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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 759-762 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Sulfonamide ; methanesulfonanilide ; crystal structure ; molecular structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The title compound, crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ witha=8.232(4),b=9.159(2),c=10.230(3)Å. α=74.07(3)°, β=72.50(4)°, γ=63.65(3)° andZ=2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least squares methods toR=0.054 for 1817 observed reflections. The plane containing the nitrogen and sulfur atoms is perpendicular to the aromatic plane. One of the S−O bonds in each methanesulfonyl group is in nearly eclipsed conformation with the N−C bond.
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 437-440 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Ca(C4H4O4)·H2O ; pentagonal pyramid ; calcium succinate ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The crystal structure of calcium succinate monohydrate, Ca(C4H4O4)·H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic witha=11.952(2),b=9.691(2),c=11.606(2)Å, β=108.81(1)°, space group C2/c,Z=8,V=1272.49 Å3,d m =1.80, andd c =1.818 Mg m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.027,R w =0.040, for 829 reflections with1≥3δ(I). Ca is coordinated to seven oxygen atoms, and the coordination polyhedron is best described as a pentagonal bipyramid. One carboxylate group in the succinate ion is bonded to three different Ca ions, forming a four-membered chelate ring with one Ca ion is bonded to three different Ca ions, forming a four-membered chelate ring with one Ca ion and unidentate bridge bonds to two other Ca ions. The other carboxylate group is bonded to two Ca ions through unidentate bonds. The structure is highly polymeric. The general structural features are nearly identical to those of calcium adipate monohydrate.
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 2 (1991), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Molybdenum tetranuclear cluster ; rectangular ; triethylphosphine ligand ; preparation ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The preparation and structure of the title compound were reported several years ago by McCarly and co-workers ((1978).J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 7900). Curiously, it was reported that refinement of the structure converged at exceptionally high figures of merit (R=0.126;R w =0.158), but no reason was given. In view of a recent observation in this laboratory (Chen and Cotton (1991).J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 5857) that a similar type of compound, [Re4Cl8(μ-O)2(μ-OMe)2]2− exhibited a subtle but elegant disorder, we reexamined the crystal structure of the title compound. It is found to have 92% of the Mo4 rectangles in one orientation (the only one previously included in the refinement) and 8% in an orientation perpendicular to the main one. In both orientations the ligand positions are approximately the same. The figures of merit are nowR=0.041;R w =0.064. The three structure parameters previously reported are now only slightly different: Mo-Mo=2.210(1) vs. 2.211(3) Å; Mo-Mo'=2.897(1) vs. 2.901(2) Å; angle Mo-Clb-Mo=74.2[8]° vs. 74.4(2)°. We report here the complete structure.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Platinum ; ruthenium ; crystal structure ; heteronuclear cluster
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract From the reaction of Ru(CO)5 and Pt(COD)2, COD = 1, 5-cyclooctadiene, the new platinum-ruthenium heteronuclear cluster complex Pt2Ru4(CO)18,1, was obtained in 60% yield.1 has a folded ladder-like structure with alternating pairs of ruthenium atoms and platinum atoms. The cluster of1 can be split to yield the known compound PtRu2(CO)8(η2-dppe),2, (54% yield) by reaction with 1, 2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppe, at 25°C. When1 was treated with excess dppe at 40°C, thebis-diphos compound3, PtRu2(CO)6(μ-η2-dppe)2 was obtained (39% yield). Under the similar reaction conditions,2 was converted to3 in 44% yield. All these complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compounds2 and3 both contain a triangular cluster of one platinum and two ruthenium atoms, but in2 the bidentate ligand, dppe, chelates the platinum atom and in3 the two dppe ligands bridge the two Pt-Ru metal-metal bonds. Crystal data for1: space group C2/c,a=12.542(2)Å,b=15.350(4)Å,c=15.252(3)Å, β=105.32(2)°,Z=4, 2192 reflections,R=0.025. For2: space group P21/c,a=14.351(2)Å,b=13.486(3)Å,c=19.218(3)Å, β=108.48(1)°,Z=4, 3029 reflections,R=0.027. For3: space group P21/c,a=18.836(6)Å,b=15.559(5)Å,c=23.259(7)Å, β=111.26(2)°,Z=4, 4204 reflections,R=0.038.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Tungsten ; chloride ; hexatungsten ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The hexanuclear tungsten cluster complex [W6(μ3-Cl)8Cl6]2−,1 was isolated as a salt of the cation (MeO2CCH2)2N(H)CH2CH2N(CH2CO2Me)2+, EDTEH+, by crystallization from methanol solvent of the product obtained from the reaction of (H3O)2[W6(μ3-Cl)8Cl3] with the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The compound was charcterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The cluster anion contains an octahedral arrangement of six tungsten atoms with chloride ligands bridging the eight triangular faces of the cluster and one chloride ligand terminally coordinated to each of the six tungsten atoms. The cation (EDTEH)+ achieves its positive charge by protonation of one of the nitrogen atoms. Crystal data: space group = P21/a,a=10.689(2) Å,b=22.931(6) Å,c=12.093(3) Å, β=98.41(2)°,Z=2, 2476 reflections,R=0.028.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Tungsten ; isomeric forms ; crystal structure ; triple bonds ; interconversion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A thorough study of compounds with the formula W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PR3)2, withR 3=Me3, Et3, Prg n 3 Me2,Ph, is reported. In addition to the previously reported crystalline compounds, namely Ia,trans-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PMe3)2 in space group Pmmn;3a,trans-W2Cl4(NHCM3)2(PEt3)2 in space group P21/a (or P21/c); and4,cis-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PMe2Ph)2 in Pna21, we have obtained and structurally characterized the following new substances,1b,trans-W2Cl4,(NHCMe3)2(PMe2)2, space group P21/c,a= 12.233 (4) Å,b= 12.872 (4) Å,c=17.095 (5) Å,β=93.52 (2)°,Z=4,V=2687 (1) Å3 2,cis-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PMe3)2, P21/c,a=9.673 (4) Å,b=17.249 (4) Å,c=16.244 (5) Å,β=99.63 (3),Z = 4 ,V=2669 (1) Å.3b,trans-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PEt3)2, Pl,a=16.850 (3) Å,b=17.797 (3) Å,c= 11.459 (2)Å,α= 101.02 (1),β= 103.13°, y=84.23 (1)°,Z=4,V= 3279 (1) Å5,trans-W2Cl4(NHCM3)2(PMe2Ph)2, Fdd2,a=39.563 (8) Å at 20°C; 39.325 (10) Å at -6O°C,b = 57.543 (17) Å at 20°C; 57.186 (16) Å at -60°C,c= 8.810 (1) Å at 20°C; 8.770 (1) Å at - 60°C ,Z=24,V=20057 (7) Å3 (20°C), 19723 (8) Å3 ( - 60°C) .6,trans-W2Cl4(NHCMe3 2(PPrn 3)2, Pl,a= 17.287 (2) Å (20°C); 17.077 (5) Å (-60°C),b= 19.119 (2) Å (20°C); 18.952 (6) Å (-60°C),c= 12.713 (1) Å (20°C); 12.668 (4) Å (-60°C),Z=4,V= 3980 (1) Å3 (20°C), 3898 (2) ,Å3 ( - 60°C). In addition, the structure of3a was re-determined and refined so that the disorder ratio was a refined parameter, leading to a value of 0.520:0.480 instead of being arbitrarily fixed at 0.50:0.50. In all of the structures the molecules are held in eclipsed (but very distorted) rotational conformations and the W-W distances are all within the range of 2.305-2.330 Å. As will be shown in a later paper, for all phosphines, thecis andtrans isomers are of similar stability and an equilibrium mixture exists in solution. It is also shown that1a and3a do not contain unexpectedly short W-N bonds as previously reported.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Mixed metal cluster ; alkyne ; diphenylacetylene ; platinum ; osmium ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The new platinum-osmium alkyne cluster complex Pt2Os4(CO)8(μ3-PhC2Ph)3 (μ 4-PhC2Ph),2, was obtained from the reaction of Pt2Os4(CO)18,1b, with PhC2Ph and was characterized by IR.1H NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The cluster of compound2 consists of an osmium capped Pt2Os3 square pyramid. It aLso contains three triply bridging and one quadruply bridging diphenylacetylene ligands. Crystal data for2: space group PI,a = 12.530(2) Å,b = 21.565(4) Å,c = 11.284(2) Å,α = 100.31(2),β = 111.89(1),β = 76.78(2),Z = 2, 3879 reflections,R = 0.032.
