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  • Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry  (423)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (423)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2020-2024
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (423)
  • 1935-1939
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (423)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible role of teratocytes of the gregarious parasitoid, Cotesia ( = Apanteles) glomerata in the suppression of phenoloxidase activity in the larval host, Pieris rapae crucivora (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hemolymph phenoloxidase activity ; encapsulation-inhibiting factor(s) ; Braconidae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of theories have been proposed concerning the means of avoiding host's encapsulation by parasitoid larvae. Our available data, however, are still not sufficient to explain the encapsulation-inhibiting effects of the gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia ( = Apanteles) glomerata on its larval host, Pieris rapae crucivora. This study was prompted initially by the observation that the hemolymph obtained from parasitized fifth instar larvae failed to melanize. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph of parasitized and nonparasitized Pieris larvae was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the degree of dopachrome formation in diluted hemolymph with Ca2+-free saline. PO activity was inhibited in host hemolymph containing young-phase teratocytes, 1.5-day-old cells 40-45 μm in diameter, but not in that containing old-phase teratocytes, 7-day-old cells 90-100 μm in diameter. Similar results with young-phase teratocytes were obtained in vitro. Our data suggest that young teratocytes may suppress PO activity in the host hemolymph and interfere with encapsulation of C. glomerata larvae by the host. However, the mechanism of PO suppression remains to be determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130305
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serosal cells of Biosteres longicaudatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Ultrastructure and release of polypeptides (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 199-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: teratocytes ; extra-embryonic membrane ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; parasitism-specific protein ; parasite proteins ; fruit fly proteins ; hemolymph proteins ; Diptera proteins ; Hymenoptera proteins ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As a prelude to a study in vitro of the function of the embryonic serosa of the parasitic wasp Biosteres longicaudatus (Braconidae), the ultrastructure of serosas of different ages reared in vivo and in vitro were compared. The evidence suggests that the serosal capsule consists of one to three cell layers. The innermost (internal cells) which line the serosal capsule and the outermost (external) cells which are bathed by the host's hemolymph are secretory. Large, coated vesicles in the internal cells increase in number and size with age and, likely, take up and transport molecules into the serosa. Multivesicular bodies, Known for their enzyme-degradative function, occur in external cells and are eventually extruded into the surrounding environment. Distinctive electrondense, rod-shaped particles appear in external cells within 8 h after larvae hatch, increase in number with larval age, and occur at the bases of microvilli. The latter appear electron dense with age and eventually they and the lobulated microvilli in internal cells fragment into the surrounding environment. To determine whether parasites and/or their serosas release substances into the host Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae), hemolymph from unparasitized and superparasitized (〉 1 parasite/host) pharate pupae was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Serosas and/or parasite larvae were incubated in artificial media and each of these was subjected to SDS-PAGE. A polypeptide, approximately 24 kilodaltons (Kd) occurred in the hemolymph of 24-h-old superparasitized pharate pupal hosts but not in the control. A similar polypeptide was observed in medium cultured with parasite larva and serosa as well as serosa alone, but was not in their respective control media. This approximately 24-Kd band in SDS-PAGE gels corresponds to a band in the serosa homogenate and may be identical to it. Serosas and parasite larvae in vivo and in vitro have similar protein profiles. Based upon these ultrastructural and electrophoretic studies, it appears that the serosa of B. longicaudatus has a synthetic function, as has been reported for the extra-embryonic membrane of other parasitic Hymenoptera. It may sequester and degrade molecules from the host hemolymph and likely release newly synthesized as well as degraded products into the host.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130307
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eretmocerus penetration and immature development: A novel approach to overcome host immunity (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: whiteflies ; parasitoid penetration ; endoparasitoids ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mode of penetration of parasitoids belonging to the genus Eretmocerus into whitefly larvae and their immature development were examined. Examination included scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy of stained and unstained whole mounts and sections.The Eretmocerus larva pierces the venter of its host shortly after hatching, and subsequently enters the host through the same hole. The host reacts by forming a cellular capsule around the Eretmocerus larva. This capsule is incomplete, with an opening in its ventral side opposite the penetration hole. The capsule remains intact during most of the second instar of the parasitoid. It then disintegrates, but its remnants are still visible around the third instar. Whenever two Eretmocerus larvae penetrate, they are surrounded by two capsules. The capsule does not prevent parasitoid development, but it apparently precludes contact of cellular elements of the host's blood with the developing parasitoid larva.Adaptive features of Eretmocerus larval biology include the early contact with the host's internal medium that permits host regulation; and the delay of contact with the host's blood cells that may preclude the need to confront host immunological systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130311
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of the mitochondrial genome of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: mtDNA ; DNA sequence ; mosquitoes ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The entire 15 kilobase (kb) Anopheles quadrimaculatus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was cloned as three EcoRI fragments in a bacteriophage vector and then subcloned into plasmid vectors. The cloned DNA was physically mapped with restriction endonucleases, and the maps were compared to the restriction patterns of native A. quadrimaculatus mtDNA. Several genes were mapped by sequencing the ends of A. quadrimaculatus mtDNA subclones and by hybridization with the previously characterized Aedes albopictus mtDNA clones. These portions of the genetic map were identical in gene order to those of Drosophila yakuba. The predicted amino acid sequence of the protein coding regions that were sequenced were between 72% and 98% homologous to D. yakuba. The cloned mtDNA will be useful as a probe for population genetic analysis of mosquitoes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of teratocyte functions: An overview (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: parasitoid-host interactions ; in vitro techniques ; serosa ; polar bodies ; trophamnion ; Braconidae ; Trichogrammatidae ; Scelionidae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Teratocytes, derived from extra-embryonic tissues of parasitic Braconidae, Trichogrammatidae, and Scelionidae, play several important roles in the parasitoid-host interaction. It is clear from the literature that the specific role (s) vary among species. Only recently have the biochemical and endocrinological roles of these cells been considered. This overview examines the recent literature on teratocytes and stresses the importance of in vitro procedures to elucidate the functional roles (trophic, immunosuppression, secretory) of teratocytes in the parasitoid-host relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and functional maturation of teratocytes of Apanteles kariyai (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: braconid parasitoid ; phenoloxidase ; calyx fluid ; venom ; encapsulation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eggs and larvae of Apanteles kariyai avoid the host defense reactions of Pseudaletia separata due to the action of calyx and venom fluids injected by females during oviposition and the teratocytes originated from the embryonic serosal cells 3.5 day postoviposition. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity in host larvae was unaffected during early stages of parasitization (4-6 days postoviposition), relative to unparasitized larvae, but was greatly reduced to 25% during the late stage of parasitization (days 7-10). Hemolymph PO activity was not affected, in vitro, by calyx and venom fluids but was reduced in the presence of teratocytes. An apparent PO inhibitor was detected in older teratocyte cells. First instar parasitoid larvae implanted into unparasitized hosts, following transfer of either young teratocytes (4 day postoviposition) or old teratocytes (8 day post-oviposition) with calyx and venom fluids resulted in avoidance of encapsulation only when calyx and venom fluids with young (4 day) teratocytes were injected. These results indicated that during early parasitization of the host, teratocytes just released from the embryonic serosal cells (4 day) function in conjunction with calyx and venom fluids injected into the host with the parasitoid egg to prevent its encapsulation by host hemocytes. During late parasitization, the older teratocytes (8 day) may also function in preventing host encapsulation by producing an PO inhibitor suppresses host hemolymph PO activity at the time of parasitoid egression.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental expression, synthesis, and secretion of insecticyanin by the epidermis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 171-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Insecticyanin was found to be synthesized in several isoelectric forms and stored in the pigment granules in the epidermis. Both major epidermal forms (INS-a, pl 5.5; INS-b, pl 5.7) were found in the cuticle, but only the most basic form, INS-b, was present in the hemolymph. In vitro the epidermis synthesized and secreted both forms into both the cuticle and the medium. Isolation of two cDNA clones for insecticyanin followed by hybridization to epidermal mRNA showed the presence of only one 1.1 kb mRNA, but transcription of the longer cDNA yielded a RNA which produced INS-a but no INS-b. Insecticyanin mRNA was present during the intermolt feeding stages of the 4th and 5th instars and absent during the larval molt and after the onset of metamorphosis. Exposure of either day 2 4th-instar or day 1 5th-instar larval epidermis to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) in vitro caused a dose-dependent decline in this mRNA that was not prevented by simultaneous exposure to JH. When synthesis resumes just before ecdysis, INS-b appears before INS-a; then on the final day of feeding, synthesis of INS-a ceases before that of INS-b.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140305
