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  • Articles  (108,737)
  • Springer  (108,500)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2015-2019  (41,290)
  • 1995-1999  (40,422)
  • 1980-1984  (25,371)
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  • Articles  (108,737)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airway Wall Mechanics (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 47-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dimensions, composition, and stiffness of the airway wall are important determinants of airway cross-sectional area during dynamic collapse in a forced expiration or when airway smooth muscle is constricted. Under these circumstances, airway caliber is determined by an interaction between the forces acting to open the airway (parenchymal tension and wall stiffness) and those acting to close it (smooth-muscle force and surface tension at the inner gas-liquid interface). Experimental measurements and theoretical models of the airway tube law (relationship between cross-sectional area and transmural pressure) are presented. Data are presented for the elastic properties of the wall tissue. Simulations of airway constriction in normal and asthmatic airways are discussed. To the extent possible, comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.47
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Dedication in Memoriam of Dr. Richard Skalak (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Richard Skalak (1923-1997) played a leadership role in the formative decades of the discipline of biomedical engineering through his technical contributions in biomechanics, his educational influence on students, and his service to many developing societies and journals. But always, the distinguishing marks of his involvement with any activity or person were his generosity, respect and tolerance for others, integrity, and curiosity. These very qualities are what first brought him as a traditional engineer trained in engineering mechanics into the young field of biomedical engineering in the 1960s, and they are what led him to new approaches to cellular and molecular engineering, tissue engineering, and orthopedic biomechanics. His technical papers and lectures on blood cell mechanics, pulmonary circulation, dental implants, and tissue growth were models of clarity and often pointed the way to new areas of exploration, while his personal writings offer advice on life, academic organizations, and the pursuit of significant work. He would be deeply appreciative that this first volume of the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering is dedicated to his memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue Engineering: Orthopedic Applications (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 19-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because of an aging population and increased occurrence of sports-related injuries, musculoskeletal disorders have become one of the major health concerns in the United States. Current treatments, although fairly successful, do not provide the optimum therapy. These treatments typically rely on donor tissues obtained either from the patient or from another source. The former raises the issue of supply, whereas the latter poses the risk of rejection and disease transfer. This has prompted orthopedic surgeons and scientists to look for viable alternatives. In recent years, tissue engineering has gained increasing support as a method to treat orthopedic disorders. Because it uses principles of engineering, biology, and chemistry, tissue engineering may provide a more effective approach to the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders than traditional methods. This chapter presents a review of current methods and new tissue-engineering techniques for the treatment of disorders affecting bone, ligament, and cartilage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.19
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering and Material Considerations in Islet Cell Transplantation (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 103-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The successful application and optimization of cell transplantation will require quantitative engineering design and analysis of cells and materials in which relevant biological processes remain complex and incompletely defined. This report primarily reviews the engineering and material considerations in islet cell transplantation, including established biological constraints and biohybrid devices for cell delivery, as well as available barrier materials and the associated processing strategies directed at the control of solute transport, barrier permeability, and host responses at the biological-material interface. Also described are current areas of investigation with particular promise as enabling technologies for accelerating the clinical effectiveness of islet cell transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioreactors for Hematopoietic Cell Culture (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 129-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hematopoietic cell culture, or ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells, is an enabling technology with many potential applications in bone-marrow transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and the production of blood products. Hematopoietic cultures are complex, with many different cell types at different stages of development present at any given point in time and never in steady state. Moreover, these cells interact strongly with each other and the environment through cytokines (growth factors) and adhesion molecules, as well as through their metabolism. Despite these significant challenges, cell products produced in bioreactors have shown promise in recent phase 1 clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.129
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implanted Electrochemical Glucose Sensors for the Management of Diabetes (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 153-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By maintaining a near normal (70-120 mg/dL) glucose concentration, diabetic patients can drastically reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of diabetes complications. In the near future, subcutaneously implanted electrochemical glucose sensors will be available to provide frequent or continuous information on which timely treatment decisions, such as insulin injection or glucose source intake, can be based, as well as timely alarm signals. The currently engineered devices are of three types: (a) innocuous microsensors, with actively mass-transporting areas 〈10-3 cm2, replaced twice a week by the patient; (b) self-contained, surgeon-implanted, transmitter-containing packages of 〉1 cm2 area, operating for 〉100 days; and (c) devices transporting subcutaneous fluid to an external sensor, based on implanted microfiltration or microdialysis fibers or on iontophoretic transport of the subcutaneous fluid through the skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.153
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of Molecules, Particles, and Cells in Solid Tumors (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 241-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extraordinary advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to the development of a vast number of therapeutic anti-cancer agents. To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule, particle, or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, which it then must migrate through. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder these steps. The goal of research in this area is to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically and integrate the resulting information into a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has fostered a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors and aided in the development of novel strategies to exploit and/or overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.241
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Injectable Electronic Identification, Monitoring, and Stimulation Systems (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 177-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Historically, electronic devices such as pacemakers and neuromuscular stimulators have been surgically implanted into animals and humans. A new class of implants made possible by advances in monolithic electronic design and implant packaging is small enough to be implanted by percutaneous injection through large-gauge hypodermic needles and does not require surgical implantation. Among these, commercially available implants, known as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, are used for livestock, pet, laboratory animal, and endangered-species identification. The RFID tag is a subminiature glass capsule containing a solenoidal coil and an integrated circuit. Acting as the implanted half of a transcutaneous magnetic link, the RFID tag is powered by and communicates with an extracorporeal magnetic reader. The tag transmits a unique identification code that serves the function of identifying the animal. Millions of RFID tags have been sold since the early 1980s. Based on the success of the RFID tags, research laboratories have developed injectable medical implants, known as micromodules. One type of micromodule, the microstimulator, is designed for use in functional-neuromuscular stimulation. Each microstimulator is uniquely addressable and could comprise one channel of a multichannel functional-neuromuscular stimulation system. Using bidirectional telemetry and commands, from a single extracorporeal transmitter, as many as 256 microstimulators could form the hardware basis for a complex functional-neuromuscular stimulation feedback-control system. Uses include stimulation of paralyzed muscle, therapeutic functional-neuromuscular stimulation, and neuromodulatory functions such as laryngeal stimulation and sleep apnea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.177
