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  • Articles  (188)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering  (167)
  • 85.30  (21)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1985-1989  (188)
  • 1950-1954
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (188)
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  • Articles  (188)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion of gold in dislocation-free or highly dislocated silicon measured by the spreading-resistance technique (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion of Au in dislocation-free or plastically deformed Si (1011 to 1013 dislocations/m2) was measured with the aid of the spreading-resistance technique. The Au profiles produced indislocation-free Si slices by in-diffusion from both surfaces possess nonerfc-type U shapes as predicted by the so-called kick-out diffusion model. This model is used to calculate the contribution of self-interstitials to the (uncorrelated) Si self-diffusion coefficient,D I SD =0.064×exp(−4.80 eV/kT)m2 s−1, from the present and previous data on the diffusivity and solubility of Au in Si in the temperature range 1073–1473 K. Inhighly dislocated Si the diffusion of Au is considerably faster than in dislocation-free Si. From the erfc-type penetration profiles found in this case, effective Au diffusion coefficients were deduced and combined with data on the solubility of Au in Si. ThusC i eq D i=0.0064 ×exp(−3.93 eV/kT)m2 s−1 was obtained in the temperature range 1180–1427 K, whereC i eq andD i are the solubility and diffusivity of interstitial Au in Si.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01177162
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon for silicon heterojunction bipolar transistors (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modification of the emitter structure of silicon bipolar transistors results in more freedom in the choice between sometimes conflicting device parameters. The approach followed in this work is the use of an amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) or microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) emitter, creating a real heterojunction with the crystalline silicon base. Due to the larger bandgap of these emitter materials, the back injection of minority carriers is strongly suppressed in comparison with conventional bipolar transistors. Furthermore, the small temperature coefficient of the current gainβ allows the use of these heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) over a wide temperature range. Most likely, the biggest advantage of such HBTs is that a better high-frequency behaviour could be obtained. However, some problems still need to be solved such as the recombination at the emitter-base interface and the high resistivity of the emitter material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616051
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient negative photoconductivity in silicon doped with gold (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.40 ; 72.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A transient negative photoconductivity phenomenon observed in silicon doped with gold atoms by an appropriate diffusion condition has been investigated. The transient negative photoconductivity could be observed with a diode doped with gold atoms under intrinsic light-pulse illumination. In the recovery process of the transient negative photoconductivity to a steady-state dark level, two kind of time constants were observed, which may be related with the emission of electrons from gold level. A dependence of the magnitude of the peak value on the ambient temperature was observed; a qualitative explanation is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615977
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instability of photoexcited electron-hole plasma in short semiconductor structures (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 41-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The instability of the electron-hole plasma produced by continuous photoexcitation in short semiconductor structures is investigated theoretically. The applied electric field is considerably disturbed by photogenerated charge carriers. At a sufficiently intensive photogeneration plasma instability occurs. The frequency of current oscillations due to the instability, as shown by numerical simulation for a GaAs structure, is in the range of 1011–1012s−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618157
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the gate capacitance of MOS structures of kane-type semiconductors under magnetic quantization (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 331-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to formulate the gate capacitance of MOS structures of Kane-type semiconductors under magnetic quantization, without any approximations of weak or strong electric field limits, on the basis of the fourth-order effective mass theory and taking into account the interactions of the conduction, light-hole, heavy-hole, and split-off bands. It is found, taking n-channel Hg1−x Cd x Te as an example, that the gate capacitance exhibits spiky oscillations with changing magnetic field, which is in qualitative agreement with experimental observations, reported elsewhere, in MOS structures of the same semiconductor. The corresponding results for n-channel inversion layers on parabolic semiconductors are also obtained from the expressions derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616572
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Point defects, diffusion processes, and swirl defect formation in silicon (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper consists of three parts. In the first part we review the basic experimental and theoretical results which shaped our present knowledge on point defects and diffusion processes in silicon. These results concern on one side oxidation effects which established that silicon self-interstitials and vacancies coexist in silicon and on the other side diffusion of gold into dislocation-free silicon which allowed to determine the self-interstitial contribution to silicon self-diffusion and to estimate the corresponding vacancy contribution. In the second part we discuss topics for which an understanding is just emerging within the framework of coexisting self-interstitials and vacancies: reaching of local dynamical equilibrium between self-interstitials and vacancies; rough estimates of the thermal equilibrium concentrations of self-interstitials and vacancies and their respective diffusivities, and finally, various possibilities to generate an undersaturation of self-interstitials. In the third part we examine swirl defect formation in silicon in terms of vacancies and self-interstitials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617863
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of graphite boat material on the purity of LPE InGaAs (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.10 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the purity of LPE InGaAs layers grown in graphite boats, machined from various graphite materials. The influence of the material is clearly visible if the growth solution is sufficiently pure. Carrier concentrations n〈2×l015 cm−3 and mobilitiesμ(77 K)〉 38000 cm2/Vs are routinely achieved for suitable graphite materials already from the third run of a new “large” boat applying a prebake of only 15 h. “Small” boats yield even better results (n=0.5×1015 cm−3 andμ(77 K)=49500 m2/Vs). The sticking of In-rich solutions to the graphite does not depend on the material but is solely dependent on the surface roughness. The problem of graphite particle abrasion is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615203
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    248 nm laser etching of GaAs in chlorine and ozone gas environments (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 301-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.50N ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract KrF laser etching of GaAs in Cl2 and O3 gas ambients by direct laser illumination is reported. The etch depth per pulse in Cl2 was found to be linear versus the laser fluence on the sample in the 0.2–1.1 J/cm2 range. It increased as a function of the Cl2 pressure up to 6 Torr and slightly decreased for pressures above this value. It also decreased as a function of the laser repetition rate. Very smoothly etched surfaces were obtained after irradiation using the Cl2 and O3 etching gases. Auger analysis of the etched GaAs surfaces shows almost no traces of chlorine after etching in Cl2, whereas a thick oxide layer of about 1500 Å thickness was found after etching in ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617935
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do oxygen molecules contribute to oxygen diffusion and thermal donor formation in silicon? (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In- and out-diffusion experiments of oxygen in silicon indicate the existence of an oxygen-containing species diffusing much faster than interstitial oxygen at temperatures below about 700°C. The formation of oxygen-related thermal donors in the temperature range around 450°C also requires a fast diffusing species. The paper examines the possibility of this fast diffusing species beingmolecular oxygen, as had been suggested earlier. Special emphasis will be placed on experimental results which have become available since that time. These results allow one to relate thermal donor formation to the loss of interstitial oxygen and to oxygen precipitation. The role of carbon is also considered in this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619388
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High frequency characterisation of double drift region InP and GaAs diodes (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 437-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Computer studies have been made on the high frequency characteristics of symmetrically doped flat profile double drift region (DDR) InP and GaAs impatts in the mm-wave (60–100 GHz) frequency band. The spatial distribution of high frequency negative resistance and reactance in the depletion layer of DDR devices and their admittance properties have been investigated. The results indicate that DDR InP impatts should have higher drift zone voltage drop, higher negative resistance and higher negative conductance compared to their GaAs counterparts designed for the same range of mm-wave frequencies. Furthermore, the negative resistance peak is larger in magnitude for InP impatts compared to that for GaAs impatts. It is thus observed that DDR InP impatts should be superior to their GaAs counterparts as regards mm-wave power generation with high conversion efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619715
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of the threshold temperature sensitivity of 1.55 μm InGaAsP lasers by subnanosecond optical excitation (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 273-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In GaAsP lasers operating at 1.5 to 1.6 μm were pumped optically with a pulsed 1.06 μm source. The temperature dependence of the pump energy at laser threshold has been measured for temperatures from 170 to 330 K. Pump pulse widths of 300 ns and 150–300 ps were employed, long and short compared to the carrier life-time in the laser material. Over the high-temperature range of 260 to 330 K short pulse excitation gives a considerable reduction of the threshold temperature sensitivity with a characteristic temperatureT 0 ′ =85 K compared to T 0 h =45 K for long-pulse excitation. This is in qualitative agreement with previous results on electrically excited lasers although the temperature sensitivity of the optically excited lasers is larger. At temperatures between 170 to 260 K no reduction of the temperature sensitivity was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617272