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  • 8
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    Endocrine interrelationship between the parasitoid Chelonus sp. and its host Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 201-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: ecdysteroids ; juvenile hormones ; parasitism ; Chelonus ; Trichoplusia ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus sp. induces the precocious onset of metamorphosis in the 4th (penultimate) stadium of its host Trichoplusia ni, emerges from the prepupa, and then feeds on it. Qualitative and quantitative changes in ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone were measured. Hemolymph of 3rd-to 4th-instar host larvae and the parasitoids they contained, as well as nonparasitized and parasitized eggs, were analyzed. In the host hemolymph a broad peak of ecdysteroids during molting into the 4th stadium and a continuous increase from day 2 (onset of precocious wandering) until day 4 (emergence of parasitoid) were observed; 20-hydroxyecdysone and 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone were predominant. The juvenile hormone titer fluctuated in the 3rd and early 4th stadium and fell to undetectable levels shortly before the precocious onset of wandering. The parasitoid's ecdysteroids started to increase on the molt to the 2nd instar ( = early 4th instar of the host) and thereafter fluctuated on a high level, 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20,26-dihydroxy-ecdysone, and ecdysone being predominant. The juvenile hormone titer was high in late 1st-instar parasitoids, decreased to low levels at ecdysis into the 2nd instar, and increased again to high levels in the 2nd-instar larvae at the time when their shape changed from flat to cylindrical. After ecdysis to the 3rd instar the juvenile hormone titer fell. A comparison revealed that both ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone fluctuate independently in parasitoid and host at most stages, suggesting that the parasitoid produces its own hormones.The first data on ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones in the egg stage of a parasitoid/host system are reported. At the stage of eye pigmentation parasitized eggs contained more immunoreactive midpolar ecdysteroids than nonparasitized ones. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone were the predominant ecdysteroids in both nonparasitized and parasitized eggs, but the latter contained several additional ecdysteroids which were not seen in nonparasitized egges. The titer of juvenile hormone was similar in both. Shortly before hatching the ecdysteroids were low in parasitized and nonparasitized egges, but the content of juvenile hormone was much higher in the former. At this stage the majority of parasitoids have already eclosed and teratocytes are released. The results of HPLC analysis indicated the presence of juvenile hormone lll together with juvenile hormones l and ll in parasitized eggs, but only juvenile hormones l and ll in nonparasitized eggs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and characterization of honey bee vitellogenin (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 253-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Apis ; Hymenoptera ; social insects ; oogenesis ; lipoprotein ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A protocol has been developed for the purification of vitellogenin from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Purification allows for the first characterization of a vitellogenin from the large order Hymenoptera. Hymenopteran vitellogenins are unusual among insect vitellogenins in that they contain only one type of apoprotein. The honey bee vitellogenin was isolated from hemolymph of honey bee queens by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography. The native vitellogenin particle is a very high density glycolipoprotein containing approximately 91% protein, 7% lipid, and 2% carbohydrate. Phospholipid and diacylglycerol are the major lipid components. The equilibrium density (1.28 g/ml) is the same as that for Manduca sexta vitellogenin, which contains a much higher proportion of lipid. The covalently bound carbohydrate moiety of the particle is high in mannose. The amino acid composition of vitellogenin is similar to those of vitellogenins from other insect species. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the apoprotein was determined, the first such sequence for any insect vitellogenin. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis A. mellifera vitellogenin resolved into a single band with an apparent Mr of 180,000. Gel filtration under reducing and native conditions yielded estimated Mr values of about 300,000.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140405
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    20-hydroxyecdysone triggers the resumption of imaginal wing disc development after diapause in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15 (1990), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cholesterol ; ecdysone ; 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone ; 20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the last-larval instar, Ostrinia may display a facultative larval diapause. Diapausing larvae contain very low ecdysteroid titers and exhibit poorly differentiated imaginal wing discs. After diapause, development resumes when larvae are placed in favorable post-diapause conditions. After a few days in these conditions, a small and transient peak of 20-hydroxyecdysone was observed in hemolymph before any visible resumption of imaginal wing disc development. [3H]Cholesterol-labeling experiment confirmed this result. Conversion of [3H]Cholesterol into [3H]ecdysteroids also began before any visible resumption of wing disc development. These data suggest that the resumption of wing disc development is induced by very low concentrations of molting hormone. After this small first peak, ecdysteroid concentrations increase until a second peak, which precedes ecdysis. Increase of titers was correlated with an increase of biosynthetic activity from [3H]cholesterol. Unexpectedly, biosynthetic activity remained very high after the second peak, but the synthesized ecdysone was immediately inactivated into 20-hydroxyecdysonic acid.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940150102
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Action of RH 5849, a non-steroidal ecdysteroid mimic, on Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in vivo and in vitro (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15 (1990), S. 201-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: growth ; molting ; tissue culture ; IGR ; juvenile hormone ; methoprene ; chitin imaginal disc ; Indian meal moth ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the effects of RH 5849, a non-steroidal ecdysteroid mimic, on the growth and development of Plodia interpunctella. When RH 5849 was administered in the diet, larval growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, while concentrations of 15 ppm and greater were highly toxic. However, the deleterious effects of RH 5849 could be prevented, except at very high concentrations of RH 5849, by the simultaneous administration of the juvenile hormone mimic methoprene. Larvae simultaneously treated with both hormone mimics continued to grow until they attained a size about three times normal. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary molts, whereas, only an occasional supernumerary molt occurred in larvae treated with methoprene alone. In larvae undergoing super numerary molts, wing imaginal discs produced a tanned pupal cuticle, but did not evaginate. When wing discs were cultured in vitro, RH 5849 stimulated evagination and chitin synthesis at concentrations of 10 and 1 μM, respectively. Likewise, RH 5849 stimulated GlcNAc uptake and inhibited cellular proliferation in IAL-PID2 cells at similar concentrations. These in vitro effects of RH 5849 also were produced by 20-hydroxyecdysone, but at lower concentrations. We conclude that RH 5849 exhibits molting hormone activity in vivo as well as in vitro. However, the toxicological effects in P. interpuncetella result from action on feeding and growth, rather than molting. Thus, RH 5849 represents a new class of IGR, which will have impact on our understanding of endocrine regulation and open up new avenues for pest control.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940150402
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  • 12
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    Jones D and Leluk J: Venom proteins of the endoparasitic wasp Chelonus near Curvimacufatus: Characterization of the major components. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 13, 95-106 (1990) (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15 (1990), S. 271-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940150407
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  • 13