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 731-737 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Synthesis ; crystal structure ; IR data
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The synthesis, crystal structure and IR data are reported for Na2[Zn(CMA)4]·2EtOH·7H2O, where CMA− is the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-acridinacetate ion. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/n, with cell dimensionsa=17.335(9),b=8.440(5),c=21.875(12) Å, β=91.94(5)°,Z=2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a finalR value of 0.0363 for 3022 non-zero reflections. The Zn2+ ion occupies twofold axis and is coordinated to four carboxylate ligands, the ZnO4 tetrahedron is considerably distorted with Zn−O distances of 1.978(3) and 1.961(3)Å. Each Na+ cation interacts with two water, one ethanol, and three carboxylate O atoms comprising distorted octahedron. The Zn2+ and Na+ cations are linked through monooxygen and syn-syn carboxylate bridges forming a trinuclear, mixed-metal cluster. The Zn...Na separation is 3.267(2)Å and Na...Na distance equals 3.520(2)Å. All oxygen bonded H-atoms are utilized in hydrogen bonds. The acridone rings overlap in the crystal with the 3.5 Å interlayer separations. The compound has been characterized by IR spectroscopy.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Pyrimidine ; uracil ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new and easy method for the preparation of 1,3,7,9-tetramethylpyrido-[2,3-d∶6,5-d′]-dipyrimidine-2,4,6,8-tetrone is described. The structure of this compound has been solved by means of X-ray diffraction methods. The chemical characterization by spectral (mass, ultraviolet, infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance) and thermal (thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry) method is also reported. The compound is monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a=12.720(5),b=13.688(7),c=8.079(2) Å, β=107.06(4)°,Z=4. The structure consists of discrete tricyclic molecules, stacking playing an important role in crystal packing.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Centrosymmetric ; symmetry ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ (C 1 l ; No.2) witha=9.9143(10) Å,b=10.2616(11) Å,c=10.7715(10) Å, α=113.887(8)°, β=109.197(8)°, γ=90.699(9)°,V=932.78(17) Å3 andZ=1. A total of 4869 data were collected and merged to a set of 2450 independent reflections; the structure was solved and refined toR=1.42% andwR=1.94%. The molecule lies on a site of $$\bar 1$$ symmetry and is disordered, with obvious scrambling of carbonyl and chloride ligands. Resulting bond lengths include Ir−P=2.339(1) Å, Ir−Cl=2.398(4) Å and Ir−CO=1.808(15) Å.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Manganese ; agostic ; crystal structure ; CH activation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Agostic interactions of CH bonds with metal atoms are currently of great interest. UV irradiation of Mn2(CO)8 (PMe2Ph)2 in the presence of the HC≡COEt yielded the new compound Mn2(CO)6(PMe2Ph)2 [μ-C(OEt)=C(H)C=C(H)C=O(OEt)],1 that contains a strong agostic interaction of an olefinic CH bond to one of the managanese atoms, Mn...C=2.349(5), Mn...H=2.01(4). This interaction can be removed (reversibly) by CO addition (25°C/1000 psi) to1 to yield the new complex Mn2(CO)7(PMe2Ph)2[μ-C(OEt)=C(H)C=C(H)C=O(OEt)],2.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 3 (1992), S. 123-144 
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Molybdenum ; tungsten ; crystal structure ; reduction ; acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Four new compounds having nine cluster electrons and cores of the types Mo3OCl3, Mo3OBr3, and W3OCl3 are reported. Compound (1) prepared by reduction of [Bu4N][Mo3OCl6(OAc)3] in THF with metallic zinc, was shown by X-ray crystallography to be Mo3OCl4(OAc)3 (THF)2 (1). It forms crystals in space groupP21 with unit cell dimensionsa=9.472(2) Å,b=13.546(4) Å,c=9.652(2) Å, β=101.70(2)°,V=1201(1) Å3,Z=2. The [Mo3(μ3-O)(μ-Cl)3]4+ core is surrounded by three μ-O2CCH3 anions, one Cl−, and two THF and has Mo-Mo distances of 2.620(1) Å, 2.613(1) Å, and 2.530(1) Å, with the shortest bond between the two Mo atoms to which the THF molecules are coordinated. Compounds [Bu4N]2 [Mo3OBr6(O2CCH3)3] · Me2CO, (2) and [Mo3OBr3(O2CCH3)3(PMe3)3]3 · BF4, (3) are the first two nine-electron Mo3 species with a [Mo3(μ3-O) Br3]4+ core. Both were obtained by zinc reduction of [Mo3OBr6(O2CCH3)3]− in the presence of (NBu4) Br (2) or PMe3 and NaBF4 (3), and each was characterized crystallographically. Compound (2) crystallized in space group Cc with unit cell dimensionsa=25.037(5) Å,b=12.827(2) Å,c=21.484(4) Å, β=122.96(1)0,V=5790(3) Å3,Z=4. While the anion has no crystallographically required symmetry, its virtual symmetry is C3v . The Mo-Mo distances are 2.619(2) Å, 2.610(3) Å, 2.644(2) Å, with a mean value of 2.624[14] Å. Compound (3) crystallized in space groupP21/c with unit cell dimensionsa=10.846(2) Å,b=25.033(5) Å,c=12.641(5) Å, β=94.74(2)0,V=3420(2) Å3,Z=4. The cation occupies a general position but has virtual C3v symmetry, with Mo-Mo distances of 2.601(2) Å, 2.610(2) Å, 2.627(2) Å, with a mean value of 2.613[14] Å. Thus the anionic and cationic Mo3 clusters in (2) and (3), respectively, have average Mo-Mo distances that are equal within experimental error. Compound (4), [NEt4]2 [W3OCl6(O2CCH3)3] is the first 9-electron compound of this type containing tungsten. It was prepared by reduction of [Et4N][W3OCl6(OAc)3] in benzene with Na/Hg. It crystallized in space groupP212121 with unit cell dimensionsa=11.076(2) Å,b=14.345(2) Å,c=21.026(3) Å,V=3574(1) Å3,Z=4. The anion resides on a general position but has virtual C3v symmetry, with W-W distances of 2.577(1) Å, 2.612(1) Å, 2.584(1) Å and a mean value of 2.591[15] Å.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Molybdenum ; acetate, carboxylate ; hexamolybdenum ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The hexamolybdenum cluster complex [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8(O2CMe)6]2−, 1 was isolated as the Bu4N+ salt in 71% yield from the reaction of (Bu4N)2[Mo6(μ3-Cl)8Cl6] with AgO2CMe in CH2Cl2 solvent. The compound was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The cluster contains an octahedral arrangement of six molybdenum atoms with eight chloride ligands bridging the eight trianglar faces and six carboxylate ligands terminally coordinated through one oxygen atom to each of the six molybdenum atoms. Crystal data: space group =P21/n,a=10.713(3)Å,b=14.43(1)Å,c=21.919(4)Å, β=94.37(2)°,Z=2, 1965 reflections,R=0.036.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Mixed metal ; platinum ; ruthenium ; alkyne ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstarct The ten metal cluster complex Pt2Ru8(CO)23(µ3−H)2, 1 was found to react with EtC2Et to form a new ten metal tris-alkyne complex Pt2Ru8(CO)18(µ3−EtC2Et)2 (µ4−EtC2Et),2 in 35% yield. Complex 2 was characterized by IR,1H NMR , and single crystalx-ray diffraction analyses. The cluster can be viewed as a dodecahedron of eight metal atoms capped with two ruthenium carbonyl groups, two triply bridging EtC2Et ligands and one quadruply bridging EtC2Et ligand. Application of the standard electron counting procedures indicate that this is an unusual complex in which the 18 electron rule applies and the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory does not. Crystal Data for 2 2.0.5 CH2CI2: space group = P21,a = 12.759(2) A,b=18.438(2)Å,c = 20.197(3) Å,β = 91.59(1)°, Z. = 4, 6394 reflections,R = 0.037.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Vanadium ; phenylhydrazine ; nitrogenase ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Addition of phenylhydrazine to a mixture of VCl3 · THF/N,N-propyl-bis (salicyladimine) and sodium hydride yielded a trinuclear vanadium complex, V3(μ3-O)(μ-Cl)Cl6(μ-η1-η1PhNHNH2)2(PhNHN H2)2(THF), containing two bridging and two terminal phenylhydrazine ligands. The product has been crystallographically characterized (P21/n, a=12.949(2) Å,b=24.061(4) Å,c=22.504(4) Å, β=107.22(1) deg.,V=6697(2) Å3 withZ=4) and was found to contain the first example of bridging monosubstituted hydrazine (phenylhydrazine) ligands.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Biodegradable plastic ; microbial degradation ; bacterial poly(d-(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate) ; crystal structure ; physiological behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract As one of a series of studies concerning the relationship between the higher-order structure and the biodegradability of a biodegradable plastic, the effects of the crystal structure of the plastic on microbial degradation were investigated. Bacterial poly(d-(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) films which had a wide range of crystallinity were prepared by the melt-quenching method. Results of the microbial degradation indicated that the development of crystallinity evidently depressed the microbial degradability. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, it is suggested that the microbial degradation proceeded in at least two manners. One was preferential degradation of the amorphous region leaving the crystalline lamellae intact, which was considered to be a homogeneous enzymatic degradation over the surface. The other was nonpreferential spherical degradation on the surface. The SEMs indicate that the spherical holes were the result of colonization by degrading bacteria. The holes varied in size and number with the change of crystal structure. Therefore, it is considered that the crystal structure of PHB also influenced the physiological behavior of the degrading bacteria on the PHB surface.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Schlagwort(e): Heterometallic-heterobridging cubane-type tetranuclear cluster ; preparation ; crystal structure ; molecular orbital calculation ; quasi-aromaticity ; copper ; molybdenum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract By the reaction of cluster [Mo3OS3](dtp)4(H2O) used as starting material with CuI using [3+1] mode, two novel heterometallic-heterobridging cubane-type tetranuclear cluster compounds [CuMo3OS3]·I·(μ-OAc)[S2P(OC2H5)2]3·L [(I)L=py, (II)L=DMF] [dtp=S2P(OC2H5)2; OAc=OOCCH3] containing [CuMo3OS3] core have been obtained. Compounds (I) and (II) have been characterized by IR, EPR, UV-VIS, electrochemistry and X-ray crystallography. By comparison of these two compounds with the analogous [CuMo3S4] series in the structure and molecular orbital calculation, the influence of mixed S/O bridging on the structure is discussed. It is demonstrated that the {Mo3S3} cluster ring in [Mo3OS3]4+ possesses a similar quasi-aromaticity to [Mo3S4]4+. Crystal data: for (I), space group= $$P\overline 1 $$ ,a=13.781(8)Å,b=14.523(6)Å,c=12.098(6)Å, α=98.37(4)°, β=109.41(5)°, γ=105.00(5)°,V=2133(2)Å3,Z=2,R=0.058; for (II), space group= $$P\overline 1 $$ ,a=13.215(4)Å,b=17.818(8)Å,c=9.873(4)Å, α=106.06(4)°, β=109.78(3)°, γ=82.00(3)°,V=2100(2)Å3,Z=2,R=0.045.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Aldehyde dehydrogenase ; developmental changes ; gene expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous reports suggested that the major cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) was present in fetal and infant livers, but the major mitochondrial isozyme (ALDH2) was absent or severely diminished. Re-examination by means of starch gel electrophoresis followed by enzyme activity staining, and by means of dot blot immuno-hybridization of liver samples with known genotypes of theALDH 2 locus, indicated that bothALDH 1 andALDH 2 genes are expressed in fetal and infant livers. In addition, ALDH4 isozyme was also observed. The results imply that a fetus with the ‘usual’ homozygousALDH 2 1 /ALDH 2 1 genotype, but not one with the atypicalALDH 2 1 /ALDH 2 2 orALDH 2 2 /ALDH 2 2 , is capable of detoxifying acetaldehyde transferred from the mother.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Symbiosis ; ectomycorrhiza ; ectomycorrhiza development ; gene expression ; ectomycorrhizins ; protein patterns
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An ectomycorrhiza, a specialized root organ, is the result of a complex interaction leading to a finely-tuned symbiosis between a plant and a compatible ectomycorrhizal fungus. Ultrastructural observations combined with cytochemical and biochemical studies reveal that structural and metabolic changes in the symbiont cells lead to the final phenotype of the active ectomycorrhiza. In the present review these changes are interpreted as changes in gene expression and discussed within the context of ectomycorrhiza development. Recent genetic data indicate that the continued vegetative growth of the ectomycorrhizal hyphae and the root tissues, and their ability to switch to symbiotic organ formation, is basically controlled by developmentally critical genes. The activity of these ‘symbiotic genes’ during the differentiation of ectomycorrhizas is associated with extensive changes in the concentration of particular polypeptides and protein biosynthesis. The present state of knowledge about the developmental biology of ectomycorrhizas allows only speculation about the events during their development.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Fetal hemoglobin ; sickle cell anemia ; β thalassemia ; butyrate ; gene expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The inherited β-hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease and β thalassemia) are the result of a mutation in the adult (β) globin gene. The fetal globin chain, encoded by the γ globin genes, can substitute for the mutated or defective β globin chain, but expression of the γ globin gene is developmentally inactivated prior to birth. Reinducing expression of the normal fetal globin genes is a preferred method of ameliorating sickle cell disease and the β thalassemias. Stimulation of as little as 4–8% fetal globin synthesis in the bone marrow can produce 〉20% fetal hemoglobin in the peripheral circulation, due to enhanced survival of red blood cells containing both sickle and fetal hemoglobin, compared to those containing sickle hemoglobin alone. Butyric acid and butyrate derivatives are generally safe compounds which induce fetal hemoglobin production by stimulating the promoter of the fetal globin genes. An initial trial with the parent compound, delivered as Arginine Butyrate, has demonstrated rapid stimulation of fetal globin expression to levels that have been shown to ameliorate these conditions. Phase 1 trials of an oral butyrate derivative with a long plasma half-life have just begun. These agents now provide a specific new apporach for ameliorating these classic molecular disorders and merit further investigation in larger patient populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1162-1164 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Polygodial ; warburganal ; antifungal activity ; Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pityrosporum ovale ; enhancing effect ; antioxidants ; vitamin C ; BHA ; anethole