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical properties and degradation behavior of hydrogenated amorphous Si alloys for solar cells (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 86.30 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electrical properties and the degradation behavior of hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloys (a-Si1−x A x : H, with A=C, Ge, B, P) in designs of pin, pip, nin, and MOS structures are investigated by measuring the dark and light I(V) characteristics and the spectral response as well as the space-charge-limited current (SCLC), the time of flight (TOF) of carriers and the field effect (FE). These investigations give an overview of our recent work combined with new results emphasizing the physics of the a-Si:H pin solar cells. We discuss the stabilizing influence on the degradation behavior achieved by profiling the i layers of the pin solar cells with P and B. Two kinds of pin solar cells, namely glass/SnO2/p(C)in/metal and glass/metal/pin/ITO, are investigated and an explanation of their different spectral response behavior is given. SCLC measurements lead to the conclusion that trapping is also involved in the degradation mechanism, as is recombination. TOF experiments on a-Si1−x Ge x : H pin diodes indicate that the incorporation of Ge widens the tail-state distribution below the conduction band. FE measurements showed densities of gap states of about 5×l016cm−3eV−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616049
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-exponential dark capacitance transients from red-emitting GaP LED's — Field and edge effects on the 0.75 eV centre (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 301-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 85.60 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616567
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carrier frequency-dependent intrinsic parameters in an ion-implanted silicon photo-MESFET (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 361-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.40 ; 78.55 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Carrier frequency-dependent intrinsic parameters of an ion-implanted silicon photo-MESFET have been analysed theoretically. The internal gate source capacitanceC gs is found to increase with increasing carrier frequency under the normally OFF condition and the change is small under the normally ON condition. Also, the internal drain-source resistanceR ds increases with frequency at a fixed flux density and wavelength of operation. The ion-implanted photo-MESFET could become useful as optically controlled switching device in digital circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624604
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of photodegradation in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 5-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of steady-state photoconductivity with respect to light-induced defect generation in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si: H) show that the power index of the time evolution (long-term observation) of the photodegradation is determined by the exposure temperature and the material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615129
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron traps and positive DLTS signals in VPE GaAs MESFETs (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 457-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Capacitance DLTS measurements have been performed in VPE GaAs MESFETs prepared on Bridgman Cr-doped and LEC undoped semi-insulating substrates. A band of electron traps not intrinsically related to the VPE growth process and accumulating near the metal (gate) — semiconductor interface was detected in all the samples. Deeper regions into the channel were free from any detectable trap. Near pinch-off conditions, a positive capacitance signal was found to dominate the DLTS spectra only in the case of samples prepared on Cr-doped substrates. The hypothesis of this positive transient being related to changes in the occupation of surface states in the ungated surface access regions has been checked by comparing experimental and calculated dependencies of the signal amplitude on reverse gate voltage. Unexplained discrepancies, together with the absence of positive signal in MESFETs prepared on LEC undoped substrates, suggest the possibility of hole emission from hole traps within the bulk of the device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619718
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models for implantation into multilayer targets (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 34 ; 61.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Models for the description of implantation profiles in multilayer targets are compared. It is found that all analytical models have severe limitations if the different layers possess very different stopping powers. The best description of multilayer targets is obtained by a combination model using density scaling of the range and integration to account for mass conservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616841
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excess capacitance of ZnO-Au varactors (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.40 ; 85.30 ; 71.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Doped ZnO single crystals were deposited with gold and indium in 1×10−8 Torr vacuum. The lithium-doped ZnO single crystals and the gold interface revealed not only a Schottky diode but also varactor characteristics. TheI-V andC-V characteristics of ZnO:Li-Au devices were determined in the 0–140 mV and 0–1.5 V ranges. The frequency dependence of ZnO:Li-Au varactors was investigated in the 6–550 kHz range and the value of the most efficient varactor frequency was found to be 50 kHz for the lithium-doped samples prepared. To bring further insight into the matter the concept of excess capacitance was introduced and 1/C 2=f(−V) curves were rearranged between 0–150 mV where Schottky characteristics are non-linear. The excess capacitance values of lithium-doped varactors were determined at four different frequencies and ranged from 26 pF at 50 kHz to 70 pF at 6kHz. Finally, the bulk donor concentrations of the single crystals were calculated from the modifiedC-V curves to beN D= 3×1020 m−3. On the other hand, the bulk donor concentration determined from the non-modifiedC-V curves wasN D′=1.02×1022 m−3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620609
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MITATT mode in DDR heterostructure Impatt (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 79.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large signal characterisation of double heterostructure DDR Impatt diode has been carried out in the millimeter-wave range considering the MITATT mode of operation. The structure of the device is p+-p2-p1-n1-n2-n+ where impact ionisation and tunneling takes place in the p1-n1 region. In this study we have considered two well-known heterostructures, e.g., InP/GaInAs/InP and InP/InGaAsP/InP and one nonconventional structure GaAs/InP/GaAs. The theoretical results of the performances of these devices as regards of output power, efficiency, and negative conductance revealed that the structures are quite promising as the source of power in the millimeter-wave range. The analysis may be used for other mm wave DDR heterostructure Impatts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616568
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amorphous silicon logic integrated circuits (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Amorphous silicon thin-film integrated circuits, with between 4 and 18 transistor functions per chip, have been fabricated on glass substrates. The amorphous silicon and the dielectric layers are deposited by rf glow discharge. The circuits have been designed to realize basic logic functions such as inverters, NAND and NOR gates, and addressable memory cells. For the first time, an amorphous silicon flip flop requiring a supply voltage of only 4.5 V has been manufactured. The logic voltage levels of the flip flop are compatible with standard bipolar TTL circuits. Measurements on an inverter chain show a typical propagation delay time of 70 μs and a power-delay-time product of 65 pJ. All of the circuits use n-channel enhancement type load transistors instead of integrated ohmic load resistors. The channel length of the driver transistors is 15 μm with a gate source/drain overlap of 7.5 μm. Experimental geometry ratios range from β=2.25 to β=21. Generally, the driver transistors exhibit on/off ratios greater than 106 for supply voltages smaller than 5 V. At these voltages the measured on-currents per unit channel width are in the order of 5...10nA/μm. The influence of the geometry ratio on static inverter characteristic and switching speed is discussed by means of a simple model. Two different manufacturing schemes for the fabrication of the integrated circuits are outlined. Mask layouts and experimental transfer characteristics of several integrated circuits are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618763
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of annealing temperature on the alloying behavior of the AuGe-GaAs〈100〉 interface (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.40 ; 82.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract UV(He I) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (UPS and XPS) were used to examine the alloying behavior of AuGe ohmic contacts to silicon-doped 〈100〉 oriented n-type GaAs substrates. The reacted interface was then revealed by Ar ion sputter depth profiling at room temperature and after annealing in ultra high vacuum at 300°, 500°, or 700°C. The indiffusion of Au and the outdiffusion of Ga and As are evident. Instead of obtaining a maximum peak of the Ge profile on annealing in forming gas, we observed an increase of Ge indiffusion with temperature. The Au indiffusion results in a decrease in the Au 5d splitting and a shift of both levels to higher binding energy. Au-Ga alloy formation is indicated by the Au 4f levels, and is further supported by the observation of the metallic Ga peak. It has been concluded that the sample annealed at 500°C forms the Au-Ga alloy and the compound of As containing Ge more easily than the samples annealed at 300° or 700°C. This result is consistent with the observations of low contact resistance at the annealing temperature of ∼ 500°C for AuNiGe ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616856
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Development of a True Biaxial Shear TesterPaper presented at the International Symposium on Reliable Flow of Particulate Solids, August 20-22, 1985, Bergen, Norway. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To investigate the influence of the stress history on the yield limit a shear tester was developed, in which stresses or strains in x- and y-direction can be applied independently of each other. Since there are no shear stresses on the boundary surfaces of the sample these stresses are principal stresses and the Mohr stress circles are known for each state of stress. First results from shear tests with limestone show a significant influence of the different ways of consolidation on the yield limit, i. e. the flow properties of a bulk solid will depend on the stress history. The flow function, however, which is essential for silo design, proves to be invariable of the stress history.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020127