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    Biosynthesis of dehydro-N-acetyldopamine by a soluble enzyme preparation from the larval cuticle of Sarcophaga bullata involves intermediary formation of N-acetyldopamine quinone and N-acetyldopamine quinone methide (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15 (1990), S. 237-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: phenoloxidase ; quinone isomerase ; quinone methide isomerase ; β-sclerotization ; quinone methide sclerotization ; side chain desaturation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The enzymes involved in the side chain hydroxylation and side chain desaturation of the sclerotizing precursor N-acetyldopamine (NADA) were obtained in the soluble form from the larval cuticle of Sarcophaga bullata and the mechanism of the reaction was investigated. Phenylthiourea, a well-known inhibitor of phenoloxidases, drastically inhibited both the reactions, indicating the requirement of a phenoloxidase component. N-acetylcysteine, a powerful quinone trap, trapped the transiently formed NADA quinone and prevented the production of both N-acetylnorepinephrine and dehydro NADA. Exogenously added NADA quinone was readily converted by these enzyme preparations to N-acetylnorepinephrine and dehydro NADA. 4-Alkyl-o-quinone:2-hydroxy-p-quinone methide isomerase obtained from the cuticular preparations converted chemically synthesized NADA quinone to its quinone methide. The quinone methide formed reacted rapidly and nonezymatically with water to form N-acetylnorepinephrine as the stable product. Similarly 4-(2-hydroxyethl)-o-benzoquinone was converted to 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol. When the NADA quinone-quinone isomerase reaction was performed in buffer containing 10% methanol, β-methoxy NADA was obtained as an additional product. Furthermore, the quinones of N-acetylnorepinephrine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol were converted to N-acetylarterenone and 2-hydroxy-3′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone, respectively, by the enzyme. Comparison of nonenzymatic versus enzymatic transformation of NADA to N-acetylnorepinephrine revealed that the enzymatic reaction is at least 100 times faster than the nonezymatic rate. Resolution of the NADA desaturase system on Benzamidine Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 columns yielded the above-mentioned quinone isomerase and NADA quinone methide:dehydro NADA isomerase. The latter, on reconstitution with mushroom tyrosinase and hemolymph quinone isomerase, catalyzed the biosynthesis of dehydro NADA from NADA with the intermediary formation of NADA quinone and NADA quinone methide.The results are interpreted in terms of the quinone methide model elabrated by our group [Sugumaran: Adv. Insect Physiol. 21 :179-231, 1988; Sugumaran et al.: Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 11 :109,1989] and it i s concluded that the two enzyme p-sclerotization model [Andersen: Insect Biochem. 19:59-67,375-382,1989] is inadequate to account for various observations made on insect cuticle.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940150405
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  • 14
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    Occurrence of 28- and 27-Carbon ecdysteroids and sterols in developing worker pupae of the leaf-cutting ant acromyrmex octospinosus (reich) (hymenoptera, formicidae: Attini) (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: ecdysteroids ; makisterone A ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; enzyme immunoassay (EIA) ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The major ecdysteroids in large worker pupae of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus were characterized at the peak ecdysteroid concentration by using high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, and mass spectrometry. In decreasing amounts, they were determined to be makisterone A, an unidentified C28 ecdysteroid bearing a molecular weight of 494, 20-hydroxyecdysone (ratio of 1 to 6 as compared to makisterone A), and putative but negligible ecdysone. The presence of both C28 and C27 ecdysteroids is discussed in relation to the content of 4-desmethylsterols determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to be ergosta-5,7,24 (28)-trien-3β-ol, ergosterol, ergosta-5,7-dien-3β-ol and ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol for the main sterols, and with a small amount of cholesterol.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940160102
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  • 15
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    Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology guide for authors (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 69-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940160108
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  • 16
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    Distribution and pharmacological characterization of muscarinic-cholinergic receptors in the cockroach brain (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 107-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ; radio-ligand binding ; autoradiography ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to a cockroach brain preparation was investigated. Specific binding was saturable with a Kd of 0.25 nM and Scatchard analysis indicated a Bmax of 604 pmol/mg protein. Kinetic analysis indicated that the ligand is binding in a complex fashion while dissociation followed a simple kinetic process. The pharmacology of the site was typical of muscarinic receptors but the site cannot be characterized in terms of vertebrate muscarinic-receptor subtypes. Affinity of the receptor for agonists was modulated by Mg2+ and guanylylimidodiphosphate but not by pertussis toxin indicating the involvement of a pertussis-toxin insensitive G-protein. Carbamylcholine did not inhibit basal or forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The binding site was localized autoradiographically and was restricted to the median and lateral calyces of the brain.
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    Antioxidant enzymes as biochemical defenses against phototoxin-induced oxidative stress in three species of herbivorous lepidoptera (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: superoxide dismutase ; catalase ; glutathione peroxidase ; glutathione reductase ; hypericin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Many secondary plant compounds are capable of photoactivation resulting in the production of toxic species of oxygen. One mechanism of defense for insects feeding on phototoxic plants may be the presence of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR). The activities of these enzymes were examined in larvae of three lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis, Manduca sexta, and Anaitis plagiata. Highest levels of antioxidant enzyme activity were found in A. plagiata, a specialist feeder on Hypericum perforatum, which contains high levels of the phototoxin hypericin. Larvae of A. plagiata fed leaf discs treated with hypericin exhibited a short-term, concentration-dependent decline in enzyme activity. Longer term studies with A. palgiata fed either the photoxic H. perforatum, or the closely related but non-phototoxic H. calycinum, resulted in increased CAT and GR activity in larvae fed the phototoxic plant whereas SOD activity was not significantly different. These results suggest that CAT and GR may be inducible defenses against phototoxins.
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    Efficient transfection of mosquito cells is influenced by the temperature at which DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitates are prepared (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 189-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cultured insect cells ; Aedes albopictus ; transient expression ; hsp-cat plasmid ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trnsient expression of a heat-shock protein-chloramphenicol acteyltrans-Perase (hsp-CAT) recombinant plasmid was used to define the parameters that influence transfection of cultured mosquito cells using DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitates. The efficiency of the calcium phosphate procedure was strongly influenced by the growth state of recipient cells, and by the temperature at which the coprecipitate was prepared. Under optimal conditions, which included formation of the DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitate at 50°C, transfection frequencies were up to tenfold higher than those obtained using the previously described polybrene procedure.
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    Supplemental list of reviewers for archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 1990 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 215-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940160308
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    Development of male-incubated ovaries in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 221-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: vitellogenesis ; hemolymph proteins ; transplanted ovaries ; follicle growth ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ovaries from Lymantria dispar females were transplanted into an environment lacking vitellogenin, the male milieu, in order to determine how the presence of vitellogenin in the hemolymph affects the process of protein uptake by gypsy moth oocytes. When undeveloped ovaries from newly ecdysed last instar females were transplanted into males of the same stage, follicles detached from the germarium and increased in size, but the growth of oocytes proceeded more slowly than those from female controls. Although chorion fromation was delayed in male-grown ovaries, scanning electron microscopy of chorionated eggs recovered from adult males showed that a chorion with normal surface architecture was formed by the adult stage. SDS-PAGE analysis of the male-grown ovaries and hemolymph from males receiving ovaries showed that vitellogenin production was not stimulated by the organ transplant and only male hemolymph proteins were internalized by the male-incubated ovaries. Thus, in the absence of vitellogenin, endocytosis of male hemolymph proteins occurred, but the rate of oocyte growth was slowed.
