ; urea ; ureaformaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven years after fertilization the rate of CO2 production in the soil samples taken from the organic horizons of a poor pine forest site (Calluna vulgaris site type), treated with urea or ammonium nitrate with lime, was lower than that in the unfertilized soil. The same trend was also observed in samples of theEmpetrum-Calluna site type 14 years after fertilization. In the more fertileVaccinium myrtillus site type these rapidly-soluble N fertilizers had a long-term enhancing effect on the production of CO2. Apatite and biotite eliminated the decreasing effect of urea on the production of CO2. One reason for this might be the long-term increase in soil pH caused by apatite and biotite, or their constituents (Ca, Mg, K, P). Nitroform (a slow-releasing N fertilizer) had no statistically significant effect on the production of CO2 in soil samples from any of the forest types. Despite the high N mineralization in the samples from nitroform fertilized soils there was no nitrification, and the high content of total N indicated that after nitroform fertilization the losses of N were low. The correlation between the net mineralization values for C (CO2 production) and N was poor. However, multiple linear regression analysis, which also took into account the effect of nutrients and pH, indicated that there was a link between the mineralization of C and N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cotton ; foliar fertilization ; leaf burn ; urea ; ammonium sulphate ; potassium and ammonium polyphosphate ; potassium nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were carried out at different locations to test the effect of NPKS sprays on cotton in addition to soil applied fertilizers. The differences in lint yield and average boll weight between treatments were not significant. Four foliar application (10 kg N, 1 kg P, 3 kg K and 0.5 kg S/ha/application) tended to increase the lint yield and the average boll weight in the location with the lower fertility. It seems that utilization of foliar nutrient application is dependent upon the availability of these nutrients in the soil. N was added mainly as urea, P and K as potassium polyphosphate and S as potassium or ammonium sulphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Acid soil ; calcareous soil ; nitrogen fertilization ; ammonia volatilization ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia loss from surface-applied urea occurs because urea hydrolysis increases the pH of the placement site microenvironment. Addition of Ca-salts with urea will control or reduce the microsite pH, thus reducing NH3 losses. The degree of Ca-saturation of the cation exchange sites may influence the ratio of calcium:urea required to control ammonia loss. A laboratory study was conducted to determine if adsorbed Ca or CaCO3 additions (acid soils only) had a measureable impact on Ca control of NH3 loss from surface applied urea at various Ca:urea ratios. With urea alone applied to the soil surface varying the adsorbed Ca content of the treatment soil did not influence NH3 loss. The addition of CaCl2 with urea on the same pretreated soils generally resulted in NH3 losses reflecting the initial pH of the soil. The Ca-saturated acid soils and those acid soils receiving CaCO3 had higher NH3 losses than untreated soils in the presence of urea with soluble CaCl2. It was noted that increasing the calcium:urea ratios progressively depressed the NH3 loss from all soils. Increasing the percent Na-saturation of the calcareous Harkey soil to 25 and 50% (ESP) reduced Ca control of NH3 loss due to Ca being exchanged for Na on the cation exchange sites. Inclusion of CaCl2 with the urea mixture on the surface of the pretreated acid soils resulted in stepwise differences in NH3 loss concuring with the increases in pretreatment soil pH values (differing exchangeable Ca content). Other parameters that influence the amount of NH3 loss, such as acidic buffer capacity and CEC, appeared more important than anticipated for control of NH3 loss with the calcium:urea mixture. On Ca enriched soils the calcium:urea mixture was only slightly less effective in its ability to control NH3 losses than on untreated soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N balance ; ammonia volatilization ; denitrification ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The compound N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was found to be a more effective ureas inhibitor than phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) in flooded soils when compared at concentrations of from 0.5 to 5% of the weight of urea. It allowed essentially no ammoniacal-N to acumulate in the floodwater when added at 0.5% of the weight of urea. The fate of urea was also determined in a flooded, unplanted soil with NBPT used as an inhibitor at a rate of 2% by weight of urea. At 41 days, fertilizer-N loss without the inhibitor was 73.4%, whereas with NBPT, 34.7% of the fertilizer was lost, presumably all by denitrification. With NBPT, urea hydrolysis was not inhibited below a 1 cm depth in the soil and most of the N (35.0%) accumulated as exchangeable NH 4 + -N. Except for 15.0% of the fertilized accumulated as organic-N on the soil surface layer, immobilized N accounted for only an additional 7.0% in the soil at 22 days. Although the N saved from NH3 volatilization loss obviously is eligible for denitrification losses, denitrification apparently was not enhanced to an appreciable extent by use of the inhibitor in that total losses were 15.7% at 22 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: alkaline soils ; ammonia losses ; ammonium sulphate ; application rates ; calcium ammonium nitrate ; diammonium phosphate ; monoammonium phosphate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this investigation was to compare the susceptibility of different ammonium containing and forming fertilizers to NH3 losses and to determine the effect of application rates on NH3 volatilization. Losses of NH3 from five fertilizers, namely (NH4)2SO4, CAN, urea, MAP and DAP were determined. The fertilizers were surface-applied to a sandy clay loam Arniston soil and a clayey Gelykvlakte soil of which the pH values were respectively 9.0 and 8.9. The application levels were equivalent to 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 kg N ha−1. After a contact period of 3 days NH3 losses were determined. Ammonia was lost from both soils under all treatments. More NH3 was lost from the clayey Gelykvlakte soil compared with the sandy clay loam Arniston soil. Loss of NH3 from the various fertilizers was ranked as follows: Urea 〉 DAP 〉 (NH4)2SO4 〉 MAP 〉 CAN. Ammonia losses increased with increasing application rates, but the proportion of N lost, decreased. Losses of NH3 may be reduced by selective choice of fertilizer type and application rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aqua ammonia ; ATC ; band placement ; fall application of N ; nitrification inhibitors ; N-Serve 24 E ; urea ; thiourea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution urea and aqua NH3 were injected in bands 9 cm deep and spaced 45 cm apart with and without nitrification inhibitors during October in 10 field experiments in north-central Alberta. ATC (4-amino-1,2,4-triazole hydrochloride), N-Serve 24 E (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl-pyridine) and thiourea were used in two experiments, ATC only in another six experiments, and N-Serve 24 E only in another two experiments. Yield and apparent recovery of applied N in barley grain were determined. In the two experiments where fall treated plots were soil sampled in the following spring, 44% of the fall-applied N was recovered in the soil when inhibitors were not used. But where the inhibitors were added to the fall-applied N as NH4−N in May was 4% and 31% without and with addition of inhibitors, respectively. Likewise, in experiments where three inhibitors were used, the treatments with inhibitors increased the yield and N recovery in grain by more than 