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    Masthead (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030101
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    Pore Structure Analysis of Porous Particles by Equivalent Model (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 20-25 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from Wheeler's composite theory, which takes both the multilayer adsorption and the capillary condensation into consideration, and assuming the equivalent cylindrical model, we have deduced a strict and relatively simpler formula for the calculation of pore size distribution by solving the integral equation directly. The formula is more convenient for application because of its recursion form. Following the same line of reasoning and using the mean value theorem of definite integrals under different conditions, we have unified the equations of Barrett-Joyner-Halenda, Dubinin, Cranston-Inkley, Dollimore-Heal and Roberts. A table of parameters which is required in the calculation is given. Besides the adsorption of nitrogen, the adsorption with water vapor as the adsorbate is investigated and the corresponding empirical equation of adsorption thickness is given.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030105
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    The Relevance of Powder/Liquid Wettability to the Cohesiveness of Carbon Black Agglomerates (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 26-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle size enlargement operations often involve the use of a liquid to improve powder cohesiveness. Capillary suction and surface tension forces acting through liquid menisci between particles are the primary source of the cohesive bonding. The strength of these forces, and consequently the strength of the wet agglomerate, is dependent upon the total liquid content, its distribution within the agglomerate, and the powder wettability (characterized by the liquid surface tension and powder/liquid contact angle).The tensile strength of powder compacts containing submicron carbon black particles has been measured as a function of saturation level for several liquids. It is found that the compact strength increases with increasing surface tension for liquids that exhibit a zero contact angle. Above the critical surface tension for wetting a more complicated situation exists where both the surface tension and contact angle are important.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030106
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    Measurement of Particle Size Distributions in Gas Flows with an Optical particle counter (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 20-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to characterize flow separation and classification processes, particle size distributions must be measured in the airborne state without affecting the state of dispersion or disturbing the flow. Light scattering devices with an optically defined measuring volume are specially designed for this purpose. However the light scattering device must be calibrated using non-ideal particles which are present within the multiphase flow, preferably on an equivalent diameter based on settling rate. Such a calibration can be achieved by measuring with an optical particle counter before and after an impactor in droplet systems and a sampling cyclone in systems of solid particles. By measuring the calibration curves the size distribution of the investigated particles are also determined. This measuring technique allows the best use of the optical particle counter in industrially relevant cases which may have high particle concentrations, wide distributions, non-ideal particles and an undefined state of dispersion.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020104
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    Approximate Mathematical Description of Particle-Size Distributions - Possibilities and limitations as to the assessment of comminution and classification processesPaper presented at the 3rd European Symposium on Particle Characterization (PARTEC), May 9-11, 1984, Nuremberg, FRG. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Disperse materials are often characterized by their particle-size distributions which can be determined by different measuring methods. Frequently the quantitative portions of the particle size classes obtained by way of experiment are considered insufficient and one strives for approximating the measured values by an analytic function. This can be reached, more or less satisfactorily, by power, exponential, or normal distribution functions which may include two, three, or four parameters.Publications as well as common practice have proved again and again that due to very rough or incorrect approximations wrong conclusions are derived from test and operating results, so that it appears expedient to investigate - when such an approximation would actually be advisable and - which function would be expedient in the specific case.Application of distriction functions will always be justified then when there is an actual need for utilizing the advantages connected with an approximation. Evaluation of a great number of measuring results revealed that the two-parameter functions in most cases only permit an utmost rough approximation which might give rise to wrong conclusions. Carefully classified products, however, mostly require three- or four-parameter functions for making an appropriate approximation.The functions, which appear appropriate for certain types of products, are set out in Table 1.In order to make the tabulated individual results accessible to a practical utilization a systematization was attempted. The outcome is a graph which is meant as an assistance for the practician and which presents the possibility of a quick selection of function type.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020108
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    The Influence of Particle Attrition on the Wall Friction Coefficient of a free flowing particulate solid (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 71-76 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a reciprocating shear cell, which has been developed to measure dynamic wall friction, is described. The cell has also been used to study the attrition behaviour of sand samples at the bounding wall. This attrition causes a considerable change in the angle of wall friction.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020112
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    Photometric On-line Measurement of Surface Area of Powders (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 81-90 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Amongst the well known methods to measure surface area of particulate matter, preferably dry powders, only photometric methods can be used on-line.The basic equation for the photometric measurement of surface area is Lambert-Beer's law, which describes the attenuation of light (extinction) due to the presence of particles in a light beam. The attenuation being dependent not only on the size distribution of the particles in the light beam but also on their volume concentration. Since both effects alter the attenuation simultaneously the solids volume concentration has to be measured independently of the attenuation in a true on-line system. The instrument developed combines the extinction of white light with the absorption of γ-rays.Since the absorption of γ-rays demands more particles in the measuring zone than the attenuation of light, an aerosol stream of rectangular cross section has been used which allows the simultaneous measurement of extinction and γ-ray absorption.Apart from a brief description of the theoretical background of the instrument experimental evidence will be given of its suitability for on-line application [1, 2].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020116
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    Errata (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 123-123 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No. Abstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020122
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    Particle Deposition in High Capacity Preseparators (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High capacity preseparators are used to reduce bounce and blow-off of large particles in cascade impactors. In this paper, results are presented of a detailed analysis of the deposition of particles in two slightly different preseparators of the impactor-type which are used in connection with the Andersen Stack Sampler. The advantage of using any preseparator for aerosols mixed with large particles (x 10 μm) is clearly shown.A preseparator which is integrated into the impactor has the advantages of smaller overall size, accessible surfaces and, therefore, easier handling. The results of the study show that the reduction of unwanted particle losses is rather small when compared with a separate preseparator.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020124
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    Laser Doppler Anemometry - a non-intrusive optical measuring technique for fluid velocityGerman version was published in “Laser und Optoelektronik” 17 (1985) 362-375. (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 4 (1987), S. 26-37 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper gives an introduction to laser Doppler anemometry. The fundamental principles of this measuring technique, as well as the basic features of its instrumental realizations, are explained. The application of laser Doppler anemometry to fluid investigations often requires an adaptation of the LDA-system to the measuring problem. Basic formulas for the lay-out and adaptation are given.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19870040107
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    Measurement of velocities and diameters of small particles by using fast digital circuits for the on-line evaluation of laser-doppler-signalsPaper presented at the meeting of the “GVC-Fachausschuß Partikelmeßtechnik” on 22. 02. 1985 at Duisburg (FRG). (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 113-118 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Inspection of the scattered light by two photodetectors makes it possible to investigate the velocities of droplets as well as their size in disperse systems and has some advantages against related methods. When this method is used, the size of the droplets can be derived from the phase difference of the signals from the first and the second photodetector.Special problems of this method are discussed in the paper. A system with fast signal processing facilities, working mostly digitally, was developed in order to solve these problems. This system derives several digital signals from the signals of high frequencies that are gained from the photodetectors. These digital signals are combined by digital circuits of the ECL-type. The resulting pulse series are fed into several digital counters. The data from the counters and from some other inputs are further processed by a real time computer that was developed for this special task, using an 8088 micro processor. This real time computer is connected to an ordinary personal computer by a parallel interface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020120