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid Mechanics of Vascular Systems, Diseases, and Thrombosis (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 299-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cardiovascular system is an internal flow loop with multiple branches circulating a complex liquid. The hallmarks of blood flow in arteries are pulsatility and branches, which cause wall stresses to be cyclical and nonuniform. Normal arterial flow is laminar, with secondary flows generated at curves and branches. Arteries can adapt to and modify hemodynamic conditions, and unusual hemodynamic conditions may cause an abnormal biological response. Velocity profile skewing can create pockets in which the wall shear stress is low and oscillates in direction. Atherosclerosis tends to localize to these sites and creates a narrowing of the artery lumen-a stenosis. Plaque rupture or endothelial injury can stimulate thrombosis, which can block blood flow to heart or brain tissues, causing a heart attack or stroke. The small lumen and elevated shear rate in a stenosis create conditions that accelerate platelet accumulation and occlusion. The relationship between thrombosis and fluid mechanics is complex, especially in the post-stenotic flow field. New convection models have been developed to predict clinical occlusion from platelet thrombosis in diseased arteries. Future hemodynamic studies should address the complex mechanics of flow-induced, large-scale wall motion and convection of semisolid particles and cells in flowing blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.299
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular Microtransport Processes: Intercellular, Intracellular, and Aggregate Behavior (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 463-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ionic and molecular transfer among cells occurs by a variety of transport processes operative at different length scales. Cell membrane permeability and electrical conductance derive from channel proteins producing pores at the molecular (ultrastructural) scale. Intracellular mobility involves the dynamics of motion through the complex ultrastructure of the cytoplasm. These phenomena unite in the larger-scale (microscopic) process of gross intercellular transfer. When such movement occurs among sufficiently many cells, it in turn begins to reflect their average collective (macroscopic) behavior as bulk tissue. This article surveys selected aspects of intercellular and intracellular transport, with emphasis on detailed mechanistic theory, experimental probes of cellular permeability, and systematic transcendence from small to large length scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.463
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering Design of Optimal Strategies for Blood Clot Dissolution (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 427-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Blood clots form under hemodynamic conditions and can obstruct flow during angina, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral thrombosis, or dialysis access graft thrombosis. Therapies to remove these clots through enzymatic and/or mechanical approaches require consideration of the biochemistry and structure of blood clots in conjunction with local transport phenomena. Because blood clots are porous objects exposed to local hemodynamic forces, pressure-driven interstitial permeation often controls drug penetration and the overall lysis rate of an occlusive thrombus. Reaction engineering and transport phenomena provide a framework to relate dosage of a given agent to potential outcomes. The design and testing of thrombolytic agents and the design of therapies must account for (a) the binding, catalytic, and systemic clearance properties of the therapeutic enzyme; (b) the dose and delivery regimen; (c) the biochemical and structural aspects of the thrombotic occlusion; (d) the prevailing hemodynamics and anatomical location of the thrombus; and (e) therapeutic constraints and risks of side effects. These principles also impact the design and analysis of local delivery devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.427
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasound Processing and Computing: Review and Future Directions (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 559-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since the introduction of medical ultrasound in the 1950s, modern diagnostic ultrasound has progressed to see many major diagnostic tools come into widespread clinical use, such as B-mode imaging, color-flow imaging, and spectral Doppler. New applications, such as panoramic imaging, three-dimensional imaging, and quantitative imaging, are now beginning to be offered on some commercial ultrasound machines and are expected to grow in popularity. In this review, we focus on the various algorithms, their processing requirements, and the challenges of these ultrasound modes. Whereas the older, mature B and color-flow modes could be systolically implemented using hardwired components and boards, new applications, such as three-dimensional imaging and image feature extraction, are being implemented more by using programmable processors. This trend toward programmable ultrasound machines will continue, because the programmable approach offers the advantages of quick implementation of new applications without any additional hardware and the flexibility to adapt to the changing requirements of these dynamic new applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.559
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation for the Genome Project (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 649-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Much of the recent rapid progress in large-scale genomic sequencing has been driven by the dramatic improvements both in the area of biological protocols and in the availability of improved laboratory instrumentation and automation platforms. We discuss recent developments in the area of bioinstrumentation that are contributing to the current revolution in genetic analysis. Examples of systems for laboratory automation are described together with specific single-purpose instruments. Emphasis is placed on those tools that are contributing significantly to the scale-up of genomic mapping and sequencing efforts. In addition, we present a selection of more advanced measurement techniques and instrumentation developments that are likely to contribute significantly to future advances in sequencing and genome analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.649
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillators (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 331-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ventricular fibrillation, a loss of synchronus electrical activity in the heart which leads to hemodynamic collapse, is a leading cause of death. Because of the devastating personal and societal effects of this phenomenon, the automatic cardioverter-defibrillator has been developed for automatic detection and termination of the arrhythmia and is in widespread clinical use. Advances in circuits, leads, waveforms, and signal processing along with increased knowledge of the mechanisms of fibrillation have led to continuing improvements in this device, extending its use to many patients. A device has also been developed for the automatic or semiautomatic treatment of atrial fibrillation, an arrhythmia less life-threatening than ventricular fibrillation, but still a serious health problem. Continued improvement of these devices and the development of qualitatively new approaches hold great promise for exciting therapeutic advances in this area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.331
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microfabrication in Biology and Medicine (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 401-425 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microfabrication uses integrated-circuit manufacturing technology supplemented by its own processes to create objects with dimensions in the range of micrometers to millimeters. These objects can have miniature moving parts, stationary structures, or both. Microfabrication has been used for many applications in biology and medicine. These applications fall into four domains: tools for molecular biology and biochemistry, tools for cell biology, medical devices, and biosensors. Microfabricated device structures may provide significantly enhanced function with respect to a conventional device. Sometimes microfabrication can enable devices with novel capabilities. These enhancing and enabling qualities are conferred when microfabrication is used appropriately to address the right types of problems. Herein, we describe microfabrication technology and its application to biology and medicine. We detail several classes of advantages conferred by microfabrication and how these advantages have been used to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.401
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Strategies for Protein Crystal Growth (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 505-534 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein crystallization is the most difficult and time-consuming step in the determination of a protein's atomic structure. As X-ray diffraction becomes a commonly available tool in structural biology, the necessity for rational methodologies and protocols to produce single, high-quality protein crystals has come to the forefront. The basics of protein crystallization conform to the classical understanding of crystallization of small molecules. Understanding the effect of solution variables such as pH, temperature, pressure, and ionicity on protein solubility allows the proper evaluation of the degree of supersaturation present in protein crystallization experiments. Physicochemical measurements such as laser light scattering, X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy provide a clearer picture of protein crystal nucleation and growth. This ever deepening knowledge base is generating rational methods to produce protein crystals as well as means to improve the diffraction quality of such protein crystals. Yet, much remains unclear, and the protein crystallization research community will be quite active for many years to come.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.505
