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  • Articles  (39)
  • Ecology
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1990-1994  (39)
  • Biology  (39)
  • Geosciences  (1)
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  • Articles  (39)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecology of the visual pigments of snappers (Lutjanidae) on the Great Barrier Reef (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 461-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Ecology ; Great Barrier Reef ; Lutjanidae ; Microspectrophotometry ; Visual pigments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The visual pigments in the retinal photoreceptors of 12 species of snappers of the genus Lutjanus (Teleostei; Perciformes; Lutjanidae) were measured by microspectrophotometry. All the species were caught on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) but differ in the colour of the water in which they live. Some live in the clear blue water of the outer reef, some in the greener water of the middle and inshore reefs and some in the more heavily stained mangrove and estuarine water. All the species had double cones, each member of the pair containing a different visual pigment. Using Baker's and Smith's (1982) model to predict the spectral distribution of ambient light from chlorophyll and dissolved organic matter it was found that the absorption spectra of the visual pigments in the double cones were close to those that confer the maximum sensitivity in the different water types. Single cones contained a blue or violet-sensitive visual pigment. The visual pigments in the rods showed little variation, their wavelength of maximum absorption always being in the region 489–502 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191712
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Divergent ecology of sympatric clones of the asexual gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 397-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Evolution of sex ; Ecology ; Clones ; Lepidoaactylus lugubris ; Gekkonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report differences in the thermal biology, elevational, temporal and geographic distributions of sympatric clones of the widespread asexual house gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris. The two most common L. lugubris clones in Fiji, clones 2NA and 2NB, differ significantly in preferred temperature as measured in a laboratory heat gradient, but were similar in critical thermal maximum and minimum. Significant differences were found in the relative frequency of clones 2NA, 2NB, and a third Fijian clone, clone 3NB, at seven sites along an elevational gradient in Fiji. Clone 2NB was not collected at sites above 235 m, consistent with its higher preferred temperature, whereas clone 2NA was captured as high as 835 m. Clone 3NB was extremely rare at sealevel (1% of all individuals at three sites below 100 m), but predominated at the two highest-elevation sites (42% and 100%). Clones 2NA and 2NB did not differ significantly in their activity time or ambient activity temperature at low-elevation sites. Clone 3NB however, was active on significantly cooler nights at two of those sites. These significant inter-clonal differences in spatial and temporal distribution should allow a more complete utilization of resources by the assemblage of clones than by any single clonal genotype, and may promote coexistence of clones at a within-island and within-site scale. Clone 2NA, which is the most common clone in Fiji and has the broadest elevational distribution, also has the widest geographic distribution. It was the predominant clone at 27 of 34 sites surveyed in nine Pacific archipelagoes. This suggests that the ecological attributes that favor this clone in Fiji also favor it elsewhere in the Pacific despite differing environmental conditions and clonal composition in those areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317861
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytogeography of bryophyte and lichen vegetation in the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, Continental Antarctica (1994)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 111 (1994), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Biogeography ; Cryptogam ; Ecology ; Moss ; Plant dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and frequency of bryophyte and lichen vegetation on ice-free regions of the Windmill Islands are presented using data derived from aerial photography and ground surveying. The qualitative and quantitative plant cover of sites are listed and related to the topography and major soil characteristics of each site. The richest associations of macrolichens and bryophytes occurred on the metamorphic northern peninsulas. Species richness and frequency was generally reduced on the charnockitic southern peninsula and the islands which have been deglaciated longer. Salinity varied significantly throughout the region with the highest levels in the northern islands reflecting the presence of penguin colonies. In such sites bryophytes and lichens were virtually absent. Wind blown sea-spray contributed far less salts than direct excretion from penguins. On the peninsulas snow cover and site exposure appeared to delimit plant distribution. Higher salt levels from sea-spray on the northern aspects of the peninsulas seemed to have negligible impact on vegetation patterns with the possible exception ofBiatorella cerebriformis which was encountered only inland. The total phosphorus and nitrogen levels of the skeletal soils were generally low except in eutrophic sites adjacent to penguin colonies. The vegetation patterns are discussed in terms of the climate, topography and species autecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045578
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) (1994)
    Springer
    Primates 35 (1994), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Rhinopithecus ; Distribution ; Population ; Ecology ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), an endangered species in China, has received more protection in theory than in practice. Therefore it is on the very verge of extinction. The population of the species was estimated less than 2,000 individuals spread in 19 distinct groups. It was confirmed that the monkey was confined to the Yunling Mountain System, the area between the Yangtze River (Changjiang, aka Jinshajiang) to the east and the Mekong River (Lancangjiang) to the west. We further concluded that a lowland belt to the east, about 100 km long and 20 – 30 km wide was not suitable habitat for the monkeys, and appeared to serve as the natural ecogeologic barrier for the species. Our results indicated that the southern limit of the distribution was at Longma (26°14′N), and that the northern limit of the distribution was at Xiaochangdu (29°20′N). The distribution area of the species was substantially smaller than previously estimated. There were substantial ecological differences between the southern and northern parts of the species range. The monkey was found only in fir-larch forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382060