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    The Measurement of Spatial Aerosol Distributions in Enclosures by Means of computed tomography (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A measurement method that approximates the spatial distribution of inhomogeneously distributed aerosols in a limited measurement plane is described. It is based on the evaluation of a comparably small number of infrared extinction measurements taken from the measurement plane boundary. The measured data are processed by means of computed tomography. The results are displayed on a monitor in a colour-coded picture of the aerosol-“density”-pattern. The basic design and the principal characteristics of the method are mathematically described and verified by simulation tests and practical results which are obtained from an experimental set up using smoldering wood as an aerosol source.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020125
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    Estimation of Particle Size Distributions Using Pipet-Withdrawal Centrifuges (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 122-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical treatments used in the evaluation of particle size distribution from pipet-withdrawal centrifuge data are reviewed. An error in the published procedure for multiple-sample withdrawal systems is pointed out and a corrected formulation is presented. An alternative treatment, based on a piece-wise linearization of the size distribution is described. Computer simulations of the analytical and data evaluation procedures indicate that the errors in the original formulation are not generally serious and that the corrected and alternative procedures lead to very similar estimates. Except for some cases involving very narrow size distributions, the alternative approach appears to give slightly closer estimates of the size distribution. Comparisons based on actual experimental data are also described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030306
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    Applications of Condition Numbers A-priori Analysis of Moment Method for Describing Size Distributions (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 104-110 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for estimating the effectiveness of algorithms which retrieve size distribution parameters from cumulative fractions or moments is described. The principle of the algorithm is to select moments, or cumulative fractions, which minimize the condition number. Extensive tests of the algorithm for a distribution consisting of the sum of two log normal distributions were carried out. This procedure can be easily extended to use different numbers and types of constituent functions. The simulations indicated that moment methods which include positive and negative moments give the best result. When the means of the constituent distribution are close, the large condition numbers indicate that no algorithm will give unambiguous values for the parameters.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030303
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    Particle Size Analysis of Some Difficult Measurable SystemsPaper presented at the 4th meeting “Granulometrie” 1985 at Dresden. (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of the granulometric behaviour of dispersed systems is vital for a full and complete characterisation. Despite the variety of methods and devices which have been developed for this purpose, difficulties frequently arise in the practical determination of particle size distribution. In this paper it is shown, by means of examples, how measurements for surface modified and porous particles can be influenced by the behaviour of the material, and which approaches exist to obtain accurate values by taking this into account.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030405
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    A Rapid Method for Determination of Changes in Shape of Comminuted Particles Using a Laser Diffractometer (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The size distributions of carefully screened √2 size fractions of ground materials were determined using a Microtrac laser diffractometer. The size distributions were fitted to the empirical function P(x) = 1/[1 + (x50/x)λ] where P(x) is cumulative mass fraction less than Microtrac size, x. The standard deviation of λ for a 50 second test time was approximately 0.5, so that seventeen test times give a mean with an estimated error within ± 0.25 (95% confidence level). Values of λ were 5.44, 4.82, 4.40 for a coal ground under different conditions, indicating statistically different shape distributions; the average value for mica was 2.91 owing to the high aspect ratio of the particles. The ratio of x50 to the geometric mean sieve size was 1.2 for the coal and 0.70 for mica.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Forward Scattering Signature of a Spherical Particle Crossing a Laser Beam out of the Beam WaistPresented at the International Symposium on Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice, Rouen (France), 12-15 May 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a particle crosses a laser beam out of the focal plane, the light attenuation signal occuring on the beam axis contains some information regarding the particle size and trajectory.These attenuation signatures are analysed and predicted with a simplified model based on Fraunhofer diffraction. Numerical and experimental results are found to be in good agreement.A modified laser Doppler velocimeter using this sizing method is able to perform simulataneous measurement of size and velocity of spherical particle in the range 10 μm-500 μm.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050103
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    Increased Resolution of Size Distributions with the Coulter Counter (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The limiting resolution of Coulter size measurements, the size within which two separate populations can be distinguished, is discussed in relation to the standard aperture.Electronic pulse editing, by comparing pulse height to width, enables small particles to be resolved from baseline instrument noise, but can give incomplete resolution of ultra-narrow distributions from artefactually produced peaks using the standard aperture. Improvements in the minimum measurable size and in sizing resolution of narrow size ranges are also shown to be possible by improving the signal quality from the Coulter aperture.A novel mathematical approach is described for the derivation of true size spectra for narrow particle size distributions by deconvolution of the composite spectra resulting from the effect of the inhomogeneous electric field in the Coulter aperture. Simple empirical equations are used derived from the location and amplitude of the spurious peaks observed in such composites relative to the genuine peaks.The method is applied to three “industrial” materials (wide size range samples) to determine the likelihood that such size ranges are affected by the spurious or artefactual peaks. A fresh blood sample deconvoluted by this method is shown to be apparently composed of more than one population of cells.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050107
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    Modeling of Multiple Scattering Effects in Fraunhofer Diffraction Particle Size AnalysisPresented at the International Symposium on Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice, Rouen (France), 12-15 May 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model for the direct problem of calculating the forward scattering signature of a multiple scattering medium is presented. The new formulation is optimized for integration into schemes for reconstructing the particle size distribution from laser diffraction (forward scattering) signatures obtained from optically thick media. The analysis is valid for media where the particle sizes and interparticle spacings are large (relative to the wavelength and the particle size, respectively) such that Fraunhofer diffraction theory adequately describes the properties of the forward scattered light from individual scattering events. The simulated performance of laser diffraction particle sizing instruments was then studied using predictions of the scattered light signatures which would be measured by laser diffraction instrument under multiple scattering conditions. The results were compared with experimental data and theoretical calculations based on other models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050202
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    A Theoretical Interpretation of Meloy's Law of Morphological Coefficients (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 85-86 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This note deals with the Fourier representation of particle shape. A frequency distribution pn, n = 1,2, …, expressing the contribution of the different harmonics to the dispersion of the position vector is defined. The Meloy law of morphological coefficients may be derived by optimizing the value of the informational entropy which is attached to pn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050206
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    Small Angle Light Scattering Patterns from Micrometer-Sized SpheroidsPresented at the International Symposium on Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice, Rouen (France), 12-15 May 1987. (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 4 (1987), S. 134-140 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By using a physical optics approximation, the scattering functions, i1 (θ), may be calculated for spheroidal particles of parameter sizes larger than 10. Emphasis is put on the angular location of their first extrema, as function of the refractive index, shape, size and orientation of the spheroid, which may greatly influence the outlook of their small angle 2 D patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19870040128
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    Particle Sizing by Laser Light Diffraction: Improvements in Optics and AlgorithmsPresented at the International Symposium on Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice, Rouen (France), 12-15 May 1987. (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 4 (1987), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A major problem encountered in particle sizing by laser light diffraction concerns the inversion of the diffraction pattern measured in a given experiment.Conventional methods for solving the linear system obtained can not be used in this problem, because the matrix is ill-conditioned and also because the diffraction pattern is usually determined with a low resolution annular diode detector. These problems may be solved with up to date optical detectors (linear CCD-arrays comprising 1024 photodiodes) and refined inversion techniques (conjugate gradient method and the analytical formulation due to Shifrin).These two aspects are described in this paper. Two inversion methods are compared and experimental results are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19870040131
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    Announcements (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050109
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    Visible Infra-red Double Extinction Measurements in Densely Laden Media, New ProgressPresented at the International Symposium on Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice, Rouen (France), 12-15 May 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 51-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes new progress obtained with an optical technique called V.I.D.E. (Visible Infra-red Double Extinction) which simultaneously measures mean particle size in the range of 10-120 μm and mean number density in densely laden media (up to 0.1% volume fraction). The underlying theory, taking account of multiple light scattering, is recalled. Simultaneous size and concentration measurements are obtained by simultaneously recording transmittances of the medium at two well chosen wavelengths. Experimental results for suspensions of glass particles in air, are described and discussed. The size of particles given by the technique agrees with that given by optical microscopy and Malvern diffractometry. The V.I.D.E. technique is shown to be very suitable to investigate dense media whose optical thickness is up to nine and for which other techniques fail.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050201