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging Transgenic Animals (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 611-648 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic and eugenic animals as small as 30 g can be studied noninvasively by radionuclides with resolutions of 1-2 mm, by MRI with resolution of 100 mum and by light fluorescence and bioluminescence with high sensitivities. The technologies of radionuclide emission, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical tomography, optical fluorescence and optical bioluminescence are currently being applied to small-animal studies. These technologies and examples of their applications are reviewed in this chapter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.611
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3-D Visualization in Biomedical Applications (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 377-399 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Visualizable objects in biology and medicine extend across a vast range of scale, from individual molecules and cells through the varieties of tissue and interstitial interfaces to complete organs, organ systems, and body parts. These objects include functional attributes of these systems, such as biophysical, biomechanical, and physiological properties. Visualization in three dimensions of such objects and their functions is now possible with the advent of high-resolution tomographic scanners and imaging systems. Medical applications include accurate anatomy and function mapping, enhanced diagnosis, accurate treatment planning and rehearsal, and education/training. Biologic applications include study and analysis of structure-to-function relationships in individual cells and organelles. The potential for revolutionary innovation in the practice of medicine and in biologic investigations lies in direct, fully immersive, real-time multisensory fusion of real and virtual information data streams into online, real-time visualizations available during actual clinical procedures or biological experiments. Current high-performance computing, advanced image processing, and high-fidelity rendering capabilities have facilitated major progress toward realization of these goals. With these advances in hand, there are several important applications of three-dimensional visualization that will have a significant impact on the practice of medicine and on biological research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.377
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Metabolic Engineering (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 535-557 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metabolic engineering is the science that combines systematic analysis of metabolic and other pathways with molecular biological techniques to improve cellular properties by designing and implementing rational genetic modifications. As such, metabolic engineering deals with the measurement of metabolic fluxes and elucidation of their control as determinants of metabolic function and cell physiology. A novel aspect of metabolic engineering is that it departs from the traditional reductionist paradigm of cellular metabolism, taking instead a holistic view. In this sense, metabolic engineering is well suited as a framework for the analysis of genome-wide differential gene expression data, in combination with data on protein content and in vivo metabolic fluxes. The insights of the integrated view of metabolism generated by metabolic engineering will have profound implications in biotechnological applications, as well as in devising rational strategies for target selection for screening candidate drugs or designing gene therapies. In this article we review basic concepts of metabolic engineering and provide examples of applications in the production of primary and secondary metabolites, improving cellular properties, and biomedical engineering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.535
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Telemedicine: Emerging e-medicine (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 589-610 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the emergence of telemedicine and its recent expansion and use within the healthcare industry. Through this review, several examples of telemedicine within a variety of applications provide a broad context to discuss the challenges and opportunities facing the emergence of e-medicine. These examples provide snapshots of a teleradiology system used by the military, teleconsultations used in neurosurgery and hemodialysis, and home telemedicine used in diabetes care. Based on the discussion of telemedicine's history and expansion and the examples provided, a framework is offered for understanding the evolution of telemedicine applications through four stages. These stages include: (a) development of basic technological capabilities, (b) development of relevant applications, (c) the integration of technical applications within a complex environment, and (d) transformation of the operating environment. Implications for this framework are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.589
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomechanics of Microcirculatory Blood Perfusion (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 73-102 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The microcirculation represents a region of the circulation in which blood vessels are directly surrounded by the tissue and cells to which they supply nutrients and from which they collect metabolites. The cellular elements that make up the microcirculation have now been identified, and a large body of evidence has become available that provides molecular definitions of these elements. The blood flow is in a domain in which viscous stresses dominate, but the viscoelastic and active properties of cells lead to nonlinear problems. The ability of cells to actively control cytoplasmic mechanical properties and shape, as well as their membrane adhesion, leads to unique cell behavior in microvessels that has a direct influence on organ transport and function. There is also increasing evidence that the properties of the cells are in turn influenced by fluid shear stresses. These issues have greatly expanded the scope of microvascular analysis. The microcirculation is one of the sites in which diseases manifest themselves at an early stage. The application of biomechanical analysis of the microcirculation is starting to focus on diseases. The field is rich with problems of high significance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.73
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  • 22
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    Nucleic Acid Biotechnology (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 265-297 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Driven by advances in the acquisition of genetic sequence information and the ability to manipulate small quantities of nucleic acid, a number of technologies are emerging that exploit nucleic acids for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic utility. In this review, we cover three technologies based on nucleic acids-DNA microarrays, antisense technology, and gene therapy-that are especially promising and may make a substantial impact in the laboratory and in the clinic during the coming years. For each of these areas, an overview of the current status and applications is provided, followed by a discussion of critical issues and challenges to be faced for further advancement of the technology; an emphasis is placed on quantitative and engineering aspects.
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    Robotics for Surgery (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 211-240 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Robotic technology is enhancing surgery through improved precision, stability, and dexterity. In image-guided procedures, robots use magnetic resonance and computed tomography image data to guide instruments to the treatment site. This requires new algorithms and user interfaces for planning procedures; it also requires sensors for registering the patient's anatomy with the preoperative image data. Minimally invasive procedures use remotely controlled robots that allow the surgeon to work inside the patient's body without making large incisions. Specialized mechanical designs and sensing technologies are needed to maximize dexterity under these access constraints. Robots have applications in many surgical specialties. In neurosurgery, image-guided robots can biopsy brain lesions with minimal damage to adjacent tissue. In orthopedic surgery, robots are routinely used to shape the femur to precisely fit prosthetic hip joint replacements. Robotic systems are also under development for closed-chest heart bypass, for microsurgical procedures in ophthalmology, and for surgical training and simulation. Although results from initial clinical experience is positive, issues of clinician acceptance, high capital costs, performance validation, and safety remain to be addressed.
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    Engineering Aspects of Hyperthermia Therapy (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 347-376 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The continuing accrual of positive results in clinical cancer trials of adjunctive, synergistic hyperthermia therapy remains a strong motivation for the development of improved hyperthermia equipment and software. Indeed, the lack of needed engineering tools can be viewed as the major stumbling block to hyperthermia's effective clinical implementation. Developing clinically effective systems will be difficult, however, because (a) it requires solving several complex engineering problems, for which (b) setting appropriate design and evaluation goals is currently difficult owing to a lack of critical biological, physiological, and clinical knowledge, two tasks which must (c) be accomplished within a complicated social/political structure.