50% compared to fall application without inhibitors. In the other experiments, fall-applied ATC or N-Serve 24 E did not always increase yield or N recovery in grain. Considering all experiments with ATC, the average recovery of applied N in barley grain was 28, 40 and 57% for fall banding, fall banding with ATC and spring application, respectively. In view of this and previous work in north-central Alberta, inhibitors injected in bands in the fall slowed nitrification and improved yield, but nests or large granules of urea were more effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aqua ammonia ; ATC ; banding ; fall-applied N ; inhibitors ; mineral N losses ; nesting ; nitrification ; N-Serve 24 E ; point placement ; thiourea ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation and field experiments were conducted to evaluate thiourea, ATC (4-amino-1, 2, 4 triazole hydrochloride) and N-Serve 24 E (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl-pyridine) as inhibitors of nitrification of fertilizer N. In the incubation experiment, most of the added aqueous NH3 or urea was nitrified at 14 days on both soils, but addition of the inhibitors to fertilizer N decreased the conversion of NH4−N to NO3−N markedly. There was less nitrification for ATC and thiourea but not for N-Serve 24 E when the fertilizers and the inhibitors were placed at a point as opposed to when mixed into soil. After 28 days, ATC and N-Serve 24 E were more effective in inhibiting nitrification than thiourea. ATC and N-Serve 24 E also inhibited release of mineral N (NH4−N+NO3−N) from native soil N. In the uncropped field experiment, which received N fertilizers in the fall, nitrification of fall-applied N placed in the 15-cm bands was almost complete by early May in the Malmo soil, but not in the Breton soil. When ATC or thiourea had been applied with urea, nitrification of fall-applied N was depressed by May and the recovery of applied N as NH4−N was greater with increasing band spacing to 60 cm or placing N fertilizer in nests (a method of application where urea prills were placed at a point in the soil in the center of 60×60 cm area). In late June, the percentage recovery of fall-applied N in soil as NH4−N or mineral N increased with wide band spacing, or nest placement, or by adding ATC to fertilizer N on both soils. These results indicate that placing ammonium-based N fertilizers in widely-spaced bands or in nests with low rates of inhibitors slows nitrification enough to prevent much of the losses from fall-applied N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; immobilization ; isotopic exchange ; 15N ; nitrogen balance ; semiarid tropics (SAT) ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an experiment with sorghum on a medium deep red soil (Udic Rhodustalf) at Patancheru, India, where15N-labeled urea was applied at different rates during the 1981 rainy season, the apparent (ARF) and isotope recovery fractions (15NRF) were appreciably different, particularly at lower rates of fertilizer application. The fertilizer rates were corrected for losses of fertilizer nitrogen, that were estimated from the differences in the amounts of15N recovered in the soil and the crop, and the known amounts of15N applied. Introducing these ‘effective’ fertilizer rates, the apparent discrepancy between ARF and15NRF could be explained if it were assumed that the15N immobilized in the organic soil fraction was not remineralized during the course of the growing season. In the difference method, the equivalent amount of nitrogen at natural abundance released in exchange for fertilizer nitrogen (5 atom % xs15N) immobilized in the organic nitrogen fraction is treated as ‘fertilizer nitrogen’, since no distinction is made between14N and15N. In the isotope-dilution method, the nitrogen at natural abundance mineralized during biological interchange is not considered fertilizer nitrogen, and therefore the assumed effective amount of fertilizer nitrogen available to the crop is less than in the difference method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne L. ; sheep urine-N ; soil mineral N ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fate of sheep urine-N applied to an upland grass sward at four dates representing widely differing environmental conditions, was followed in soil (0–20 cm) and in herbage. Urine was poured onto 1-m2 plots to simulate a single urination in August 1984 (warm and dry), May (cool), July and August 1985 (cool and wet) at rates equivalent to 40–52 g N m−2. The transformation of urine-N (61–69% urea-N) in soil over a 6–7 week period followed the same general pattern when applied at different times during the season; rapid hydrolysis of urea, the appearance of large amounts of urine-N as ammonium in soil extracts, and the appearance of nitrate about 14 days after application. The magnitude of “apparent” nitrification however differed markedly with environmental conditions, being greatest in May 1985 when a maximum of 76% of the inorganic soil N was in the form of nitrate. At all other application dates nitrate levels were relatively low. With the August 1984 application soil inorganic N returned to control levels (given water only) after 31 days but considerable amounts remained in soil for 60–90 days with the other applications. Weekly cuts to 3-cm indicated that increases in herbage dry matter and N yields in response to urine application were greatest in absolute terms after the May 1985 application and continued for at least 70 days with all applications. Relative to control plots the May application resulted in a 3-fold increase in herbage DM compared with corresponding values of 6-, 5-, and 7-fold increases with the August 1984, July and August 1985 applications. Recovery of urine-N in herbage was poor averaging only 17% of that applied at different dates, while recovery in soil extracts was incomplete. The exact routes of loss (volatilisation, leaching, denitrification or immobilisation) were not quantified but it is evident that substantial amounts of urine-N can be lost from the soil-plant system under upland conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonia volatilization ; urea hydrolysis ; soil water content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Accurate estimation of the potential for NH3 volatilization from urea-based fertilizers is an important step in attaining optimum N-use efficiency from these fertilizers. Published estimates of NH3 volatilization losses from urea vary widely. Much of this variability may be due to the method of estimation and the degree of influence of the method on NH3 loss. This study compared two field methods of estimating NH3 volatilization in the field; a microplot-forced draft method, and a micrometeorogical method. Loss of NH3 was estimated in three experiments following urea solution application to bare soil, and in two experiments following urea-ammonium nitrate solution application to wheat stubble residue. Both methods were found to be sensitive to soil and climatic variables influencing NH3 volatilization. Cumulative N loss from the bare soil experiments ranged from 7 to 8 kg N ha−1 for the microplot method and from 5 to 20 kg N ha−1 for the micrometeorological method. Cumulative loss from wheat stubble residue ranged from 2 to 2.2 kg N ha−1 for the microplot method and from 15 to 33 kg N ha−1 for the micrometerological method. Loss of NH3 was especially influenced by soil or residue water content and the influence of water content on the rate of urea hydrolysis. Maximum rates of loss were generally observed near midday, when water content at the soil surface was just beginning to decline and the surface temperature was rapidly rising. The microplot method was found to have a greater potential for affecting the environment and thus influencing NH3 loss measurements than the micrometeorological method. Windspeed and mixing at the soil surface was influenced by the presence of the microplot cylinder and lid, especially in the wheat residue experiments. It is likely that the micrometeorological method, with