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    Analysis of the Inorganic Constituents of Particles on a Particle-by-Particle Basis using a Computerized SEM-EDS System (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is based on the development of the Moza-Austin technique for characterizing thousands of coal particles by approximate analysis of the major inorganic constituents Ca, Al, Si, K, Na, Fe and S in each particle. The technique has sufficient sensitivity to work on small volumes, is fast enough to handle large number of particles within a reasonable period of time, and consists of scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). A computerized SEM-EDS system that allows the automated analysis of hundreds of particles per hour is described. The analysis is based on the location and tracing of exposed areas of particles embedded in a polished specimen, the selection of sampling points on the traced sections, the collection of an x-ray spectrum from each sampled point for a defined period of time, and the processing of the x-ray intensity to calculate point composition using ZAF corrections. Procedures for correcting for dead time, spectrum background, x-ray detector efficiency and spectrum overlap are described. Problems and future work are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050205
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  • 48
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    Announcements (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 100-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050209
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    Optimal Filtering Applied to the Inversion of the Laplace TransformPresented at the International Symposium on Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice, Rouen (France), 12-15 May 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Inversion of the Laplace transform, used in the laser scattering measurement of colloidal particle size distributions, presents severe numerical difficulties. In the presence of noise the variance of the inversion integral is infinite, indicating maximum uncertainty in the inversion. This paper applies the method of minimum variance, or “optimal”, filtering to the eigenfunction spectrum of the Laplace transform, giving an inversion which has finite variance.Spectral decomposition using the eigenfunctions of the Laplace transform gives a representation of the noise and desired signals analogous to the Fourier spectrum used in linear system theory. It is possible to obtain a filtered estimate of the unknown linewidth distribution. The requirement that the variance of this filtered estimate is minimum leads to a Wiener-Hopf integral equation defining the optimal filter.The results of this paper provide a basis of comparison of all methods of inversion of the Laplace transform, including the extensive literature of colloidal particle sizing by laser scattering or photon correlation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050302
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    Determination of the Adhesivity on Acrylics of Fresh Coal Fly Ash Particles (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 130-138 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adhesivity of fresh coal fly ashes from two Australian power stations on Dralon-T monofilaments has been experimentally analysed. It was found that one of the dusts was more adhesive to the fiber and its particles were also more strongly electrostatically charged. These obervations explain the reported large differences in the pressure loss across the fabric filters at the two stations. By precharging the particles, the technique can also be utilized in determining the adhesivity of fly ashes which carry relatively small natural electrostatic charging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050305
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    Phase-Doppler-Anemometry and the Log-Hyperbolic Distribution applied to Liquid Sprays (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper provides a description of the local drop-size distributions in a liquid spray issuing from a 60° oil-burner nozzle obtained experimentally using a phase-doppler anemometer. The details of the optical system and the signal processing electronics of the phase-Doppler anemometer are included.Details have also been given concerning the use of the log-hyperbolic distribution and in particular of a procedure for determining the four defining parameters from a given experimental distribution, in this case that of drop size. Analytical formulae to compute moments of the distribution and the mean diameters are also given.All size distributions are shown to be well described by the log-hyperbolic distribution involving four parameters. The variation of these parameters along the axis of the jet clearly reveals a developing region of the spray followed by a fully developed state, for which physical reasons are given. The parameters can also be used to predict the local drop-size distribution at any intermediate location on the spray axis.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050401
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    Regeneration of Form by Fourier Technique and its Application in Powder Characterization (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conventional shape parameters have serious limitations because of their inability to capture finer surface morphology as well as to regenerate the particle form. This problem has been successfully circumvented by applying Fourier analysis technique to the projected image of the particle profile to obtain Fourier coefficients which have been shown to be size inveriant and insensitive to starting point for digitization. Synthesis technique to regenerate the particle profile from Fourier coefficients has revealed that gradual addition of higher order harmonics brings the regenerated form very close to its original counterpart. The regeneration of the form of particles of different shapes as well as application of few strategy to harmonic amplitudes have amply demonstrated the capability of the technique as a potential tool for characterization of powders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050405
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    Computation of the Frequency Distributions of Distances Between Particles Randomly Dispersed in a Fluid Flow (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pulse holography can be used as a method for the experimental investigation of transport processes that occur in flows of dispersed phases. Since a complete evaluation of a hologram involves the measurement and recording of the position of every individual particle, it delivers all the information about the spatial distribution of particles at the instant of exposure.An exact knowledge of the spatial distribution of the dispersed phase is particularly important for those chemical engineering processes which require the spatial distribution of particles to be as homogeneous as possible. Maximum homogeneity is achieved when the particles are distributed purely randomly. For this case, the distributions of distances between neighbouring particles are calculated. They represent a standard which can be adopted as the basis for the assessment of real particle distributions, such as exist momentarily in flows of dispersed phases and are determined by the evaluation of pulse holograms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060102
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    Announcements (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 48-50 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060107
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    Measurement of Particle Rotational Velocity Using a Laser AnemometerPresented at the 4th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Anemometry to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon (Portugal), July 11-14, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 59-63 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electrodynamic balance and a frequency shifted Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) were used to obtain rotational velocity data from nonspherical particles undergoing pure rotation. A charged oil shale particle (150μm × 150 μm × 60 to 80 μm thick) was suspended in an electric field and rotated at a constant velocity by subjecting it to a vertical air jet. The measuring volume of the LDA was located on the particle, and Doppler bursts were observed from both stationary and rotating particles. This observation suggests that micron-sized surface irregularities can act as individual scattering sources for LDA measurements. Signal analysis was performed with a counter type processor and a PDP-11 computer. The particle motion was recorded on video tapes from which the true rotational velocity and maximum radius of rotation were obtained. Within the experimental uncertainties, the maximum rotation-induced surface velocity measured with the LDA agreed well with that obtained from video tapes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060109
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    Announcements (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 89-91 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060115
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    Size Characterization of Liquid-Borne Particles by light scattering counters (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sizing accuracy of a commercially available laser optical liquid-borne particle counter is investigated. A calibration study, using aqueous suspensions of non-absorbing, monodisperse, spherical polymer particles, and a study using suspensions of non-spherical polydisperse, alumina particles are conducted. The experimental results from the spherical polymer study show an excellent agreement with the theoretical Mie light scattering calculations. The accuracy of the spherical polymer sizing is shown to be within 20% of the actual size. The alumina particle readings are compared to the readings of four different particle sizing instruments and to scanning electron microscope pictures. Although quantitative comparisons are difficult to make between the instruments, the results show a good agreement for the batch of particles with a narrower size distribution.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060117
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    A Light Scattering Instrument to Discriminate and Size Fibres Part 1: A theoretical description using the RGD approximation (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 110-118 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As part of the development of a light scattering instrument to detect fibres, scattered light from finite cylinders which are exposed to light at arbitrary orientation is studied using the Rayleigh - Gans - Debye approximation. Form anisotropy, which is crucial to the performance of the instrument, is allowed for by using the Shifrin modification in which the elemental volumes are considered to be prolate spheroids. For long cylinders this is compared with van de Hulst's model in which the rigorous theory for an infinite cylinder is modified by Fraunhofer diffraction on the length. For very short cylinders comparison is made with the Mie theory for spheres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060119