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The antifungal activity of two drimane sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial (1) and warburganal (2), alone and in combination with several other substances, was examined against three fungi,Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae andPityrosporum ovale employing a broth dilution method. Anethole significantly synergized the activity of the two sesquiterpenoids againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae however, it had only an, additive effect againstP. ovale. By contrast, two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), noticeably enhanced the activity of the sesquiterpenoids againstP. ovale, but had no, effect againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 958-962 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Plasminogen activator ; active oxygen ; gene expression ; radical scavengers ; endothelial cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Active oxygen, produced by cultured cells following stimulation with various growth factors, seems to be involved in signal transduction leading to cellular responses such as gene expression and growth modulation. In the present study, the intracellular oxidation state was measured in immortalized human endothelial cells (ECV304) after treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, using a fluorescent dye and a laser-scanning confocal microscope. The intracellular oxidation state was increased 60 min after the addition of TNFα, and this increase was abolished by a radical scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is also a precursor of glutathione, and by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). TNFα increased the steady state level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and NAC inhibited this increase at a dose that also inhibited the increase in the intracellular oxidation state. PDTC, on the other hand, did not affect the induction of the uPA gene by TNFα. These results suggest that intracellular glutathione level rather than the oxidation state is necessary for the induction of the uPA gene by TNFα.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 447-455 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Proteoglycan ; chondroitin sulfate ; decorin ; gene expression ; tumor stroma ; DNA methylation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Tumor stroma is a specialized form of tissue that is associated with epithelial neoplasms. Recent evidence indicates that significant changes in proteoglycan content occur in the tumor stroma and that these alterations could support tumor progression and invasion as well as tumor growth. Our main hypothesis is that the generation of tumor stroma is under direct control of the neoplastic cells and that, via a feedback loop, altered proteoglycan gene expression would influence the behavior of tumor cells. In this review, we will focus primarily on the work from our laboratory related to the altered expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and its role in tumor development and progression. The connective tissue stroma of human colon cancer is enriched in chondroitin sulfate and the stromal cell elements, primarily colon fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, are responsible for this biosynthetic increase. These changes can be reproduced in vitro by using either tumor metabolites or co-cultures of human colon carcinoma cells and colon mesenchymal cells. The levels of decorin, a leucine-rich proteoglycan involved in the regulation of matrix assembly and cell proliferation, are markedly elevated in the stroma of colon carcinoma. These changes correlate with a marked increase in decorin mRNA levels and a concurrent hypomethylation of decorin gene, a DNA alteration associated with enhanced gene expression. Elucidation of decorin gene structure has revealed an unexpected degree of complexity in the 5′ untranslated region of the gene with two leader exons that are alternatively spliced to the second coding exon. Furthermore, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-negative element is present in the promoter region of decorin gene. This regulatory domain is likely to be implicated in the silencing of decorin gene by TGF-β and may contribute to the regulation of this matrix gene in the tumor stroma.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): cellulose I ; molecular mechanics ; crystal structure ; molecular ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Energies for various trial packing arrangements of unit cells for the Iα and Iβ phases of native cellulose discovered by Sugiyamaet al. were evaluated. Both a rigid-ring method, PLMR, and the full-optimization, molecular mechanics program, MM3(90), were used. For both phases the models that had the lowest PLMR energy also had the lowest MM3 energy. Both calculated models have the chains packed ‘up’, O6s intg positions, and the same sheets of hydrogen-bonded chains. The Iβ structure model is essentially identical to that proposed previously for ramie cellulose by Woodcock and Sarko. It is also the same as the best parallel model previously proposed that was based on the X-ray data of Mann, Gonzalez and Wellard, once the various unit cell conventions are considered. Also, the energies from both methods for all three celluloses, Iα, Iβ and II, are in the order that rationalizes their relative stabilites.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Jerusalem artichoke ; High-fructose syrup ; Ethanol ; Immobilized yeast cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The results from this study showed that Jerusalem artichoke juice can be used for the production of very enriched fructose syrup by selective conversion of glucose to ethanol in a continuous process using immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859. The product contained up to 99% of the total carbohydrates as fructose compared to 76% in the feed. Using Jerusalem artichoke juice supplemented with some glucose a product was obtained with 7.5% w/v ethanol which made ethanol recovery economically favourable. It was found that some fructose was consumed in these continuous processes; the glucose/fructose conversion rate ratio was regulated by the glucose concentration in the product stream.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; Aroma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Thirty-three fermentations of Pedro Ximénez grapes, collected in three degrees of ripeness, were carried out by inoculation with three types of inoculum: pure cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae races and ofTorulaspora delbrueckii, indigenous yeasts, and mixed cultures of indigenous yeasts enriched with the pure cultures. By means of variance analysis 21 compounds were determined whose final concentrations in the wines significantly depended on the musts, the inocula or both. Eleven products that depended significantly on the inocula were subjected to a discriminant analysis in which most of the pure cultures gathered in a discriminant space area different from that occupied by the indigenous yeasts. The centroids corresponding to most of the mixed cultures were shifted to the central area of the discriminant space, moved away from their corresponding pure cultures and approached the indigenous yeasts. The results show a high similarity between the fermentations carried out with mixed cultures with the addedS. cerevisiae races and those fermentations carried out with the indigenous yeasts, with regard to those compounds which were significantly dependent on the inocula.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; rad52-mediated chromosome loss
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Ogd1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity; they cannot grow on glycerol and produce an increased amount of organic acids during growth on glucose as substrate. Using gamma ray-induced rad52-mediated chromosome loss the ogd1 mutation can be assigned to chromosome IX. Tetrad analysis of crosses between ogd1 and other markers on chromosome IX revealed that the OGD1 gene maps on the left arm of this chromosome 1.9 cM from his5.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (5PRPP)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA5 gene is known to encode this enzyme activity. In this paper we present the cloning and sequencing of a yeast gene, named URA10, encoding a second OPRTase enzyme. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between URA5 and URA10 genes shows more than 75% similarity. These sequences have also been compared to those of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina, Sordaria macrospora and Dictyostelium discoideum. Remarkable similarities in the primary structure of these proteins have been found. Gene disruption experiments revealed that URA10 gene expression is responsible for the leaky phenotype of a ura5 mutant. Assays of OPRTase activity in extracts from ura5 and ura10 mutants indicate that the URA10 product contributes only 20% of the total activity found in wild type cells.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutants ; Farnesyl diphosphate synthetase ; Ergosterol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Glucose oxidase ; Aspergillus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We report the cloning of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene and its use to elevate glucose oxidase productivity in A. niger by increasing the gene dosage. In addition, the gene has been introduced into A. nidulans where it provides the novel capacity to produce glucose oxidase. A plasmid, in which DNA encoding the mature form of glucose oxidase was preceded by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal, effected high-level production of extracellular glucose oxidase in this yeast.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Sequence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the ARG7 gene, coding for argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) has been determined. It consists of an open reading frame of 461 codons. The deduced protein has a molecular weight of 51 200 Da. The gene is devoid of introns which is confirmed by the fact that it is expressed in Escherichia coli after spontaneous insertion of a bacterial sequence probably bearing a prokaryotic promoter. A perfect “TATA” box is found at-72 and the major transcription initiation site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located at-11 as shown by primer extension experiments. Comparison of the S. pombe lyase with related proteins from other organisms reveals an important degree of conservation except in the carboxyterminal part of the polypeptide. Additionally, a deletion removing 66 amino acids of the carboxy terminus yields an enzyme exhibiting some biological activity. A unique 1500 b transcript was found in S. cerevisiae when the intact gene was present, but the deleted version of the gene gave rise to at least three transcripts of 1800, 2800 and 3900 b.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyrimidine salvage pathway ; Semi-dominant mutants ; FUR1 ; Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase ; Regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein encoded by the FUR1 gene is absolutely required for the expression of uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity. The occurrence of semi-dominant mutations for 5-fluorouracil-(5FU)-resistance at this locus led us to clone and sequence the semi-dominant fur 1–5 allele. A single point mutation, resulting in the substitution of arginine 134 for serine, is responsible for this mutant phenotype. The fur 1–5 allele is transcribed and expressed at the same level as the wild-type allele. But, in contrast with the wild-type, the UPR Tase activity of the fur 1–5 mutant strain is stimulated in vitro by UTP and does not, therefore, correspond to a loss of feedback of UPR Tase activity. We found that uracil, as a free base, induces a significative increase in transcription and UPR Tase activity in a wild-type strain as well as in uracil-overproducing mutants which principally explains the high efficiency of the pyrimidine salvage pathway in S. cerevisiae.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 401-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Baking yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dough leavening ; Benomyl
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary To investigate the leavening ability of yeast in dough, chromosome loss was induced by benomyl treatment in YOY1037, a diploid between a baking strain and a laboratory strain, and its effect on the leavening ability was studied. When benomyl-treated cells were spread on plates with a dye indicator for ploidy, about 20% of the visible colonies were stained dark blue or dark purple; the rest stained pale blue, similar to the diploid YOY1037. Strains showing the MATα phenotype, and non-galactose fermenting strains, apparently having lost particular chromosomes, were observed only in those with darkcoloured colonies. Strains with dark-coloured colonies showed a wider range of leavening ability than did those with pale-coloured colonies.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Xylitol dehydrogenase gene ; Pichia stipitis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Xylose utilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A P. stipitis cDNA library in λgt11 was screened using antisera against P. stipitis xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively. The resulting cDNA clones served as probes for screening a P. stipitis genomic library. The genomic XYL2 gene was isolated and the nucleotide sequence of the 1089 bp structural gene, and of adjacent non-coding regions, was determined. The XYL2 open-reading frame codes for a protein of 363 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The XYL2 gene is actively expressed in S. cerevisiae transformants. S. cerevisiae cells transformed with a plasmid, pRD1, containing both the xylose reductase gene (XYL1) and the xylitol dehydrogenase gene (XYL2), were able to grow on xylose as a sole carbon source. In contrast to aerobic glucose metabolism, S. cerevisiae XYL1-XYL2 transformants utilize xylose almost entirely oxidatively.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Centromere flanking sequences ; tRNA modification enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Transcriptional analysis of the region flanking the left boundary of the centromere of chromosome VI revealed the presence of a gene immediately adjacent to CEN6. The transcription of the gene is directed toward the centromere, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the coding region terminates only 50 bp away from CEN6. Our results extend to chromosome VI the observation that centromere-flanking regions of S. cerevisiae are transcriptionally active. Disruption of the coding region of the gene showed that its product, whilst not essential for cell viability, is important for normal cell growth. The gene has been termed DEG1 (DEpressed Growth rate). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of DEG1 with a protein sequence databank revealed homology with the enzyme tRNA pseudouridine synthase I of E. coli.