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  • General Chemistry  (4,635)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (3,123)
  • 550 - Earth sciences
  • Fisheries
  • 2020-2024  (9)
  • 1980-1984  (7,822)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
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    Seasonal to Decadal Prediction of Marine Ecosystems: Opportunities, Approaches, and Applications (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: living marine resources ; Forecasting ; prediction ; fish ; Fisheries ; Seasonal to Decadal Prediction ; Climate services ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans)
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Asia-Pacific Fishing Livelihoods (2021)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book explores fishing livelihoods in the context of the wider contexts in which they are embedded. Drawing on case studies from across the Asia-Pacific region, the book highlights how fishing livelihoods are shaped by globalisation, social relationships and governance. The book concludes by showing how better understanding these relationships can contribute to governance for healthier ecosystems and social wellbeing. This is an open access book. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; marine social science ; fishing livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific ; sustainable fishing ; environmental sustainability ; food security ; coastal conservation ; fish stocks ; fisheries governance ; Fishing livelihoods and social diversity ; Fishing livelihoods and wellbeing ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGB Physical geography and topography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Fotogeologische Kartierung als Grundlage und Ergänzung thematischer Kartendarstellungen der Antarktis (1983)
    In:  2. Konferenz Fernerkundung, Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen. Fachtagung Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung | Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde ; 76
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 4
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    Geochemie der paläozoischen Magmatite des Frankenwaldes Pikrite-Diabase-Keratophyre (1984)
    In:  Wolfram in Graniten Ostbayerns | Geologisches Jahrbuch : Reihe D ; 63
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 5
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    Sg-amplitudes at Central European seismological stations (GDR, Czechoslovakia) (1983)
    In:  Earthquake Prediction Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: S"SUB g"-amplitudes and periods of 252 European seismic events recorded at GDR and Czechoslovak seismological stations have been measured and their dependence on distance (up to 650km) and azimuth has been analyzed. These will allow reliable local and regional magnitude determination.-after Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 6
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    Contribution to substantial genesis, evolution and zoning of post-magmatic vein mineralization from the southern G.D.R. (1984)
    In:  27. I.G.C. Mezhdunarodnyy Geologicheskiy Kongress (Moscow, USSR 1984)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 7
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    Differentiationsmodelle und Berechnung von Gitterparametern auf Mikrocomputer (1984)
    In:  Fortschritte der Mineralogie : Beiheft ; Bd. 62, 1
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 8
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    Contributions to the genesis and crystal chemistry of minerals with sphalerite structure and -superstructure (1984)
    In:  27. I.G.C. Mezhdunarodnyy Geologicheskiy Kongress (Moscow, USSR 1984)
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 9
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    Downward continuation of heat flow data by means of the least squares method (Europe) (1984)
    In:  Tectonophysics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: An analysis of the steady-state heat conduction model for the Earth's crust and the upper mantle revealed that the main difficulties in the downward continuation of subsurface geothermal measurements q were connected with an estimation of the heat flow density q"SUB M" at the Moho boundary and of the source distribution f. Solving the steady-state heat conduction equation numerically by means of finite differences (finite elements), we can describe the relation between q, q"SUB M" and f by a linear algebraic system. To overcome the non-uniqueness and instability, a least squares approach is suggested to solve these systems. Bounds for the square-means of the unknown parameters q"SUB M" and f are introduced, whereby it is possible to find solutions with appropriate mean properties. A two-dimensional geothermal profile crossing Central Europe is used to demonstrate this method. The difficulties in estimating reasonable mantle heat flow density and optimal heat source models from geothermal measurements only are pointed out.-Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 10
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    Fast powder diffraction search program by microcomputer (1983)
    In:  Fortschritte der Mineralogie : Beiheft ; Bd. 61, 1
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 11
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    Detection probabilities for earthquakes in Sweden (1981)
    In:  Journal of geophysics = Zeitschrift für Geophysik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In recent years the need for improved seismic risk evaluations in Sweden has led to accurate estimates of detection porbabilities with respect to weak Swedish earthquakes. Generally, these rather low-magnitude events (M"SUB l"4) are recorded only by means of the Swedish Seismograh Station Network (SSSN), currently consisting of 6 permanent stations. Only occasionally do neighbouring Finnish and/or Norwegian stations also contribute with arrival-time readings, hence, for weak regional events, we lack usual reference system of organisations like ISC, NEIS, or EMSC when estimating the detection performance of the SSSN-stations. The main objective of the present short communication is to indicate the ability of the SSSN to detect earthquakes in Sweden and the relative detection contributions from individual network stations. The data used comprise 121 earthquakes located within Sweden and adjacent waters (Wahlström 1978). The statistical model used and other theoretical aspects of the modified approach are discussed in an earlier paper.-Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 12
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    Zur präkambrischen Entwicklung der Elbezone (1982)
    In:  Zeitschrift für angewandte Geologie
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 13
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    Contribution to Rayleigh Wave Dispersion in Antarctica and Comparison to Eastern Europe (1983)
    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 14
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    Präkambrische Entwicklung und permosilesischer Vulkanismus im Bereich der Elbezone (1983)
    In:  Exkursionsführer: 'Die Elbtalzone als Teil des Elbe-Lineamentes (Gebiet DDR). Strukturelle Bedeutung und Entwicklung'
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 15
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    Macroseismic observations in Sweden 1977-1979 (1981)
    In:  Sveriges Geologiska Undersoekning, Serie C, Avhandlingar och Uppsatser. 74; 776
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: During the period of January 1977 to December 1979, 22 earthquakes were recorded and located in Sweden and/or adjacent waters by means of the Swedish Seismograph Station Network (SSSN). 8 were felt by residents in the repective areas and hence provide an opportunity for macroseismic investigations. Such investigations are extremely useful for estimating e.g. the depth of rupture and local ground accelerations, especially when teleseismic data and strong-motion records are not available. The long-term average gives approximately 3 earthquakes per year which are reported to be felt by people. In this respect, the seismic activity in Sweden during the years under review is well within the 'normal'. The main objective of the present study is to summarize and interpret available macroseismic observations collected at the Seismological Dept in Uppsala.-P.N.Chroston
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 16
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    Uniqueness of the inverse gravimetric problem for point mass models (1984)
    In:  Manuscripta geodaetica
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The unique solvability of the inverse gravimetric problem for systems of point masses arbitrarily distributed in a bounded region is proved. Using the equivalence of this statement to the linear independence of the corresponding Newtonian potentials for single point masses this proof can be given by means of a generalized momentum representation both in modern potential theory and in classical algebraical manner.-Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 17
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    Ergebnisse von thermometrischen und kryometrischen Untersuchungen an Kassiteriten des Erzgebirges (1980)
    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 18
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    Spektralanalyse von Restverbesserungen im Meßbild (1981)