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    Single Particle Light Scattering Size Analysis: Quantification and elimination of the effect of particle shape and structure (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 100-109 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When measuring scattered light from single particles (as realized in various methods of scattered light-particle size counting analysis) nonspherical particles and particles with inner structure produce different signal heights (scattered light intensities) when differently oriented in the measuring volume. To study the influence of the particle shape and structure, the representative spectrum of all signal heights reflecting all of the possible orientations of the particle in the measuring volume was recorded from individual particles of a definite material in each case. Additionally from every particle an equivalent diameter was determined.The measurements lead to a very precise calibration curve and to a transformation matrix, that describes the influence of shape and structure on scattered light-counting analyses in case of the specific material. It is then possible to simulate measurements to determine the loss in resolution caused by the influence of shape and structure and to eliminate this effect from conventional scattered light analyses.The paper presents the concept together with results of simulation and elimination calculations for the material limestone and quartz. The corrected size distributions are compared with results by other methods. On the basis of this comparison it is discussed how successful the method is to recover a higher resolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060118
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    The Characterization of Water-Droplet Aerosols by polytec optical particle analysersPresented at the 4th European Symposium Particle Characterization, Nürnberg, 19-21. April 1989. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 119-123 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A single-stage impactor has been used to calibrate a Polytec HC-15/1 optical aerosol analyser so that this instrument can be used to study water droplets from approximately 1 to 20 μm aerodynamic diameter. The resulting calibration data were in good agreement with calculations based on Mie light scattering theory, and gave a conversion factor of 2.0 ± 0.2 between polystyrene latex microspheres and water droplets of the same aerodynamic diameter.Monodisperse water droplets were sampled by a Polytec HC-70/2 analyser, calibrated using the conversion factor of 2.0. The measured count median diameter agreed closely with that predicted from the well-defined operating conditions of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator. Size measurements of a polydisperse water-droplet spray were also undertaken with both a Malvern laser diffractometer and a Polytec HC-15 analyser; good agreement was achieved between the two techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060120
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    Announcements (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 133-133 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060123
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    The Fundamentals of Particle Size Analysis by Means of Ultrasonic Spectrometry (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 135-143 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interaction of suspended particles with ultrasonic waves can lead to changes in the sonic velocity and also to extinction of the waves. An evaluation of the frequency dependence of ultrasonic extinction offers the most appropriate means of determining the concentration and size distribution of particles suspended in a fluid. With an experimental apparatus covering the frequency range from 1.7 to 81 MHz, particles ranging from about 20 to 1000 μm in diameter can be analysed. The measurements can be conducted with particle concentrations as high as 10% by volume.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060124
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    Lower Detection Limit of an Optical Particle Counter in the measurement of particle size distributionsPresented at the 4th European Symposium Particle Characterization, Nürnberg, 19.-21. April 1989. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 124-128 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An Optical Particle Counter with optically defined measuring volume was investigated with regard to an application in the range of fine particles (f.i. water droplets less then 1.5 μm in diameter). Because of a problematic detection behaviour in the examined size range caused by the analogue signal processor, it was necessary to explore signals generated by the measurement system. In view of the results obtained an alternative signal evaluation method was developed on basis of a digital system. The high flexibility of software systems in signal processing rendered possible on the one hand a clear definition of the lower detection limit of the instrument. On the other hand it was possible to lower the detection limit and herewith the size of particles to be resolved. A practical application for the new evaluation technique is given by the measurement of fractional efficiency curves of technical separators and classifiers, which clearly shows the advantages of the system presented. Most recent investigations are concerned with the maximum number concentration detectable with the Optical Particle Counter, which could be increased up to five times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060121
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    A Light Scattering Instrument to Discriminate and Size Fibres. Part II: Experimental system (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 144-150 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Light scattering technique is described which can discriminate, size and count airborne fibres down to 1.6 μm diameter. The results are compared with Mie theory for spheres and two models for finite cylinders based on the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation and rigorous infinite cylinder theory modified by Fraunhofer diffraction on the length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060125
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    The Use of Particle Image Velocimetry to Study Roping in Pneumatic ConveyancePresented at the 4th European Symposium Particle Characterization, Nürnberg 19.-21 April 1989. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 129-132 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a new technique which provides an instantaneous velocity profile of a flow field. A PIV system at Edinburgh University has been adapted to study the phenomenon of roping in a pneumatic particle conveyance rig. The principle features of this PIV system are as follows. Double images of the particles transported by the fluid are recorded on photographic film using a conventional camera. The displacement of the particle pairs, which determines the velocity at a particular point, is determined to an automatic analysis system. PIV is proving to be a powerful method in the investigation of roping. A rope is a high density ribbon of particles which is created when a uniform air-coal flow segregates at a pipe bend into two regimes: one has a low coal to air ratio whereas the second regime, termed the rope, has a high coal to air ratio. This particular problem is connected with the pulverised fuel (pf) pipes of coal-fired electricity generating stations. The flow, as seen on Figure 1, is reproduced in a 26 mm scale model encompassing the main aerodynamic features of pf pipes. The rope forms in the vertical to horizontal 90° bend, falls from the top to the bottom of the horizontal pipe and creats a deposit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060122
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    Comparative Study of some Probability Distributions Applied to Liquid Sprays (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 151-162 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparative study of a few probability distributions generally used in describing various spray properties based on droplet size and velocity is described. Four different size distributions and three different coupled distributions, representing jointly size and velocity, are considered. A comparison of the results calculated for eight sets of data, taken from three different sources for the size distribution, and one data set for the joint size and velocity distribution, shows that the log-hyperbolic function presents the best choice among both one- and two-dimensional distributions.Considerations on one- and two-dimensional probability distributions are followed by a description of the conservation laws and their use in the prediction of the loss of momentum and energy of doplets. Finally, a proposal is made for how the sprays should be studied experimentally and analysed theoretically in order to obtain the maximum possible information. A few suggestions are then provided for further research in this direction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060126
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    Determination of Effective Surface Area for the Chemical Reaction of Fine Particulate Materials (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A concept of effective surface area was defined as a geometrical controlling factor for a chemical reaction involving powdery materials. It is not uniquely determined for the specific material but depends on the sort of chemical reaction as well as the state of agglomeration. Case studies were given for dissolution or decomposition reaction for MgO, Mg(OH)2 and Pb(CO)3 with and without preliminary mechanical activation and granulation. The effective surface area for dissolution is mostly the external surface of the agglomerates, although the internal surface plays a role to some extent, depending on the compactness of the agglomerates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060127
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    Fractal Mathematics Applied to Flow in Porous Systems (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 168-175 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Leitz TAS-Plus image analysis system was programmed to automatically measure both the ‘shape’ fractal and ‘fragmentation’ fractal for various types of fine particle filter cakes. The automated nature of the analysis facilitated the collection of statistically significant volumes of ‘fractal’ data. This data was then revised, where possible, to conventional theories of flow behavior. Several new insights evolved from the study as explained in the following analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060128
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    Properties of SpraysPaper prepared for presentation at the International Conference on Mechanics of Two-Phase Flows, Taipei, Taiwan, June 12-15, 1989. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 176-186 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The spray properties of most practical importance, namely mean drop size, drop size distribution, radial and circumferential liquid distribution, cone angle and penetration, are discussed in the context of plain orifice, pressure-swirl, plain-jet airblast and prefilming airblast atomization. Equations are presented for estimating mean drop size and spray cone angle in terms of the relevant liquid properties, gas properties, atomizer dimensions, and atomizer operating conditions. The relative merits of these equations are discussed and compared. Some aspects of atomization in need of further research are indicated.