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    Comment on biomass diversity in ecology (1984)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 46 (1984), S. 967-969 
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    Notes: Abstract It is observed that a dynamical continuity equation for biomass distribution yields the asymptotic steady-state exponential dependencen=A exp( $$ - m/\bar m$$ ) exhibited by certain fishery data, wherem is the biomass of an individual,n is the number of individuals per unit biomass interval, andA, $$\bar m$$ are positive constants. This dynamical approach to biomass distribution is an alternative to the global maximization principle proposed recently by Lurié and Wagensberg.
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    Physik der Selbstorganization und Evolution (1984)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 46 (1984), S. 971-972 
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    Announcements (1984)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 46 (1984), S. 973-974 
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    Complementary variational principles for diffusion problems with Michaelis-Menten kinetics (1980)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 42 (1980), S. 131-135 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of complementary variational principles is used to obtain maximum and minimum principles for diffusion problems with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In an illustrative calculation we obtain an extremely accurate variational solution in good agreement with the numerical solution of McElwain (1978).
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    Structural order and partial disorder in biological systems (1980)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 42 (1980), S. 137-141 
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    Primitivity of the product of two Leslie matrices (1980)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 42 (1980), S. 181-189 
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    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for primitivity of a product of two Leslie matrices are given. Such a product could be used in modeling the growth of a population governed alternately by two different sets of fertility and survival parameters.
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    Frequency analysis of time-varying elastance model of the left ventricle (1980)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 42 (1980), S. 173-180 
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    Notes: Abstract Zadeh's transfer function method for linear time-variable systems is used to apply frequency-domain analysis to a periodically time-varying elastance model of the left ventricle. Left ventricular pressure computed from the system function of the time-varying elastance and the phasors of aortic flow shows a typical waveform of the measured ventricular pressure.
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    The 9th Annual Northeast Biomedical Engineering Conference (1980)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 42 (1980), S. 901-901 
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    Multibreath tracer species dynamics in the lung (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 1-19 
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    Notes: Abstract By studying the behavior of various tracer species in the lungs, one can assess many important characteristics which distinguish normal and abnormal function. Quantitative evaluation of function depends on the use of an appropriate model in conjunction with experimental data. A multi-compartment model is derived from mass balances to describe dynamic as well as (breath-averaged) steady-state transport processes between the environment and pulmonary capillary blood. The breathing cycle is divided into three time periods (inspiration, expiration, and pause) so that the model equations are discrete in time. No other model of tracer species transport in the lungs deals simultaneously with species dynamics, variable breathing pattern, distribution inhomogeneities, and non-equilibrium between alveolar gas and capillary blood. Models currently in the literature are shown to be special cases of the model presented here.
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    Global stability of population models (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 47-58 
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    Notes: Abstract Local stability seems to imply global stability for population models. To investigate this claim, we formally define apopulation model. This definition seems to include the one-dimensional discrete models now in use. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the global stability of our defined class of models. We derive an easily testable sufficient condition for local stability to imply global stability. We also show that if a discrete model is majorized by one of these stable population models, then the discrete model is globally stable. We demonstrate the utility of these theorems by using them to prove that the regions of local and global stability coincide for six models from the literature. We close by arguing that these theorems give a method for demonstrating global stability that is simpler and easier to apply than the usual method of Liapunov functions.
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    The logistic equation with a diffusionally coupled delay (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 125-140 
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    Notes: Abstract The asymptotic behaviour of a logistic equation with diffusion on a bounded region and a diffusionally coupled delay is investigated. An equivelent parabolic system is derived for certain types of delays. Using a Layapunov functional, sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the constant steady state are obtained. When the global stability is lost, using Hopf's bifurcation theory, existence of travelling waves is shown for ring-like and periodic one dimensional habitats.
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    Uncertainty in physiology and physics (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 141-149 
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    Notes: Abstract It was hypothesized in an earlier work that sensory perception can occur only when the perceiving system is uncertain about the nature of the event being perceived. In the absence of any uncertainty, perception will not take place. The response of the sensory afferent neuron (impulse transmission rate) was calculated using Shannon's measure of uncertainty or entropy. It will now be shown that when the event being perceived is the position and momentum of a particle, Shannon's measure of uncertainty leads to the Heisenberg Uncertainty relationship.
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    Consensusn-trees (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 239-244 
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    Notes: Abstract It is not unusual for several classifications to be given for the same collection of objects. We present a method, called majority rule, which can be used to define a consensus of these classifications. We also discuss some mathematical properties of this consensus tree.
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    Morphogen pattern formation and development in growth (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 259-270 
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    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the spatial concentration profiles of morphogens on a characteristic dimension is obtained by continuation techniques for Gierer and Meinhardt's activator-inhibitor model of morphogenesis. The study of the behaviour of the system during growth, where the linear and exponential increase of the characteristic dimension is considered, revealed that more complex patterns of morphogen spatial concentrations appear regularly in a reproducible way.
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    Simulation experiments with a model for cellular growth (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 271-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Computer models have been used by various authors to simulate both the growth of normal cellular tissue and the development of cancerous cells within normal tissue. As these models were the result of considerable idealization, the purpose of the present paper is to propose a model in which the degree of simplification is relaxed: the features of simultaneous growth, and cell growth whose rate depends on the free absorbing periphery of the cell are introduced. Simulation experiments have been conducted using the model, and the results are presented.
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    Complementary extremum principles for a nonlinear model of heat conduction in the human head (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 341-346 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of complementary variational principles is used to obtain maximum and minimum principles for a nonlinear model of heat conduction in the human head. Accurate variational solutions are obtained in illustrative calculations. The effect of nonlinearity is seen to be significant from a comparison with the linearized model.
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    On Zeeman's equations for the nerve impulse (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 279-325 
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    Notes: Abstract A model for the nerve impulse due to Zeeman (1972) and based on catastrophe theory is compared with alternative models and criticisms of Zeeman's model by Sussmann and Zahler (1977, 1978) are assessed. The criticisms of Zeeman's motivation for his model are found to carry some weight. Sussmann and Zahler (1977, 1978) list numerous features of Zeeman's model which, they state, are not in agreement with experiment. These statements as they stand are largely erroneous, and the model still remains to be tested by a critical series of experiments. However, a detailed analysis reveals defects in Zeeman's model, not among those claimed by Sussmann and Zahler, showing that the explicit equations of the model cannot be correct. The possibility of a modified approach along similar lines and its ultimate adoption remains open.
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    Asymptotic analysis of the Michaelis-Menten reaction equations (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 375-388 
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    Notes: Abstract The irreversible Michaelis-Menten reaction is studied by the use of the method of multiple scales. Three stages of the reaction are identified, one of which is studied in detail. The results are compared with those of two earlier analyses.