its minimal influence on the field environment, more accurately reflects actual levels of ammonia loss. The primary advantage of the microplotforced draft method is its ability to easily compare relative NH3 losses from different treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: solubility ; fertilizer solutions ; phosphate ; urea ; ammonia ; potassium ; sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from four solubility studies for liquid fertilizer solutions containing three or more plant nutrients are presented on equilateral triangles. Isoconcentration contour lines indicate the maximum solubility of the nutrients as the sum of the plant food components, i.e., total plant nutrient = %N + %P2O5 + %K2O. One study was based on an ammoniated phosphoric acid (80% polyphosphate level)-urea-potassium chloride-water system. The base solution was a nominal 11-37-0 grade, with one-fifth of the total phosphate derived from wet-process phosphoric acid and the remainder from electric-furnace acid. Two of the studies were with nonchloride sources of potash, and the fourth study was with ammonium sulfate as a source of sulfur and supplemental nitrogen. All solubility data were measured at 0°C. However, estimates of solubility at other temperatures can be made by proper use of temperature-solubility factors. Also given are areas on the figures indicating precipitating salts, as determined by petrographic examinations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium sulphate ; interaction ; 15N balance ; pellets ; perennial ryegrass ; potassium nitrate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The comparative effects of ammonium sulphate (AS), potassium nitrate (KNO3), urea (U) or combined 1:1 (w/w) U/KNO3, U/AS granular products were investigated on dry matter (DM) yield and15N utilisation by perennial ryegrass grown under controlled environmental conditions. The DM yield and apparent N recovery with the single N sources was in the order KNO3 〉 AS 〉 U. The15N budget in shoots, roots and soil indicated that only 55% of the urea N was recovered at the end of the experiment compared with 87% and 86% for AS and KNO3 respectively. The DM yield and apparent N recovery from the combined U/AS source was significantly higher than would be expected (P 〈 0.01) based on the proportions of each N source in the mixture. Differentially labelling the U and AS with15N indicated that AS enhanced the shoot % utilisation of urea by 38% (P 〈 0.001) whereas urea reduced the shoot % utilisation of AS by 14% (P 〈 0.01). These results indicate that an interaction occurred between U and AS when combined in a 1:1 (w/w) ratio in the same pellet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; organic residues ; residual N ; rice ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The organic materials of vetch straw, isotopically labeled with15N and unlabeled, rice straw and15N-enriched urea were applied to rice in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the release of available N during the decomposition of vetch material and its uptake by rice, and to measure the effect of organic materials on the efficiency of urea-N utilization by rice. Measurements were made at three sampling stages during the growth period. As expected, vetch material decomposed readily and furnished a continuous supply of N for the growth of rice, although only 18.1% of vetch-N was utilized by the rice crop. However, this was not sufficient to support the survival of all tillers until harvest. After harvest, 70% of vetch-N still remained in paddy soil. The influence of organic materials on urea-N absorption by rice became apparent at about the stage of panicle initiation. The highest urea-N uptake by rice was 42.2% in vetch straw-mixed soil. Otherwise, rice straw retarded urea-N uptake by rice. Nitrogen distribution data indicated that the vetch material would stimulate urea-N uptake by rice plants. The residual effect of vetch material was evaluated by planting Sudan grass immediately after rice was harvested. Only 4.4% of residual vetch-N was utilized in 20 weeks. This low percentage of N uptake and its low availability ratio demonstrated the poor residual effects of this leguminous material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; inorganic nitrogen ; microbial immobilization ; N transformation ; 15N field experiment ; urea ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Labelled urea or ammonium nitrate was applied to winter wheat growing on a loamy soil in Northern France. Two applications of fertilizer were given: 50 kg N ha−1 at tillering (early March) and 110 kg N ha−1 at the beginning of stem elongation (mid-April). The kinetics of urea hydrolysis, nitrification of ammonium and the disappearance of inorganic nitrogen were followed at frequent intervals. Inorganic nitrogen soon disappeared, mainly immobilized by soil microflora and absorbed by the crop. Net immobilization of fertilizer N occured at a very similar rate for urea and ammonium nitrate. Maximum immobilization (16 kg N ha1) was found at harvest for the first dressing and at anthesis for the second dressing (23 kg N ha1). During the nitrification period, the labelled ammonium pool was immobilized two to three times faster than the labelled nitrate pool. No significant net15N remineralization was found during the growth cycle. The actual denitrification and volatilization losses were probably more important than indicated from calculations made by extrapolation of fluxes measured over short intervals. However microbial immobilization was the most important of the processes which compete with plant uptake for nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; fertilizer efficiency ; N dynamics ; N recovery ; 15N field experiment ; urea ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a winter wheat crop in Northern France with either15N-urea or ammonium nitrate, labelled either on NH4 or on NO3. The fertilizer was split between two dressings, one applied in early March and the second in mid-April, labelled separately. N uptake by the crop was measured at 8 successive times after each dressing. The N uptake efficiency of nitrate was higher than that of ammonium or urea over the whole growth cycle for both dressings. The RUC (Real Utilization Coefficient) reached a maximum at anthesis or even before anthesis, and decreased during the grain-filling period, indicative of N turnover in shoots. Thus the annual N use efficiency appeared highly dependent upon the date of measurement. At harvest, the contribution of soil N (residual N+mineralized N) to the crop was comparable to that from fertilizer, but the two pools were utilized at different periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 113-121 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium sulfate ; urea ; calcium nitrate ; nitrogen-calcium interaction ; leaching ; subirrigation ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Slow growth and high seedling mortality limit direct seeding establishment of guayule (Parthenium argentatum G.). This study was conducted to assess seedling growth enhancement by the addition of different rates and forms of N fertilizers and Ca salts. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with cultivar 593 under both surface and subirrigated conditions using water low in salts (salinity of 0.8 dSm−1, SAR of 5.0 and 10 mg Ca L−1). Under surface-irrigated conditions, seedling height and fresh plant weight increased with N application to the irrigation water to 70 mg L−1. The best seedling growth was observed when (NH4)2SO4 was added in combination with CaCl2 or CaSO4. Progressively less growth was observed by addition of (NH4)2SO4 alone, CO(NH2)2 plus CaSO4, CO(NH2)2 alone and Ca(NO3)2. When seedlings were subirrigated, however, the best growth was observed with Ca(NO3)2. Intermediate growth was obtained with (NH4)2SO4 plus CaSO4 and lowest growth rates with (NH4)2SO4 alone. These differential responses may be explained by the differences in leaching and volatile characteristics of the N forms. Growth enhancement from N and Ca additions increased with time with significant increases 45 days after seeding. Nitrogen application with Ca may be effective amendment in promoting subsequent growth of direct seeded guayule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Africa ; calcium ammonium nitrate ; 15N ; nitrogen loss ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; urea ; urea supergranule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The upland fertilization practice in Africa of placing N fertilizer below the soil surface near the plant might be facilitated through use of urea supergranules (USG). Since little is known about N losses from point-placed urea on light-textured African soils, laboratory studies were conducted in a forced-draft system to determine (a) the influence of soil properties on ammonia loss from USG and (b) to compare N loss from USG with that from broadcast N sources. Ammonia loss from 1.1 g USG placed at a 4-cm soil depth ranged from 2.9 to 62% of the added N on six light-textured soils. Ammonia loss was correlated with soil clay content (r = −0.93**) but not with pH. A more detailed study on a soil from Niger revealed significantly less ammonia loss from either surfaced applied urea (18%) or surface-applied calcium ammonium nitrate (7%) than from USG placed at a 4-cm depth (67%). Amendment of surface-applied urea with 1.7% phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD), a urease inhibitor, essentially eliminated ammonia loss (1.9%). An15N balance confirmed that ammonia volatilization was the major loss mechanism for all N sources. The results suggest that point-placed urea may be prone to ammonia volatilization loss on light-textured African soils moistened by frequent light rainfall. In such cases, broadcast application of urea, CAN, or urea amended with PPD may be less prone to N loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium sulfate ; diammonium phosphate ; floodwater pH ; guanylurea sulfate ; NP ; urea ; ureaform ; urea phosphate ; Oryza sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Urea, the most common N source in Asia, is prone to high loss as ammonia when applied to tropical flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Chemical or physical modifications of urea could offer potential in reducing ammonia loss. Two field studies were conducted to identify conventional and experimental N-containing sources loss prone to ammonia less than prilled urea. Relative susceptibility to ammonia loss was inferred from equilibrium ammonia vapor pressure, pNH3. For the sources studied, ammonia formation and presumably loss were least for guanylurea sulfate (GUS) and sulfur-coated urea (SCU). The slow mineralization and acidifying effect of GUS resulted in negligible ammonia concentration in the floodwater. Amendment of urea with either 5 or 10% paraformaldehyde (ureaform) reduced pNH3, but never by more than 55%. Coating urea with phosphate rock tended to be less effective than amendment with paraformaldehyde in reducing pNH3. There was no significant difference in the pNH3, and presumably ammonia loss, for urea phosphate (17-44-0), urea-urea phosphate (34-17-0), and urea. About 3 days after fertilization, the floodwater pH tended to become higher with NP sources than with urea. This elevation in pH was apparently due to the stimulation of algal photosynthetic activity by added P, and it may explain the failure of a phosphoric acid amendment to urea (urea phosphate) in reducing pNH3. Ammonia disappearance from broadcast diammonium phosphate (DAP) and ammonium phosphate sulfate (16-20-0) was complete within 3 days after N application, whereas ammonia remained in floodwater for up to 7 days following broadcast application of urea and ammonium sulfate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; urea ; pasture ; defoliation ; water application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using intact pasture sods with 0.15m2 surface area and sealed in volatilization chambers, the influence of the mass of herbage on the ammonia volatilization losses following a surface application of urea was determined. Ammonia volatilization loss increased as sward mass decreased. This effect was still evident in poorly established pastures. Under drying conditions the timing of defoliation and water applications relative to the application of urea was also shown to influence ammonia volatilization patterns and magnitude of loss. Delaying defoliation promotes a reduction in ammonia volatilization losses while delayed watering resulted in increased losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: peanuts ; foliar nutrition ; leaf scorch ; urea ; ammonium sulphate ; potassium and ammonium polyphosphate ; potassium nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 2-year field experiment was carried out in a sandy soil (Xeropsament-Torripsament) at Nir Yizhaq, Israel, where commercially grown peanut plants were sprayed with different NPKS solutions during the pod-filling period. All foliar sprays were applied in addition to the fertilizer which had been added to the soil before planting. The differences in yield between the treatments were not significant in either year. In the first year, there was a tendency toward increased yields of pods (up to 13%) and of hay (up to 16%) when four foliar fertilizer applications (10 kg N, 1 kg P, 3 kg K and 0.5 kg S/ha/application) were given, at one-week intervals. N was added mainly as urea, P and K as potassium polyphosphate, and S as ammonium sulphate. In the second year, the highest yield was obtained in the control plots and the differences between the treatments were not significant. Utilization of foliar nutrient application seems to be dependent upon availability of these nutrients in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 161-172 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemodenitrificaiton ; fertilizer placement ; nitrite accumulation ; nitrogenous gases ; soil properties ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por quatro semanas, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em dez solos fertilizados com uréia. A uréia foi aplicada a um só nivel, mas com diferentes métodos de aplicação: em solução e em grânulos com 1 cm de espaçamento de grade e em grânulos sem espaçamento. Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO3 foram incluidos como controles. O nitrito acumulado na maioria dos solos tratados com uréia e a concentração máxima de nitrito medido foram diretamente relacionados ao pH inicial do solo. As perdas cumulativas de N gasoso tomadas em percentagens de N aplicado foram: NH3, 0-59.6; N2, 0-4.9; N2O; 0-9.9; KMnO4-N, 0-1.3; CH3ONO, 0-〈0.1. Não foi detectada liberação de N gasoso nos tratamentos de controle. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH do solo (NH3), concentração máxima de NO 2 - (N2, N2O, KMnO4-N) e teor de C orgânico (N2, N2O). Efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante não foram de um modo geral significativos e foram pequenos em comparação com as diferenças entre os solos.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen transformations occurring in ten soils fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for four weeks. Urea was applied at one rate, but with different placement methods. Urea was applied in solution, as prills with a 1 cm grid spacing and as prills with no spacing. Unfertilized soils and soils amended with KNO3 solution were included as controls. Nitrite accumulated in the majority of soils treated with urea, and the maximum nitrite concentration measured was directly related to initial soil pH. Cumulative gaseous N losses as percentages of applied N were: NH3, 0-59.6; N2, 0-4.9; N2O, 0-9.9; KMnO4-N, 0-1.3; CH3ONO, 0-〈0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with soil pH (NH3) maximum NO 2 - concentration (N2, N2O, KMnO4-N) and organic C content (N2, N2O). Fertilizer placement effects were generally not significant and were small in comparison with differences between soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemodenitrification ; chlorate ; nitrite accumulation ; nitrogenous gases ; nitrapyrin ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por 12 dias, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em um solo fertilizado com uréia. Os tratamentos de fertilização incluiram uréia em grânulos (600µgNg−1 de solo) ± nitrapyrin ou clorato de potássio, e uréia em grânulos (1200µgNg−1 de solo). Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO3 foram incluidos como controles. Verificou-se acumulação de nitrito em todos os tratamentos com uréia. Para o tratamento com uréia (600) as perdas acumuladas de N gasoso, dadas em percentagens de nitrogênio aplicado foram: NH3, 1.8; N2, 0.7; N2O, 5.8; KMnO4-N, 1.2; CH3ONO, 〈0.1. Nenhuma liberação de N gasoso foi detectada nos tratamentos de controle. Com o aumento da proporção de uréia aplicada aumentou a acumulação de NO 2 - e aumentou tembém as perdas totais de N gasoso de 9.5 a 12.6% do N aplicado. A aplicação de nitrapyrin diminuiu o acúmulo de NO 2 - e evitou perdas de N2, N2O, KMnO4-N e CH3ONO, mas aumentou a perda por volatilização de NH3. O efeito líquido da nitrapyrin foi o de diminuir a perda de N aplicado em 3.7%. O clorato aumentou o acumulo de NO 2 - e aumentou também as perdas de N2O e KMnO4-N, mas não afetou as emissões de NH3 e N2. O efeito líquido do clorato foi o de aumentar a perda de N aplicado em 3.8%. A nitrapyrin aumentou a quantidade de N não recuperado como N inorgânico e N gasoso quando comparado a outros tratamentos. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH máximo do solo (NH3) e concentração máxima de NO 2 - (N2, N2O, KMnO4-N).
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen transformations occurring in an acid loamy sand fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for 12 days. Fertilizer treatments included prilled urea (600µgNg−1 soil) ± nitrapyrin or potassium chlorate, and prilled urea (1200µgNg−1 soil). Unfertilized soil and soil amended with KNO3 solution were included as controls. Nitrite accumulated in all urea treatments. Cumulative gaseous N losses for the urea (600) treatment as percentages of applied N were: NH3, 1.8; N2, 0.7; N2O, 5.8; KMnO4-N, 1.2; CH3ONO, 〈 0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Increasing the urea application rate increased NO 2 - accumulation and increased total gaseous N losses from 9.5 to 12.6% of applied N. Application of nitrapyrin decreased NO 2 - accumulation and prevented losses of N2, N2O, KMnO4-N and CH3ONO, but increased NH3 volatilization loss. The net effect of nitrapyrin was to decrease loss of applied N by 3.7%. Chlorate increased NO 2 - accumulation and increased losses of N2O and KMnO4-N, but did not affect emissions of NH3 and N2. The net effect of chlorate was to increase loss of applied N by 3.8%. Nitrapyrin increased the amount of N not recovered as inorganic N and gaseous N compared to the other treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with maximum soil pH (NH3) and maximum NO 2 - concentration (N2, N2O, KMnO4-N).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonification ; calcium cyanamide ; nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; tropics ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of calcium cyanamide and its inhibitory effect on urea nitrification was studied in some tropical soils. Three soils, from Onne, Mokwa and Samaru, representing different agro-climatological zones of Nigeria were incubated with calcium cyanamide, urea or a mixture of both for eight weeks at 30 °C and at field capacity moisture content. The recovery of inorganic N (NH 4 + plus NO 2 - plus NO 3 - )from calcium cyanamide varied from 64% to 87% in different soils. Most of the inorganic N accumulated was in NH 4 + form. Nitrification of the accumulated NH 4 + in all the soils was slow. Urea (75 mg N kg−1 soil) was completely nitrified within a week in the Samaru and Mokwa soils whereas in the Onne soil the rate of nitrification was slow. Addition of CaCN2 at the rate of 10 mg N kg−1 soil generally delayed ammonification of urea and nitrification was severely inhibited in all the soils. Addition of CaCN2 at the rate of 20 mg N kg−1 soil further reduced the ammonification of urea and completely inhibited the nitrification. High recovery of inorganic N from calcium cyanamide and its effective reduction of nitrification of urea make it suitable source of N for plants in the tropics, provided it is managed to avoid phyto-toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ammonium nitrate ; calcium cyanamide ; humid tropics ; maize ; nitrate leaching ; rice ; ultisol ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaching loss of N applied as calcium cyanamide (CaCN2 — 19% N), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN — 26% N) to a coarse textured, kaolinitic ultisol profile was studied in the laboratory using undisturbed soil columns. The soil columns were leached with an amount of water equivalent to the annual rainfall of the sampling site (2420mm) using a rainfall simulator over a period of 42 days. The ‘leachability’ of the three N fertilizers differed greatly and followed the order of CAN 〉 urea 〉 CaCN2. Most of the N lost through leaching was in NO3 form. Calcium cyanamide lost only 3% of applied N. Breakdown of CaCN2 to NH4 was incomplete (64%) and nitrification in the soil was inhibited resulting in negligible leaching loss. Nitrogen retained in the soil columns after the leaching cycle was mainly in ammoniacal form irrespective of source of N used. Effectiveness of CaCN2 as a N source was also studied in a greenhouse experiment with maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa) as testing crops. Calcium cyanamide applied one week before sowing of crops was as effective as CAN and urea under conditions of no N leaching. When applied at the time of planting and two or more weeks before planting gave lower dry matter yields and N uptake than CAN and urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium nitrate ; constant feeding ; Fragaria ananassa ; N nutrition ; potassium nitrate ; soil salinity ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two greenhouse experiments were conducted with strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) grown in plastic pots filled with 12 kg of soil, and irrigated by drip to evaluate the effect of 3 N levels and 3 N sources. The N levels were 3.6, 7.2 or 10.8 mmol Nl−1 and the N sources were urea, ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate for supplying NH4/NO3 in mmol Nl−1 ratios of 7/0, 3.5/3.5 or 0/7, respectively. Both experiments were uniformly supplied with micronutrients and 1.7 and 5.0 mmoll−1 of P and K, respectively. The fertilizers were supplied through the irrigation stream with every irrigation. The highest yield was obtained with the 7.2 mmol Nl−1 due to increase in both weight and number of fruits per plant. With this N concentration soil ECe and NO3-N concentration were kept at low levels. Total N and NO3-N in laminae and petioles increased with increasing N level. With the N sources the highest yield was obtained with urea due to better fruit setting. The N source had no effect on soil salinity and residual soil NO3-N; residual NH4-N in the soils receiving urea and ammonium nitrate were at low levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: forest floor ; fungal activity ; microarthropod numbers ; Pinus radiata ; superphosphate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Urea and superphosphate dramatically increased the concentrations of exchangeable ammonium-N and water-soluble P in incubated forest floor samples. Urea also increased absolute but not relative nitrate production. Superphosphate depressed pH while urea elevated it. Microarthropod numbers and fungal activity were depressed by fertilizer addition. Mites were more sensitive to urea than were collembola, which were more sensitive to superphosphate. Both groups were more adversely effected by superphosphate than urea. In contrast, fungal activity was more retarded by urea than superphosphate. It is uncertain whether