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    Announcements (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 6 (1989), S. 187-188 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19890060130
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    Particle Size Distribution Measurement by Automated Dual Wavelength Turbidimetry (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 14-19 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerous methods have been reported in the literature for the measurement of (submicron) particle size distribution by turbidimetry. Attempts to apply some of these to coupler dispersions (oil-in-water emulsions of importance in the photographic industry) have not in general proved satisfactory, however, because small experimental errors lead to relatively large errors in the calculated distribution. In order to reduce this problem a turbidimetric technique involving measurements at two widely separated wavelengths, 400 nm and 2.22 μm, has been developed. Its accuracy has been demonstrated using polydisperse polystyrene latexes of known size distribution. With the aid of simple, purpose-built equipment, linked to a desktop computer, the technique has been largely automated so that it is suitable for use by an unskilled operator working in a factory environment.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020103
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    Quality Control in Solids Process Engineering (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 39-48 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Product quality is influenced by the properties of feedstocks and by production parameters. In contrast to gases and liquids, the quality of solids is also affected by the particle properties, such as size, specific surface area, structure and shape. These are the properties which are primarily changed in solids process engineering.The accuracy and cost of possible methods for the measurement of the particle properties of feedstocks, intermediates and end products are discussed. Examples of the methods discussed are laser diffraction spectrometry, quantitative image analysis and photon correlation spectroscopy.The measuring techniques required for monitoring production processes in solids process engineering are illustrated by simple examples. In the field of process control in particular, there is still room for improvement, since there is a lack of suitable sensors and models. Process monitoring is necessary in order to ensure that product quality meets requirements which are constantly increasing.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    The Fractal Nature of Dendrites Formed by the Collection of Particles on Fibers (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 77-78 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerosols or particles suspended in air are often filtered by pads of fibers. The particles collect on the surface of the fibers in chain-like structures called dendrites. An example scanning electron micrograph of 4.1 μm diameter particles captured on a 25-m̈m fiber was analyzed by a Richardson plot. The Richardson plot is the measured perimeter of an image as a function of the length of measure or stride length. Three distinct regions were identified. For long and short stride lengths, the linear fiber and spherical particles were Euclidean. In the intermediate stride length region, the dendrite was fractal with a dimension of 1.36. The fractal nature of dendrites results from the random position of particles approaching the fiber and the shadowing effect of collected particles. Fractal geometry is potentially a useful approach for describing the morphology of the dendritic structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020113
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    Applications of Recent Advances in Fineparticle Characterization to mineral processingInvited contribution to the Symposium “Challenges in Mineral Sciences”, 23rd Annual Meeting of the Metallurgical Society of CIN, Quebec City, August 19-22, 1984. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 91-97 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fineparticle Science is the study of the production and the behavior of finely divided material. In recent years the technology of fineparticle science has expanded rapidly. Many of the new innovations in that science have important applications in mineral processing. An important recent development in the mathematics of fineparticle science is the use of fractal descriptors to describe rugged boundries. In this communication the use of fractals to describe cracks in N dimensional space and potential applications of fractal descriptions in liberation kinetics are discussed. Fractals can also be used to describe the progress of a water front in a secondary oil recovery system. The use of divers to study concentration gradients in settling suspensions (tailing ponds) are described. New studies aimed at the optimization of on-line quality control of grinding circuits are reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020117
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    Activation of Ultrafine particles by supersaturation in condensational processPart of this work was presented at the First International Aerosol Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, September 1981. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 119-123 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Activation of ultrafine particles as the condensation nuclei, or heterogeneous nucleation of ultrafine particles, has been observed in various supersaturated vapors. Monodisperse NaCl, ZnCl2, Ag and silicon oil particles, 5-15 mm in diameter, are used as the condensation nuclei and water, hexanol, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethyl-hexyl sebacate (DEHS) are used as teh vapors. The supersaturated atmosphere is formed in the mixing type condensation nucleus counter (CNC) where a room temperature aerosol is mixed with warm air saturated by each vapor and the supersaturation ratio is controlled by changing the temperature of the saturated air. The number ratios of activated particles to total particles are observed at various supersaturation ratios. It is found that the activation of particles depends in a complicated manner on the combination of the substances of particles with condensing vapors, that is, activation in some particle-vapor systems is explained by the Kelvin effect but not in others.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020121
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    Fractal Description of Extra Terrestrial Fineparticles (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technique for measuring the fractal structure of the rugged boundaries exhibited by lunar dust and a cosmic dust fineparticle captured at the outer limits of earth's atmosphere are measured using a equipaced polygon construction measurement procedure. The measurement procedure is described and data illustrating the precision and accuracy of the method are presented. The technique can be automated using inexpensive equipment and is suitable for use in teaching laboratories. Comparative data is presented establishing that the equipaced polygon procedure generates data comparable to that generated by the structured walk exploration technique. It is suggested that the fractal structure of extra terrestrial fineparticles may be of interest not only to the cosmologist but to the mining engineer since lunar dust represents fractured material not subjected to attrition polishing. Models used to simulate the generation of soot in combustion processes are discussed and it is demonstrated that diffusion limited aggregation Monte Carlo routines generate an agglomerate that appears to have similar fractal structure to the cosmic dust fineparticle collected by Brownlee. The data presented also indicates that one should use caution when relating the fractal dimension of a projected perimeter profile in two dimensions to the three dimensional structure of a rugged fineparticle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020126
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    Dual Gas Flow Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Surface area and pore distribution of porous particles (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 160-165 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dual gas flow chromatographic method is proposed. In this method, two different gas streams are introduced separately, one as the carrier gas and the other as the gas for creating the adsorption equilibrium. The thermodesorbed absorbate is eluted by a pure carrier gas. The complete curve of adsorption isotherm can be determined easily; therefore, both the specific area and the pore size distribution can be obtained at ordinary pressure. In addition, this method can be easily changed into the continuous flow method given by Nelsen and Eggertsen [1]. The relationship among R (rate) - V (volume) - A (area) - α (ratio) in elution chromatography are investigated, and the volume of desorbed gas can be obtained from Vd = KRAd directly with K = (αV)/(RA). The standardization for peak area is simplified and more convenient for the treatment by a microcomputer. Some results of specific surface area and pore size distribution by this method, and their comparison with those from other methods are given altogether, and the coincidence is good.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020129
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    Singularity of Crushing Behavior of Single Particles near Their Natural Period (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 32-39 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Within grinding machines the load acting on the particles and the loading rate are widely distributed. According to studies on the breakage mechanism of brittle materials, the mechanical properties which relate to breakage vary with the loading rate. In order to elucidate the grinding mechanism within the grinding machines, it is necessary to obtain the relationships between these properties and loading rate.In this study, the variation of strength, fracture energy, new surface area produced by fracture and fracture energy with the loading rate (ranging from 10-1 to 109 N/s) was investigated by means of compression tests on a large number of spherical specimens. As a result, a singularity of crushing behavior was observed under an impact loading corresponding to a duration of time of loading the same as the natural period of the spherical specimen. The crushing efficiency is especially at its maximum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030107
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    Masthead (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030201
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    Generalized Locking Profile for Angular Particles - Locked Particle Theory (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Locked particles are defined as those comminuted or particles which contain both gangue and target material. By considering the shape of the comminuted particles and assuming their random distribution in the ore body prior to comminution, it is possible to derive locking profiles which give the frequency of occurrence of particles which have a given fraction of their volume occupied by target material. For most particle shapes (spheres, angular particles, angular plates and rods) the locking profile is a deep U-shaped curve. This suggests that few particles by number contain about 50% target material while a far greater number contain either very little or very much target material. Such a conclusion is important in planning separation processes for locked particles in the mineral industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030204
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    Investigations into Coulter Sizing of Biological Particles; Theoretical Background and Instrumental Improvements (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 45-55 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The electric resistance pulse or electric sens Xing zone method, primarily invented by W. H. Coulter, is well suited for volume measurements of biological cells and other particles.This review summarizes the methodological investigations at the Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie into the Coulter method, particularly for measuring biological cells.The distribution of the electric field in Coulter orifices was measured in enlarged model orifices and, additionally, calculated by computer programs. It is shown that the local resistance pulse height depends on the square of the local electrical field-strength and that the particle path in the orifice influences the measured pulse heights and the orientation and deformation of particles.A new transducer system is explained which uses hydrodynamic focusing and allows short time kinetic measurements. It is equipped with a calibrator system which serves also as general control unit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030202
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    Triboelectric Charging of Polymer Particles by Impact (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an experimental investigation of the charge acquired by a single polymer particle when striking a plate. The particle was projected from a pneumatic gun with variable velocity and angle of impact. The deflected particle was then captured in a Faraday cup and the net acquired charge so measured. The measurements of charge are related, particularly, to the initial potential of the surfaces and to their work functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030305
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    Particle Characterization, Present State and possible Future TrendsPaper presented at the 1. World Congress Particle Technology, Nürnberg, April 16 to 18, 1986. (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The investigations of single and combined properties of particles or of particulate matter still belongs to the most important areas of present research and practical applications of Particle Characterization. Methods to measure single particle properties, as for instance particle size, shape, composition and velocity, are of much higher sophistication than before and they still aim at improved accuracy and higher resolution. There still is a considerable lack of understanding, and lack of theoretical interpretation and of experimental evidence of the differences seen in the correlation of different equivalent diameters, obtained when analysing the same irregularly shaped particle, or a distribution of particles, using different physical principles. Furthermore, there still is a lack of understanding of the influence of shape on the results obtained with optical methods using diffraction, light scattering etc., thus asking for more information with respect to the transferability of results from one physical principle to another. The measurement of combined particle properties comprises the simultaneous measurement of, for instance, size, velocity and concentration, which is of particular importance in the comprehensive description of multiphase flow systems. Those instruments which are in working order are highly complicated, not easy to use and to handle and they are in most cases special adaptations for a limited range of the variables to be analysed. There is also growing interest in the evaluation of socalled property functions. Particle Characterization will remain for quite a number of years just as exciting as it has been in the past. If industrial demand enforces the use of on-line instrumentation it might even become more interesting.