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Nitrogen mustard ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A screening of haploid yeast strains for enhanced resistance to nitrogen mustard (HN2) yielded a recessive mutant allele, hnm1, that conferred hyper-resistance (HYR) to HN2. Diploids, homo- or heterozygous for the HNM1 locus, exhibit normal wild-type like resistance while homozygosity for hnm1 leads to the phenotype HYR to HN2. The hnm1 mutation could be found in yeast strains proficient or deficient in different DNA repair systems. In these mostly HN2-sensitive haploid repair-deficient mutants, hnm1 acted as a partial suppressor of HN2 sensitivity. All isolated recessive mutations conferring hyper-resistance belonged to a single complementations group. The HYR to HN2 phenotype was maximally expressed in growing cells and was associated with reduced mutability by HN2. HNM1 most probably controls uptake of HN2 which would be impaired in the hnm1 mutants.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G418 resistance ; Gene cartridges ; Heterologous Gene expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Coding sequence cartridges for aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APT) were isolated from bacterial transposon Tn903. When incorporated into a heterologous gene construction utilising the PGK1 promoter and terminator, the heterologous APT gene provided a G418-resistance determinant that functioned efficiently as a dominant marker for yeast in both multiple- and single-copy. Transformant colonies on selective medium appeared rapidly, within 36–48 h, and growth rate of the transformed cells was normal. A simple and highly sensitive radiolabelling assay for APT enzyme activity was developed for use with crude cell protein extracts. Enzyme activity units were equated to the amount of APT protein present in the cells, and the APT protein was shown to be stable in yeast. Heterologous APT expression was 130-fold reduced compared with homologous PGK1. This resulted from an estimated two-fold decrease in mRNA level and a 65-fold decrease in translation efficiency. The latter was unaffected by AUG sequence context change, but corresponded with a high frequency of minor codons in the APT-coding sequence. APT can be used as a semi-quantitative reporter of gene expression, whose useful features are in vivo detection via the G418-resistance phenotype and powerful cell-free assay.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mevalonate kinase ; Ergosterol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the ERG12 gene, encoding mevalonate kinase, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The longest open reading frame may code for a protein containing 443 amino acids with a deduced relative molecular mass of 48 500. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence reveals a complete identity with the yeast gene RAR1, isolated elsewhere by complementation of a rar1 mutation involved in the stability of plasmids with weak ARS. In addition, we show that mevalonate kinase is not a rate-limiting enzyme; however its sensitivity to FFP could be a key regulatory mechanism in the sterol pathway of yeast.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Episomal plasmid ; Copy number control ; Plasmid maintenance ; Glycolytic enzyme levels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary This study demonstrates how varying the promoter strength of an essential gene on a yeast 2μORI-STB YEp multicopy vector can influence vector copy levels. A phosphoglycerate kinase gene (PGK) on this plasmid was made essential for fermentative growth by transformation into a pgk - yeast strain. When in these PGK- transformants the requirement for PGK expression was the sole selective criterion for plasmid maintenance, PGK promoter activity was inversely related to vector copy levels. Plasmids with an efficiently-transcribed PGK gene were maintained at approximately one copy per cell, whereas those lacking the UAS that normally directs high basal PGK transcription levels were present at up to 10–15 copies. All cultures of these PGK+ transformants contained only a low proportion of pgk - cells. Since mitotic loss of the plasmid arrests growth through loss of a functional PGK allele, PGK confers high stability to the YEp vector in such a pgk - genetic background. In this system YEp vector levels are probably influenced by PGK transcription because high expression of PGK is needed in rapid fermentative growth. Remarkably, low plasmid PGK promoter activity caused PGK mRNA levels slightly higher than those found in yeast with normal PGK regulation. A higher plasmid copy number is therefore not the only factor counteracting the effects of low PGK transcription, and it is possible that PGK mRNA becomes more stable in response to inefficient PGK transcription.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation ; Inessential genes ; Genome organization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The SPR6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a moderately abundant RNA that is present at high levels only during sporulation. The gene contains a long open reading frame that could encode a hydrophilic protein approximately 21 kDa in size. This protein is probably produced by the yeast, because the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli is expressed during sporulation when fused to SPR6 in the expected reading frame. SPR6 is inessential for sporulation; mutants that lack SPR6 activity sporulate normally and produce viable ascospores. Nonetheless, the SPR6 gene encodes a function that is relevant to sporulating cells; the wild-type allele can enhance sporulation in strains that are defective for several SPR functions. SPR6 is located on chromosome V, 14.4 centimorgans centromere-distal to MET6.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; Mitochondrial status ; Lycorine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In a previous paper we have shown that the alkaloid lycorine inhibits growth of rho +, mit - and rho -, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas strains devoid of mitochondrial DNA (rho o) are resistant to more than 200 μg/ml of the alkaloid. In this report we show that hypersuppressive petites are almost as resistant as rho o mutants, whereas isogenic rho - petites, which have retained tained longer segments of the genome, are sensitive to the drug.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CaMV 35S promoter ; CaMV 35S terminator ; Heterologous expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Complementation of fission yeast mutants by plant genomic libraries could be a promising method for the isolation of novel plant genes. One important prerequisite is the functioning of plant promoters and terminators in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, we studied the expression of the bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under the control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and 35S terminator. We show here that S. pombe initiates transcription at exactly the same start site as was reported for tobacco. The 35S CaMV terminator is appropriately recognized leading to a polyadenylated mRNA of the same size as obtained in plant cells transformed with the same construct. Furthermore, the GUS-mRNA is translated into fully functional GUS protein, as determined by an enzymatic assay. Interestingly, expression of the 35S promoter in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae was found to be only moderate and about hundredfold lower than in S. pombe. To investigate whether different transcript stabilities are responsible for this enormous expression difference in the two yeasts, the 35S promoter was substituted by the ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter from fission yeast. In contrast to the differential expression pattern of the 35S promoter, the ADH promoter resulted in equally high expression rates in both fission and budding yeast, comparable to the 35S promoter in S. pombe. Since the copy number of the 35S-GUS constructs differs only by a factor of two in the two yeasts, it appears that differential recognition of the 35S promoter is responsible for the different transcription rates.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 537-541 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Intron-encoded proteins ; Recombination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The respiratory competency of a yeast strain devoid of mitchondrial introns is quite normal. However, it may be asked whether intron-encoded proteins participate in metabolisms other than those of mitochondrial introns. Using strains without mitochondrial introns we have answered two questions. The first was: does the absence of intron-encoded proteins abolsh mitochondrial recombination? The second was: do mitochondrial introns and intron-encoded proteins play a part in mitochondrial DNA rearrangements induced by ethidium bromide (rho- production)? We have shown that the introns and intron-encoded proteins are not essential essential components of either phenomenon.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Protein translocation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Peroxisomes ; Overexpression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Import of proteins into organelles usually requires a cis-acting targeting signal. Analysis of various hybrid proteins, consisting of mouse DHFR and parts of catalase A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that fusion proteins containing the N-terminal 126 amino acids, or less, of catalase A remain in the cytosol whereas fusion proteins containing 140, or more, N-terminal amino acids of catalase A form large aggregates inside the cell. These protein bodies, which lack a surrounding membrane, copurified with peroxisomes on cell fractionation. The peroxisomal targeting signal of catalase A does not reside at the C-terminus or at the N-terminus.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Thiolase ; Peroxisome evolution ; Bootstrap analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The thiolase family is a widespread group of proteins present in prokaryotes and three cellular compartments of eukaryotes. This fact makes this family interesting in order to study the evolutionary process of eukaryotes. Using the sequence of peroxisomal thiolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae recently obtained by us and the other known thiolase sequences, a phylogenetic analysis has been carried out. It shows that all these proteins derived from a primitive enzyme, present in the common ancestor of eubacteria and eukaryotes, which evolved into different specialized thiolases confined to various cell compartments. The evolutionary tree obtained is compatible with the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of peroxisomes.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2-μm circle ; DNA sequencing ; Horizontal transmission ; Site-specific recombination ; Selfish DNA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We compared the nucleotide substitution pattern over the entire genome of two unique variants of the 6,300-bp selfish DNA (2 μm) plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of the left-unique region is identical among 2-μm variants, while the right-unique region shows substantial divergence. This chimeric pattern cannot be explained by neutral or Darwinian selection models. We propose that horizontal transmission of the 2-μm plasmid coupled with a directed, polarized gene conversion maintains the DNA sequence of the left-unique region, whereas the right-unique region is subject to random drift and Darwinian selection.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 104 (1991), S. 177-214 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): atomic structure ; crystal structure ; microstructure ; constructions ; topochemistry ; graphite ; glassy carbon ; pyrolytic carbon ; microelectronics ; carriers of information ; refractory metal alloys ; life time ; recrystallization ; fatigue ; photon probe techniques ; electron probe techniques ; ion probe techniques ; electrical field probes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract From the Stone Age on, developmental periods of mankind carry the names of materials. Materials determine the applicability of key technologies and these are in turn of major significance for the economic success and the social development in modern society. Today's high-tech materials are the consequence of an improved understanding of the structure and composition of matter and of the interplay of microstructure and minor and trace constituents. We can distinguish four basic dimensional structural categories of materials: (a) the atomic structure level; (b) the crystal, glassy or amorphous structural level; (c) the microstructural level; (d) the level of constructions. As an example, these structural levels are described in some detail for graphite, a material used extensively throughout Analytical Chemistry. Decisive differences at the microstructural level result in graphitic materials with very varying properties: polycrystalline electrographite, glassy carbon, and pyrolytic graphite. Examples for the use of these materials in ETAAS are discussed. Structural features together with topochemical and trace chemical characteristics are studied today by a wide variety of analytical instrumentation and methods of modern materials analysis which can be grouped into four categories of techniques: (a) photon probe techniques; (b) electron probe techniques; (c) ion probe techniques; (d) electrical field probes. The most important of those techniques are discussed shortly with respect to their main characteristics as lateral and depth resolution, detection sensitivity, additional bonding or structural information, depth profiling possibilities etc. The constructions are the ultimate level of a materials structure. Structures of microelectronic components reach dimensionally into the domain of microstructure whereas constructions in heavy industry are of meter-ton dimensions. Progress in the use of materials as carriers of information is visualized by a morphological comparison of the sound tracks of conventional records with the information imprinted in optical discs. It is important to conceive materials as dynamic systems with limited lifetime. Fatigue and recrystallization are prominent relevant phenomena which must be studied by microstructural and topochemical methods. Dispersion strengthened microalloys like TZM, HT-molybdenum and NS-tungsten are discussed as examples how materials can be improved with respect to their extended use under extreme conditions. Again, a thorough structural and topochemical characterization was the basis of a successful respective materials development although a multitude of relevant topochemical questions still remain to be solved. Lifetime investigations are an essential tool of materials development as well as quality control. Relevant investigations for various tube materials for ETAAS are discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Nystatin ; amphotericin B ; amphotericin B methyl ester ; polyene antibiotics ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured under anaerobiosis in semi-complete medium to which either palmitoleic or oleic acid was added. Cells were grown at 20 °C or 30 °C. The levels of total lipids, total sterols, and phospholipids were higher in cells grown at 20 °C than at 30 °C. The effects of nystatin (NYS), amphotericin B (AMB), and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were evaluated by determining cell viability and liberation of intracellular compounds. The loss of cell viability is higher in the first 30 minutes of incubation with the drugs and is the same regardless of the type of cells obtained. Low molecular weight compounds and ions such as K+ are liberated a few minutes after incubation with the drugs whereas proteins and substances absorbing at 260 nm are liberated later. Phosphate liberation comes after K+ and before compounds of higher molecular weights.