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lake Victoria fisheries: the Kenyan reality and environmental implications (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 39 (1994), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Traditional fishing ; Nile perch ; Tilapias ; Introduced species ; Haplochromines ; Predator-prey relationships ; Economics ; Agriculture ; Wichlum Beach ; Yala Swamp ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria has dramatically altered the fishery in that lake and contributed to the decline of the fishery for indigenous tilapias. One sector of the fishery in Lake Victoria has benefitted from the Nile perch introduction, although catches have declined in recent years. Inefficient enforcement of fisheries regulations has had a detrimental effect on indigenous species but may also have contributed to the recent decline in Nile perch catches. Fisheries development plans have tended to favour capital-intensive fisheries and to ignore small scale subsistence fisheries. A case study at Wichlum Beach on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria has revealed the efficiency of traditional fishing and fish drying methods as well as the high ecological costs of the practice of kiln-drying Nile perch. Forty-five tons of firewood are used per month at Wichlum Beach alone for kiln-drying perch. The increased economic viability of the fishery has attracted professionals into the industry and resulted in the development of an export-oriented trade. The Yala Swamp adjacent to Lake Victoria has been extensively drained as part of a large land reclamation scheme and more draining is planned. Increased environmental awareness in Kenya, and Kenya's membership in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, has resulted in a critical review of these plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004802
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet and dentition in tropical ariid catfishes from Australia (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 40 (1994), S. 159-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gulf of Carpentaria ; Estuary ; Feeding guilds ; Ecology ; Coexistence ; Molluscs ; Polychaetes ; Ariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The diets of 13 species of ariid catfishes from the tropical waters of the Gulf of Carpentaria are described and compared. Fishes were collected from two estuaries and inshore and offshore marine areas. Up to 10 species have been recorded from a single estuary. Although all are carnivorous and consume a variety of prey, diet analyses and statistical ordination reveal three feeding guilds - piscivores, polychaete-eaters and molluscivores. The diets of most species are similar between sites. There are strong relationships between dietary guild and the size and arrangement of the palatine teeth. The piscivorous group of catfish (guild 1) have large mouths with relatively large multiple palatine tooth plates, either in a band or in a triangular pattern and armed with sharp recurved teeth. The primarily polychaete-feeding group (guild 2) have a variable mouth size but it is usually smaller than that of guild 1 fish; their palatine teeth plates are fewer and smaller, and they have small, sharp recurved teeth. Guild 3 eat mainly molluscs, and have a small mouth and large posteriorly situated palatine plates with globular, truncated teeth. Overlaps in diet between species are probably reduced by differential distribution patterns within estuaries and different habitat preferences. The mouth-width and tooth-plate arrangements of ariids in tropical Australia are suitable for dealing with broad classes of prey rather than specific items, conferring dietary flexibility. This probably optimizes the trade-off for most species between occupation of broad feeding niches and the ability to shift diet easily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002543
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  • 7
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    Genetic algorithms: principles of natural selection applied to computation (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-13
    Description: A genetic algorithm is a form of evolution that occurs on a computer. Genetic algorithms are a search method that can be used for both solving problems and modeling evolutionary systems. With various mapping techniques and an appropriate measure of fitness, a genetic algorithm can be tailored to evolve a solution for many types of problems, including optimization of a function of determination of the proper order of a sequence. Mathematical analysis has begun to explain how genetic algorithms work and how best to use them. Recently, genetic algorithms have been used to model several natural evolutionary systems, including immune systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forrest, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 13;261(5123):872-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131-1386.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8346439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; Antibody Formation ; Biological Evolution ; *Computer Simulation ; Ecology ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics ; *Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Australian pest control by virus causes concern (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):683-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary ; Ecology ; Female ; *Foxes/microbiology ; *Genetic Engineering ; Male ; Myxoma virus/genetics ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Rabbits/microbiology ; Viruses/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Where are 'new' diseases born? (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):680-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Disease Vectors ; Ecology ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infection/*epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Papua New Guinea/epidemiology ; *Trees ; Tropical Medicine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    The mouse-pinon nut connection (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 5;262(5135):833.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bunyaviridae Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission/veterinary ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Ecology ; Hantavirus/*physiology ; Humans ; Lung Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Nuts ; Peromyscus/*microbiology/physiology ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Rodentia/microbiology ; United States/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 11