    In:  Bildmessung und Luftbild
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 19
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    Isotopengeochemische, thermobarogeochemische und elementgeochemische Untersuchungen an einer hydrothermalen Fluoritmineralisation im Südteil der DDR (1984)
    In:  ZFI-Mitteilungen
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 20
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    Oberflächenformationen und Krustenspannungen in Er (1983)
    Christian-Albrechts-Universität
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Additional keywords: Maxwell body, standard linear solid, absorption band model, seismicity, earthquake migration, plate tectonics, seismic hazard, rupture planes, source parameters, Rheologie, Schichten, Dislokationen, Neigungen, numerische Modelle, Kolumbien, Tuerkei, Nordanatolische Verwerfung, Maxwell-Koerper, Zener, tektonische Spannungen, Seismizitaet, Platten-Tektonik, Erdbeben-Gefaehrdung, Erdbeben-Serie
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 21
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    Determination of spectral transfer characteristics from travel time curves of seismic borehole measurements (1981)
    In:  2nd International Symposium on the Analysis of Seismicity and on Seismic Hazard (Liblice Castle/Czechoslovakia 1981)
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 22
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    Gliederung, Bau und Entwicklung des Transantarktischen Gebirges im Bereich der Neptune Range (Antarktis); II, Deformation, Metamorphose und Gesamtentwicklung (1982)
    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The evolution at the W margin of the E Antarctic platforms started with a Precambrian flyschoid formation which is overlain discordantly by Middle Cambrian limestones of an epicontinental environment and which leads to continental sedimentation conditions with acid, subsequent volcanic rocks of probably Cambrian age. A coarsely clastic red molasse without volcanic rocks of probably Upper Devonian age follows. The following evolution in Upper Paleozoic with continuation of the platform character is very incomplete. Tillites of probably Carboniferous age and Permian sandstone-siltstone interstratifications with coal intercalations are known. Structurally a historic, disharmonically superimposed stockwork structure can be detected. The processes of metamorphism which are connected with the Beardmore tectonogenesis at the turn of Precambrian/Cambrian took place in the range of the 'very low metamorphism'. With the younger, intraPaleozoic deformations no regional metamorphism is connected. Deformations which are connected with faults are of different character. Here the degree of biotite formation can be reached. -from Current Antarctic Literature
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 23
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    Time dependence of statistical parameters: the aftershock sequence of the Friuli 1976 earthquake, northern Italy, and a section of the Montenegro, Yugoslavia, earthquake series 1979 (1982)
    In:  Earthquake Prediction Research
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Presents the time dependence of the statistical parameters alpha and beta describing seismic activity with a high time resolution. alpha stands for temporal event intensity and beta determines the distribution of magnitudes. It was studied whether these parameters are indicative as precursory phenomena predicting large aftershocks within the investigated earthquake sequences (Friuli region in 1976 and a section of the Montenegro sequence in 1979). No precursor effect could be found in the b-value of the quasi-linear Gutenberg-Richter model. b is decreasing abruptly exactly in that point when the computation window includes that large event which shall be found.-from Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 24
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    Konsistente Gleichgewichtsdaten für Reaktionen in metamorphen kieseligen Dolomiten (1984)
    In:  Fortschritte der Mineralogie : Beiheft ; Bd. 62, 1
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 25
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    Eine neue Modellvorstellung zur Genese von Zinnlagerstätten im Erzgebirge, DDR (Quarz-Kassiterit-Formation) (1984)
    In:  27. I.G.C. Mezhdunarodnyy Geologicheskiy Kongress (Moscow, USSR 1984)
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 26
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    Seismicity and seismic hazard in the GDR (1984)
    In:  18th General Assembly of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (Hamburg 1983)
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 27
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    Altersfragen im Zusammenhang mit dem prävariszischen Magmatismus im mittleren Erzgebirge (1984)
    In:  Exkursionsführer zur 31. Jahrestagung der GGW vom 8. bis 12. September 1984 in Freiberg: 'Alter und Altersbestimmung geologischer Erscheinungen und Prozesse - eine Grundlage für die effektive Suche und Erkundung von Lagerstätten mineralischer Rohstoffe'
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 28
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    Reinterpretation of the Central German Earthquake of March 6, 1872, using the MKS-Scale and conclusion for its up-dating (1981)
    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 29
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    The bulk moduli of 3d-transition element pyrites measured with synchrotron radiation in a new belt type apparatus (1984)
    In:  Materials Research Society symposium proceedings : MRSSP
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 30
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    Zur Geologie der Gebirge in der Umrandung des Filchner-Eisschelfes (1980)
    In:  Research results of GDR scientists in Anarctica (1959-1979) = Forschungsergebnisse von DDR-Wisenschaftlern in der Antarktis (1959-1979) | Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe I ; 7
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  • 31
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    Maps of epicentres of the German Democratic Republic. Map of maximum observed intensities of the German Democratic Republic (1981)
    In:  Atlas of Seismological Maps of Central and Eastern Europe
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 32
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    Lineamenty na territorii Germanskoĭ Demokraticheskoĭ Respubliki (1982)
    In:  Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 33
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    Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse in Quarzen aus Parametamorphiten des Westerzgebirges und ihre Aussagemöglichkeiten zur Regionalmetamorphose (1982)
    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 34
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    Influence of geological soil profiles on the amplitude of seismic waves (1980)
    In:  7th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering (Istanbul 1980)
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  • 35
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    Seismische Gefährdung (1984)
    In:  Erdbeben und Erdbebengefährdung
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 36
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    Ergebnisse der thermobarogeochemischen Untersuchungen an hydrothermalen Fluorit-Paradoxit-Quarz-Mineralisationen des Erzgebirges und des SW-Vogtlandes (1982)
    In:  Probleme der Paragenese : topical report of IAGOD ; vol. 11 | Freiberger Forschungshefte : C , Geowissenschaften, Lagerstättenlehre ; 374
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  • 37
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    Near-surface earthquakes in the Baltic Shield, notably Sweden (1980)
    In:  Tectonophysics
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: A recent series of Swedish earthquakes at a focal depth not exceeding 2-3km, the largest with I"SUB O" = V+ (MSK scale) and M"SUB L" = 3.2 shows that relatively strong seismic activity can occur in the uppermost part of the Baltic Shield. During the last 15 years several near-surface earthquakes have occurred in this region, as indicated by recorded Rg-waves and/or macroseismic data. Many events are located along the coast of central Sweden, suggesting a seismic belt of minor, near-surface activity, which should be considered in connection with the radioactive waste storage in the Swedish bedrock. The appearance of Rg, common in seismic records of explosions and rockbursts, is not a sufficient discriminator between artificial events and earthquakes. -Author
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 38
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    Magnitude determination of earthquakes in the Baltic Shield (1984)
    In:  Annales Geophysicae
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Station corrections have been introduced into the M"SUB L"-scale hitherto used for Baltic Shield earthquakes. The new formula is valid for Benioff and Grenet seismograph stations in Finland and Sweden. An extension of the magnitude scale to distances as small as 30 km is made by adding the constant 0.31 to the equation. Correlating the instrumental magnitude with macroseismic parameters, a relationship between the radius of areas of perceptibility (km) and maximum intensity has been obtained which is especially useful in quantification of historical earthquakes. For stations of the Finnish Seismic Array (FINSA) equipped with Geotech S13 seismographs, formulae has been obtained from which magnitudes may now be assigned to weak shocks, which were not possible to quantify previously. -from Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 39