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Deoxy-D-glucose transport ; polyphosphate ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; sugar phosphorylation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of polyphosphate in 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport was studied in yeast cells, pulse-labeled with [32P]orthophosphate, by comparing the concentrations and specific activities of polyphosphate, orthophosphate and 2-dGlc-phosphate. When 2-dGlc transport was measured under aerobic conditions, it appeared that polyphosphate replenished the orthophosphate pool, indicating that polyphosphate has, at least mainly, an indirect role in sugar phosphorylation. Also in cells with a reduced respiratory capacity, due to a treatment with antimycin A, no direct role for polyphosphate in 2-dGlc transport could be detected. Under these conditions, only a very limited breakdown of polyphosphate occurred, probably because of the small decrease in the orthophosphate concentration.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 65-76 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): anaerobic respiration ; FNR protein ; oxygen regulation ; gene expression ; E. coli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Molecular oxygen is an important regulatory signal in facultative anaerobic bacteria and controles the expression of a great variety of genes positively or negatively. The expression of anaerobic respiration and of related functions of E. coli is controlled by the positive gene regulator FNR, which activates transcription in the absence of O2. The regulated genes carry a FNR consensus sequence upstream of the promoter. Under the same conditions FNR represses some of the genes of aerobic respiration. The binding to the DNA occurs by an α-helix-turn-α-helix DNA-binding domain. FNR contains 5 cysteine residues, four of which are arranged in a cluster close to the N-terminal end. For the function of FNR as a O2-dependent regulator three of the cysteine residues in the cluster and the residue outside the cluster are essential. FNR binds iron as a cofactor which most likely is involved in the O2-sensing by the protein. The experiments indicate that the cysteine residues are responsible for the binding of the iron. From the protein in vivo two functional states can be differentiated, an aerobic or metal-depleted form and an anaerobic form. Only the anaerobic form acts as a gene activator or repressor. Sensing of O2 or of positive redox potentials by the iron ion is thought to cause the conversion of the two functional states. The FNR protein in addition contains a potential nucleotide binding domain. The significance and function of this site is not clear.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 62 (1992), S. 35-46 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): introns ; pre-mRNA splicing ; RNA processing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The occurrence of introns in nuclear precursor RNAs (pre-mRNAs) is widespread in eukaryotes, and the splicing process that removes them is basically the same in yeasts as it is in higher eukaryotes. Splicing takes place in a very large, multi-component complex, the spliceosome, and biochemical studies have been complicated by the large number of splicing factors involved. This review describes how genetic approaches used to study RNA splicing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae have complemented the biochemical studies and led to rapid advances in the field.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 62 (1992), S. 131-153 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): mitochondrial DNA ; mutational analysis ; nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; gene expression ; membrane assembly ; respiratory deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In contrast to most other organisms, the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae can survive without functional mitochondria. This ability has been exploited in genetic approaches to the study of mitochondrial biogenesis. In the last two decades, mitochondrial genetics have made major contributions to the identification of genes on the mitochondrial genome, the mapping of these genes and the establishment of structure-function relationships in the products they encode. In parallel, more than 200 complementation groups, corresponding to as many nuclear genes necessary for mitochondrial function or biogenesis have been described. Many of the latter are required for post-transcriptional events in mitochondrial gene expression, including the processing of mitochondrial pre-RNAs, the translation of mitochondrial mRNAs, or the assembly of mitochondrial translation products into the membrane. The aim of this review is to describe the genetic approaches used to unravel the intricacies of mitochondrial biogenesis and to summarize recent insights gained from their application.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Schlagwort(e): High-Tc superconductivity ; La1.9Bi0.1CuO4+δ ; excess oxygen ; crystal structure ; superconducting transition temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We have investigated the relation between the crystal structure and superconductivity in La1.9Bi0.1CuO4+δ , in which the phase separation observed in La2CuO4+δ is suppressed. A phase diagram in theT−δ plane is given for La1.9Bi0.1CuO4+δ with excess oxygen. For very smallδ values, the crystal structure is orthorhombic, and an orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition occurs markedly atδ ∼ 0.03 in the measured temperature range between 13 and 293 K. Superconductivity is observed in the range of 0.04〈δ〈0.11. This is clear evidence thathigh-T c superconductivity also appears in the tetragonal phase.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1671-1678 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Effects of material synthesis ; crystal structure ; chemical composition ; Y-based compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary YBCO with high granulometric perfection and low dispersion can be obtained by a low-temperature reaction (≈800°C) of atomic-scale dispersed powders, produced through the thermal decomposition of liquid precursors. As reacted such powders are tetragonal and not superconducting, but they transform into the high-T c phase after optimized annealing treatments. We describe the method we developed and the characteristics of the materials we achieved, and we discuss the main features of the process in the light of the current know-how.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein toxin ; yeast toxin precursor ; protease processing ; lectin ; (1→6)-β-D-glucan ; receptor ; resistant mutants ; spheroplasts ; ion-permeable channels ; site-directed mutagenesis ; toxin functional domains
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The K1 killer toxin ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae is a secreted, virally-coded protein lethal to sensitive yeasts. Killer yeasts are immune to the toxin they produce. This killer system has been extensively examined from genetic and molecular perspectives. Here we review the biology of killer yeasts, and examine the synthesis and action of the protein toxin and the immunity component. We summarise the structure of the toxin precursor gene and its protein products, outline the proteolytic processing of the toxin subunits from the precursor, and their passage through the yeast secretory pathway. We then discuss the mode of action of the toxin, its lectin-like interaction with a cell wall glucan, and its probable role in forming channels in the yeast plasma membrane. In addition we describe models of how a toxin precursor species functions as the immunity component, probably by interfering with channel formation. We conclude with a review of the functional domains of the toxin structural gene as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. This work has identified regions associated with glucan binding, toxin activity, and immunity.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 22-31 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Atherosclerosis ; cellular differentiation ; gene expression ; foam cells ; lipoproteins ; phorbol esters ; transcription factors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary THP-1 is a human monocytic leukemia cell line. After treatment with phorbol esters, THP-1 cells differentiate into macrophage-like cells which mimic native monocyte-derived macrophages in several respects. Compared to other human myeloid cell lines, such as HL-60, U937, KG-1, or HEL cell lines, differentiated THP-1 cells behave more like native monocyte-derived macrophages. Because of these characteristics, the THP-1 cell line provides a valuable model for studying the mechanisms involved in macrophage differentiation, and for exploring the regulation of macrophage-specific genes as they relate to physiological functions displayed by these cells.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 905-912 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Gene transfer ; gene modification ; gene expression ; livestock ; transgenic animal ; pharmaceutical proteins ; milk composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract There is every reason to expect that it will be possible within the next few years to begin to use farm animals to produce large quantities of some of the human proteins that are needed for the treatment of disease. Revolutionary new opportunities for the production of novel proteins in milk have been created by the development of methods for gene transfer. Exploitation of these opportunities depends upon selection and cloning of milk protein genes and identification of the sequences that govern tissue specific hormonally induced expression in the mammary gland. Studies with three genes, ovine β-lactoglobulin, rat β-casein and whey acidic protein of rat and mouse, suggest that they may all meet this requirement. Fragments of the ovine β-lactoglobulin, murine whey acidic protein and rabbit β-casein genes have directed production of novel proteins in the milk of transgenic mice, sheep, rabbits and pigs. The proteins were biologically active and usually co-migrated with authentic proteins. In early experiments, protein concentration was low, but our recent observations suggest that fusion genes containing genomic clones direct production of concentrations of protein that are suitable for commercial exploitation. In the longer term, two approaches may offer the potential of more reliable expression. Control elements capable of directing expression that is independent of site of insertion of the gene, but dependent on the number of copies of the gene, have been identified for a small number of genes. The availability of such elements for the milk protein genes would increase the reliability of gene expression considerably. Alternatively, targeted mutation of genes may allow the insertion of coding sequences within an existing gene so avoiding position effects.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 866-877 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Transgenic mice ; microinjection ; recombinant DNA ; gene expression ; transcription factors ; chromatin ; homologous recombination ; episomal maintenance ; embryonic stem cells ; germ line ; position-effect ; mosaicism ; globin genes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This chapter is an attempt to summarize some commonly accepted and some more subjective opinions about the regulation of transgene expression in laboratory animals. After a short historical introduction, I present some general notions regarding gene structure/function. The spotlight shifts then to the description of the most popular techniques for gene transfer, including the targeted gene replacement. The different approaches are briefly discussed in terms of intrinsic advantages and limitations regarding gene expression patterns. Furthermore, the role of enhancers, promoters and othercis-acting elements such as silencers and dominant control regions as well as their involvement in the chromatin on-off state are discussed on the basis of a specific example studied in our laboratory. The review concludes by presenting recent results and the new perspectives opening in the field of ‘surrogate’ (also called ‘reversed’) genetics. Some problems which remain to be solved both at the technical as well as at the social-ethical level are also briefly presented.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 308-314 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Schlagwort(e): Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Brassica juncea ; genetic transformation ; gene expression ; transgenic plants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An efficient system for gene transfer into plants of Brassica juncea var. India Mustard, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. was developed through the manipulation of the culture medium and the use of the appropriate Agrobacterium strain. High frequency shoot regeneration (90–100%) was obtained from hypocotyl explants grown on medium containing 0.9% agarose, 3.3 mg/L AgNO3 and 0.5–2 mg/L BA in combination with 0.01–0.05 mg/L 2,4-D or 0.1–1 mg/L NAA. Of all the Agrobacterium strains tested, A. tumefaciens A208-SE, carrying the disarmed Ti plasmid and a binary vector pROA93, was the most effective for B. juncea transformation. pROA93 carries the coding sequences of the NPTII and the GUS genes, both driven by a common CaMV 35S promoter in two divergent directions. Inoculated explants grown on the selection medium in the presence of 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA gave rise to transgenic shoots at the highest frequency (9%). All Ro transgenic plants were phenotypically normal, but variation in expression patterns of the GUS gene occurred among the transgenic plants in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. Both the NPTII and the GUS genes were transmitted to the R1 seed progeny and showed co-segregation.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Trans-kingdom conjugation ; DNA integration ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Escherichia coli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary IncQ-derived conjugative shuttle vectors, which carried the yeast gene URA3 and/or the yeast autonomously replicating sequence (ARS1), were constructed. Both the ars-plus plasmid pAY205 and the ars-less plasmid pAY201 were successfully transmitted from E. coli to S. cerevisiae by the action of mob and tra. In this trans-kingdom conjugation, plasmid pAY205 could replicate and be retained in transconjugants. Plasmid pAY201 caused the formation of “micro-colonies” of abortive transconjugants due to its transient expression and rapid disappearance. Nevertheless, one per about 103 colonies caused by transmitted pAY201 plasmids were uncurable by integration into the homologous region of a yeast chromosome. Analyses by restriction enzyme mapping and Southern hybridization indicate that this integration is primarily caused by a double crossover during conjugation and not by a single reciprocal recombination.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcriptional activator ; Oxidative stress ; Glutathione