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    Insect diversity in the fossil record (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-07-16
    Description: Insects possess a surprisingly extensive fossil record. Compilation of the geochronologic ranges of insect families demonstrates that their diversity exceeds that of preserved vertebrate tetrapods through 91 percent of their evolutionary history. The great diversity of insects was achieved not by high origination rates but rather by low extinction rates comparable to the low rates of slowly evolving marine invertebrate groups. The great radiation of modern insects began 245 million years ago and was not accelerated by the expansion of angiosperms during the Cretaceous period. The basic trophic machinery of insects was in place nearly 100 million years before angiosperms appeared in the fossil record.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Labandeira, C C -- Sepkoski, J J Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 16;261(5119):310-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Earth (Planet) ; Ecology ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Insects/*classification ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal infectivity and specificity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in co-existing grassland species (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 349-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas ; Ecology ; Infectivity ; Specificity ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specificity in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM), arising from selection favouring host plant/mycorrhizal fungus associations in which both organisms receive benefit, might have a significant influence on interactions between co-existing plant species. In an attempt to detect such specificity root inoculum of four tempt to detect such specificity root inoculum of four plant species, harvested from a species-rich grassland on three dates during the plant growth season, was used to infect the same plant species grown in pots. The rate and overall level of infection was different according to inoculum source and the time of year in which the inoculum was harvested, i.e. temporal variation in VAM infectivity occurs. However, there was no evidence for either specificity or mycorrhizal benefit. Inoculum produced during this experiment was used to infect “bait” Trifolium pratense plants and protein patterns of these roots indicated that a number of biochemically different endophytes were present, both within the inoculum of the four plant species but also within inoculum from one plant species. Temporal variation in mycorrhizal infectivity could be important for mycorrhizal propagation in the field. However, the lack of evidence, in this study, for specificity of VAM or an obvious nutritional benefit to plants with mycorrhizas make the role of mycorrhizas in this community difficult to interpret.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317877
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specialized and generalized dispersal systems: where does ‘the paradigm’ stand? (1993)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 107-108 (1993), S. 3-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frugivory ; Seed dispersal ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I explore the ‘specialization’ versus ‘generalization’ paradigm in frugivory and seed dispersal. This view predicts that some tropical trees produce nutritious fruits adapted for use by a small coterie of specialized frugivores that provide reliable seed dissemination. Other tree species are expected to offer superabundant fruits of lower nutritional reward, relying instead on common opportunistic frugivores that are individually less reliable, but collectively disperse seeds effectively. Though widely referenced, many aspects of ‘the paradigm’ are untested with tropical trees and avian frugivores, primarily because plant ecologists rarely determine whether ‘specialist’ or ‘generalist’ foragers are responsible for different patterns of seed distribution, while students of foraging behavior rarely determine the effects seed dispersal by different animals for survival of seeds or seedlings of ‘specialist’ or ‘generalist’ trees. Ecological paradigms provide alternative hypotheses, without evolutionary arguments. ‘Keystone’ species have ecological effects disproportionate to their abundance; it is important for management considerations to know whether fruiting trees or frugivores serve as keystone mutualists in tropical forests. Alternatively, the extent to which vertebrate seed dispersers influence density-dependent seed, seedling, sapling, or adult mortality may have important consequences for spatial dispersion and population dynamics of tree species in tropical forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052208
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The competition controversy in community ecology (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 8 (1993), S. 359-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ecology ; evolution ; competition ; theory testing ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract There is a long history of controversy in ecology over the role of competition in determining patterns of distribution and abundance, and over the significance of the mathematical modeling of competitive interactions. This paper examines the controversy. Three kinds of considerations have been involved at one time or another during the history of this debate. There has been dispute about the kinds of regularities ecologists can expect to find, about the significance of evolutionary considerations for ecological inquiry, and about the empirical credentials of theoretical studies of competition. Each of these elements is examined with an eye toward gaining philosophical clarification of the issues involved. In the process, certain shortcomings of contemporary philosophical theories are revealed. In particular, I argue that plausibility arguments based on background considerations are an important part of the model building tradition, but that current accounts of the structure and evaluation of scientific theories do little to illuminate this side of theoretical ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857684