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    Determination of source parameters of earthquakes and crustal structure in the Baltic shield (1982)
    Uppsala University, Faculty of Science
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Using data from explosions recorded by the Swedish Seismograph Station Network (SSSN), an average model of two horizontal layers was deduced for the Swedish crust: Layer thicknesses (km): top layer = 10, whole crust = 37; wave velocities (km s"SUP -1"): Pn = 7.87, P"SUP *" = 6.69, Pgl = 6.27, Sn = 4.55, S"SUP *" = 3.69, Sg1 = 3.54, Sg2 = 3.40, Rg = 2.81. A computer program was developed to determine locations of regional seismic events. Assuming a horizontal two-layered crust, arrival times of identified crustal and Moho-refracted waves are given as input. The location accuracy of seismic events using three-dimensional geophone networks was investigated for real and fictitious networks and events. The effects of arrival time and velocity model accuracies, computational method, network geometry and relative location of hypocentre to geophones are quantitatively demonstrated in various examples. - from Author
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 40
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    Zur physikochemischen Evolution mineralbildender Lösungen anhand thermobarometrischer Untersuchungen (1984)
    In:  31. Jahrestagung der GGW (Freiberg 1984)
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 41
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    Spectra of the earthquake sequence February-March, 1981, in south-central Sweden (1983)
    In:  Tectonophysics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: On February 13, 1981, a relatively strong earthquake occurred in the Lake Vanern region in south-central Sweden. The shock had a magnitude of M"SUB L" = 3.3 and was followed within three weeks by three aftershocks, with magnitudes 0.5 = or 〈 M"SUB L" = or 〈 1.0. The focal mechanism solution of the main shock indicates reverse faulting with a strike in the N-S or NE-SW direction and a nearly horizontal compressional stress. The aftershocks were too small to yield data for a full mechanism solution, but first motions of P-waves, recorded at two stations, are consistent for the aftershocks. Dynamic source parameters, derived from Pg- and Sg- wave spectra, show similar stress drops for the main shock (2 bar) and the aftershocks (1 bar), while the differences in seismic moment (1.5X10"SUP 20" resp. 4X10"SUP 18" dyne cm), fault length (0.7 resp. 0.2 km) and relative displacement (0.15 resp. 0.03 cm) are significant.-Authors
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  • 42
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    Determination of rockburst hypocentres (1980)
    In:  Geofizycznych badan w kopalniach, Mogilany, 17 - 19 X 1977 = Some geophysical problems in mines | Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences : M, Miscellanea ; 3 = 134
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: To detect and to locate the frequently occurring rockbursts within the mining area at Grangesberg, Sweden, the mining company has installed a local network of geophones. Mathematical technique is presented for hypocentre determination assuming a constant velocity model and a three-dimensional network of geophones with high-speed recording. Two sets of input data are feasible: 1) relative P arrival times; 2) S minus P arrival times. The former set requires readings from at least five geophones; for the latter readings from four geophones are sufficient. Factors influencing the resulting location accuracy are studied in various examples. General conclusions and recommendations are given.-Author
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 43
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    Seismic activity in the German Democratic Republic (1980)
    In:  7th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Istanbul, Turkey 1980)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 44
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    Verfahren zur genauen röntgenometrischen Orientierung stabförmiger Einkristalle oder Einkristallstücke (1980)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 45
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    Maps of epicentres and maximum observed intensities (of earthquakes) for the territory of the GDR (1983)
    In:  Proceedings of the meeting of the Working Group 4.3 KAPG : Commission of Academies of Sciences of Socialist Countries for Planetary Geophysical Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The results of the collection and revision of the seismicity data are presented for the territory of the GDR depicted in epicentral maps. A new map of maximum observed intensities was compiled on the basis of the reinterpretation of the strongest seismic event since 1500, the earthquake of March 6, 1982. -Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 46
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    Is discontinuous (cellular) precipitation an effect of a structural transformation in the migrating phase boundary? (1981)
    In:  Acta metallurgica
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 47
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    Limits of the lithospheric thickness of the Elysium area on Mars from correlations of surface stresses with the lineament system (1984)
    In:  Lunar and Planetary Science
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 48
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    Lithostratigraphische Korrelation protozoisch-paläozoischer Strukturzonen zwischen Australien und Antarktis als Teile Gondwanas (1982)
    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 49
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    Seismicity of Sweden 1963-1983 (1984)
    In:  Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm förhandlingar : GFF
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In the years 1963-79, altogether 176 Swedish earthquakes have been detected and located. The earthquakes have occurred within a belt from the SW to the NE part of the country and in N Lapland. Corresponding local magnitudes are not greater than 4. b-values of the magnitude-frequency relation are 0.7 and 1.5 for magnitude intervals 2.2-3.0 and 3.0-3.9, respectively. The strain energy release has been rather regular during most of the time. The apparent increase of small-size shocks in recent years is due to improved instrumental facilities and not to a real increase of seismicity. The presented data can be used as a base for seismotectonic and seismodynamic studies of the Swedish bedrock.-from Author
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 50
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    Seismic hazard assessment for the German Democratic Republic (1984)
    In:  Engineering Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: A procedure for assessing the seismic hazard based on the algorithm proposed by Cornell (1968) and the respective computing programme by McGuire (1976), was applied to the territory of the GDR in view of the influence of 10 earthquake source regions. The delineated regions are described by the cumulative frequency of earthquakes as a function of their intensities and the expected maximum intensities I"SUB max". The intensity attenuation with distance was determined by generalizing the observed macroseismic observations. Hazard maps displaying the expected macroseismic intensities for mean return periods of 100, 500, 5000 and 10 000 years are presented and discussed, explicitly comparing the results with the map of maximum observed intensities of the GDR. -Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 51
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    A new belt-type apparatus for energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction under high pressure and temperature (1983)
    In:  Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 52
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    Das Mitteldeutsche Erdbeben vom 6. März 1872 (1981)
    In:  Geschichte der Seismologie, Seismik und Erdgezeitenforschung : Tagung in Eisenach vom 5. bis 7. Dezember 1979 ; Vorträge | Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde ; 64
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 53
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    Source parameters and seismotectonic implications of the recent Bergshamra, Sweden, earthquake (1981)
    In:  Earth Evolution Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: On December 23, 1979 an earthquake sequence occurred near Bergshamra-Roslagen, Sweden, about 50km northeast of Stockholm. The main shock has been assigned a magnitude M"SUB L" = 3.2. A six- week field survey in the epicentral area revealed a number of small aftershocks located close to the main shock. Pg and Pn-readings suggest for the main shock reverse faulting with a strike of N36"SUP o"E and a dip of 55"SUP o" to the SE. Spectral analysis applied to available seismograms from Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish stations gave for the dynamic source parameters a fault length of 0.8km, a seismic moment estimate of 6.6 x 10"SUP 20" dyne cm and a stress drop of 6 bars. The Bergshamra sequence took place in a zone of very low seismicity in eastern central Sweden and for Swedish earthquakes at unusual shallow depth. The observed earthquake sequence suggests that the known fault system in this area represents a seismically active region. -Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 54