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940170101
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    Influence of light on plant allelochemicals: A synergistic defense in higher plants (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: plant phototoxins ; broad-spectrum biocides ; potential plant enemies ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant phototoxins are broad-spectrum biocides which adversely affect an array of potential plant enemies, including among others disease-causing pathogens, nematodes, insect herbivores, and competing plant species. Thus far, plants which contain these broad-spectrum allelochemicals have been found to occur in open habitats (i.e., in full sunlight) where a defensive mechanism mediated by light would seem to operate most effectively. The levels of available light in shaded environments, although considerably lower than full sun (1-10% of full sun), are equivalent to the intensities of light used to kill phototoxin-treated insects in laboratory studies. This suggests that phototoxic reactions might mediate important organismal interactions in shaded environments as well. In this study, more than 230 Costa Rican rainforest plants were bioassayed for phototoxic metabolites in an effort to ascertain their prevalence among plants growing in moderate to extreme shade. Microbial bioassays, employing Bacillus cereus (a gram positive bacterium), Escherichia coli (a gram negative bacterium), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) were used to rapidly and sensitively indicate phototoxic action and potential for insecticidal action. Tissue extracts from 12 plant families tested positive for phototoxins. This is the first report of phototoxins occurring in eight of those families (Acanthaceae, Campanulaceae, Gesnariaceae, Loganiaceae, Malpigaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Piperaceae, and Sapotaceae). The presence of phototoxins in rainforest plants suggests that phototoxic plant allelochemicals may function as important defenses in low-light, as well as high-light, environments.
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    Lysozyme in the midgut of Manduca sexta during metamorphosis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991), S. 67-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: insect immunity ; lumen ; epithelium ; fifth larval stadium ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Low levels of lysozyme were found in the midgut epithelium of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the early part of the fifth larval stadium. This was observed in control insects as well as in bacterially challenged insects. No lysozyme was detected in the gut contents of either group of insects which were actively eating or in the early stages of metamorphosis. However, high levels of lysozyme activity were detected in homogenates of midgut tissue collected from insects later in the stadium. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that lysozyme accumulates in large apical vacuoles in regenerative cells of the midgut during the larval-pupal molt. These cells, initially scattered basally throughout the larval midgut epithelium, multiply and form a continuous cell layer underneath the larval midgut cells. At the larval/pupal ecdysis the larval midgut epithelium is sloughed off and the regenerative cells, now forming the single cell layer of the midgut, release the contents of their vacuoles into the midgut lumen. This release results in high lysozyme activity in the lumen of the pupal midgut and is thought to confer protection from bacterial infection. This is the first indication that the lysozyme gene may be developmentally regulated in a specific tissue in the absence of a bacterial infection.
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    Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine by midgut homogenates of the stable fly (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: digestion ; blood lipids ; blood meal ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made to characterize the enzymatic degradation of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine by midgut homogenates of the adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The results indicated that sphingomyelin was hydrolyzed by an enzyme with sphingomyelinase-like properties, and that phosphatidylcholine was hydrolyzed by an enzyme with properties similar to phospholipase C. The optimum pH for the sphingomyelinase was 7.6, and the rate of hydrolysis of sphingomyelin at that pH was linear from 1 to 4 nmol of substrate and 5 to 25 μg of enzyme preparation. Dialysis of the homogenates against Tris-HCI and imidazole buffers resulted in a decrease of sphingomyelinase activity by 59% and 98%, respectively, and the original activity was not restored with the addition of Ca++, Mg++, or Mn++.
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    Qualitative and quantitative analyses of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids from the egg to the pupal molt in Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: endocrine parameters ; noctuid ; embryonic development ; larval development ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A method was developed to determine in the same extract juvenile hormone and various types of ecdysteroids in precisely staged eggs and larvae of Trichoplusia ni. Ecdysteroids were tentatively identified on the basis of their retention time in ion suppression reversed-phase HPLC and their cross-reactivity with two relatively non-specific, complimentary antibodies, whereas juvenile hormone was identified using reversed-phase HPLC combined with Galleria bioassay. Freshly laid eggs contained low levels of immunoreactive ecdysteroids. Mid-polar ecdysteroids increased in the phase of segmentation (14-18 h) and 1st larval cuticle formation (36-44 h), when 20-hydroxyecdysone and 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone were found to be predominant. Only traces of ecdysone and 26-hydroxyecdysone were seen. Toward hatching ecdysteroids decreased and represented mainly compounds more polar than 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone. In larval development ecdysteroids were low at the beginning of the feeding phases, increased toward cessation of feeding, and reached highest levels 12-15 h before ecdysis. In feeding stages ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were predominant, whereas in molting stages they were seen together with 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid. The juvenile hormone titer was very low in freshly laid eggs and was high (approximately 25 ng/g) in embryos at the stage of 1st larval cuticle formation and eye pigmentation. In eggs we tentatively identified juvenile hormones I and II, whereas in larval stages juvenile hormone II appeared to be the predominant or exclusive juvenile hormone. Its titer fluctuated rapidly and was high in early 1st-instar larvae and again before the molts into the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar. Highest titers were reached concomitant with the peak in 20-hydroxyecdysone 12-15 h before ecdysis.
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    Masthead (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140201
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    Variations of biogenic amine levels in the brain of Pieris brassicae pupae during nondiapausing and diapausing development (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: dopamine ; catecholamine metabolites ; serotonin ; indoleamine metabolites ; electrochemical detection ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The post-embryonic development of Pieris brassicae can either be continuous (under a long photoperiod) or interrupted at the pupal stage (induced by a short photoperiod); this phenomenon is termed facultative diapause. Several studies have indicated that certain brain mechanisms could be directly involved in the perception of variations in the photoperiod and could mediate some physiological effects particular to dormancy. Biogenic amines have been particularly implicated in the response to photoperiod variations and also in the regulation of development, especially in diapause induction and termination.High performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection has therefore been used to measure several biogenic amines in pupal nervous tissues at various stages of nondiapausing and diapausing development.During direct development, the levels of dopamine (DA) and N-acetyldopamine (NADA: a DA metabolite) in brain were relatively high in 3-day-old pupae and at the end of pupal life (on the 8th day). Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (another metabolite of DA) showed no variation. Serotonin was mainly observed in 2-3-day-old pupae but 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was never detected. In young diapausing insects, similar variations of DA levels were observed even though a slight decrease of DA metabolites was noted. Serotonin appeared somewhat later (4-5 days) and attained higher levels. In late diapausing pupae, a marked increase in DA levels was observed, especially when pupae were kept at low temperature (4°C). During diapause, serotonin levels were reduced or even absent.
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    Activity of the corpora allata of adult female Leucophaea maderae: Effects of mating and feeding (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: juvenile hormone III ; reproduction ; radiochemical assay ; farnesol ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Juvenile hormone III biosynthesis by corpora allata of adult female Leucophaea maderae was measured by an in vitro radiochemical assay. In fed females, JH III synthesis increases more than 20-fold after mating to a peak of 55 pmol/pair/h on day 9 and then rapidly declines. This increase in JH III synthesis concomitant with rapid oocyte growth in mated females is not observed in virgin females. The corpora allata from starved, virgin females appear to be inactive. The addition of 150 μM 2E,6E-farnesol (a JH III precursor) to the incubation medium stimulates the corpora allata from starved, virgin females less than the corpora allata from starved, mated females. Both feeding and mating are necessary for the expression of a normal cycle of JH III synthesis in this cockroach.