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of variation in a neotropical seed dispersal system (1993)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 107-108 (1993), S. 149-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frugivory ; Herbivory ; Seed dispersal ; Seedling Ecology ; Virola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the causes and consequences of seed and seedling mortality of the tree Virola nobilis (Myristicaceae) Central Panama in order to understand the advantage to local seed dispersal by birds and monkeys. Post-dispersal mortality due to insects (primarily Conotrachelus spp., Curculionidae) accounts for 30–35% of seed and seedling death during the first 12 weeks after seed fall. Because more seeds and seedlings are killed under and near fruiting trees than 15–45 m away, seed dispersal confers a 20–40 fold advantage on seeds carried 45 m from fruiting adults. In contrast, 〉60% of seed and seedling death during the first year is due to seed predation by mammals, with 〉90% due to mammals among the 〈2% seeds that survive until maternal endosperm is exhausted ±12 weeks after seed fall. Mortaliy due to mammals is independent of distance from parent trees, confering no advantage to seed dispersal. Insects account for variation in mortality attributable to distance effects, mammals to between site effects. Early weevil infestations put a premium on seed removal by large birds (Ramphastos swainsonii, R. sulfuratus, Penelope purpurascens), which carry 〉50% of the seeds that they eat 〉40 m, as compared with smaller birds (Baryphthengus martii, Tityra semifasciata, Trogon massena) and monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), which leave most or all of the seeds that they eat under or near the tree crown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052218
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population dynamics and life-history styles of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus, in Ferguson's Gulf, Lake Turkana, Kenya (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 37 (1993), S. 25-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Seasonality ; Catch-rates ; Lake levels ; Oxygen ; Predators ; Size-at-maturity ; Growth ; Mortalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Three observed dynamic aspects of the Nile tilapia population around Ferguson's Gulf at Lake Turkana, Kenya are evaluated and discussed: the seasonality in catch rates, the enormous inter-annual abundance variations, and the large changes in median size at first maturity. A clear understanding of the regulating mechanisms behind these features has never been achieved, although seasonal changes in the hydrology of shallow sheltered refuges seems to play an important role. This paper suggests a further holistic approach taking the impacts and interrelationships of both the primary productivity and the various predators into account. A synthesizing ecological hypothesis is elaborated, which concludes that most observations on the tilapia dynamics can be explained from changes in the oxygen concentrations and size-specific mortality pressures. Variations in these two proximate factors can ultimately be explained by the floodplain-type fluctuations in the Ferguson's Gulf environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000710
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology, demography, and population genetics of barbary macaques in Algeria (1993)
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 381-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaca sylvanus ; Ecology ; Demography ; Migration ; Group fission ; Population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over a 9-year period from 1982 to 1990 ecological and demographic data were collected on two genetic isolates of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Algeria, from the deciduous oak-forest of Akfadou and from the evergreen cedar-oak forest of the National Park Djurdjura. Macaques at Djurdjura profit from more suitable ecological conditions and have a higher rate of population increase as well as a higher male migration rate than those at Akfadou. Genetic data, gained from 23 genetic markers (blood proteins), proved to be highly influenced by the demographic structure of the groups. The macaque populations of Akfadou and Djurdjura have become genetically differentiated. Group fission, coupled with founder effect (genetic drift) and kin-structured (matrilineal) separation, resulted in a priori genetic diversity between one newly-established group and its parent group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382634
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  • 18
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    Biological diversity: where is it? (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimm, S L -- Gittleman, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):940.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ecology ; *Genetic Variation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Air pollution and mortality (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lipfert, F W -- Morris, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):722.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollution ; Biometry ; Ecology ; Humans ; *Mortality ; United States/epidemiology ; Urban Population
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Discrete-time travelling waves: Ecological examples (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 30 (1992), S. 413-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Travelling waves ; Integrodifferenceequations ; Bifurcations ; Diffusion ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Integrodifference equations are discrete-time models that possess many of the attributes of continuous-time reaction-diffusion equations. They arise naturally in population biology as models for organisms with discrete nonoverlapping generations and well-defined growth and dispersal stages. I examined the varied travelling waves that arise in some simple ecologically-interesting integrodifference equations. For a scalar equation with compensatory growth, I observed only simple travelling waves. For carefully chosen redistribution kernels, one may derive the speed and approximate the shape of the observed waveforms. A model with overcompensation exhibited flip bifurcations and travelling cycles in addition to simple travelling waves. Finally, a simple predator-prey system possessed periodic wave trains and a variety of travelling waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173295