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    Determination of local magnitude and calibration of magnitude scales for earthquakes in the Baltic shield (1982)
    In:  Report N1-82
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Station corrections have been introduced into the M"SUB L"-scale hitherto used for Baltic Shield earthquakes. This increases the consistency of the scale. The new formula has the design: M"SUB L"(UPP) = log a + log V(T) + 1.61 log DELTA - 3.22 + C"SUB I" + C"SUB s", where a = ground amplitude (mu m), V(T) = Wood-Anderson short-period seismometer magnification at period T, DELTA = epicentral distance (km), C"SUB I" = instrument type constant and C"SUB s" = station correction. The formula is valid for Benioff and Grenet seismograph stations in Finland and Sweden. An extension of the magnitude scale to distances as small as 30km has been made.-from Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 55
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    Ein neues Modell zur Genese der Zinnlagerstätten im Erzgebirge (Quarz-Kassiterit-Formation) (1982)
    In:  Vortrags- und Exkursionstagung der GGW (Greifswald 1982)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 56
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    Micro- and macroseismic studies of the Leipzig earthquake of February 20, 1982 (1984)
    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Near the E edge of Leipzig (GDR) an earthquake occurred on February 20, 1982, with an epicentral intensity of 5o. The last comparable earthquakes in this area were observed in 1905 and 1914. These events and the seismic activity of the focal region 'Northwest Saxonia' are presented. The source parameters of the 1982 earthquake determined from the polarities and the spectra of different wave types are given.-from Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 57
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    Möglichkeiten der geologischen Interpretation von Radar-Aufnahmen (1982)
    In:  1. Konferenz Fernerkundung, Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen : Beiträge zur Konferenz | Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde ; 74
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 58
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    The seismic regime in the German Democratic Republic (1983)
    In:  Proceedings of the Meeting of the Working Group 4.3, KAPG : Bratislava, Oct. 1-6, 1979
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Highly industrialized and densely populated territories such as the GDR necessitate to consider very small probabilities of the occurrence of potentially damaging earthquakes. A concept was developed for the assessment of the seismic regime in the GDR. This concept as well as some first results are presented. Especially a possible connection between the seismicity level of a seismotectonic unit and its maximum earthquake will be discussed. -Author
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 59
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    Ergebnisse der thermobarogeochemischen Untersuchungen an Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen in Mineralen der postmagmatischen Zinn-Wolfram-Mineralisation des Erzgebirges (1982)
    In:  Freiberger Forschungshefte : C ; 370 : Geowissenschaften, Lagerstättenlehre
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 60
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    A regional magnitude scale für Central Europa based on crustal wave attenuation (1984)
    In:  Seismological Section Report ; 3-84
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Using Sg-amplitudes measured at GDR and Czechoslovak stations from earthquakes in Central Europe and the surrounding area, and magnitudes given by various stations and agencies for the same events, calibration functions modelled to contain separated components of geometrical spreading (r"SUP -n") and anelastic attenuation (e"SUP -br/T") have been derived. Obtained b-values show significant variation for different spreading types, but surprisingly small scatter, for any given spreading type, for different geographical regions (sectors). Derives a magnitude formula applicable to short-period vertical-component seismograph readings at stations BRG, CLL, MOX, KHC and PRU. Epicentral distances should be greater than 100 km. The attenuation of Sg- waves in the Central European crust can be described by a mean value of Q = 230. -after Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 61
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    Gliederung, Bau und Entwicklung des Transantarktischen Gebirges im Bereich der Neptune Range (Antarktis). Teil I: Stratigraphie und regionale Einbindung (1981)
    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 62
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    Zur Seismizität des Territoriums der DDR (1981)
    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 63
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    Erste Ergebnisse über Einschlussuntersuchungen an Quarzen aus Achatmandeln und -kugeln basischer und saurer Vulkanite (1981)
    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 64
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    Abschätzung der seismischen Gefährdung des Territoriums der DDR (1983)
    In:  Symposium 'Prediction of Earthquake and Seismic Hazard' (Bucarest 1983)
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 65
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    The seismic zones in the German Democratic Republic (1983)
    In:  Proceedings of the seventeenth assembly of the European Seismological Commission : Budapest, 24 - 29 Aug. 1980 | Developments in solid earth geophysics ; 15
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-05
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 66
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    Total and spectral solar irradiance measured at ground surface (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents the results of a series of total and spectral solar irradiance measurements made at ground surface (Table Mountain Facility, Calif., altitude 2.18 km). The spectral irradiance data are presented for the 0.3-3.0-micron spectral region for air mass 1.5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 21; 3, Fe
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  • 67
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    Classification of volcanoes of the Kane Patera Quadrangle of Io: Proportions of lava flows and pyroclastic flows (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Voyager 1 images show 14 volcanic centers wholly or partly within the Kane Patera quadrangle of Io, which are divided into four major classes: (1) shield with parallel flows; (2) shield with early radial fan shapd flows; (3) shield with radial fan shaped flows, surfaces of flows textured with longitudinal ridges; and (4) depression surrounded by plateau-forming scarp-bounded, untextured deposits. The interpretation attempted here hinges largely on the ability to distinguish lava flows from pyroclastic flows by remote sensing.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 127-129
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  • 68
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    A proposal for observations of upper and middle tropospheric clouds (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-17
    Description: A proposal for a multi-institutional investigation of the processes involved in the growth and maintenance of high level extended clouds is presented. Mapping of variability of the cloud and of its radiative characteristics in terms of the meteorological environment of the cloud; performance of case studies involving observation of the cloud microphysics and radiation characteristics; and investigation of the processes responsible for the generation, maintenance, and dissipation of the cloud system are recommended. Both modeling and monitoring activities are considered. The specific research projects which the author proposes to carry out are described. Suggestions for the administrative organization of the total effort are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 56 p
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  • 69
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    A middle and upper tropospheric cloud model (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-17
    Description: The interplay of the various physical processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and decay of middle and upper tropospheric stratiform clouds is discussed. Ice phase fair weather cloud forms are considered. Simulations of cirriform clouds which attempt to incorporate the physical processes in an interactive manner were performed. A two dimensional time dependent Eulerian numerical model, which incorporates all of the important physical processes in a simplified way, is employed to investigate the role of these processes in the evolution of a cloud in an isolated atmospheric layer. Physical parameters considered are the eddy viscosity and the thermal, water vapor, and ice water eddy diffusivities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 189 p