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    Pulse evolution on coupled nerve fibres (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 389-400 
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    Notes: Abstract A numerical study of the coupled nerve fibre problem is given which verifies and extends the perturbation theory of Luzader. Pulses on adjacent fibres can couple together with two possible stable pulse separations.
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    Field-induced forces at dielectric interfaces as a possible mechanism of RF hearing effects (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 401-413 
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    Notes: Abstract A possible mechanism for effects of microwave radiation on the auditory system is the generation of field-induced forces at interfaces that divide materials of dissimilar electrical properties. A general expression for these “Maxwell stresses” is derived and then used to calculate the approximate magnitude of field-induced force within the organ of Corti during microwave exposure. Comparison of the results with data on the force needed to excite cochlear hair cells indicates auditory responses could be evoked by this mechanism at power densities near the threshold of rf hearing sensations.
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    The construction of homogeneous nets (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 415-426 
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    Notes: Abstract A definition of homogeneity for neural networks is given which permits their construction as group quotients. The significance of this for neural dynamics is discussed.
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    Contractile analysis and kinetic energy of the myocardium (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 447-461 
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    Notes: Abstract The left ventricle is represented as a cylinder contracting both radially and longitudinally. A simple method is indicated to derive an expression for the rate of change of the kinetic energy of this three-dimensional model, which quantity can be used as an index for the study of the contractile behaviour of the myocardium. An application to the study of muscle mechanics is also indicated.
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    Limit cycles in periodically perturbed population systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 463-485 
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    Notes: Abstract A perturbation method is proposed to calculate approximately the limit cycle type nonequilibrium steady-state resulting from periodic perturbation of coefficients of stable population systems; the two species Lotka-Volterra competition system is explicity studied and the results are formulated for general multi-species population systems. Avoidance of competitive or other types of exclusion of species in a periodic environment is indicated.
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    On a unified approach to pattern generation (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 513-516 
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    An equivalence result for integral equations with application to branching processes (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 1-15 
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    Notes: Abstract A theorem is proved, concerning expected values of a multitype branching process in a varying environment. The consequence of the theorem is that the branching process can be treated (in the sense of expected values) as a dynamical system with control terms. This is of importance in situations where the process serves as an abstract model of the dynamics of malignant cells for use in chemotherapy. A simple example of this kind is given.
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    General solution for flow and stress phenomena in elastic vessles (Navier-Stokes) (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 29-42 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is developed for a full nonlinear evaluation of all velocities and stresses represented in the Navier-Stokes equations and in the general stress tensor. The information required is essentially that for solution of linearized forms. The solution is analytical except for the calculation of the axial velocity, which requires computer assistance to step through time and space. The treatment of the problem, although directed towards solutions involving fluid flow in elastic vessels, is also adaptable to solid deformations (strain vs rate of strain) where the general stress tensor applies. A special case for the distorting ellipse is presented as well as a limited, spatially analytic, solution.
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    Spatially localized interactive neural populations—II: Stability and dynamics of excitatory sets (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 43-56 
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    Notes: Abstract The stability characteristics and dynamical behavior of a system of mutually excitatory neurons in close spatial proximity are investigated with a mathematical model. The model predicts the existence of uniform, intermediate levels of activity other than those of no activity and maximal activity. The model also, yeilds a good explanation of data obtained from periglomerular neurons in the olfactory bulb of the cat.
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    Stochastic compartmental models with banching and immigrant particles (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 75-86 
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    Notes: Abstract A multicompartmental model in which particles enter the system from the environment and reproduce according to a Markov branching process has been considered. Explicit expressions have been obtained for the mean vector and the correlation structure for the numbers of particles in different compartments in different time points of the system. Growth rates of the mean vector and some special cases of the system are also discussed.
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    Mode analysis of physiological oscillators intercoupled via pure time delays (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 57-74 
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    Notes: Abstract The study of bi-directionally coupled oscillators is relevant in biological modelling of such systems as gastro-intestinal electrical activity, cardiac pacemarkers, cardiovascular and respiratory interactions and circadian rhythms. Interconnecting pathways in biological systems often exhibit pure time-delay characteristics. In this paper the multiple-mode limit-cycle behaviour of such systems is analysed using the method of harmonic blance. It is shown that the coupling time delay radically affects the number, frequency and amplitudes of entrained limit-cycles.
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    Bifurcation, stability diagrams, and varying diffusion coefficients in reaction-diffusion equations (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 87-102 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of keeping all the parameters constant, except the diffusion coefficients, in a pair of reaction-diffusion equations is studied. It is shown that the stability of the constant solution and the bifurcation points can be easily established by constructing a simple stability diagram. The possible qualitatively different diagrams are enumerated.
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    Random ecological systems with structure: Stability-complexity relationship (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 103-117 
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    Notes: Abstract We have numerically examined more than one million Large Complex Systems (LCS) of interacting variables (interpretable as interacting populations) governed by Generalized Lotka-Volterra Equations (GLV), with self-regulation term. The scope was to have some insight on the stability-complexity relationship. We considered systems of prey-predator type, and we gave appropriate rules for constructing the model systems, rules that specify the behaviour of model systems in order to put them near the biological reality. The results show, among other things, a strict correlation between the stability and the prey-predator ratio (which, in our model, uniquely determines the connectedness of the system).
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    Remark on the article, “Applied catastrophe theory in the social and biological sciences” by M. A. B. Deakin (1980) (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 149-150 
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    Transient effects on the initial rate of oxygenation of red blood cells (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 119-134 
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    Notes: Abstract The rate-controlling process in the oxygenation of red blood cells is investigated using a Roughton-like model for oxygen diffusion and reaction with hemoglobin. The mathematical equations describing the model are solved using two independent techniques, numerical inversions of the Laplace transform of the equations and numerical solutions via an implicit-explicit finite difference form of the equations. The model is used to re-examine previous theoretical models that incorporate either a red cell membrane that is resistive to oxygen diffusion or an unstirred layer of water surrounding the cell. Although both models have been postulated to be equivalent, the results of the computer simulations demonstrate significant differences between the two models in the rate of oxygenation of the red cells, depending upon the values chosen for the diffusion coefficient for O2 in the membrane and the thickness of the water layer. The difference is apparently due to differences in the induction and transient periods of the water layer model relative to the membrane model.
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    Energy and biological evolution—II. The mathematical structure of equilibrium states (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 537-547 
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    Notes: Abstract We examine certain mathematical structures presented in Part I. The most important of these are the energy structures determined by the couple (ω×E, ψ) the space of causality defined by ψ-1(0) and the notion of collapsibility, i.e., the descent of a species from a higher to a lower equilibrium configuration as a result of energy loss.