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    Saxifraga depressa and Saxifragetum depressae: an endemic species and association of the western Dolomites (Italy) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 98 (1992), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Chorology ; Ecology ; Lithology ; New association ; Numerical classification ; Saxifraga depressa ; Saxifragetum depressae ; Scree ; Syntaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saxifraga depressa grows only on the summits of eleven siliceous massives in the western Dolomites. It is restricted to the habitat of steep N-faced screes lying above 2000 m. Syntaxonomically, Saxifraga depressa characterizes the association Saxifragetum depressae which is here described for the first time with two subassociations. With respect to the closely allied Oxyrietum digynae, the Saxifragetum depressae colonizes debris richer in fine material. The soil pH in the habitats of the Saxifragetum depressae varies from acid to slightly basic, mainly as a result of lithological differences in the parent rocks. The habitats having a subneutral or basic soil are colonized by a well-defined subassociation of the Saxifragetum depressae, which is differentiated by some basiphilous species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031635
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    Biogeography, ecology and history of Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystems (1992)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 99-100 (1992), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Biogeography ; Ecology ; Paleoecology ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quercus ilex sensu lato plays an important role in Western Mediterranean ecosystems, but is poorly developed in the Eastern Mediterranean where it is often replaced by Quercus calliprinos. The occurrence of Quercus ilex in the different bioclimates and their thermic subdivisions is presented on a small scale. Under certain geographical and ecological conditions, Quercus ilex participates in the organization of vegetation ecosystems from the meso-Mediterranean to the oro-Mediterranean altitudinal zones. Quercus ilex imposes microclimatic constraints on its associated species; it thus organizes and original understory vegetation structure (ethological groups) which will be defined in this study. One of the reasons for the success of Quercus ilex stems from its remarkable resistance to ecological constraints. A broad synthetic presentation of foliar area index variations in relation to different types of stress serve as a basis for an explanation of the sclerophyllous model in the Mediterranean region. Finally, historical factors are outlined as being critical characteristics in the determination of the present organization and spatial structure of Quercus ilex ecosystems. These considerations will be analyzed from a paleobioclimatical point of view, including data related to human pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118207
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    Infant development and parental care in two species of sifakas (1992)
    Springer
    Primates 33 (1992), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Infant development ; Parental care ; Propithecus ; Reproductive costs ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of a three-month field study on parental care and infant development in the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema edwardsi) in the primary rain-forest of south-eastern Madagascar. They are compared with a three-and-a-half-month study of captive white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) in the Duke University Primate Centre. Records were taken by means of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. In both species the mother was the primary carrier and caretaker; theP. verreauxi father carried the infant significantly more than did any animal other than the mother in theP. diadema group. The infantP. verreauxi spent less time off the mother than didP. diadema from week 4 through week 10. It is concluded thatP. verreauxi shows more non-maternal care thanP. diadema and also develops at a slower rate. The difference in the two species' habitats is discussed as a possible cause.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381192
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    Brain morphology and turbidity preference in Notropis and related genera (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 33 (1992), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Neuroanatomy ; Ecology ; Vision ; Olfaction ; Gustation ; Plasticity ; Adaptation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The size of seven neural structures was compared in 51 species of Notropis, Pteronotropis, Cyprinella, Luxilus, Lythrurus, and Hybopsis, and related to the turbidity of the species& habitat. This last parameter was assessed for each species by personal communication with 42 ichthyologists. To control for size differences among species, all analyses were performed on the residuals from a regression of each character on standard length. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the residuals produced four significant PC-axes that together explained 65% of the total variation represented in the original variables. The size of brain structures concerned with vision, olfaction, and gustation was correlated with habitat turbidity. Two-way Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVAs) revealed significant differences between species in the size of all structures. Sexual dimorphism was found in the size of the olfactory bulb and the cerebellum, and significant two-way interactions (species vs. sex) were detected for the telencephalon, optic lobes, cerebellum, vagal lobe, and the eye. Cluster analysis indicated that neither similar turbidity preference nor shared phylogeny is alone sufficient to explain the observed differences in brain morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002561
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    Biotechnology regulation (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):629-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecology ; Environmental Health
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Prospects for an invasion: competition between Aedes albopictus and native Aedes triseriatus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: Competition between larval populations of the native North American treehole mosquito Aedes triseriatus and Aedes albopictus, recently introduced from Asia to North America, was assessed by comparing per capita growth rate estimates for experimental cohorts of larvae developing under a variety of initial density combinations in fluid obtained from tires or from treeholes. Estimates of carrying capacities and competition coefficients indicate that competition between the two species will result in stable coexistence in treehole communities but local extinction of A. triseriatus in tire habitats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livdahl, T P -- Willey, M S -- R15AI27940/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):189-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1853204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecology ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Density-dependent natural selection and trade-offs in life history traits (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: Theories of density-dependent natural selection state that at extreme population densities evolution produces alternative life histories due to trade-offs. The trade-offs are presumed to arise because those genotypes with highest fitness at high population densities will not also have high fitness at low density and vice-versa. These predictions were tested by taking samples from six populations of Drosophila melanogaster kept at low population densities (r-populations) for nearly 200 generations and placing them in crowded cultures (K-populations). After 25 generations in the crowded cultures, the derived K-populations showed growth rate and productivity that at high densities were elevated relative to the controls, but at low density were depressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mueller, L D -- Guo, P Z -- Ayala, F J -- S07 RR07008/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):433-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1907401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Ecology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Population Growth ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A rogue's gallery of pests (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 6;254(5037):1446.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1683716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bees ; *Culicidae ; Ecology ; Mollusca ; Pest Control ; Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Regulatory role of parasites: impact on host population shifts with resource availability (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: Effects of infections by the ciliate Lambornella clarki on larval populations of its mosquito host Aedes sierrensis were examined in laboratory and field studies. When host populations developed with sufficient food, mortality from parasites was additive and reduced the number of emerging mosquitoes. For food-limited populations, mortality was compensatory or depensatory; emerging adults were as or more abundant with higher average fitness than those from uninfected control populations. When nutrients were scarce, parasitic infections relaxed larval competition and increased per capita food by reducing host abundance. Food limitation altered larval feeding behavior, reducing horizontal transmission and subsequent mortality from parasitism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Washburn, J O -- Mercer, D R -- Anderson, J R -- AI20245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):185-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1906637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*parasitology/physiology ; Animals ; Ciliophora/*physiology ; Ecology ; Population Dynamics ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Determinants of spatial distribution in a population of the subalpine butterfly Oeneis chryxus (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 88 (1991), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Ecology ; Butterfly ; Oeneis chryxus ; Population structure ; Population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes temporally varying determinants of the spatial distribution of adults in an insect population and the relationship between that distribution and the mating system. Male Oeneis chryxus butterflies were distributed nonrandomly throughout a sloping Colorado meadow divided horizontally by a dirt road into an upper and lower slope. Over an eight-year period of intensive study, the proportion of males located on the road, the upper slope, and the lower slope varied as a function of population size and sex ratio. In each year, more than half of the male population aggregated on sections of the road in a distinct and recurring pattern that was not correlated with the distribution of any food resource or thermal regime. Females were usually extremely scarce and not distributed in any pattern apparent from the few observations of them. Areas densely occupied by males were associated with visual landmarks. We hypothesize that the male distribution is determined by a pattern of movement of receptive females toward these landmarks. The road offers a thermally favorable environment with an unobstructed view in which to await the passage of scarce females. The mating system in this population has several lek-like features and supports the prediction that landmark mating is a favored strategy under conditions of female scarcity and wide dispersal of resources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317724
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    Ecology of heterotrophic dinitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere of mangrove plant community at the Ganges river estuary in India (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 560-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Mangroves ; N2-fixation ; Ecology ; Nutrient cycling ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heterotrophic dinitrogen fixation in root associations of successional stages of the tropical mangrove plant community at the Ganges river estuary in India was investigated by excised-root acetylene reduction assay, and enumeration and identification of diazotrophic bacteria from sediment, root and tidal water samples. High to very high rates of nitrogenase activity (64–130 nmol C2H4/g dry root/h) were associated with washed excised roots of seven common early-successional mangrove species at the inundated swamps. Declining, late-successional mangroves at the occasionally inundated ridges had considerably lower values and the “declined” mangroves and other non-littoral species at embankment protected highlands had very low to insignificant values of root nitrogenase activity. Total and inorganic nitrogen contents of the mangrove sediments were low and were positively related to the stages of physiographic succession. Plant-associated sediments of particularly the old formation swamps had very high C/N ratios. Nine isolates of nitrogen-fixing bacteria belonging to all known O2 response groups were distinguished from a large population of diazotrophs associated with roots of mangroves and other associate plant species of the community. The isolates differed with respect to their N2-fixation efficiency and halotolerance in pure culture. There was no specificity of any of the bacterial isolates to any of the plant species of the community but a higher number of efficient isolates were seen to be associated with mangroves at the swampy succession. Sediment-free tidal water also contained a large population of microaerophilic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria.