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The PAR1/SNQ3 gene of S. cerevisiae, which increases resistance to iron chelators in multi-copy transformants, is identical to the YAP1 gene, a yeast activator protein isolated as a functional homologue of the human c-jun oncogene by binding specifically to the AP-1 consensus box. The observed H2O2-sensitivity of par1 mutants has been attributed to an increased sensitivity to reduced oxygen intermediates. Accordingly, par1 mutants did not survive an elevated oxygen pressure and were very sensitive to menadione and methylviologene, two chemicals enhancing the deleterious effects of oxygen. The specific activities of enzymes involved in oxygen detoxification, such as superoxide dismutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase, were decreased in par1 mutants and increased after PAR1 over-expression. As in the case of oxygen detoxification enzymes, the cellular levels of glutathione were similarly affected. These observations indicate that PAR1/YAP1/SNQ3 is involved in the gene regulation of certain oxygen detoxification enzymes. The finding that H2O2 promotes DNA-binding of human c-jun is consistent with a similar function for PAR1/YAP1/SNQ3 and c-jun in cellular metabolism.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial trp-tRNA synthetase ; Nuclear mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The conditional respiratory-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant pet-ts2281 was complemented by an yeast genomic DNA library. The gene thus isolated was sequenced and proved to be identical to the known MSW1 sequence encoding mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (Myers and Tzagoloff 1985). Compared to the wild-type, the ts2281 mutant allele of MSW1 contained a single T→C transition leading to a Leu→Ser replacement at position 294 of the protein sequence. In addition to this mutational alteration, our sequence data for the wild-type gene differ from the originally published MSW1 sequence at five other DNA positions which affect two locally restricted regions of the polypeptide chain. As expected, at the non-permissive temperature ts2281 cells are specifically defective in mitochondrial trp-tRNA formation and, thus, in overall mitochondrial protein synthesis. In addition, the patterns of cytochrome b mRNA maturation intermediates were distinctly different in ts2281 and wild-type yeast cells. The mutational effect of the observed amino-acid substitution in ts2281 is discussed in terms of weakened hydrogen bonding in the C-terminal half of the MSW1-encoded protein.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Glucoamylase ; Gene cloning ; Hormoconis resinae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cDNA coding for glucoamylase P of Hormoconis resinae was cloned using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe coding for a peptide fragment of the purified enzyme and polyclonal anti-glucoamylase antibodies. Nucleotide-sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1848 base pairs coding for a protein of 616 amino-acid residues. Comparison with other fungal glucoamylase amino-acid sequences showed homologies of 37–48%. The glucoamylase cDNA, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast ADC1 promoter, directed the secretion of active glucoamylase P into the growth medium.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Translational fidelity ; Paromomycin ; Stuttering ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Missense errors in the translation of mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened by looking for charge heterogeneity of proteins on two-dimensional gels resulting from the substitution of charged and neutral amino acids. No such mistranslation was detected in wild-type yeast strains grown in the presence of the translational error-inducing antibiotic paromomycin. However, paromomycin-induced mistranslation of a heterologous mRNA, encoding human phosphoglycerate kinase expressed in yeast, was seen. We suggest that the combination of error-prone translation of a heterologous mRNA, and growth in the presence of paromomycin, leads to an accumulation of mistranslated proteins that can be detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dynamin ; Mitochondria ; GTP binding protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The isolation and characterization of MGM1, and yeast gene with homology to members of the dynamin gene family, is described. The MGM1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XV between STE4 and PTP2. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 902 residues capable of encoding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 101 kDa. Loss of MGM1 resulted in slow growth on rich medium, failure to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, and loss of mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria also appeared abnormal when visualized with an antibody to a mitochondrial-matrix marker. MGM1 encodes a dynamin-like protein involved in the propagation of functional mitochondria in yeast.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): ABC superfamily ; Multidrug resistance ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; YDR1 gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A multidrug resistance gene, YDR1, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes a 170-kDa protein of a member of the ABC superfamily, was identified. Disruption of YDR1 resulted in hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, cerulenin, compactin, staurosporine and fluphenazine, indicating that YDR1 is an important determinant of cross resistance to apparently-unrelated drugs. The Ydr1 protein bears the highest similarity to the S. cerevisiae Snq2 protein required for resistance to the mutagen 4-NQO. The drug-specificity analysis of YDR1 and SNQ2 by gene disruption, and its phenotypic suppression by the overexpressed genes, revealed overlapping, yet distinct, specificities. YDR1 was responsible for cycloheximide, cerulenin and compactin resistance, whereas, SNQ2 was responsible for 4-NQO resistance. The two genes had overlapping specificities toward staurosporine and fluphenazine. The transcription of YDR1 and SNQ2 was induced by various drugs, both relevant and irrelevant to the resistance caused by the gene, suggesting that drug specificity can be mainly attributed to the functional difference of the putative transporters. The transcription of these genes was also increased by heat shock. The yeast drug-resistance system provides a novel model for mammalian multidrug resistance.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Glycolysis ; Repetitive elements τ/δ ; Promoter ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In this study we report on the complete nucleotide sequence of the yeast phosphoglycerate mutase gene (GPM1) and its essential 5′ and 3′ non-coding regions. The transcriptional start points were determined by S1-mapping and sequencing of a cDNA clone. Several sequences identified as important for transcriptional regulation in yeast promoters are present upstream of the transcription start point. 3′ to the coding region we sequenced a composite repetitive element which, apparently, originated from a recombination between a delta-and a tau-element. Finally, we mapped the GPM1 gene 13 cM distal to fas1 on chomosome XI.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Growth control ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular cloning ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interaction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Viability of petites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the cell viability of mitochondrial petite mutants, for the ability to utilize glycerol and ethanol on synthetic medium, and for cell growth at higher temperatures. By tetrad analysis the gene was assigned to chromosome III, centromere proximal of LEU2. The PEL1 gene has been isolated and cloned by the complementation of a pel1 mutation. The molecular analysis of the chromosomal insert carrying PEL1 revealed that this gene corresponds to the YCL4W open reading frame on the complete DNA sequence of chromosome III. The putative Pel1 protein is characterized by a low molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa, a low codon adaptation index, and a high leucine content.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Papaver somniferum L. ; ARS ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The minimal fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Papaver somniferum L. (poppy) able to promote autonomous plasmid replication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced. Sequence analysis of the 917-bp MK4/8 DNA fragment revealed a high AT content, and the presence of two 12-bp sequences differing from the ARS core consensus of S. cerevisiae only by a T and C insertion, respectively. The mitochondrial insert contains a further six 11-bp sequences with one mismatch to the S. cerevisiae core consensus, more then 20 related sequences with two base pair exchanges, numerous direct and inverted repeats, and many copies of a sequence motif called the ARS box. The original 4.2-kb mitochondrial DNA fragment, as well as the minimal 917-bp subfragment in vector pFL1-E (a variant of YIP5, lacking an origin of replication in yeast), were then tested for their ability to replicate autonomously in another fungus, Kluyveromyces lactis.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sequencing ; Suppressor ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The activity of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae can be impaired either by the ogd1 or the kgd1 mutation. The OGD1 gene and two suppressor genes were isolated by complementation of the ogd1 mutant. The complementation of the kdg1 mutant by the OGD1 gene, an allelism test, and meiotic mapping, revealed that the ogd1 and kgd1 mutations are allelic. The two mutations were differentiated by the cloned suppressor gene which was able to partially complement ogd1, but not kgd1. The molecular analysis of the suppressor gene revealed its identity with the natural tRNA CAG Gln gene found in the upstream region of URA10.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutant ; PGK overexpression ; In vivo misreading
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The hts1.1 temperature-sensitive histidinyl-tRNA synthetase mutation enables Saccharomyces cerevisiae to be starved for His-tRNAHis by upshift to the non-permissive temperature of 38°C. If yeast behaves similarly to bacterial and mammalian cells, this lack of His-tRNAHis should greatly enhance misreading at histidine codons (CAU/CAC) by Gln-tRNAGln, resulting in substitution of the neutral amino acid glutamine in place of histidine, a basic amino acid. Such misreading causes the isoelectric point (pI) of proteins to shift to lower values, and is readily detectable as “stuttering” on two-dimensional (2D) protein gels. By gel analysis of pulse-labelled proteins of hts1.1 yeast cells that were overexpressing phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), our study sought to detect this specific translational error in PGK protein. It was not detected by this relatively sensitive technique, indicating that missense errors due to glutamine insertion at histidine codons do not occur in yeast at the readily-detectable level found in bacterial and mammalian cells.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation mutants ; Reporter genes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Reporter genes consisting of sporulation-specific promoters fused to lacZ were used as markers to monitor the sporulation pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains transformed with these lacZ gene fusions expressed β-galactosidase (assayable on plates using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, X-gal) in a sporulation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis experiments performed on transformed strains resulted in the recovery of a number of novel sporulation mutants. Three classes of mutants were obtained: those which overexpressed the reporter gene under sporulation conditions, those which did not express the gene under any conditions, and those which expressed the gene in vegetative cells not undergoing sporulation. On the basis of the blue colony-colour produced in the presence of X-gal these have been described as superblue, white, and blue vegetative mutants, respectively. These were further characterised using earlier reporter genes and other marker systems. This study established that the multicopy reporter plasmids chosen do not interfere with sporulation; they are valid tools for monitoring the pathway and they provide a way to isolate mutations not readily selected by other markers.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Chromosome fragmentation ; MEL gene family ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nine members, MEL2–MEL10, of the MEL gene family coding for α-galactosidase were physically mapped to the ends of the chromosomes by chromosome fragmentation. Genetic mapping of the genes supported the location of all the MEL genes in the left arm of their resident chromosomes.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have compared a number of procedures for the transformation of whole cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed the effects of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, both of which have been reported to enhance transformation efficiency. We find that simplified methods benefit from the addition of one of these compounds, and although differences are observed between strains as to the more beneficial reagent, peak transformation efficiency is, in general obtained with 10% DMSO or 10% EtOH. Increases of between six- and 50-fold are observed, despite a reduction in cell viability, and at this concentration the two compounds are not additive in their effects. The optimum level appears to depend on a balance between improved DNA uptake and reduced cell viability. As a result of this work we present a straightforward and rapid transformation procedure.