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  • 70
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    Interpretation of planetary stress systems: Determination of tectonic over-printing in Northwest Wyoming (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Structural and tectonic interpretations of planetary surfaces rely strongly on visual determination of regional structural grain. This grain can be very complex and confusing, and sorting out of discrete trends in time and space is of utmost importance. This study is a test of these techniques applied to a well known area having several discrete structural grains. In the Bighorn Basin region of Wyoming, a largely overlooked N10E structural grain has been verified with detailed structural analysis and indicates a significant change in stress orientation at the end of the Laramide orogeny.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 307-309
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  • 71
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    Volcanism in the Valles Marineris (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Tectoism in the Valles Marineris appears to have been accompanied by volcanism. The proposed volcanic features, though probably contemporaneous with the gigantic ones in the Tharsis area, are composed of small, mafic and, possibly, somewhat larger felsic flows. The size of these features is similar to that of volcanic flows on the Earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 135-137
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  • 72
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    Experiments on water/melt explosions, nature of products, and models of dispersal (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Experiments were carried out in a steel pressure device using controlled amounts of water and thermite melt to examine the mechanical energy released on explosive mixing following the initial contact of the two materials. An experimental design was used to allow the direct calculation of the mechanical energy by the dynamic lift of the device as recorded both optically and physically. A large number of experiments were run to accurately determine the optimum mixture of water and melt for the conversion of thermal to mechanical energy. The maximum efficiency observed was about 12% at a water/thermite mass ratio of 0.50. These experiments are the basis for the development of models of hydroexplosions and melt fragmentation. Particles collected from the experimental products are similar in size and shape to pyroclasts produced by much larger hydrovolcanic explosions. Melt rupture at optimum ratios produces very fine particles whereas rupture at high or low water/melt ratios produces large melt fragments. Grain surface textures in the experimental products are also related to the water/melt ratio and the mechanism of explosive mixing. It is thus possible to have qualitative information about the nature of the explosion from the sizes and shapes of the fragments produced.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 144-146
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  • 73
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    The tectonics of anorthosite massifs (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Anorthosite massifs developed approximately 1.4 to 1.5 billion years ago along an arch which developed parallel to a zone of continental separation as a block which included North America, Europe, and probably Asia separated from a block which included parts of South America, Africa, India, and Australia. Anorthosite massifs also developed at the same time along a belt which runs through the continents which comprise Gondwanaland (South America), Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. This was a zone of continental separation which subsequently became a zone of continental collision about 1.2 billion years ago. The northern anorthosite belt also parallels an orogenic belt which was active between 1.8 and 1.7 billion years ago. Heat generated during this mountain building period helped in the formation of the anorthosites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 29 p
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  • 74
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    Forward scattering and backscattering of solar radiation by the stratospheric limb after Mount St. Helens eruption (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Stratospheric limb radiance profiles versus altitude of closest approach of the line of sight to the Earth's surface have been measured before and after the Mount St. Helens eruptions by means of photographs taken from a Sun-oriented balloon gondola floating above 35 km altitude over France. Preliminary data were reported for flights in October 1979 and in May and June 1980. The radiance integrated along the line of sight as in-situ radiance (R) can be derived taking into account absorption by ozone and air. The onion peeling inversion method was used to derive the vertical radiance (R) profiles respectively. The values of R were determined in the solar azimuth. The solar elevation angles are chosen larger for the backscattering observation than for the forward scattering observation to deal with as similar illumination conditions as possible despite the Earth's sphericity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 299-303
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    The mechanisms of fine particle generation and electrification during Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Microscopical investigation of volcanic ash collected from ground stations during Mount St. Helens eruptions reveal a distinctive bimodel size distribution with high concentrations of particle ranges at (1) 200-100 microns and (2) 20-0.1 microns. Close examination of individual particles shows that most larger ones are solidified magma particles of porous pumice with numerous gas bubbles in the interior and the smaller ones are all glassy fragments without any detectable gas bubbles. Elemental analysis demonstrates that the fine fragments all have a composition similar to that of the larger pumice particles. Laboratory experiments suggest that the formation of the fine fragments is by bursting of glassy bubbles from a partially solidified surface of a crystallizing molten magma particle. The production of gas bubbles is due to the release of absorbed gases in molten magma particles when solubility decreases during phase transition. Diffusion cloud chamber experiments strongly indicate that sub-micron volcanic fragments are highly hygroscopic and extremely active as cloud condensation nuclei. Ice crystals also are evidently formed on those fragments in a supercooled (-20 C) cloud chamber. It has been reported that charge generation from ocean volcanic eruptions is due to contact of molten lava with sea water. This seems to be insufficient to explain the observed rapid and intense lightning activities over Mount St. Helens eruptions. Therefore, a hypothesis is presented here that highly electrically charged fine solid fragments are ejected by bursting of gas bubbles from the surface of a crystallizing molten magma particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 211-217
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    Measurements of stratospheric aerosols over Mauna Loa, Hawaii and Boulder, Colorado (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The direct solar radiation transmission record at Mauna Loa, dating from 1958 to the present, revealed with remarkable precision the presence of stratospheric aerosol from volcanic activity. This record can be used to quantify the intensity of the stratospheric volcanic aerosol perturbation following a significant eruption in reference to the Agung event in 1963. The Mount St. Helens' stratospheric cloud was first detected by lidar at 18 km over Mauna Loa on 17 July. The atmospheric transmission was seen to decrease slightly after that time, but only a few tenths of 1 percent. Although it is still fairly early to draw a definite conclusion on the ultimate magnitude of the Mount St. Helens stratospheric aerosol from the Mauna Loa results, it can be stated that the stratospheric aerosol optical depth presently observed is comparable with that observed from Fuego which erupted in 1974. At Boulder, Colorado, the atmospheric debris from Mount St. Helens was observed by lidar on a number of occasions. Also, observations of the diffuse, total and direct transmission of solar radiation were made on June 3 and 4. The latter set of observations is useful for deriving information on the scattering properties of the volcanic cloud. The lidar and solar radiation data are presented and some of their special features are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 117-123