the observed changes resulted from increased osmotic potentials, pH or pH induced toxicities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 9-24 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; urea calcium nitrate ; urea hydrolysis ; ammonium volatilization ; flooded soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comparing of urea hydrolysis and NH3 volatilization from urea supergranules and urea calcium nitrate (UCN, a new fertilizer produced by Norsk Hydro A/S, Norway) was made on two different flooded soil types, a high-CEC clay loam (Ås) and an intermediate-CEC clay loam (Kinn). Nitrogen loss by ammonia volatilization was reduced from 17% by surface application of urea supergranules (USG) on flooded Ås soil to 3% and 6% by UCN briquettes at either the same urea or nitrogen concentration as USG. A significant reduction was even found with the surface application of prilled UCN, 12% and 18% N-loss for prilled UCN and urea, respectively. The floodwater pH and NH 4 + content was lower with UCN than urea, which reduced the potential for ammonia volatilization. NH3-loss (5%) was significantly less when USG was surface applied on Kinn soil, while NH3-loss from UCN briquettes was independent of soil type. The reduction in NH3-loss from USG on Kinn soil was due to a decrease in the pH and NH 4 + content of the floodwater caused by a reduced rate of urea hydrolysis. The rate of urea hydrolysis was lower with UCN than USG in both soils, but the difference between UCN and USG was greater in the Ås soil than in the Kinn soil. Three days after deep placement (10 cm), 18% of UCN urea and 52% of USG urea were hydrolyzed in Ås soil, while only 12% UCN and 17% USG were hydrolyzed in the Kinn soil. The surface application of USG on flooded soil reduced the rate of urea hydrolysis as compared to deep placement. 30% and 17% of USG urea was hydrolyzed after four days on Ås and Kinn soil, respectively. During the first few days the rate of hydrolysis of UCN was more affected by the soil type than the application method. Four days after surface application 32% and 13% UCN urea was hydrolyzed on Ås and Kinn soil, respectively. The rate of urea hydrolysis exhibited a zero-order reaction when USG and UCN-briquettes were point placed in flooded soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; granules ; interaction ; 15N balance ; perennial ryegrass ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The comparative effects of ammonium nitrate (AN), urea or a combined 1:1 (w/w) AN/urea granular fertilizer with two different fillers (CaCO3 or silica) were investigated on the efficiency of dry matter production and15N recovery by perennial ryegrass grown in pots under controlled environmental conditions. There was no significant difference between CaCO3 and silica as the filler and therefore no indication that the presence of CaCO3 in the pellet enhanced N loss from urea. Ammonium nitrate was the most efficient N source and urea the least efficient in terms of all the parameters studied. The15N budget in shoots, roots and soil indicated that only 60% of the nitrogen from urea was recovered at the end of the experiment compared with 95% for AN. However, the % recovery of15N from urea was increased by 17% in the presence of AN whereas the % recovery of AN was decreased by 19% in the presence of urea. The combined 1:1 (w/w) AN/urea source therefore gave intermediate yields between AN and urea alone. The results indicate that an interaction occurred between AN and urea in the granule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Kentucky bluegrass ; nitrogen uptake ; nitrogen recovery ; urea ; soil inorganic N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) and ammeline (4,6-diamino-1,3,5 triazine 2(1H)-one) were tested in a field study for N release characteristics, and response of Kentucky bluegrass to one and two applications of 98 kg N ha−1. Melamine was also evaluated in combination with urea in a granule and in a liquid suspension. Mineralization of N from melamine and ammeline was slow. Soil concentrations of NH4 and NO3 in the surface 7-cm were less than 5% of the total N applied after 56 days. Recovery of N in the tissue was 5 and 11% of added melamine-N and ammeline-N respectively, during four months of sampling. Poor overall turf quality and number of dates of unacceptable quality also reflected the low mineralization of N from melamine and ammeline. The addition of urea to melamine improved plant N uptake, yield and turf quality. However, after the initial response to the urea component, little evidence of N release from melamine was observed over a four month period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonia volatilization ; granule size ; surface soil pH ; hydrolysis ; application rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Urea powder and granules of varying size (1 to 8 mm diameter) were surface applied to a ryegrass/white clover pasture. Evolution of NH3 was measured using a continuous air flow enclosure method. At 30 kg N ha−1, the percentage of urea-N lost as NH3 from powder or granules of 1–2, 3–4, 5.6 and 8 mm diameter was 18, 17, 20, 22 and 32 respectively. As the particle size increased, the rate of urea hydrolysis decreased and delayed the time at which the maximum rate of volatilization occurred. Mineral-N and soil surface pH measurements confirmed that during the period of volatilization, urea moved less than 30 mm from the application point. For the powder and 3–4 mm granule treatments, when the application rate was increased from 30 to 300 kg N ha−1, the percentage of urea-N volatilized increased, but at any particular rate there was no significant difference in percentage loss between the powder and 3–4 mm granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 53-65 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: balance sheet ; 15N ; urea ; rice ; vertisols ; soil organic carbon ; nitrogen losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the balance sheet of15N labelled urea at three rates (zero, 31.48 and 62.97 mmol N pot−1) applied to rice under flooded conditions with two moisture regimes (continuous and alternate flooding) using three Australian vertisols differing in organic carbon level. Walkley-Black organic carbon values for the three soils were 0.65, 2.13 and 3.76 for the low carbon (LC), medium carbon (MC) and high carbon (HC) soils respectively. Rice dry weight and nitrogen uptake was significantly affected by N fertilizer rates, water regimes and soils. Alternate flooding gave much lower dry weight and nitrogen uptake than continuous flooding and the LC soil gave lower dry weight and nitrogen uptake than for the MC and HC soils. Recovery of15N labelled urea fertilizer in the rice plant was low (15.4 to 38.4%) and the15N urea not accounted for in the plant or soil and presumed lost was high (36.2 to 76.0%). Recovery was lower and loss higher under alternate flooding and for the LC soil. There was no effect of fertilizer rate. The results obtained stress the need for careful management to reduce losses of nitrogen fertilizer, particularly for soils low in organic carbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil water ; urea ; movement ; ammonia volatilization ; mechanistic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To assess the influence of varying soil water and soil air contents on ammonia volatilization from surface applied urea, a mechanistic model is used to simulate the system. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of soil-water-air dynamics on the movement of urea, ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil base, and on the rate of urea hydrolysis, and their influence on ammonia volatilization. Changing the soil moisture between 90% and 125% of field capacity did not have a marked influence on ammonia volatilization. The predicted losses were at their minimum with a moisture content slightly above field capacity, and increased sharply as the soil moisture fell below 90% of the field capacity. Ammonia volatilization losses measured by experiment at differentθf values agreed very well with those predicted by the model. The relative contribution of the liquid pathway over the gaseous pathway of movement of NH3 through soil increased with increase inθf, and, at a givenθf, decreased with increase in the pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; granules ; interaction ; 15N balance ; perennial ryegrass ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The15N isotope was used to study the mode of action of individual nitrogen sources in a 30% urea:30% ammonium nitrate: 10% ammonium sulphate:30% filler (w/w) granular fertilizer for perennial ryegrass in a greenhouse pot experiment. The fertilizer consisted of two types of granules, one containing 80% urea and 20% filler and the second containing 48% ammonium nitrate (AN), 16% ammonium sulphate (AS) and 36% filler. In addition the effect of dolomite compared with silica as the filler was investigated on nitrogen recovery from the 30:30:10:30 formulation. Dolomite adversely affected the recovery of nitrate N from the system and evidence suggested that MgCO3 was the active component. Granules containing dolomite resulted in a lower dry-matter yield than those containing silica, however the difference was not significant as nitrate contributed only 20% of the N in the formulation. AN gave the greatest DM yield and urea the lowest with AS being intermediate. The15N budget in shoots, roots and soil indicated that only 65% of the N from urea was recovered at the end of the experiment compared with 86% for AN and 91% for AS. The dry-matter yield of the 30:30:10:30 formulation using silica as the filler was intermediate between urea and AN; however, the apparent N recovery was significantly higher than expected from the sum of the individual components. The use of15N labelling indicated that using separate granules for ammonium N and urea the recovery of urea was improved by 11% in the triple N mixture when both AN and AS were present in the second granule compared to the recovery on its own. The enhanced recovery of urea appeared to be a function of AN and AS acting together as neither source in double combination with urea had any effect on urea N recovery. Urea enhanced the recovery of nitrate N by 10% but decreased the recovery of AS by 6% (in the 30:30:10:30 formulation) in comparison with the single sources on their own. The results indicate that interactions can occur between N sources even when they are physically separated by being in different granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; ammonia ; toxicities ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha−1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha−1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively). Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5. Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha−1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 235-244 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia ; urea ; K microdistribution ; electron probe x-ray microanalyzer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of NH3 formed by urea hydrolysis on K distribution in maize roots and the rhizosphere were examined by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Fresh weight of seedlings growing on calcareous soils was decreased by applying 200 ppm N as urea attributable to the inhibition of the development of root hairs and lateral roots. In the U-200 treatment, little K accumulated in the roots but K concentration in the rhizosphere soil increased. Such a pattern does not appear in roots receiving 200 ppm as ammonium sulfate or on calcareous soils with 100 ppm N as urea or with 200 ppm as urea in an acidic clay loam. The results indicate that K efflux is responsible for the growth depression and that K efflux from the high concentration of NH3 formed when urea is hydrolysed rather than from the NH 4 + ion. Applying K fertilizer with urea should alleviate the adverse effects of urea on plant growth on calcareous soils by improving K status of the plant and by the decrease in rhizosphere soil pH which considerably reduces NH3 concentration. Management designed to limit pH increase during urea hydrolysis should both prevent NH3 injury and reduced N losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: arid soils ; nitrogen efficiency ; urea ; urease activity ; urease inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of urease inhibitors on the urea hydrolysis in some Sundanese soils belonging to the orders of Vertisol and Entisol. The hydrolysis showed a lag period of about 3 days and its rate (Y) per unit time (t) could be described by a two constants exponential equation of the general form Y = K1tK 2. Statistical analysis showed that the intercept K1 (rate of urea hydrolysis) was significantly affected by soil type rather than treatment. It seems that K1 is associated with the soils' initial urease activity as it closely correlates with the Michaelis constant (km). The gradient, K2, being significantly affected by soil type as well as treatment is probably associated with the induced urease activity with time and it, therefore, varied with variations in soils and treatments. Of the so-called urease inhibitors used in this study Ca(OH)2, p-benzoquinone (PBQ) and orthophosphoric acid (OP) only PBQ reduced urea hydrolysis while the other chemicals have effects possibly related to modifying the soil pH. Inhibitor treated soils had substantial amounts of unacounted for N which was believed to be present, presumably, in the form of carbamate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 283-296 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia ; ammonium sulphate ; urea ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Losses of ammonia by volatilization from ammonium sulphate and urea applied to soil were studied in field conditions. Losses from ammonium sulphate generally were not large; ammonia volatilization is thus unlikely to be an important pathway of nitrogen loss from cropped soils, and does not explain the low responses to nitrogen fertilizer of wheat grown in the higher rainfall cropping areas of South-Eastern Australia. Losses of nitrogen from ammonium sulphate were not greatly affected by meteorological variables, rate of application, water applicaton or incorporation into soil. The above variables all affected losses of nitrogen from urea, by influencing the rates of solution and hydrolysis of urea, and volatilization of ammonia. Losses ranged from 4 to 50% of the applied urea-nitrogen. Losses of urea-nitrogen were large when evaporation rates were high, and large variations occurred in the rates at which urea could be hydrolyzed. Extrapolation of the results to grazing conditions suggests that ammonia volatilization may result in large losses of nitrogen from short pastures in dry conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: diammonium phosphate ; phenylphosphorodiamidate ; potassium nitrate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of topsoil moisture content at the time of nitrogen fertilization and distribution of precipitation following N fertilization on volatile loss of surfaceapplied fertilizer N was studied in two greenhouse experiments using15N-labeled fertilizers. Loss of applied NO 3 - -N was small compared with loss of urea-N and diammonium phosphate (DAP)-N; this suggests that NH3 volatilization was the major pathway of N loss for urea and DAP. Loss of applied NO 3 - -N averaged less than 6% of that applied regardless of initial topsoil moisture or amount of precipitation. Increased initial topsoil moisture content increased losses of urea-N greatly but losses of DAP-N only slightly. Increasing depths of precipitation, added five days after N fertilization, greatly decreased loss of urea-N but had no effect on the loss of DAP-N. Variations in moisture and precipitation treatments caused losses of urea-N to vary from 40 to 6% of that applied in a slightly acidic silty loam and from 26 to 11% in a calcareous clay. Moisture and precipitation treatments caused volatilization of DAP-N