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    A stochstic model for a two-compartment reversible system (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 557-570 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses a general stochastic model for a two-compartment reversible system with non-homogeneous Poisson inputs, arbitrary residence times at each of the compartments and time-dependent transition probabilities. The probability distributions of the number of particles in each compartment and in the system are obtained together with the number of particles which depart from the system. In addition, various covariance functions with a time lag are obtained. Some of the above obtained results are deduced for time-independent arrivals, exponential residence times and time-independent transition probabilities. Fluctuations of the particles present in the system are also analysed. Similar analysis is provided for the model into which some particles are initially introduced at the system. Some possible applications are discussed at the end.
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    Effects of dispersion on stability of multispecies prey-predator systems (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 571-578 
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    Notes: Abstract The general multispecies prey-predator system with Gompertz's antisymmetric interactions is nonlinearly stable in the absence of dispersion and continues to remain stable with dispersion under both homogeneous reservoir and zero flux boundary conditions in a region containing the equilibrium state. It is proved that a general multispecies food-web model without antisymmetric interactions is stable in the absence of dispersion and remains stable with dispersion in the above-mentioned region.
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    Repeatability of experiments (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 593-593 
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    Graph theoretical criteria for stability and boundedness of predator-prey systems (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 579-585 
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce a graphical approach in the study of the qualitative behavior ofm species predator-prey systems. We prove that tree graphs imply global stability for Volterra models and local stability for general models; furthermore, we derive sufficient conditions so that loop graphs imply stability and boundedness of the solutions.
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    A reply to “repeatability of experiments” by R. B. Campbell (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 594-595 
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    An epizootic model of an insect-fungal pathogen system (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 731-739 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of integro-differential equations is derived to describe epizootics of a fungal pathogen in an insect population. Because of piecewise continuous behavior under some parametric conditions, it is concluded that standard phase orbits can be misleading. Using a different analytic approach yields a simple system of finite difference equations. Both the continuous and discrete versions are compared to classical forms. The continuous version differs from a classical one in possessing a second derivative dependent on population density. The discrete version differs in maintaining positive, non-zero populations of both infectives and susceptibles in finite time.
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    On feedback control of gonadotropin secretion (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 741-748 
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    Notes: Abstract This note is an attempt to demonstrate that hypothalamic pulsatile GnRH secretion is not the result of a short-term, negative steroid hormone feedback. Clarification of this point is of importance for further modelling the control of gonads.
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    The development of largangians for biological models (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 749-760 
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    Notes: Abstract A modern theory of the calculus of variations is used to form necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Lagrangian representation of a system of first-order ordinary differential equations. There exists a theorem to the effect that when a system of ordinary differential equations is variationally self-adjoint, the fulfillment of such conditions is guaranteed. In addition, self-adjointness, allows establishement of an algorithm by which a Lagrangian for the system may be explicitly constructed. Examples in mathematical biology are given to illustrate the use of the stated theorem.
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    An optimal control model of diabetes mellitus (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 793-808 
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    Notes: Abstract Engineering optimal control theory is applied to equations describing insulin and glucose interactions. The nature of the optimal controller is established. It is shown how the results can be utilized in a closed loop feedback control system.
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    Biological optimality: Comparison of generalized feasibility and optimality conditions for linear, error-minimizing systems (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 777-791 
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to compare the conditions for the general error-optimality of linear systems developed by Kalman with the conditions for feasibility of linear models of neuromuscular and physiological control systems. Models of three actual physiological systems are tested for both the above criteria. Theoretical analysis presented here shows that there are no simple relationships between the two sets of conditions. Analysis carried out on the physiological systems models suggests the need for a general set of conditions for other optimality criteria, such as time and energy minimization, similar to Kalman's condition for error minimization.
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    The development of anoxia following occlusion (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 851-877 
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    Notes: Abstract Following arteriolar occlusion, tissue oxygen concentration decreases and anoxic tissue eventually develops. Although anoxia first appears in the region most distal to the capillary at the venous end, it eventually spreads throughout the entire region of supply. In this paper the changing oxygen concentration, from the time of occlusion until the tissue is entirely anoxic, is examined mathematically. The equations governing oxygen transport to tissue are solved by iterating a nonlinear integral equation. This solution is valid until anoxia first appears. After anoxia develops it is necessary to solve a moving boundary problem. This is done using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, and accurate solutions are obtained for a wide range of physiological conditions.
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    Announcements (1982)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 899-900 
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    On biomass diversity in ecology (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 287-293 
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    Notes: Abstract We postulate that the biomass distribution function for an ecological population may be derived from the condition that the biomas diversity functional is maximal subject to an energetic constraint on the total biomass. This leads to a biomass distribution of the form $$p(m) = \bar m^{ - 1} \exp ( - m/\bar m)$$ , where $$\bar m$$ is the mean biomass per individual. The same condition yields a unique value for the biomass diversity functional. These predictions are tested against fishery data and found to be in good agreement. It is argued that the existence of a unique value for biomass diversity may provide a preliminary theoretical foundation for the observed upper limit to species diversity.
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    A model for hydranth regeneration inTubularia (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 311-321 
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    Notes: Abstract Pigment distribution presages hydranth regeneration in the marine hydroidTubularia. We suggest that such a distribution could result from a reaction-diffusion system. A model system based on a practical reaction scheme is studied and spatial structures found which closely resemble this pigment distribution. Finite-amplitude spatial structures in reaction-diffusion systems are considered. Whereas in one spatial dimension the final structures are normally very similar to the transient patterns which emerge from a linear analysis, it is shown that in more than one dimension this is not necessarily the case. The reasons for this are discussed.
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    On the fate of inhaled particles in the human: A comparison of experimental data with theoretical computations based on a symmetric and asymmetric lung (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 409-424 
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    Notes: Abstract An analytical model is used to described the behavior of inhaled particulate matter in the human respiratory tract. Three different geometries, symmetric and asymmetric, are utilized to simultate the tracheobronchial (TB) tree. The suitability of each geometry for representing the human is evaluated by comparing calculated aerosol deposition probabilities with experimental data from inhalation exposure tests. A symmetric, dichotomously branching pattern is found to be a reliable description of the TB tree for studies of factors affecting aerosol deposition in the human lung. Calculations with the theoretical model are in excellent agreement with measured aerosol deposition efficiencies. Furthermore, the model accurately predicts experimentally observed features of inhalation exposure data, such as effects of inter-subject lung morphology differences and relative efficiencies of specific deposition mechanisms, on aerosol deposition patterns in the TB tree.