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    Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygyny (1991)
    Springer
    Primates 32 (1991), S. 539-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Crested gibbons ; China ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Monogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The black-crested gibbon,Hylobates concolor, is one of the few species of gibbons that has not yet been the subject of a long term field study. Field observations in the Ai Lao and Wu Liang Mountains of Yunnan Province, China indicate that in this area the habitat and ecology of this species differ markedly from those of other gibbons that have been studied to date. These differences are correlated with some behavioral differences. In particular, these gibbons apparently have greater day ranges than other gibbons. It has also been suggested that this species lives in polygynous groups. To demonstrate this requires observation of groups with two or more females with young. Our own observations and those from other recent studies suggest that there are alternative explanations consistent with available data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381946
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    Biology of fork-tailed catfishes from the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 31 (1991), S. 55-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Floodplain fisheries ; Subsistence fisheries ; Feeding ; Condition ; Reproduction ; Ecology ; Niches ; Arius ; Hemipimelodus ; Pisces ; Ariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Ariids accounted for approximately 25% of the weight of catches and landings from rivers and lakes in the floodplain region (= 50% weight of native species). Habitat preferences were:A. solidus, lakes and rivers;A. utarus, rivers and occasionally lakes;A. coatesi andA. velutinus, rivers only;A. nox, lakes and floodplain.A. solidus andA. utarus occasionally entered the floodplain but onlyA. nox exhibited any, albeit modest, affinity for this environment. In general, the fishes showed no marked seasonality relating to the flood cycle: in four species slight increases in feeding, condition, breeding and fat deposition occurred during the dry season whilst onlyA. nox showed modest increases in these parameters during the flood season due to its increased feeding on the floodplain at that time. All species are omnivorous but diets differed according to morphology and habitat preferences. Diet overlap was greatest amongstA. coatesi, A. solidus andA. utarus which fed mainly on prawns and a variety of other plant and animal matter.A. nox is a specialised filter-feeder consuming mainly small crustaceans and small insect larvae.A. velutinus fed mainly on large insect larvae and emergent and terrestrial insects and its diet excluded prawns.A. solidus and, especially,A. utarus also fed on fish scales. Feeding commenced immediately after hatching while free embryos were still in the male parent's mouth. Large amounts of fat were stored prior to brooding during which time males fast. The reproductive style of ariid catfishes limits their colonisation of the floodplain and is a constraint to increased fisheries exploitation of the stocks. The importance of ariids to the local fishery and nutrition (fat) for the local people should be recognised.
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    Voucher specimens: A way to protect the value of your research (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 93-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Voucher specimens ; Biology ; Ecology ; Taxonomy ; Soil animals ; Soil biologist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Voucher specimens ensure that the identity of organisms studied in the field or in laboratory experiments can be verified, and ensure that new species concepts can be applied to past research. Guidelines on the collection, preparation, and deposition of voucher specimens and means of referral to them are given. Type specimens and the nomenclature of species names are briefly described.
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    The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 83 (1990), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Maturity ; Ecology ; Colonization ; Biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nematode assemblages constitute a potential instrument for assessing the quality of submersed, temporarily submersed, and terrestrial soils and for the development of an ecological typology and biomonitoring system. Interpretation of physical or pollution-induced disturbances has hitherto mainly been based on changes in diversity, dominance patterns or percentage of dorylaimids (Adenophorea). The maturity index, based on the nematode fauna, is proposed as a gauge of the condition of the soil ecosystem. Values on a coloniser/persister scale are given for nematodes that occur in The Netherlands. The possibilities of the use of this index are demonstrated by a retrospective interpretation of some literature data. The use of nematodes in environmental studies is discussed.