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    Time variations of aerosols in the stratosphere following Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Samples of stratospheric aerosols collected with U-2 aircraft for several months following the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens were analyzed for ash and liquid acid content. Ash grain sizes and compositions vary depending on collection altitude, location within the drifting cloud, and days following their injection. s computers Size distributions of ash particles vary with altitude. Generally small particles are depleted more rapidly at low altitudes (12 km) than at higher altitudes (17-18 km). Although samples collected 1 day after the first eruption of May 18, 1980, were dry, flow marks on the aircraft indicated parts of the cloud contained heavy acid concentrations. Indeed, all other samples obtained within 1 to 4 days after later eruptions (May 25 and June 12, 1980) were covered with copious amounts of liquid acid. Proportions of liquid to ash varied considerably depending on sampling location and cloud age. Because the acid-coated ash globules were large, they rapidly fell from the stratosphere until, by late June 1980, only a residue of acid droplets remained. Size distributions and concentrations of these droplets varied considerably.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 55-64
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    Low-energy electron flux and its reaction to active experimentation of Spacelab (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: An instrument capable of observing the natural electron flux in the energy range from 0.1 to 12.0 kiloelectron volts is discussed for use in an experiment intended as a forerunner of a method that will utilize artificially accelerated electrons as tracer particles for electron fields parallel to the magnetic field. Effects that are of importance either as means of detecting the echo beam or as causes of beam perturbations (e.g., spacecraft charging effects and electron background) are to be studied. The use of electron accelerators as a tool to probe magnetospheric processes rather than to modify them is planned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 79
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    Atmospheric emission photometric imaging (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A dual-channel video system mounted on a stabilized two-axis gimbal system (mounted on the pallet) with associated optics and data handling electronics described the low light flux observations are required for: (1) investigating ionospheric transport processes by observing Mg+ ions; (2) supporting magnetospheric electron bounce experiments; (3) measuring electron cross sections for selected atmospheric species; (4) detecting small particle contamination; and (5) studying natural auroras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 80
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    DC-magnetic field vector measurement (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A magnetometer experiment was designed to determine the local magnetic field by measuring the total of the Earth's magnetic field and that of an unknown spacecraft. The measured field vector components are available to all onboard experiments via the Spacelab command and data management system. The experiment consists of two parts, an electronic box and the magnetic field sensor. The sensor includes three independent measuring flux-gate magnetometers, each measuring one component. The physical background is the nonlinearity of the B-H curve of a ferrite material. Two coils wound around a ferrite rod are necessary. One of them, a tank coil, pumps the ferrite rod at approximately 20 kilohertz. As a consequence of the nonlinearity, many harmonics can be produced. The second coil (i.e., the detection coil) resonates to the first harmonic. If an unknown dc or low-frequency magnetic field exists, the amplitude of the first harmonic is a measure for the unknown magnetic field. The voltages detected by the sensors are to be digitized and transferred to the command and data management system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 81
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    Investigation on Atmospheric H and D through the measurement of their Lyman-alpha emissions (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Study of sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and perhaps in the galactic medium is planned. Sources of Lyman-alpha emission are described and a schematic of the instrument presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 82
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    Space experiments with particle accelerators (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The purpose of space experiments with particle accelerators (SEPAC) is to carry out active and interactive experiments on and in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is also intended to make an initial performance test for an overall program of Spacelab/SEPAC experiments. The instruments to be used are an electron beam accelerator, magnetoplasma dynamic arcjet, and associated diagnostic equipment. The accelerators are installed on the pallet, with monitoring and diagnostic observations being made by the gas plume release, beam-monitor TV, and particle-wave measuring instruments also mounted on the pallet. Command and display systems are installed in the module. Three major classes of investigations to be performed are vehicle charge neutralization, beam plasma physics, and beam atmosphere interactions. The first two are mainly onboard plasma physics experiments to measure the effect of phenomena in the vicinity of Spacelab. The last one is concerned with atmospheric modification and is supported by other Spacelab 1 investigations as well as by ground-based, remote sensing observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 83
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    Mercury: Topographic and geologic data from Earth-based radar observations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Significant new geologic information has been revealed by comparing 1:5 million scale geologic maps of the equatorial zone quadrangles of Mercury (H-6, H-7 and H-8) to Earth-based elevation profiles and surface reflectivity maps of Mercury obtained in the early 1970's at the Arecibo (PR) and Goldstone (CA) radar facilities. These data consist of 23 Goldstone images and profiles of polarized return data at 12.5-cm wavelength and one Arecibo profile. Radar data with 150-m vertical accuracy and 10- to 20-km horizontal resolution are available for areas between latitudes 13 N. and 11 S. In general, these data sets show excellent correlation between: (1) relative elevation and roughness differences that are reflected by mapped geologic contacts; (2) mapped ridges and scarps that display distinctive radar signatures; and (3) position and morphology of crater-and-basin topographic elements. Inferences can also be drawn about topographic and geologic terrain beyond the area imaged by Mariner 10 cameras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 287
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  • 84
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    A regression model for the temporal development of soil pipes and associated gullies in the alluvial-fill valley of the Rio Puerco, central New Mexico (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: On Mars, the association of gullied escarpments and chaotic terrain is evidence for failure and scarp retreat of poorly consolidated materials. Some martian gullies have no surface outlets and may have drained through subterranean channels. Similar features, though on a much smaller scale, can be seen in alluvium along terrestrial river banks in semiarid regions, such as the Rio Puerco Valley of central New Mexico. Many of the escarpments along the Rio Puerco are developing through formation of collapse gullies, which drain through soil pipes. Gully development can be monitored on aerial photographs taken in 1935, 1962, and 1980. A regression model was developed to quantify gully evolution over a known time span. Soil pipes and their associated collapse gullies make recognizable signatures on the air photos. The areal extent of this signature can be normalized to the scarp length of each pipe-gully system, which makes comparisons between systems possible.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 196-197
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  • 85
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    Fluvial erosion of impact craters: Earth and Mars (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Geomorphic studies of impact structures in central Australia are being used to understand the complexities of fluvial dissection in the heavily cratered terrains of Mars. At Henbury, Northern Territory, approximately 12 small meteorite craters have interacted with a semiarid drainage system. The detailed mapping of the geologic and structural features at Henbury allowed this study to concentrate on degradational landforms. The breaching of crater rims by gullies was facilitated by the northward movement of sheetwash along an extensive pediment surface extending from the Bacon Range. South-facing crater rims have been preferentially breached because gullies on those sides were able to tap the largest amounts of runoff. At crater 6 a probable rim-gully system has captured the headward reaches of a pre-impact stream channel. The interactive history of impacts and drainage development is critical to understanding the relationships in the heavily cratered uplands of Mars. Whereas Henbury craters are younger than 4700 yrs. B.P., the Gosses Bluff structure formed about 130 million years ago. The bluff is essentially an etched central peak composed of resistant sandstone units. Fluvial erosion of this structure is also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 175-177
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  • 86