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    Functional assay for GABA receptor subtypes of a cockroach giant interneuron (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18 (1991), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: insect CNS ; synaptic receptor ; fiber-oil gap method ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: γ - Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors were examined in the cockroach central nervous system (CNS) using the single fiber-oil gap method applied to an identified giant interneuron. Short-lasting pressure application of 10 mM GABA developed a multiphasic response composed of a fast hyperpolarization followed by a transient depolarizing component and a stable hyperpolarization. This triphasic characteristic shape of the response was modified according to the dose of GABA injected or bath-applied and to the precise localization of the injection within the dendritic area. The transient depolarizing phase showed a negative reversal potential of -70 mV. Both hyperpolarizing phases reversed at a more negative level ranging to -80 mV. A positive shift of these values was caused by a decrease in external chloride concentration. Bath-application of 0.1 mM picrotoxin (Ptx) decreased the depolarizing phase which was progressively replaced by a stable hyperpolarization. The transient depolarizing component desensitized quickly and was the most sensitive phase to Ptx action. The Ptx-resistant response reversed at a mean value of -100 mV close to the equilibrium potential for potassium ions (EK+), suggesting that it was generated by a K+-channel coupled receptor. Although baclofen was unable to mimic the Ptx-resistant GABA response, the compound CGA 147823, known to bind with a high specificity to vertebrate GABAB receptors, has been successfully used to reproduce the Ptx-resistant GABA response. It is suggested that, in addition to GABA receptors linked to chloride channels, the insect CNS possesses GABA receptors sharing ionic characteristics of GABAB receptors especially those located in the vertebrate CNS, although they are insensitive to baclofen.
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    Acidification of yolk granules in Blattella germanica eggs coincident with proteolytic processing of vitellin (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18 (1991), S. 177-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: acridine orange ; embryogenesis ; Phormia regina ; protein processing ; proton translocation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In eggs of the cockroach Blattella germanica, vitellin (Vt) utilization by the embryo is initiated at day 4 postovulation by the proteolytic processing of its three subunits to a specific set of peptides. A report from our laboratory (Nordin et al.: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15:119, 1990) described a yolk proteinase, activated at days 3-4, which processes the Vt. Further investigation of this event has focused on the yolk granules. Granules from eggs 4-6 days postovulation contained a significant subpopulation which accumulated high concentrations of the dye acridine orange (AO), a fluorescent probe of vesicle acidification, while those from eggs 0-3 days postovulation did not. AO accumulation was caused by proton translocation and was not due to dye binding or a Donnan equilibrium. The temporal correlation of granule acidification with Vt processing suggests a role for this event in yolk proteinase activation in B. germanica. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that incubation of yolk from freshly ovulated eggs in vitro at pH of 5 and below resulted in Vt processsing. Yolk granules of the blowfly Phormia regina also became acidified but this occurred in the oocyte prior to egg deposition.
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    Assembly and secretion of lipophorin by the larval fat body of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella: An in vitro study (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18 (1991), S. 203-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: lipoprotein synthesis ; monensin ; brefeldin A ; cycloheximide ; puromycin ; suramin ; tunicamycin ; oleic acid ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The synthesis, processing, and secretion of lipophorin by the larval fat body of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, was examined using in vitro techniques. Pulse-labeling of lipophorin with [35S]methionine showed that apolipophorin-I and -II were each synthesized and secreted from the fat body into Grace's medium with an intracellular transit time of about 45 min. Secretion of the apolipoproteins from the fat body became insensitive to the presence of monensin, which disrupts protein processing in the Golgi complex, at 30 min, indicating that most of the pulse-labeled apolipoprotein has transited the Golgi complex by this time. Three inhibitors of protein processing, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, monensin, and brefeldin A, inhibited secretion of lipophorin into medium. Puromycin treatment did not appear to result in the secretion into the medium of lipophorin particles containing incomplete translation products of apolipophorin-I or -II. Incubation of fat bodies with [3H]oleate resulted in the secretion of lipophorin containing [3H]glycerides, a process that was inhibited by cycloheximide, puromycin, and monensin, indicating that apolipoprotein synthesis is required for secretion of [3H]glyceride on nascent lipophorin particles. In contrast, suramin, which has been shown to block the binding of lipophorin to plasma membrane receptors, inhibited the synthesis and secretion of lipophorin, but it did not appear to inhibit the transfer of [3H]lipid from the fat body to lipophorin. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and processing, therefore, can be used to distinguish between secretion of lipophorin-associated lipids and secretion of lipids mediated by the lipid-transfer particle outside the plasma membrane of the fat body.
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    Characterization and regulation of HMG-Coa synthase in Locusta migratoria corpora allata (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18 (1991), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: insect ; locust ; juvenile hormone ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA was measured by a radioenzymatic assay in locust corpora allata (CA) which produce juvenile hormone (JH-III). The conversion of acetyl-CoA to HMG-CoA was limited to the cytosolic fraction of the CA with an apparent KM = 400 μM. The HMG-CoA synthase activity measured during the first 15 days of the female adult life did not follow the pattern of JH-III biosynthesis. No relationship was found between JH-III release and HMG-CoA synthase activity when measured sequentially on the same CA pair. HMG-CoA synthase activity did not reflect the asymmetry in spontaneous rates of JH biosynthesis observed in left and right corpora allata. Decline of JH release after in situ transection of the nervus corporis allati 1 (NCA-1) was not associated with a decline in HMG-CoA synthase activity. The results suggest that HMG-CoA synthase activity does not have a prime influence on the spontaneous rate of JH biosynthesis, and that HMG-CoA synthase does not appear to be a target for the allatostimulating factors acting on the CA through the NCA-I.
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    Bacteria-induced protein P4 (hemolin) from Manduca sexta: A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily which can inhibit hemocyte aggregation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18 (1991), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hemolymph proteins ; insect immunity ; tobacco hornworm ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The synthesis of a number of hemolymph proteins is induced in insects in response to bacterial infections. The major induced hemolymph protein in larvae of Manduca sexta is a glycoprotien of Mr = 48,000 known as P4. We have isolated a clone for P4 from a fat body cDNA library constructed from RNA isolated from larvae injected with bacteria. The cDNA has an open reading frame encoding a 411 residue polypeptide with a hydrophobic NH2-terminal sequence, which appears to be a signal peptide. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence shows that P4 is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily, and is composed largely of four C2 type Ig domains. The M. sexta P4 amino acid sequence is 60% identical with hemolin (P4) from Hyalophora cecropia. The name “hemolin” has also been adopted for the M. sexta P4 protein. Hemolin mRNA levels in fat body begin to increase within 1 h after injection of bacteria into fifth instar larvae and within 4 h after injection of adults. Hemolin associates with the surface of hemocytes and inhibits hemocyte aggregation responses, suggesting a role for the protein in modulating hemocyte adhesion during recognition and response to bacterial infections in insects.
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    Solubilization, identification, and localization of vitellogenin-binding sites in follicles of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinera (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15 (1990), S. 213-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: vitellogenesis ; endocytosis ; follicle cells ; oocyte plasma membrane ; detergents ; ligand blotting ; suramin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Binding sites for vitellogenin were solubilized and analyzed either with a filter assay or with ligand blotting. We tested sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), Chaps, octyl-β-D-glucoside, and sodium dexocycholate and found SDS and sodium deoxycholate to be most effective in solubilizing both high and low molecular weight binding sites. In the filter assay the sodium deoxycholate extracts but not the SDS extracts, maintained binding activity after dilution of the solubilizer below its critical micellar concentration. In ligand blotting we consistently observed, in vitellogenic folicles, binding sites with an apparent Mr of approximately 200,000, 35,000, and three closely spaced bands between 14,000 and 20,000. Binding of vitellogenin to all binding sites was suppressed in the presence of the drug suramin. Analysis of corpora lutea and oothecae as well as of ovariole sheath, follicle cell/basal lamina, and oocyte plasma membrne preparations showed that the 35 and 14-20 kDa binding sites are located in the outer follicle compartments, and the 200 kDa binding site in the oocyte plasma membrane. In the latter we occasionally also observed binding sites with an apparent Mr of approximately 150,000, 95,000, 67,000 and 30,000, particularly at stages after ovulation. The 35 and 14-20 kDa binding sites, as visualized in stained gels and in ligand blotting, are rather abundant and were also seen in several other male and female tissues of Nauphoeta and even in other species. They also bound other 14C-labeled hemolymph proteins and thus appear to be rather unsepcfic. As binding analysis with nonsolubilized and sodium deoxycholate-solubilized membranes revealed that the quantity of vitellogenin bound by binding sites of the outer follicle compartments was low, it is conceivable that teh abundance of the 14-20 kDa and 35 kDa binding sites in ligand blotting is merely an effect of SDS and does not reflect the in vivo situation. We suppose that the 200 kDa binding site of the oocyte plasma membrane represents the vitellogenin receptor involved in endocytosis.