to vary from 20 to 10% in the silty loam and from 40 to 27% in the calcareous clay. In a second experiment, moisture and precipitation conditions affected N loss from urea as in the previous experiment. Addition of phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPDA), a known urease inhibitor, to urea at 20 g kg−1 resulted in only a small reduction of N loss in the calcareous clay soil used. It was concluded that soil moisture at the time of N fertilization and precipitation following N fertilization can greatly affect volatile loss of fertilizer N. Since the effect of moisture on N loss is not the same for all N sources, moisture parameters are expected to affect the ranking of N sources by their susceptibility to N loss and their uptake by plants in field experiments. Results obtained suggest some management practices by which fertilizer N might be conserved. The great effect of moisture and precipitation on N loss in these studies underscores the need for detailed meteorological records for field sites of N trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 119-133 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium sulphate ; fertilizer-N recovery ; NH3 volatilization ; rice ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment it was established that NH4 volatilization losses were larger with urea than with ammonium sulphate used as a basal fertilizer for lowland rice. The difference arose from the pH-increasing effect of urea in the floodwater. This rise in pH promoted the growth of algae which in turn were responsible for large diurnal fluctuations in the pH of the floodwater thus enhancing the loss of NH3 during daytime. Ammonium sulphate lowered the pH of the water which suppressed the growth of algae. Once the rice canopy had closed, the algal population declined and the diurnal pH fluctuations largely disappeared. Urea as a topdressing was found to be less liable to give rise to NH3 volatilization than when added as basal dressing. The highest N recovery was obtained with ammonium sulphate used as basal dressing and urea as topdressing. Working a basal dressing into the soil improves the fertilizer-N recovery of urea-N, but not of ammonium sulphate-N, the latter being already high without soil incorporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; immobilization ; nitrate leaching ; nitrification inhibitors ; solution fertilizers ; surface runoff ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted in 1982 to measure the effect of no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) systems on N transformation after surface and subsurface applications of N fertilizers. Urea, urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, (NH4)2SO4 (AS), and CA(NO3)2 were applied to NT and CT plots (5.95 m2) at a rate of 448 kg N ha−1. A comparison of fertilizer N recovered in soils receiving incorporated or surface applied N was used to estimate NH3 volatilization while denitrification was estimated from fertilizer N recovered in the presence and absence of nitrapyrin with incorporated N. Immobilization was assessed in microplots (0.37 m2) after surface application of (15NH4)2SO4 to NT and CT systems at a rate of 220 kg N ha−1. The results indicate little difference between NT and CT systems on urea hydrolysis rates and immobilization of surface applied fertilizer N. Approximately 50% and 10% of the surface applied N was recovered in the inorganic and organic fractions, respectively, on both tillage systems. The N not recovered was likely lost from plot areas through soil runoff. Incorporation of UAN, urea and AS resulted in 20 to 40% greater inorganic N recovery than from surface application. Nitrification rates were greater under the NT than the CT system. The similarities in concentration in the various N pools observed between the two tillage systems may be partially due to the short length of time that NT was imposed in this field study (〈1 year) since other researchers using established tillage systems (〉5 y) indicate that NT tends to promote decreased efficiency of fertilizer N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; urine ; urea ; model ; soil-surface pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Published field experimental data [11, 15, 19] were used to compare measured NH3(g) losses following applications of urine or aqueous urea to pasture soils with values predicted by a simplified ammonia volatilization model [16]. Total measured losses were generally in close agreement with predictions. For example, predicted losses following applications of urine to a ryegrass-white clover pasture in Canterbury, New Zealand were 20.7% in summer and 22.4% in autumn and were highly correlated with measured losses of 21.5% and 24.4% respectively (r = 0.998). The model was also tested for instantaneous rate of ammonia gas loss at 33 discrete sampling times for the summer experiment. Correlations were again highly significant (r = 0.951 for urine and r = 0.885 for urea). The interception of urine solution by herbage and litter on the pasture surface is discussed and was shown to account for some of the discrepancies between measurements and predictions. Soil surface pH was confirmed as an important factor in determining the extent of ammonia gas loss, and the practicalities of measuring this parameter under field conditions are presented. It was concluded that the model offers the potential for predicting ammonia volatilization losses following urine or aqueous urea applications to short pasture in non-leaching, non-nitrifying environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; urine patches ; volatilization model ; nitrogen loss ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical considerations for the development of a simplified model for predicting volatilization losses of ammonia gas (NH3(g)) from the urine patches of grazing herbivores in a pasture ecosystem are presented. The volatilization of NH3(g) is treated as a physico-chemical phenomenon based on the soil solution chemistry of urine patches to develop a general equation to describe the rate of volatilization from a pasture surface. A semi-empirical approach was then used in which published data define typical limits for the parameters appearing in the volatilization equation. This led to the simplification of the general volatilization equation into a more useable and more readily verifiable form. The dominant factor in determining the rate of volatilization of NH3(g) was shown to be the soil surface pH. To better understand the dynamics of pH changes within urine patches, the more extensive literature dealing with volatilization losses from flooded soils was reviewed. From the apparent similarities between the two systems a procedure was described by which a careful monitoring of soil surface pH as a function of time could be used to solve the simplified equation. To calculate NH3(g) fluxes this model requires the following as input data: a knowledge of the disposition of the applied-N within the soil profile; the rate of urea hydrolysis in the topsoil; and soil surface pH and temperature measurements throughout the duration of a volatilization event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: wetland rice ; ammonium sulphate ; urea ; nitrapyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was carried out to estimate volatilization and denitrification losses of15N applied as urea of ammonium sulphate to a wet land rice soil. Nitrapyrin (a nitrification inhibitor) was also applied to some treatments along with the two N sources. The N level in floodwater increased rapidly, soon after applying fertilizer N, but decreased to lower values within a few days. At 1 week after applying urea and ammonium sulphate, N losses were 37.6% and 60.6% respectively. The corresponding figures after 4 weeks were 55.7% and 61.9% while with nitrapyrin added the corresponding values were 37.2% and 57.2% after 1 week and 52.7 and 65.0% after 4 weeks respectively indicating that losses due to dentrification are negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...