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    Distribution and properties of small volcanoes in Acidalia Planitia (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Eastern Acidalia Planitia contains a wide variety of terrain types on which are thousands of subkilometer volcanoes. Apparent morphometric variations were previously reported as a function of terrain type for the cones in the Cydonia area and extended to the rest of Acidalia for which high resolution Viking imagery exist. Crater counts are included for the six types of plains identified, density distributions of subkilometer cones found on each type of terrain, and orphometric data by morphological subclass as a function of terrain for more than 1400 cones.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 130-132
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  • 87
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    East Butte: A volcanic dome of the Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Preliminary mapping shows East Butte to be a single, large cumulo-dome composed dominantly of rhyolite which can be classified into three main groups based on color and structure. The rhyolite of East Butte is aphanitic with phenocrysts of sanidine and quartz which vary from 1 to 5 mm in length. Vesicular reddish black inclusions of basalt up to 10 cm in length, found in all varieties of the East Butte rhyolites are believed to have originated from fragmentation of the basalt walls of the conduit by rhyolitic magma as it was emplaced. Most of the inclusions contain plagioclase phenocrysts. These phenocrysts measure up to 1 to 2 cm in length and have a typical euhedral, tabular habit. A 250-m diameter depression which has the appearance of a crater is located at the top of East Butte. Evidence supporting the fact that the depression is a crater is displayed by three small (3 to 5 m in height) mounds of massive rhyolite which border the depression.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 121-124
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  • 88
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    The 1950 sulfur flow of Mauna Loa: Considerations for Io (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Some of the geological relationships observed in the Mauna Loa sulfur flow may apply in considering volcanic processes on Io. Given the presence of sulfur/sulfur compounds in the eruption plumes and on the surface of Io, it is likely that extensive secondary deposits of sulfur exist, some of which may be of fumarolic origin and analogous to the Mauna Loa deposit. Given the likelihood of silicate volcanism of Io based on the inferred material properties of some flows, and the attendant high temperatures for silicate volcanism, it is likely that the secondary surface deposits of sulfur would have been mobilized without being heated to the high viscosity stage. Mobilized sulfur flows on Io may flow long distances as a result of: (1) low viscosities in the melting range; (2) sustained effusion resulting from continued heating source area; (3) continued remobilization within the flow as a consequence of surges from the source; and (4) extension via lava tubes, or similar conduits through which there is little heat loss. Sulfur flows may form a relatively thin veneer over silicate flows and other surface units, given their fluidity and low mobilization temperature. Active splashing and splattering may spread sulfur over a wider area contributing the bright blooms observed in association with some Ionian flows.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 133-134
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  • 89
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    Ozone and aircraft operations (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The cabin ozone problem is discussed. Cabin ozone in terms of health effects, the characteristics of ozone encounters by aircraft, a brief history of studies to define the problem, corrective actions taken, and possible future courses of action are examined. It is suggested that such actions include avoiding high ozone concentrations by applying ozone forecasting in flight planning procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
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    Temporal and spatial distribution of exhumed topography (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Perhaps the greatest chance for exhumation, or burial, of a landscape by terrestrial processes exists near the boundaries of the climatic belts. In the Southern Hemisphere, there is comparatively little land area within Budel's zone of extra-tropical valley formation, which contains most of the examples of exhumed topography in the Northern Hemisphere. The only examples of resurrected landforms that occur within Budel's tropical zone are located near the boundary of this zone, where climate may have changed during the Pleistocene. The ages of exhumed landforms sampled are not equally distributed through geologic time. Most of the exhumed features were created either during the Precambrian or the Tertiary periods which are commonly cited as episodes of significant landform development.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 240-242
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  • 91
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    Salts in the dry valleys of Antartica (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The Dry Valleys of Antarctica are examples of polar deserts which are rare geological features on the Earth. Such deserts typically have high salinities associated with their closed-basin waters and on many surficial materials throughout them. In order to examine the possible sources for the salts observed in association with the soils in the Dry Valleys. The chloride and bromide concentrations of the water leachates from 58 soils and core samples were measured. The Cl/Br ratio for seawater is 289 and ratios measured for most of the 58 soils studied (greater than 85% of the soils studied) was larger than the seawater ratio (ratios typically were greater than 1000 and ranged up to 50,000). The enrichment in Cl relative to Br is strong evidence that the alts present within the soils were derived from seawater during ordinary evaporation processes, and not from the deposition of Cl and Br from aerosols or from rock weathering as has often been suggested.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. Program; p 219-221
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    Planetary geomorphology field studies: Washington and Alaska (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Field studies of terrestrial landforms and the processes that shape them provide new directions to the study of planetary features. Investigations discussed address principally mudflow phenomena and drainage development. At the Valley of 10,000 Smokes (Katmai, AK) and Mount St. Helens, WA, studies of the development of erosional landforms (in particular, drainage) on fresh, new surfaces permitted analysis of the result of competition between geomorphic processes. Of specific interest is the development of stream pattern as a function of the competition between perennial seepage overland flow (from glacial or groundwater sources), ephemeral overland flow (from pluvial or seasonal melt sources), and ephemeral/perennial groundwater sapping, as a function of time since initial resurfacing, material properties, and seasonal/annual environmental conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 194-195
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  • 93
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    Desert pavement study at Amboy, California (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Desert pavement is a general term describing a surface that typically consists of a thin layer of cm-sized rock fragments set on top of a layer of finer material in which no fragments are found. An understanding of desert pavement is important to planetary geology because they may play a major role in the formation and visibility of various aeolian features such as wind streaks, which are important on Mars and may be important on Venus. A field study was conducted in Amboy, California to determine the formation mechanism of desert pavements. The probable sequence of events for the formation and evolution of a typical desert pavement surface, based on this experiment and the work of others, is as follows. Starting with a layer of surface material consisting of both fine particles and rock fragments, aeolian deflation will rapidly erode the surface until an armored lag is developed, after which aeolian processes become less important. The concentration of fragments then slowly increases as new fragments are brought to the surface from the subsurface and as fragments move downslope by sheet wash. Sheet wash would be responsible for removing very fine particles from the surface and for moving the fragments relative to one another, forming interlocks.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 169-170
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  • 94