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    Alternative life-history styles of cartilaginous fishes in time and space (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 28 (1990), S. 33-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Sharks ; Rays ; Chimaeras ; Chondrichthyes ; Evolution ; Success ; Diversity ; Ecology ; Ecomorphotypes ; Reproductive modes ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Cartilaginous fishes, the sharks, rays and chimaeras (class Chondrichthyes), are a very old and successful group of jawed fishes that currently contains between 900 and 1100 known living species. Chondrichthyians show a high morphological diversity during most of their evolutionary career from the Paleozoic to the present day. They are relatively large predators which have remained a major, competitive element of marine ecosystems despite the varied rivalry of numerous other marine vertebrate groups over at least 400 million years. Although restricted in their ecological roles by morphology, reproduction and other factors, the living cartilaginous fishes are highly diverse and show numerous alternative life-history styles which are multiple answers to exploiting available niches permitted by chondrichthyian limitations. Chondrichthyians living and fossil can be divided into at least eighteen ecomorphotypes, of which the littoral ecomorphotype is perhaps the most primitive and can serve as an evolutionary origin for numerous specialist ecomorphotypes with benthic, high-speed, superpredatory, deep-slope and oceanic components. Reproductive modes in cartilaginous fishes are of six types, ranging from primitive extended oviparity through retained oviparity and yolk-sac viviparity (previously ovoviviparity) to three derived forms of viviparity. Reproductive modes are not strongly correlated with ecomorphotypes and with the phylogeny of living elasmobranchs. The success and importance of cartilaginous fishes is largely underrated by marine biologists and by the public, and requires new and ‘heretical’ emphasis to overcome the present inadequacies of chondrichthyian research and the problems of overexploitation that cartilaginous fishes face.
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    The proportion of different eco-ethological sections of reproductive guilds of fishes in some African inland waters (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 28 (1990), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Lakes ; Floodplains ; Rivers ; Perturbation ; Resilience ; Resistance ; Guarders ; Non-guarders ; Bearers ; Altricial ; Precocial ; Predictable ; Unpredictable ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The continent of Africa has a wide variety of inland waters ranging from rift valley lakes to endorheic and coastal lakes, floodplains and rivers. This paper makes a preliminary comparison of the number of species in different eco-ethological sections of the reproductive guild categories of non-guarders, guarders and bearers in ancient African Great Lakes (Malawi, Victoria and Tanganyika), fluctuating endorheic lakes (Ngami, Chad and Chilwa), typical rivers (Orange-Vaal, Limpopo, Phongolo, Sabi-Lundi, Middle and Lower Zambezi, Kafue, Cunene, Okavango, Niger, Luongo, Lower Zaire) and wetlands (Okavango Delta and Kafue floodplain). The results indicate that the highest percentage of bearers and guarders is found in the ancient African Great Lakes, which are characterised by relatively predictable physico-chemical regimes, whereas a higher percentage of non-guarders is found in the rivers and wetlands, which have less predictable physico-chemical regimes. The management implications of this observation are discussed, and the usefulness of the species as a unit in ecology is assessed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751034
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    The decline of the native fishes of lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impact of introduced species, especially the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 27 (1990), S. 81-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Exotic fishes ; Overfishing ; Predation ; Competition ; Fisheries management ; Conservation ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis There has been a decline, and in some cases an almost total disappearance, of many of the native fish species of lakes Victoria and Kyoga in East Africa since the development of the fisheries of these lakes was initiated at the beginning of this century. The Nile perch, Lates niloticus, a large, voracious predator which was introduced into these lakes about the middle of the century along with several tilapiine species, is thought to have caused the reduction in the stocks of several species. But overfishing and competition between different species also appear to have contributed to this decline. By the time the Nile perch had become well established, stocks of the native tilapiine species had already been reduced by overfishing. The Labeo victorianus fishery had also deteriorated following intensive gillnetting of gravid individuals on breeding migrations. L. niloticus is, however, capable of preying on the species which haven been overfished and could have prevented their stocks from recovering from overfishing. L. niloticus is also directly responsible for the decline in populations of haplochromine cichlids which were abundant in these lakes before the Nile perch became established. Even without predation by Nile perch, it has been shown that the haplochromine cichlids could not have withstood heavy commercial exploitation if a trawl fishery had been established throughout Lake Victoria. Their utilisation for human food has also posed some problems. The abundance of the native tilapiine species may also have been reduced through competition with introduced species which have similar ecological requirements. At present, the Nile perch and one of the introduced tilapiine species, Oreochromis niloticus, form the basis of the fisheries of lakes Victoria and Kyoga.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001938
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    Electronic Resource
    Fish reproduction and the impact of acidification in the Kyrönjoki River estuary in the Baltic Sea (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 27 (1990), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Larvae ; Juveniles ; Recruitment ; Nursery areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Several freshwater species use the Kyrönjoki River estuary as a spawning and nursery area. The main reasons for this seem to be the morphology of the estuary, the abundance of shelter provided by aquatic macrophytes, high food production and favourable temperature conditions. Acidification of the estuary due to drainage from acidic soils has made part of the estuary unsuitable for fish reproduction. In addition, year to year fluctuations in the acidity of the estuarine water have affected the reproductive success of several species. The severity of the effects of the acidification at the population level is determined by the spatial and temporal distribution of the larvae and juveniles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002746
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