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    List of reviewers for archives of insect biochmistry and physiology 1992 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 317-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940210408
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    In Memoriam: Albert S. Perry (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940220102
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    Glutamate receptor inhibitors as potential insecticides (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: glutamate receptors ; philanthotoxins ; polyamines ; neurotoxicology ; insecticides ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Philanthotoxin (PhTX) is a neurotoxic constituent of the paralytic venom of the digger wasp, Philanthus triangulum. PhTX inhibits glutamate receptors of insect muscles mostly as a channel blocker, thereby producing muscle paralysis. Since glutamate receptor blockers may be of value as selective insect control agents, numerous derivatives of Ph TX were synthesized and tested for their potencies as inhibitors of insect skeletal muscle glutamate receptors. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that shortening the polyamine chain length reduced potency, and quaternarization of the nitrogen destroyed it. The potency was increased by a bulky anchoring group with moderate hydrophobicity at the end of the polyamine chain. The conversion of the tryosyl moiety to 3,5-diiodo-tyrosyl also increased potency and so did lengthening the butyryl chain from 4 to 10 carbons. Not only did Ph TXs inhibit different subtypes of glutamate receptors, including the mammalian N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, but also nicotinic receptors of insects and vertebrates. Because of this low selectively, and the hydrophilicity of the derivatives tested, which interferes with their penetration to the target receptor, these compounds cannot be used as insecticides. Nevertheless, the insect skeletal muscle glutamate receptor is a viable target for selective insecticides and major changes in Ph TX structure may possibly produce derivatives that can be potential insecticides. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Chemical studies of pheromone receptors in insects (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: photoaffinity labeling ; pheromone receptor ; G-protein ; Ins(1,4,5)P3 ; perfluoroalkyl pheromone analogs ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the current molecular model for insect olfaction, pheromones are recognized in a minimum-energy conformation by specific receptor proteins in a dendritic membrane following their binding-protein-mediated transit through the extracellula sensory lymph. Binding to the receptor protein then triggers a G-protein-linked phospholipase C, which releases a short pulse of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphate (IP3). IP3 may act via its receptor to mobilize Ca+ + ions, eventually leading to a transmembrane ion current; alternatively, IP3 may directly gate the ion channel. To understand this process, we have synthesized photoaffinity labels for the pheromone receptor sites and for the IP3 receptor sites. The latter probe, [125I]-ASA-IP3, is now being employed in joint projects to identify membrane IP3 receptors in the rat brain, locust brain, rat olfactory cilia, catfish olfactory cilia, and in cockroach and moth sensilla. Fluorine-substituted pheromone analogs have also been synthesized as probes of receptor site hydrophobicity. The rationale for this approach is presented, and biological studies with selectively-fluorinated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10:Ac), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Al), and several functional group derivatives for a number of economically important moth species are described. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Peptidergic innervation and endocrine cells of insect midgut (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 113-132 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: neuropeptides ; gut hormones ; stomatogastric nervous system ; prothoracicotropic hormone ; allatotropin ; diuretic hormone ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antibody against FMRFamide reacts with the stomatogastric innervation and with the midgut endocrine cells in the representatives of most insect orders. The innervation was not revealed in Homoptera, Heteroptera, and Hymenoptera, and the endocrine cells were not recognized in aphids. Other insects exhibited FMRF-amide positive endocrine cells of both open and closed types. The cells are mostly single, rarely grouped, and are distributed unequally in different midgut regions; some of the cells project cytoplasmic extensions indicative of a paracrine function. Investigations on Galleria revealed that the gut innervation persists during midgut reconstruction in the course of metamorphosis. The endocrine cells are sloughed off into the new gut lumen, but there they maintain their antigenic properties until a new population of endocrine cells becomes detectable.Antisera to most mammalian gastroenteropancreatic peptides react specifically with the innervation and/or the endocrine cells of insect midgut; only antisera to bombesin, neurotensin, secretin, motilin, and insulin failed to react. All insects seem to contain antigens that can be detected with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide, FMRFamide, enkephalins, and vasopressins. Stomatogastric innervation and the endocrine cells of some lepidopterans also possess allatotropinand diuretic hormone-like antigens; stomatogastric ganglia, in particular, a prothoracicotropic hormone-like antigen. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Leads for insect neuropeptide mimetic development (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 181-197 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: pseudopeptides ; conformation ; turn ; pheromonotropic ; diuretic ; myotropic ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Insect neuropeptides mediate a number of physiological processes critical for insect survival. The numerous neuropeptide sequences that have been reported present an opportunity to decipher the chemical and conformational requirements for neuropeptide-receptor interactions. Chemical and conformational requirements for activity represent a “template” from which agonist/antagonist peptide mimetics, with the potential to disrupt critical insect processes, can be developed. Information on structural requirements is presented for three neuropeptide families: the sulfakinins, pyrokinins, and leucokinin/achetakinins, including active core size, important side chains, peptide superagonists, and new data on pseudopeptide modification of the N- and C-terminal regions. Members of these peptide families have been associated with a variety of physiological activities such as myotropism, pheromonotropism, diapause induction, and diuresis in a number of insects. Spectroscopic data coupled with computer molecular dynamics/graphics studies on conformationally restricted analogs of insect neuropeptides reveal information on the active conformation adopted at the receptor site. Routes to development of peptide-mimetics from neuropeptide templates are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Prospects of using Drosophila for insect neuroendocrine research (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 199-231 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Classical and in vitro approaches for the analysis of the molecular components of neuroendocrine systems often disrupt their close interaction with other bodily systems, which is a crucial aspect of their function in vivo. “Genetic dissection” is an alternative, noninvasive approach which involves the systematic generation of mutations in individual genes, followed by in vivo analysis of the phenotypic effects of altering a single protein at a time avoiding extraneous disruptions. Among insects Drosophila melanogaster is the most suitable model for this approach. This paper explores the application of genetic and molecular techniques available in Drosophila for studying its neuroendocrine system with special emphasis on the production of ecdysone and juvenile hormone.Strategies are described for the generation and identification of endocrine mutations, especially those affecting hormone synthesis and regulation. Once identified by a specific mutation, a gene in Drosophila can be cloned either by chromosomal microdissection and “chromosomal walk” or by transposon tagging. Methods for molecular analysis of the structure and function of a cloned gene and of the protein it encodes are available for further study.Alternatively, a gene can be cloned using heterologous DNA probes or oligonucleotides designed according to the amino acid sequence of a protein. Genes may also be cloned via their pattern of expression using stage- or tissue-specific cDNA libraries or through transposon-mediated “enhancer detection.” Anti-sense RNA, the replacement of the gene by in vitro manipulated versions, or mutagenesis of its endogenous copies can then be used for studying its function in vivo.Information about endocrine genes in Drosophila as well as material such as cloned genes and antibodies should be useful for the analysis of endocrine systems in other insects which are not amenable to genetic manipulations. Such information should be helpful in designing novel means for pest control based on the specific intervention with endocrine systems regulating insect development and reproduction. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Insect detoxifying enzymes: Their importance in pesticide synergism and resistance (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: pyrethroid detoxification ; benzoylphenyl urea detoxification ; synergism ; resistance mechanism ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pyrethroid esterases of Trichoplusiani, Spodoptera littoralis and Bemisia tabaci hydrolyze the trans-isomers of various pyrethroids more extensively than the cis-isomers. Profenofos fed to T. ni larvae at a level inhibiting the gut pyrethroid esterases by 65% with trans-permethrin and of 95% with cis-cypermethrin increased the toxicity of topically applied trans-permethrin by fourfold and cis-cypermethrin by 20-fold. Similar assays with S. littoralis resulted in an increase of about threefold in the toxicity of both compounds. Monocrotophos, profenofos, acephate, and methidathion inhibited pyrethroid esterase activity in B. tabaci and synergized considerably the toxicity of cypermethrin. The remarkable tolerance of the predator Chrysopa carnea to pyrethroids is attributed to the presence of a high level of pyrethroid esterase activity with a unique specificity for hydrolyzing the cis-isomer. Phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphonate, a potent inhibitor for larval pyrethroid esterases synergized the toxicity of trans-permethrin by 68-fold from an LD50 of 17,000 μg/g to 250 μg/g. In contrast, oxidase inhibitors such as piperonyl butoxide, SV-1, and MPP synergized considerably the toxicity of pyrethroids in Tribolium castaneum and Musca domestica. Hence the predominant pathway for pyrethroid detoxification in insects, whether hydrolytic or oxidative, depends largely on the insect species. The high toxicity of the recent developed acylureas results from their high retention in the insects. Assays using radiolabeled diflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron applied to fourth instar T. castaneum larvae revealed a rapid elimination of diflubenzuron (T1/2 ≅ 7 h) as compared with chlorfluazuron (T1/2 〉 100 h). Addition of 100 ppm DEF to the diet increased both the retention time and the toxicity of diflubenzuron in both T. castaneum and S. littoralis, which was due probably to the inhibition of diflubenzuron hydrolase activity. Esterases, hydrolyzing pyrethroids, and acylureas may serve as tools for evaluating potential synergists and for monitoring resistance in various agricultural pests due to increased metabolism. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Comparative processing of allelochemicals in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: swallowtails ; cytochrome P450 ; detoxication ; esterase ; furanocoumarins ; phenolic glycosides ; aristolochic acid ; Papilio polyxenes ; Papilio glaucus ; Battus philenor ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera), species display a broad range of feeding patterns, from oligophagy on a single hostplant family to polyphagy on over a dozen families. Accompanying this diversity of feeding strategies is a diversity of physiological mechanisms for processing hostplant allelochemicals. Studies on members of this family as well as other Lepidoptera suggest that oligophagy is associated with high activity, in addition to high substrate specificity, of detoxicative enzymes.
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    Plant and insect cuticular lipids serve as behavioral cues for insects (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991), S. 223-233 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hydrocarbons ; herbivory, surfaces ; parasitoids ; mimicry ; plant/insect interactions ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The roles of plant and insect cuticular lipids in insect and plant interactions are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the influence that the host plant and the surface lipids of the host plant have upon insect herbivores and the predators and parasitoids of these herbivores. Variations in cuticular lipids of herbivorous insects are dependent upon the host plant, and these variations may affect the behavior of predators and parasitoids. The cuticular lipids of species which interact on multiple trophic levels are compared. Similarities were found between the hydrocarbons of herbivorous insects, their host plants, and their predators or parasitoids.
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    Plant biochemistry and aphid populations: Studies on the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991), S. 235-251 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: insect-plant interactions ; senescence ; aphids ; alfalfa ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Feeding by the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton), on susceptible alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., results in dramatic changes in plant biochemistry that in turn have profound effects on aphid physiology. These aphids select older leaves on the plant as feeding sites. One component of this selection process may be the amount and composition of plant epicuticular lipids, which vary with leaf age. Feeding aphids induce a senescence-like state in the leaf that is characterized by loss of chlorophyll, decreased levels of soluble protein and fatty acids, and increased production of ethylene. This process involves lipid peroxidation and, like senescence, is probably free-radical-mediated. Leaves of alfalfa having resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid contain higher activities of catalase than do susceptible leaves. This enzyme may function in concert with other antioxidant enzymes to quench aphid-induced free radical damage and thus impart resistance. Aphid fatty acid metabolism is altered by changes in plant metabolism and thus reflects the close relationship between aphid and plant biochemistry.
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    Identification of vitellogenin in the ant, camponotus festinatus: Changes in hemolymph proteins and fat body development in workers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 17 (1991), S. 143-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: reproduction ; vitellin ; Hymenoptera ; caste ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vitellogenin has been identified in the ant Camponotus festinatus, both in queens and workers. In the workers, it is already present before adult eclosion in low concentrations (〈1 μg/μl hemolymph). Vitellogenin and vitellin are immunologically identical and are composed of a single type of apoprotein with an apparent Mr = 185,000. The molecular weight of the native molecules was estimated as ∼460,000 by pore limiting gradient electrophoresis. Vitellogenin was detected as a major protein in the hemolymph of young workers, both under queenright and queenless conditions. Thus, in spite of their sterility in the presence of the queen, C. festinatus workers are able to synthetize vitellogenin which is identical both in size and immunologically to the queen vitellogenin. About 6-7 weeks after adult eclosion, however, vitellogenin was usually undetectable in the hemolymph of queenright workers, particularly the minor workers, while it constituted about 30% of total protein in queenless workers. Protein concentration in the hemolymph of queenless insects increased up to 20-fold as compared to 1-day-old insects. Queenless workers also developed large amounts of perivisceral fat body, while queenright workers, particularly the minor workers, showed a dramatic fat body regression about 6 weeks after emergence.