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    Reply to letter by Jane Cronin (1982) (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 436-436 
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    Foreword (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 437-437 
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    Invariant probabilities for systems in a random environment—With applications to the Brusselator (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 579-590 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we are concerned with problems of the long-term behavior for nonlinear systems in random environment. The general model is assumed to be given by an ordinary differential equation with random parameters or random input. The disturbance process can be taken from a fairly general class of Markov processes having a bounded state space. In terms of the system’s dynamics we give sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of invariant probabilities. Finally, we apply these results to the two-dimensional biochemical model which is known as the Brusselator.
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    Non-linear filtering with discontinuous observations and applications to life sciences (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 571-577 
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    Notes: Abstract In various applications one faces the problem of estimating a signal from discontinuous observations. For example, in biomedical applications the signal may be the ‘state’ of a given organ and one observes through an external counter the amount of radioactivity sequestered by the organ after injection of a radioactive tracer. Here the problem is studied in the context of nonlinear filtering when the signal can be modelled as either a random variable or a diffusion process, and the observations have a continuous and a purely discontinuous component; both components may be affected by the signal. When the signal is a random variable an explicitly computable solution is obtained; for the diffusion case the solution is given as a sequence of approximating filters that can be computed recursively.
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    Lateral diffusion and eigenvalue estimates (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 627-634 
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    Notes: Abstract Eigenvalue problems arise in various biological models. We outline a useful comparison method and a technique using Lyapunov functions that can be applied in many cases. An application to lateral diffusion is discussed.
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    Recent views on the cell cycle structure (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 605-616 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews, up to their recent developments, two types of models of the cell cycle: those considering the size controls over the cycle events and the transition probability models. The distribution of inter-mitotic time and the sister-sister and motherdaughter correlations implied by the two approaches are discussed in view of some relevant experimental data.
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    Controlled branching processes and their applications to normal and malignant haematopoiesis (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 617-626 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of a blood cell line originating from a pluripotent stem cell pool is modelled by a chain of multidimensional branching processes in which the sojourn times of the cells in certain resting states depend on the size of the following subpopulation. The stability of such a model is discussed qualitatively and some considerations concerning a possible malignant degeneration are presented. The behaviour of models for normal and malignant cell production are illustrated by stochastic stimulations. The model presented here describes the development of a certain line of blood cells (e.g. erythrocytes, monocytes or granulocytes) originating from the pluripotent stem cell up to the functional cell in the blood (for related models see, e.g., Rubinow and Lebowitz,J. math. Biol. 1, 87–225;Biophys. J. 16, 897–910).
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    Population growth in random environments (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 635-641 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews some recent advances in single population stochastic differential equation growth models. They are a natural way to model population growth in a randomly varying environment. The question of which calculus, Itô or Stratonovich, is preferable is addressed. The two calculi coincide when the noise term is linear, if we take into account the differences in the interpretation of the parameters. This clarifies, among other things, the controversy on the theory of niche limiting similarity proposed by May and MacArthur. The effects of correlations in the environmental fluctuations and statistical methods for estimating parameters and for prediction based on a single population trajectory are mentioned. Applications to fisheries, wildlife management and particularly to environmental impact assessment are now becoming possible and are proposed in this paper.
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    Continuous-time Markov chains as models for animal behaviour (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 643-658 
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    Notes: Abstract A survey is given of the application of (functions of) continuous-time Markov chains in the statistical analysis of behavioural time series.
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    Tenth International Cell Cycle Conference (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 659-659 
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    On oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell with Michaelis-Menten oxygen uptake kinetics (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 661-664 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates that there is one and only one solution to a non-linear singular two-point boundary-value problem which describes oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell. Previous authors have calculated numerical results that differ substantially. Numerical computations using the multiple shooting method support the results of McElwain.
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    The theory and practice of distance geometry (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 665-720 
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    Notes: Abstract The mathematics of distance geometry constitutes the basis of a group of algorithms for revealing the structural consequences of diverse forms of information about a macromolecule's conformation. These algorithms are of proven utility in the analysis of experimental conformational data. This paper presents the basic theorems of distance geometry in Euclidean space and gives formal proofs of the correctness and, where possible, of the complexity of these algorithms. The implications of distance geometry for the energy minimization of macromolecules are also discussed.
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    Microcontinuum approach to the pulsatile flow in tubes with and without longitudinal vibration (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 721-737 
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    Notes: Abstract A fully developed pulsatile flow in a circular rigid tube is analysed by a microcontinuum approach. Solutions for radial variation of axial velocity and cell rotational velocity across the tube are obtained using the momentum integral method. Simplified forms of the solutions are presented for the relevant physiological data. Marked deviations in the results are observed when compared to a Newtonian fluid model. It is interesting to see that there is sufficient reduction in the mass flow rate, phase lag and friction due to the micropolar character of the fluid.
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    Transient transport across the blood-retina barrier (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 749-758 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model of the transport of fluorescein across the blood-retina barrier in the transient state and the subsequent diffusion of fluorescein in the vitreous body is presented. The function of the barrier is lumped in a single parameter—the permeability. The sensitivity of this parameter due to changes in the other parameters of the model is given. This establishes the foundation for the quantitative assessment of the barrier function through vitreous fluorophotometry.
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    Computed insulin profiles for normalization of glycemia in diabetic patients (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 739-748 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this preliminary study was to develop a new quantitative method of setting the initial insulin infusion patterns in treatment of diabetic patients. The method is based upon the mathematical estimation of the insulin profile required to maintain the glucose level within the normal range after glucose loading in diabetic patients. Using our previously developed equivalent circuit model of glucose kinetics and the reported data of an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in two groups of normal and diabetic patients, two important physiological parameters of the model (the peripheral tissue's insulin resistivity and the hepatic sensitivity to glucose level) were computed for two clinical groups. Then the insulin profile was obtained by computing the plasma insulin concentrations required to keep the total glucose utilization rate of the tissue and the liver in the diabetic group equal to that of the normal group. The simulation result indicated that the computed insulin profile produced a plasma glucose profile which was more closely matched to the normal group's glucose profile than with the case of emulating the normal group's insulin profile in the diabetic group.