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Psoralen ; DNA repair mutants ; Gene conversion ; Recombination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of the DNA repair genePSO3 on photoactivated psoralen-induced meiotic recombination, gene conversion, reverse mutation, and on survival, was assayed in diploid strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous for the wild-type or thepso3-1 mutant allele. Sporulation was normal in thepso3-1 diploid. Wild-type and mutant strains had the same sensitivity to photoactivated monofunctional psoralen (3-CPs+UVA) in meiosis-uncommitted and meiosis-committed stages. The mutant showed higher sensitivity to photoactivated bifunctional psoralen (8-MOP+UVA) during all stages of the meiotic cycle. Mutation induction by 3-CPs+UVA or 8-MOP+UVA in meiosis-committed cells revealed no significant differences between wild-type and thepso3-1 mutant. The status of thePSO3 gene has no influence on the kinetics of induction of gene conversion and crossing-over after 3-CPs+UVA treatment in meiosis-committed cells: gene conversion was blocked while recombination was induced. After treatment with 8-MOP+UVA gene conversion was also blocked in both strains while crossing-over could only be observed in meiosis-committed wild-type cells.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 180-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; In-vivo cloning ; Non-replicative vectors ; Homologous recombination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have devised a new strategy to clone DNA sequences from an yeast autonomously-propagating plasmid into a non-autonomous integrative vector by in-vivo recombination. The method consists of a first step in which the replicative plasmid carrying the DNA fragment of interest forms a co-integrate with the non-replicative plasmid by an induced in-vivo reciprocal exchange accompanied by gene conversion. The dimeric plasmid obtained is then purified and cut with an appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated independently to obtain the two intact monomeric plasmids, the original autonomous plasmid plus the new non-autonomous plasmid carrying the subcloned DNA fragment. The dimeric co-integrate can also serve as substrate for a second in-vivo reciprocal exchange that produces new autonomous plasmids carrying the desired DNA fragment. The technique considerably expands the applications of in-vivo cloning in yeast by complementing three important characteristics of previously published methods: (1) it can be used to clone into non-propagating vectors; (2) co-transformation experiments are not required; and (3) the intermediate co-integrate can be used to generate new types of autonomously-propagating plasmids directly. These characteristics are independent of whether the DNA insert is flanked by appropriate restriction sites or whether it does, or does not, express a detectable phenotype in yeast. The method is particularly useful for the cloning of large DNA fragments and can be used for plasmids from organisms other than yeasts.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): 1,3-β-glucanase genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosomal mapping ; Genetic mapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The map position of three 1,3-β-glucanase-encoding genes in S. cerevisiae has been determined following conventional meiotic and mitotic mapping combined with recombinant DNA techniques. EXG1, EXG2 and SSG1 were localized to chromosomes XII, IV and XV, respectively, by hybridizing the cloned genes to Southern blots of chromosomes sepaated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, in conjunction with the rad52-1-dependent chromosome-loss mapping technique. Meiotic tetrad analyses further localized the EXG1 gene 6.1 centimorgans centromere-proximal to CDC25 on the right arm of chromosome XII. EXG2 was positioned between LYS4 and GCN2 on the right arm of chromosome IV, at distances of 6.2 centimorgans from LYS4 and 4.9 centimorgans from GCN2. Finally, the SSG1 locus mapped on the right arm of chromosome XV, about 8.2 centimorgans to the centromere-proximal side of HIS3.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Hydrostatic pressure ; Tetraploidy ; Homozygous diploid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Hydrostatic pressure and a dye plate method were used to investigate the direct induction of tetraploids or homozygous diploids from the industrial diploid or haploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Above 200 MPa, hydrostatic pressure greatly inactivated the strains HF399s1 (α haploid), P-540 (a/α diploid), and P-544 (a/α diploid). At the same time, when pressure-treated cells of these strains were spread on a dye plate, some of the visible colonies were stained red/blue or dark blue (variant colonies); the rest stained violet, similar to colonies originating from diploid cells or haploid cells that were not pressure-treated. In addition, above 100 MPa, the formation of variant colonies increased with increasing pressure, and maximized (1x10-1) at 200 and 250 MPa, respectively. The size of almost all variant cells from P-544, P-540, and HF399s1 was visibly increased compared with that of untreated cells and the measured cellular DNA content of P-540 and HF399s1 was double that of untreated cells. Furthermore, based on random spore analysis and mass-matings, induced variants in the diploid strains were found to be tetraploid with an a/a/α/α genotype at the mating-type locus or, in the haploid strains, homozygous diploid with an α/α genotype. From these results we conclude that pressure treatment in combination with a dye plate is a useful method for strain improvement by direct induction of tetraploids or homozygous diploids from industrial strains whether diploid or haploids.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Cytochrome c 1 ; Cytochrome c 1 heme lyase ; GRF2p ; Glucose repression ; HAPp ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we examine the expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYT2 gene, which encodes cytochrome c 1 heme lyase. This enzyme is required for covalent attachment of heme to apocytochrome c 1, a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Transcription of the 1-kb CYT2 mRNA initiates at four prominent sites at a distance of 52–225 bp in front of the AUG start codon. The level of CYT2 mRNA is not influenced by the presence or absence of oxygen or of heme, but it is subject to carbonsource control. The concentration of the CYT2 mRNA is significantly reduced in glucose-grown cells as compared to cells grown under non-repressing conditions. Neither the HAPp activator proteins nor MIG1p, a repressor protein involved in glucose repression, seem to mediate this effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; recA gene expression ; UV radiation ; Mitotic gene conversion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of the Escherichia coli RecA protein on mitotic recombination in the diploid D7 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae damaged by UV radiation was investigated. The D7 strain was transformed by two modified versions of the pNF2 plasmid: one, containing the ADH-1 promoter, and the other containing the recA gene tandemly arranged behind the ADH-1 promoter region. Immunological analysis proved the presence of the 38-kDa RecA protein in D7/pNF2ADHrecA transformants. We observed a positive effect of recA gene expression on mitotic gene conversion, mainly at higher doses of UV radiation. The results indicate that a RecA-like activity could participate in steps preceeding mitotic conversion events in yeast.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Cell-division cycle ; Mitochondrial genome ; Nuclear mutation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In former studies it was found that the ERV1 gene is essential for cell viability and for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria. A temperature-sensitive nuclear mutant exhibits a severe reduction in all the mitochondrial transcripts. Elimination of the gene leads to growth arrest after a few cell divisions. The putative gene product bears the characteristics of a regulatory factor since it has low expression rate and a high content of charged amino acids. In this study it is further verified that the ERV1 gene alone is responsible for the observed cellular and mitochondrial defects. The 5′ region of the gene is analysed by DNA deletions and complementation studies. Expression of the gene under the control of the GAL1-10 promoter in a disruption strain of ERV1 allows a more detailed specification of its influence on mitochondrial and cellular functions. Immediate and complete loss of mitochondrial genomes is observed after the promoter has been shut off, whereas the yeast cells are still able to grow for a limited time under these conditions. Analysis of the cells by in-vivo DNA flurorescence demonstrates a specific arrest in the cell-division cycle as the terminal phenotype. To further characterize the temperature-sensitive allele of ERV1 the mutated gene has been isolated and sequenced. A single point mutation which leads to the exchange of a single amino acid is found in the reading frame.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear gene ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial ribosomal protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The nuclear gene MRP-L13 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for the mitochondrial ribosomal protein YmL13, has been cloned and characterized. It is a single-copy gene residing on chromosome XI. Its nucleotide sequence was found to be identical to that of the previously reported ORF YK105. A comparison of the predicted protein sequence of the MRP-L13 gene product and the actual N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the isolated YmL13 protein indicated that the mature protein is preceded by a mitochondrial signal peptide of 86 amino-acid residues, which is the longest among all known mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of S. cerevisiae. No sequence similarity was found to any other ribosomal protein in the current databases. The transcription of MRP-L13 was found to be repressed in the presence of glucose. Its protein product is not strictly essential for mitochondrial functions, but disruption of the gene by insertion of LEU2 noticeably affected cellular growth on non-fermentable carbon sources.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Antifungal activity ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phytopathogenic fungi ; Heterocyclic non-protein amino acid ; Pisum sativum ; Constitutive plant defence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary β-(Isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine (βIA), a heterocyclic non-protein amino acid from root extracts and root exudates of pea seedlings, acts as a potent growth inhibitor of several eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts, phytopathogenic fungi, unicellular green algae, and higher plants. The antibiotic effect on baker's yeast was reversed by l-methionine, l-cysteine, and l-homocysteine. Phytopathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani grown on agar containing βIA were inhibited in the growth of mycelia or in the production of sclerotia. In contrast, no significant inhibition of either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria was observed. Rhizobium leguminosarum, the compatible microsymbiont of Pisum spp., and Rhizobium meliloti were able to tolerate up to 2.9 mM βIA (500 ppm) without any effect on the growth rate. Bradyrhizobium japonicum even gave a positive chemotactic response to βIA. The ecological significance of βIA as a preformed plant protectant during the seedling stage of Pisum spp. and other βIA-containing legumes is discussed.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Sulphite-resistant mutants ; Sulphite uptake ; Acetaldehyde accumulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Growth inhibition and cell killing caused by sulphite were reduced in seven Saccharomyces cerevisiae sulphite-resistant independent mutants, compared to their parental strains. Genetic analysis showed that in the seven mutants resistance was inherited as a single-gene dominant mutation and that all the analyzed mutations were allelic, thus identifying a major gene responsible for sulphite resistance in S. cerevisiae. Two of the mutants, MBS20-9 and MBS30, were further characterized. 35S-sulphite uptake experiments showed that the ability to accumulate sulphite was markedly reduced in the two resistant strains. No difference between resistant and sensitive strains with respect to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase sensitivity to sulphite, or to intracellular glutathione content, were revealed. In contrast, the extracellular acetaldehyde concentration was higher in the resistant mutants, both in the presence and in the absence of sulphite.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Stationary phase ; mtDNA ; Storage carbohydrate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Double-mutant cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the gcs1-1 and sed1-1 mutations are conditionally defective (cold-sensitive) only for reentry into the mitotic cycle from stationary phase. If already proliferating at the permissive temperature (29°C), these reentry-mutant cells continue to proliferate when transferred to the restrictive temperature of 14°C, but under these conditions reentry-mutant cells lose mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In addition, upon exhaustion of the nutrient supply at 14°C, these reentry-mutant cells entered stationary phase at a decreased cell concentration and did not accumulate the reserve carbohydrates trehalose and glycogen. Both of these deficiencies were due to the loss of mtDNA, as shown by the responses of wild-type cells also lacking mtDNA. Mitochondrial status did not affect other aspects of the reentry-mutant phenotype. Although mitochondrial activity and the accumulation of carbohydrate reserves are typical features of cells in stationary phase, the reentry-mutant phenotype reveals that neither entry into nor exit from stationary phase need involve mitochondrial function.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored-protein ; Southern analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The GGP1 gene encodes the only GPI-anchored glycoprotein (gp115) that has been purified todate in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a single-copy gene whose deduced amino-acid sequence shares no significant homology to any other known protein. In this paper we report a Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from different eukaryotic organisms to identify homologues of the GGP1 gene. We have analyzed DNA prepared from a unicellular green alga (Chlamydomonas eugametos), from two distantly related yeast species (Candida cylindracea and Schizosaccharomyces pombe), and from the common bean Phasoleus vulgaris. The moderate stringency of the experimental conditions and the high specificity of the probes used indicate that a single-copy of GGP1-related sequences exists in all these eukaryotic organisms. The chromosomal localization of the GGP1 gene in S. cerevisiae has also been determined.