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    Computer Simulation of Randomly Packed Spheres - a Tool for Investigating Polydisperse Materials (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the field of material science, especially for polydisperse materials, many questions arise which cannot be answered sufficiently and precisely without information which represents the random character of the structure in space. Computer simulation is here an effective tool used to create random arrangements of particles which may be regarded as a realistic representation of the underlying material. Of course, the presumption that the shape of each particle is a sphere is an idealization which is a certain handicap in modeling all the possible system properties. Nevertheless, it can be demonstrated that, by having an adequate subroutine, many phenomena which are influenced by the local topology of the particles and their interaction forces can be studied in more detail.
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    Confederated Miniature Sieves as an Alternative to Nest SievingPresented at the Bradford Conference on Particle Size Analysis, Bradford, England, September 12-14th, 1985. (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miniaturized sieves (1/2 inch diameter) can be mounted in a spinning riffler system to obtain small representative powder samples which eventually can be sieved in situ without removing the miniature sieves from the riffler system. By mounting several different aperture sieves around the riffler a confederation of miniature sieves could replace nest sieving. The sieving surface for these new sieves is so small compared to that of the traditional eight inch sieve that one could consider using the more expensive electroformed sieving surfaces for all test sieves in the quality control laboratory.
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    Rheological Study of Loosened Bulk Granular Materials (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 168-173 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Loosened bulk materials occur, for example, during grinding in a tube mill. Thus, a rheological study of bulk granular materials which are loosened by fluidisation should lead to a better characterization of the flow and conveying properties of the material when ground in the mill.For this measurement of fluidised bulk materials an agitating device and a rotary viscosimeter have been developed, designed and tested.First results are presented and discussed showing the fluidisation behaviour and density of the bulk material as a function of grain size as well as the flow properties as a function of the grain size and degree of fluidisation.Finally, a projection of further research work is given.
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    Announcements (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 142-143 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030309
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    CHISA '87 Praha, Czechoslovakia, August 30 - September 4, 1987 (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 144-144 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030310
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    Dynamic Particle Size Analysis with Light Scattering Technique (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 151-157 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The commercial forward light scattering equipment, Malvern analyser was used to determine the size distribution of two crystalline powders in the micron range dispersed in aqueous suspensions. The powders used represent two different forms of a micro-porous crystalline adsorbent, silicalite [1]. Previous work by the authors [2], has established the partially absorbing nature of the silicalite crystals at visible wavelengths of the incident light. The theoretical analysis indicates that it is possible to obtain quite accurate size distributions in the (1-10 μm) size range providing measured values of the relative refractive index and the coefficient of absorptivity of the particles are used in the calculations. The present work illustrates the consistency with which the light scattering equipment can respond to changes in the measured size distributions as a function of a number of process parameters such as the solids loading in suspension, the period of agitation, and the intensity of agitation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030403
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    Masthead (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 4 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19870040101
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  • 91
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    The Probable Number of Particles in Contact when Spread on a Microscope Slide (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 4 (1987), S. 20-21 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the number of particles which may be placed upon a slide is surprisingly limited if each particle is to be isolated. This is particularly relevant if automatic image analysis of size or shape is to be achieved without tedious editing. Using a simple mathematical treatment it is possible to calculate, for any particular size of particle, the number of particles on a slide which should not be exceeded.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19870040105
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  • 92
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    Polygonal Harmonics of Silhouettes: Shape analysis (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 4 (1987), S. 38-43 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One well documented method for finding the fractal dimension of a silhouette involves approximating the silhouette with polygons which have all but one side equal and the vertices of which fall upon the silhouette edge. These are constructed using a divider stepping method or a computer algorithm which mimics this process. If one does not complete the polygon with an unequal side, as is usually done, but continues the analysis by stepping around the silhouette several times, the dividers start to „walk in their own footsteps“ and describe an equilateral polygon in the silhouette. These phenomena, termed polygonal harmonics, are examined and discussed in detail. A rule is developed for harmonic stability and specific cases of the circle, triangle and smooth curves are examined to gain insight into the convergence process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19870040108
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  • 93
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    On the Sizing Accuracy of Laser Optical Particle Counters (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a narrow-angle and a wide-angle, forward scattering laser aerosol spectrometer has been studied as a function of particle size and refractive index. The results have been compared with theoretical calculations based on light scattering theory. The results indicate that for the narrow-angle instrument, the scattered-light intensity is not a monotonic function of particle size for transparent particles (a monotonic relationship is required for unambiguous particle size measurement) above 0.7 μm. The instrument is therefore limited in its useful range to size distribution measurement between 0.2 μm - its lower particle size limit - and 0.7 μm for transparent particles. In the case of the wide-angle instrument, the instrument output is a monotonic function of particle size for transparent particles, but the output is severely attenuated for light absorbing particles above 0.3 μm. The instrument, therefore, cannot be used for accurate size measurements above 0.3 μm for light absorbing particles.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030102
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  • 94
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    Announcement of the symposium particles on surfaces: Detection, adhesion, and removal. In conjunction with the 17th annual meeting of the fine particle society, San Francisco Hilton and Tower San Francisco, California July 28-August 2, 1986 (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 43-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030109
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  • 95
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    Charles H. Murphy “Handbook of particle sampling and analysis methods” published by Verlag Chemie International, Deerfield Beach 1984 (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 43-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030111
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  • 96
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    An Optical Particle Counting System for Testing Industrial Pulse-Cleaned Cartridge Dust Collectors (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 68-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An optical particle counting system has been developed for testing industrial pulse-cleaned cartridge dust collectors. The system is applied to measure fractional penetration of a full scale dust collector and to study its short term and long term dynamic behavior. Results show collector efficiencies for dust loadings of 23 g/m3 exceeding 99.999% over the particle size range from 0.5 μm to 10 μm, with a minimum fractional penetration occurring at approximately 2 μm.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030205
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  • 97
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    Masthead (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030301
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  • 98
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    Measurement of the Flow Behaviour of Aerated and Fluidised Powders using a rotating viscometerThis text is a modified version of the paper presented at the Conference “Reliable Flow of Particulate Solids”, Bergen, Norway, August 1985. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 154-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rheological behaviour of a fluidised bed of alumina powder was determined using a specially designed form of rotating viscometer. Several different geometries of the inner and outer cylinder were tested. In the machine the two cylinders can be rotated independently, in either direction, which enables both their relative velocity and absolute velocity to be varied. Thus, the torque on the inner cylinder, strain-rate and the absolute velocity have been chosen as the consistency variables. Some examples of the derived consistency surface are given. The characteristics of these surfaces could be explained by assuming different states of structure, to which a certain mobility can be ascribed. It is proposed that any state of structure which can exist in the bed is an intermediate of two extremes the first being the immobile state which is elastic and has a yield value and the second being the dynamic state which behaves like a Newtonian fluid.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19850020128
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  • 99
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    Drop-Size Distributions Produced by Flat-Spray Nozzles (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with measurements of the drop-size distributions of different types of fan spray atomisers using a scattered-light particle size counting analyser. The drop-size distributions were determined at various locations in the spray cone. These local distributions change systematically from the fan's axis to its border. Superimposing these local distributions, adequately weighted, one acquires the entire distribution of all the drops. A comparison of the experimental results is made with those yielded by mathematical equations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030104
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  • 100
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    The Technology of Droplet Measurement with Cascade Impactors (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cascade impactors are still the most suitable devices with which to measure fine droplet mists in gas ducts. This report describes the measurement technique and underlying principles. It is based largely on experience gained with a type of impactor that has been specially developed for droplet measurements, and also on applications of impactors in the chemical industry. Most of the measurement work has been undertaken in connection with environmental protection. The cascade impactor gives the mass-related droplet size distributions and concentrations within a range extending from about 0.2 to 10 microns. Larger droplets are collected quantitatively in the sampling probe, which serves as a precollector.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030103
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