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    Molecular mechanism of sodium conductance changes in nerve: The role of electron transfer and energy migration (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 759-780 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows that the Na conductance changes can be explained quantitatively, based on the following assumptions: (1) there exist in nerve membranes the electron transfer (ET) complexes and traps, (2) there is energy migration among them. The gating mechanism is explained in physical terms. Its mathematical expression differs from the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but resembles the Hoyt formulation. In the present model, the physical parameters for the squid axon can be estimated from currently available experimental data. The density of the ET complexes is on the order of 105/μm2, and the density of the traps is 103/μm2. The magnitude of the energy transfer rate between ET complexes is about 106/sec at large depolarization and decreases with decreasing depolarizations, as does the Na inactivation rate. The energy gap between the two stable states of the transfer electron in the ET complex is estimated to be around 0.1 eV, which is approximately the same as that for the photosynthetic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460048
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    The dynamics of symmetric nets (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 781-792 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The role of symmetry in simplifying the theory of complex neural systems is argued. When the structural symmetries of a network are expressed as an ismorphism group, implications emerge for the dynamics. Various qualitative possibilities concerning stability of uniform motion in homogeneous nets are discussed and an approach to neural hierarchies is outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460049
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    Conditions for global stability of two-species population models with discrete time delay (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 793-805 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By constructing appropriate Liapunov functionals, asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of various delay differential systems describing prey-predator, competition and symbiosis models has been studied. It has been shown that equilibrium states of these models are globally stable, provided certain conditions in terms of instantaneous and delay interaction coefficients are satisfied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460050
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    Flow analysis sensitivities for models of energy or material flow (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 807-826 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity analyses have been used to examine the flow structure of two hypothetical ecosystem models. These analyses have results which relate to important aspects of ecosystem theory. Cycles are shown to increase the sensitivity of the network, while increased throughflow is shown to decrease the sensitivity. Such results indicate that several factors can be modified to decrease the sensitivity of ecosystems to environmental stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460051
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    Population dynamics with age- and time-dependent birth and death rates (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 827-836 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A continous, deterministic mathematical model is used to predict population distributions by age at any time, given the initial distribution and the variation of birth and death rates with age and time. Solutions are obtained on a computer using a semi-discretization algorithm in which time derivatives in the partial differential equations are replaced by finite-difference expressions. The resulting sets of ordinary differential equations are solved by a predictor-corrector method. Graphical results are shown for some examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460052
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    On the complexity of graphs and molecules (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 849-855 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new formula for the complexity of graphs is proposed and applied to the points lines and ‘connections’ of some chemically relevant graphs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460054
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    Analytical solutions for distributions of chemotactic bacteria (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 837-847 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports general and specialized results on analytical solutions to the governing phenomenological equations for chemotactic redistribution and population growth of motile bacteria. It is shown that the number of bacteria cells per unit volume,b, is proportional to a certain prescribed function ofs, the concentration of the critical substrate chemotactic agent, for steady-state solutions through an arbitrary spatial region with a boundary that is impermeable to bacteria cell transport. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the steady-state solution forb ands is unique for a prescribed total number of bacteria cells in the spatial region and a generic Robin boundary condition ons. The latter solution can be approximated to desired accuracy in terms of the Poisson-Green's function associated with the spatial region. Also, as shown by example, closed-form exact steady-state solutions are obtainable for certain consumption rate functions and geometrically symmetric spatial regions. A solutional procedure is formulated for the initialvalue problem in cases for which significant population growth is present and bacteria cell redistribution due to motility and chemotactic flow proceeds slowly relative to the diffusion of the chemoattractant substrate. Finally, a remarkably simple exact analytical solution is reported for a stradily propagating plane-wave which features motility, chemotactic motion and bacteria population growth regulated by substrate diffusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460053
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    Effects of periodic accelerations on blood flow in arteries (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 857-867 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the flow of blood in large artries under the influence of linear periodic acceleration. The governing equations and boundary conditions are established and analytical solutions for the velocity, fluid acceleration, bulk flow and shear stress are obtained. The results for these physical quantitites are computed for the case of an artery the size of a normal human aorta. It is found that the flow field variables are directly proportional to the external accelerating force. The behaviour of the velocity profile along the radial distance at different stages of times at fixed applied acceleration is also shown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460055
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    Computational modeling of evolutionary learning processes in the brain (1983)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 931-968 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary selection circuits model of learning has been specified algorithmically. The basic structural components of the selection circuits model are enzymatic neurons, that is, neurons whose firing behavior is controlled by membrane-bound macromolecules called excitases. Learning involves changes in the excitase contents of neurons through a process of variation and selection. In this paper we report on the behavior of a basic version of the learning algorithm which has been developed through extensive interactive experiments with the model. This algorithm is effective in that it enables single neurons or networks of neurons to learn simple pattern classification tasks in a number of time steps which appears experimentally to be a linear function of problem size, as measured by the number of patterns of presynaptic input. The experimental behavior of the algorithm establishes that evolutionary mechanisms of learning are competent to serve as major mechanisms of neuronal adaptation. As an example, we show how the evolutionary learning algorithm can contribute to adaptive motor control processes in which the learning system develops the ability to reach a target in the presence of randomly imposed disturbances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458823
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    Dynamics of a continuous culture with catalysis of the growth-limiting substrate by an enzyme of the cells (1983)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 981-990 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In the present paper we discuss the behaviour of solutions of a dynamical system describing the growth of cells in a well-mixed continuous culture where the supply of the growth-limiting nutrient depends on the activity of an enzyme outside the cell membrane. It turns out that for positive dilution rates there exists an exponentially attractive two-dimensional simplex. Furthermore, the reversed system restricted to this simplex is quasimonotone. In every case all trajectories tend to an equilibrium state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458825
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    The trade-off between mutual interference and time lags in predator-prey systems (1983)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 991-1004 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present a Gause predator-prey model incorporating mutual interference among predators, a density-dependent predator death rate and a time lag due to gestation. It is well known that mutual interference is stabilizing, whereas time delays are destabilizing. We show that in combining the two, a long time-lag usually, but not always, destabilizes the system. We also show that increasing delays can cause a bifurcation into periodic solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458826
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    Sequential behavior and stability properties of enzymatic neuron networks (1983)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 969-980 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The cycle structure of enzymatic neural networks may be characterized in terms of number of cycles exhibited, size of cycle state sets and cycle lengths. Simulation experiments show that the stability properties of these networks have some unusual features which are not exhibited by networks of two-state switching elements or by randomly constructed ecosystem models. The behavioral and structural stability of these systems decreases with their structural complexity, as measured by the number of components. The behavioral and structural stability of enzymatic neural networks also decreases with structural complexity, as measured by the number of excitase types, but only up to the middle level of excitases per neuron. This is the point of highest potential responsiveness of the system to environmental stimuli. Beyond this point the behavioral and structural stability increase. This is due to the fact that the number of possible states increases up to this point and decreases beyond it. The number of possible states, not the number of components, serves as the useful measure of complexity in these types of systems. The selection circuits learning algorithm has been used to evolve networks whose cycle structures have desired features.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458824
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