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 92-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Gene mapping ; Idiomorphism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The STA2 (glucoamylase) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been mapped close to the end of the left arm of chromosome II. Meiotic analysis of a cross between a haploid strain containing STA2, and another strain carrying the melibiase gene MEL1 (which is known to be at the end of the left arm of chromosome II) produced parental ditype tetrads only. Since there is no significant DNA sequence similarity between the STA2 and MEL1 genes, or their respective flanking regions, we conclude that these two genes are carried by separate non-hybridizing sequences of chromosomal DNA, either of which can reside at the end of the left arm of chromosome II. By analogy with the mating-type locus of Neurospora crassa, we suggest that the STA2 and MEL1 genes are idiomorphs with respect to one another.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phospholipid synthesis ; Phospholipid-N-methyltransferase ; Mutant ; Over-expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract By functional complementation of the auxotrophic requirements for choline of a cdg1, cho2 double-mutant, by transformation with a genomic DNA library in a high copy number plasmid, two different types of complementing DNA inserts were identified. One type of insert was earlier shown to represent the CHO2 structural gene. In this report we describe the molecular and biochemical characterization of the second type of complementing activity. The transcript encoded by the cloned gene was about 1000-nt in length and was regulated in response to the soluble phospholipid precursors, inositol and choline. A gene disruption resulted in no obvious growth phenotype at 23°C or 30°C, but in a lack of growth at 37°C in the presence of monomethylethanolamine. Null-mutants exhibited an inositol-secretion phenotype, indicative of mutations in the lipid biosynthetic pathway. Complementation analysis, biochemical analysis of the phospholipid methylation pathway in vivo, and comparison of the restriction pattern of the cloned gene to published sequences, unequivocally identified the cloned gene as the OPI3 gene, encoding phospholipid-N-methyltransferase in yeast. When present in multiple copies the OPI3 gene efficiently suppresses the phospholipid methylation defect of a cho2 mutation. As a result of impaired synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the INO1-deregulation phenotype is abolished in cho2 mutants transformed with the OPI3 gene on a high copy number plasmid. Taken together, these data demonstrate a significantly overlapping specificity of the OPI3 gene product for three sequential phospholipid methylation reactions in the de novo Ptd-Cho biosynthetic pathway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; c-myc epitope ; Fusion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In order to facilitate the process of epitope-tagging of yeast proteins, we have constructed two Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors that allow fusion of a sequence encoding an epitope of the human c-myc protein at the 3′ end of any gene. An example of the use of this technique is presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Meiosis ; Meiotic recombination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; REC114
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Four new meiotic recombination genes were previously isolated by selecting for mutations that rescue the meiotic lethality of rad52 spo13 strains. One of these genes, REC114, is described here, and the data confirm that REC114 is a meiosis-specific recombination gene with no detectable function in mitosis. REC114 is located on chromosome XIII approximately 4,9 cM from CIN4. The nucleotide sequence reveals an open reading frame of 1262 bp, consensus intron splice sites close to the 3′ end, and indicates that the second exon codes for only seven amino acids. In the promoter region, a URS1 consensus sequence (TGGGCGGCTA), identical to the URS1 found in the promoter of SPO16, is present 93 bp upstream of the translation start site. Northern-blot hybridization demonstrates that REC114 is transcribed only during meiosis and that it is not expressed in the absence of the IME1 gene product, even when IME2 is constitutively expressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Trehalase ; Trehalose-6-P synthase ; cAMP mutants ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The rise in cAMP level that follows the addition of glucose or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to stationaryphase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was accompanied by a marked activation of trehalase (3-fold increase) and a concomitant deactivation of trehalose-6 phosphate synthase (50% of the basal levels). In glucose-grown exponential cells, which are deficient in glucose-induced cAMP signalling, the addition of glucose also prompted a decrease in trehalose-6 phosphate synthase, but had no effect on trehalase activity. Mutants defective in the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway (ras1 ras2 bcy1 strain), as well as mutants containing greatly reduced protein kinase activity either cAMP-dependent (tpk w1 BCY1 strains) or cAMP-independent (tpk1 w1 bcy1 strains), were unable to show glucose- or DNP-induced trehalase activation but still displayed a clear decrease in trehalose-6 phosphate synthase activity upon addition of these compounds. These data suggest that the activity of trehalose-6 phosphate synthase, as opposed to that of trehalase, is not controlled by the cAMP signalling pathway “in vivo”. Trehalose-6 phosphate synthase was competitively inhibited by glucose (Ki=15 mM) and resulted unaffected by ATP in assays performed “in vitro”.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Isocitrate lyase ; Gene regulation ; Ethanol induction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The ICL1 gene encoding the isocitrate lyase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned and sequenced. A reading frame of 557 amino acids showing significant similarity to isocitrate lyases from seven other species could be identified. Construction of icl1 null mutants led to growth defects on C2 carbon sources while utilization of sugars or C3 substrates remained unaffected. Using an ICL1-lacZ fusion integrated at the ICL1 locus, a more than 200-fold induction of β-galactosidase activity was observed after growth on ethanol when compared with glucose-repressed conditions. A preliminary analysis of the ICL1 upstream region identified a 364-bp fragment necessary and sufficient for this regulatory phenotype. Sequence motifs also present in the upstream regions of co-regulated genes were found within this region.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 392-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Gene amplification ; ADH4 ; CUP1
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Primary gene amplification, i.e., mutation from one gene copy to multiple gene copies per genome, is important in genomic evolution, as a means of producing anti-cancer drug resistance, and is associated with the progression of tumor malignancy. Primary amplification has not been studied in normal eukaryotic cells because amplifications are extremely rare in these cells. A system has been developed to phenotypically identify co-amplifications of the ADH4 and CUP1 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 21 independent spontaneous amplifications have been isolated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 414-422 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Donation ; Gene conversion ; Double-strand break repair ; Heteroduplex DNA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have used transformation of yeast with lincarized plasmids to study the transfer of information to the unbroken chromosome during double-strand break repair. Using a strain which carried the wild-type HIS3 allele, and a linearized plasmid which carried a mutant his3 allele, we have obtained His- transformants. In these, double-strand break repair has resulted in precise transfer of genetic information from the plasmid to the chromosome. Such repair events, we suggest, are gene conversions which entail the formation of heteroduplex DNA on the (unbroken) chromosome. If this suggestion is correct, our results reflect the spatial distribution of such heteroduplex DNA. Transfer of information from the plasmid to the chromosome was obtained at a maximal frequency of 1.5% of the repair events, and showed a dependence with distance. Transformation to His- was also obtained with a 2-kbp insertion and with a deletion of 200 bp. The latter results suggest that gene conversion of large heterologies can occur via repair of a heteroduplex DNA intermediate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Transcription ; DNA replication
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In eukaryotic organisms, genes involved in DNA replication are often subject to some form of cell cycle control. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most of the DNA replication genes that have been characterized to date are regulated at the transcriptional level during G1 to S phase transition. A cis-acting element termed the MluI cell cycle box (or MCB) conveys this pattern of regulation and is common among more than 20 genes involved in DNA synthesis and repair. Recent findings indicate that the MCB element is well conserved among fungi and may play a role in controlling entry into the cell division cycle. It is evident from studies in higher systems, however, that transcriptional regulation is not the only form of control that governs the cell-cycle-dependent expression of DNA replication genes. Moreover, it is unclear why this general pattern of regulation exists for so many of these genes in various eukaryotic systems. This review summarizes recent studies of the MCB element in yeast and briefly discusses the purpose of regulating DNA replication genes in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Bakers' and lager yeast ; Chromosomal and 2 μm DNA polymorphism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Seven strains of bakers' yeast were obtained as a representative sample of the Spanish baking industry. The nuclear genome was monitored for polymorphism by transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE) and restriction maps of 2 μm DNA were produced. All seven strains were uniquely different when evaluated by their total chromosomal lengths whereas only two 2 μm variants were defined. There was no apparent correlation between chromosomal and plasmid polymorphism. The extensive chromosomal polymorphism within one 2 μm DNA type indicates the rapid and relatively recent evolution of the nuclear genome. The hybrid origin (S. cerevisiae-S.monacensis) of lager yeast was critically evaluated by TAFE analysis of S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis chromosomes. The absence of corresponding S. cerevisiae chromosomes III and XIII in S. carlsbergensis argued against the hybrid origin of lager strains. We discuss limitations of the hybrid origin hypothesis of industrial yeasts and propose that the molecular coevolution observed in 2 μm DNA serves as a useful additional mechanism for rationalization of some of the structural polymorphism of the nuclear genome.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 437-439 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; β-glucuronidase ; Colony colour assay ; Fluorometric assay
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Expression of the β-galactosidase gene in yeast has served as a screening marker for many purposes. Here it is shown that in two yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene can be used as an alternative marker. Since the histochemical substrate can not be taken up by yeast cells, direct colony screening of plates was found to be impossible. However, by a replica plating technique, GUS expression became visibly detectable within 10 min when the GUS gene was strongly expressed. The staining method could still be performed for expression at a 100-fold lower level, but incubation times of several hours were needed. Furthermore, specific GUS expression levels of yeast protein extracts could be quantified by a fluorometric assay which is both very simple to perform and highly sensitive. Since the GUS gene can also tolerate large N-terminal fusions, this method should be particularly attractive for studying such diverse problems as transcriptional and translational regulation or subcellular localization in yeast.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pentose-phosphate pathway ; Transketolase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Deletion mutants for the yeast transketolase gene TKL1 were constructed by gene replacement. Transketolase activity was below the level of detection in mutant crude extracts. Transketolase protein could be detected as a single protein band of the expected size by Western-blot analysis in wild-type strains but not in the delection mutant. Deletion of TKL1 led to a reduced but distinct growth in synthetic medium without an aromatic amino-acid supplement. We also isolated double and triple mutants for transketolase (tkl1), transaldolase (tal1), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf1) by crossing the different mutants. A tal1 tkl1 double mutant grew nearly like wild-type in rich medium. Only the tkl1 zwf1 double and the tal1 tkl1 zwf1 triple mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type in rich medium. This growth defect could be partly alleviated by the addition of xylulose but not ribose. The triple mutant still grew slowly on a synthetic mineral salts medium without a supplement of aromatic amino acids. This suggests the existence of an alternative but limited source of pentose phosphates and erythrose 4-phosphate in the tkl1 zwf1 double mutants. Hybridization with low stringency showed the existence of a sequence with homology to transketolase, possibly a second gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Mismatch correction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Excision repair ; DNA methylation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The efficiency and direction of mismatch correction in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUP4-o gene were not altered by an excision-repair defect (rad1). Although excision-repair functions remove methylated adenine from yeast, adenine methylation at a GATC sequence in SUP4-o did not direct the correction of mismatches via excision repair.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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