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    Comparisons of global ozone trends inferred from the BUV experiment on Nimbus 4 and the ground-based network (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Preliminary comparisons between global ozone burdens derived from the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on Nimbus 4 and those inferred from an analysis of ground-based network data seem to indicate significant differences in the inter-annual variability of ozone. Some of the observed differences may be due to improper weighting of the ground-based network data, slowly changing planetary wave structure over the fixed station, of small inter-annual changes in meridional transport parameters. There is also some evidence which indicates that the polar stratosphere at high latitudes may represent an important ozone storage resevoir which tends to compensate for large scale changes observed in the regions outside of the polar stratosphere. Possible consequences of this are that the global trends derived from ground based ozone measurements may not be valid and furthermore that the current satellite techniques by themselves may be sufficient. An ozone monitoring system which includes observations from satellites, ground-based stations, balloons and rockets may be necessary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 279
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    Planetary geomorphology field studies: Iceland and Antarctica (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Field studies of terrestrial landforms and the processes that shape them provide new directions to the study of planetary features. These studies, conducted in Iceland and in Antarctica, investigated physical and chemical weathering mechanisms and rates, eolitan processes, mudflow phenomena, drainage development, and catastrophic fluvial and volcanic phenomena. Continuing investigations in Iceland fall in three main catagories: (1) catastrophic floods of the Jokulsa a Fjollum, (2) lahars associated with explosive volcanic eruptions of Askja caldera, and (3) rates of eolian abrasion in cold, volcanic deserts. The ice-free valleys of Antarctica, in particular those in South Victoria Land, have much is common with the surface of Mars. In addition to providing independent support for the application of the Iceland findings to consideration of the martian erosional system, the Antarctic observations also provide analogies to other martian phenomena. For example, a family of sand dunes in Victoria Valley are stabilized by the incorporation of snow as beds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 231-233
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  • 96
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    Quantitative and experimental modelling of sapping networks (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Development of drainage networks by erosion by emergent groundwater (sapping) is being modelled by a combination of laboratory experiments and theoretical modelling. Miniature drainage networks formed in fine-grained sediments share many morphologic characteristics of Martian and terrestrial networks suspected to be formed by sapping processes. A larger and better instrumented sapping box was constructed to further explore the processes of sapping and the morphology of resulting networks. The experiments to be conducted in the sapping box will investigate the roles of several factors in controlling network morphology. The mechanics of sapping of fine-grained sediments were investigated in experiments in a two-dimensional sapping chamber and through development of a theoretical model. Results of extensive tests on sapping erosion of fine-grained, cohesionless sediment were analyzed with a theoretical model of the mechanics of sapping erosion and transport.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 191-193
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  • 97
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    Drainage evolution in the debris avalanche deposits near Mount Saint Helens, Washington (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was initiated by a massive rockslide-debris avalanche which completely transformed the upper 25 km of the North Fork Toutle River valley. The debris was generated by one of the largest gravitational mass movements ever recorded on Earth. Moving at an average velocity of 35 m/s, the debris avalanche buried approximately 60 sq km of terrain to an average depth of 45 m with unconsolidated, poorly sorted volcaniclastic material, all within a period of 10 minutes. Where exposed and unaltered by subsequent lahars and pyroclastic flows, the new terrain surface was characterized predominantly by hummocks, closed depressions, and the absence of an identifiable channel network. Following emplacement of the debris avalanche, a complex interrelationship of fluvial and mass wasting processes immediately began operating to return the impacted area to an equilibrium status through the removal of material (potential energy) and re-establishment of graded conditions. In an attempt to chronicle the morphologic evolution of this unique environmental setting, a systematic series of interpretative maps of several selected areas was produced. These maps, which document the rate and character of active geomorphic processes, are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 179-181
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  • 98
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    Ridges on basalt flows (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Pressure ridges are surface features on basaltic lava flows and, as with other surface features, they may be related to the emplacement of a flow and the rheological properties of the lava. Since many ridges are of sufficient size to be detected on high resolution orbital images, an understanding of pressure ridges could provide a means for interpreting volcanic flows on other terrestrial planets. Some proposed formation mechanisms are reviewed and three different types of pressure ridges are identified on the basis of morphology. Type 1 ridges are the most common and are associated with multiple flow unit pahoehoe in which the ridges are embayed by secondary toe fed lava. They tend to be restricted to wider sections or margins of the flow and to be oriented longitudinal to flow direction; however, oblique or transverse orientation is not uncommon. Bulbous squeeze ups are common within cracks and may reflect relative timing of crack formation. The interior structure of type 1 ridges consists of an upper slab section which generally contains columnar joints and a lower massive section with an irregular surface. This basic distinction may mark the thickness of the surface crust when ridge formation was initiated. Type 2 ridges occur in association with type 1 and are very similar with the exception of the secondary squeeze out material. Instead of only filling cracks, the secondary material on these ridges originated from underneath a thin crust and flowed as toes or channels from the top and sides of the ridge. Type 3 ridges have much steeper sides (almost vertical at the top) than the other types. Medial cracks are very wide and the crack walls are convex upward. No squeeze ups are present. The main difference between type 3 and the others may be reflection of viscosity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 147-148
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    Effusion rate, length, and area relationships for some lava flows on Hawaii and Mount Etna with planetary implications (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: A model for the radiative cooling of thermally well mixed lava flows is presented and the relationship between effusion rate and length and area is analyzed. If radiative cooling is the prime mode of heat loss for a lava flow, one should expect to see a stronger correlation between the effusion rate and the plan area of the flow, than between effusion rate and just flow length. Different flows on a single volcano with differing initial temperatures, volatile content, and gross compositions should yield different areas for a given effusion rate. Likewise, a range of slopes for the relationship between effusion rate and flow area should result from comparisons between different volcanoes. As a test of these ideas, available data on the effusion rates, lengths, and areas of Hawaiian and Etnean flow is studied. It was found that: (1) the effusion rate/area correlation was statistically more significant than the correlation between effusion rate and length for four out of the five eruption episodes which met the necessary criteria of more than three individual flows with area, length, and effusion rate independently measured; (2) that there exists a minimum length and area for a given effusion rate, reflecting competition between overall characteristic proportionality between effusion rate and flow length, width, and area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 141-143
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  • 100
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    Chronology, morphology and stratigraphy of pumiceous pyroclastic-flow (ignimbrite) deposits from the eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1983 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Between 1217 and 1620 hours (PDT), on May 18, 1980, the magmatic eruption column of Mount St. Helens formed an ash fountain and pyroclastic flows dominated the eruption process over tephra ejection. Eurption-rate pulsations generally increased to a maximum at 1600 to 1700 hrs. After 1620 hrs, the eruption assumed an open-vent discharge with strong, vertical ejection of tephra. Relative eruption rates (relative mass flux rates) of the pyroclastic flows were determined by correlating sequential photographs and SLAR images, obtained during the eruption, with stratigraphy and surface morphology of the deposits.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 125-126
    Format: text
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