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    Soluble cuticular phenoloxidase in the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 65-74 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cuticle ; tyrosinase ; wound healing ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The soluble enzyme phenoloxidase (tyrosinase) from the larval cuticle of Lymantria dispar has been partially purified using Ultrogel ACA 34, and the activity has been determined using phenolic substrates. The enzyme exhibited more activity toward O-diphenolic substrates and monophenolic substrates. The enzyme is inhibited by diethyl dithiocarbamate, phenylthiourea, and thiourea. The enzyme has been localized in the 7% slab and disc PAGE as an intense band. The enzyme is suggested to be involved in wound healing. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Photostabilization of pesticides by clays and chromophores (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 467-486 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mechanisms for the photostabilization of pesticides by the use of clays and chromophores are described. The main mechanisms include energy transfer and steric hindrance, whereas the importance of mechanisms such as light scattering and hypsochromic shift is marginal. As an example for energy transfer we describe a procedure where the potent and safe but photolabile insecticide bioresmethrin (BR) is coadsorbed on montmorillonite together with the organic cation methyl green (MG). It is shown that the effective photostabilization of BR occurs by the process of energy transfer, which depends on the matching of energy levels of donor (BR) and acceptor (MG) chromophores, on the distance between them and on their relative orientations. The methods for studying the intermolecular interaction between two coadsorbed organic molecules include Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and 13C solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopies. Energy transfer processes can also occur from the pesticide to the clay. The presence of transition metal ions in the clay can make it an efficient energy or charge acceptor. Such a mechanism was utilized in the photostabilization of the insecticide tetrahydro-2-(nitromethylene)-2H-1, 3-thiazine (NMH). In the latter case, improved photostabilization was achieved by an addition of the cationic dye acriflavine (AF). Steric hindrance: here the clay introduces a stereochemical factor in preventing or slowing down certain photochemical reactions. An example is the photostabilization of the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin (TF). The energy transfer approach was also shown to be effective in the photostabilization of microbial insecticides, such as the Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) toxin. Photoprotection was achieved by adsorption of cationic chromophores such as AF, MG and rhodamin B to B.t. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cholinesterase profiles in two species of wild birds exposed to insecticide sprays in their natural habitat (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 501-509 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: brain acetylcholinesterase ; bimolecular rate constant ; plasma butyrylcholinesterase ; parathion ; paraoxon ; malaoxon ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During summer season, a field survey was conducted to assess the extent of stress to which two species of wild birds might have been subjected, due to their dwelling near cotton fields sprayed with insecticides. One of the bird species, the cattle egret Bubulcus ibis, showed no significant changes either in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or in plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in samples collected before, during, and after the spraying season. With the spur-wing plover, Hoplopterus spinosus, there was a significant decrease both in brain AChE and plasma BuChE activities in July and August, the period when insecticide spray was most frequent. In laboratory experiments it was found that this species could survive higher doses of parathion, and specimens surviving the treatment showed higher residual plasma BuChE activity and a faster return of that activity to normal compared to Bubulcus specimens. Brain AChE from the Hoplopterus showed a lower Ki value for inhibition by paraoxon or malaoxon compared to the same values recorded for the Bubulcus, indicating that the enzyme from the Hoplopterus brain is less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon or malaoxon. The finding that the more resistant Hoplopterus showed a decrease in cholinesterase activity during the cotton spraying season may therefore be due to the territorial habits of this species. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Hemolymph concentrations of host ecdysteroids are strongly suppressed in precocious prepupae of Trichoplusia ni parasitized and pseudoparasitized by Chelonus near curvimaculatus (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: commitment ; developmental program ; ecdysteroids ; metamorphosis ; parasite ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Regulation of ecdysteroid production in lepidopteran prepupae was studied using a parasitic wasp (C. near curvimaculatus) which specifically suppresses host prepupal ecdysteroid production after the induction of precocious host metamorphosis. At the developmental stage at which the hemolymph of the unparasitized metamorphosing host has its maximum titer of prepupal ecdysteroids, the hemolymph of 4th instar “truly parasitized” hosts (hosts with a surviving endoparasite) had a strongly reduced ecdysteroid titer. However, during the photophase about 12 h later, just prior to emergence of the parasite larva, an ecdysteroid peak was observed in the host hemolymph. Fourth instar pseudoparasitized prepupal hosts (in which the endoparasite was not present or died early in development) exhibited a sustained suppression in the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. Small 5th instar pseudoparasitized hosts, which normally would molt to a 6th instar prior to metamorphosis, but which precociously attained the prepupal stage, also had a strongly reduced ecdysteroid titer. The late increase observed in truly parasitized hosts could be completely prevented by surgical removal of the parasite 24 h earlier, resulting in a titer similar to that in pseudoparasitized hosts. HPLC analysis of ecdysteroids in normal, truly parasitized, and 4th or 5th instar pseudoparasitized prepupae showed that both ecdysone and 20-OH ecdysoneAbbreviations used: 20-OH ecdysone = 20-hydroxyecdysone; 20, 26-OH ecdysone = 20, 26 dihydroxyecdysone; PTTH = prothoracicotropic hormone. were suppressed in truly and pseudoparasitized prepupae, with ecdysteroid levels being lowest in pseudoparasitized hosts. These data, and those of Brown and Reed-Larsen (Biol Contr 1, 136[1992]), showing endoparasite secretion of ecdysteroids just prior to its emergence from the host, strongly indicate that: (1) the prepupal peak in truly parasitized hosts originates from the endoparasite, and (2) the low level of ecdysteroids in pseudoparasitized hosts results from the host's intrinsic inability to express a normal level of prepupal ecdysteroid titer. While precocious 4th or 5th instar prepupae of similar size had similarly suppressed ecdysteroid titers, smaller 4th instar prepupae had a lower ecdysteroid titer than larger, precocious 5th instar prepupae. Rare 5th instar pseudoparasitized prepupae that were of nearly normal size showed a prepupal ecdysteroid titer distinctly greater than those of the usual smaller, precocious 5th instar prepupae. The data suggest that the competence of the host to express a normal hemolymph titer of prepupal ecdysteroids is more closely correlated with the size of the prepupae than with the instar attained. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport and Ca2+-ATPase activities in an enriched plasma membrane fraction from gypsy moth larval midgut tissue (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: A23187 ; vanadate ; trifluoperazine ; W7 ; ouabain ; gut pH ; Ca2+ pump ; calcium regulation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A subcellular fraction enriched in plasma membranes was obtained from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larval midgut tissue. Using [45Ca]2+ as a tracer, Ca2+ transport activity by membrane vesicles in the enriched fraction was measured and shown to be ATP-dependent, with a very high affinity for Ca2+ (apparent Km for [Ca2+ free]Abbreviations used: [Ca2+free] = concentration of free (unbound) calcium ion;CaM = calmodulin; F = fraction; IOV = inside-out membrane vesicles; W-5 = N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; W-7 = N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide. = 22 nM). Ca2+ transport was abolished upon addition of the calcium ionophore, A23187. Ca2+-stimulated, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity peaked between 100 and 200 nM Ca2+free. Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity was inhibited by vanadate, 2 phenothiazine drugs (trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine), and the naphthalene sulfonamide, W-7; the related compound, W-5, and ouabain had a negligible effect. These results suggest the presence of a high affinity plasma membrane Ca2+ pump in gypsy moth larval midgut cells and are discussed in light of earlier work involving calcium transport in isolated midguts of larval Hyalophora cecropia. Ionic and other conditions that characterize the midgut physiology of larval Lepidoptera (e.g., luminal pH; electrochemical gradient for Ca2+; effect of certain ions and inhibitors on Ca2+ transport) contrast significantly with those found in adult Diptera. The implications that these differences may have for calcium regulation are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Block of voltage-dependent K+ channels in insect muscle by the diacylhydrazine insecticide RH-5849, 4-aminopyridine, and quinidine (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: IK ; IA ; ecdysone agonist ; Musca domestica ; potassium channel blocker ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In calcium-free saline, voltage-clamped ventral longitudinal muscles of housefly larvae have maintained (IK) and transient (IA) voltage-dependent K+ currents. With 500 ms conditioning pulses, inactivation of IA had a midpoint at -53 mV and changed e-fold in 3.46 mV. IA inactivated completely at -40 mV, with a time constant of 71 ms, allowing the effects of various K+ channel blockers to be studied on IK in isolation. RH-5849 (1,2-dibenzoyl-1-tert-butylhydrazine), a novel insect growth regulator, induces a lethal premature molt in insect larvae by mimicking the action of the molting hormone at ecdysone receptors. RH-5849 also causes acute neurotoxicity in some insects by selectively blocking of IK in nerve and muscle. While most channel blockers have a Hill coefficient near 1, consistent with a simple one molecule per channel block mechanism, RH-5849 and the analog RH-1266 were found in the present study to block IK channels in insect muscle with a Hill coefficient of 1.5. The lC50 (concentration that caused 50% block) for block of IK was 59 μM for RH-5849 and 40 μM for RH-1266. While tetraethylammonium blocked IK by only 20% at 100 mM, 4-aminopyridine blocked the current with an lC50 of 1.2 mM and a Hill coefficient of 0.97. Quinidine was the most potent blocker of IK in this study, with an lC50 of 20 μM. Block of IK by either RH-5849 or 4-aminopyridine was independent of test pulse potential, but block by quinidine increased with depolarization. Block of IK by RH-5849 and quinidine was time dependent, suggesting an open channel block mechanism, but the time course was too fast relative to channel activation for kinetic analysis. The lC50 for block of IK by RH-5849 decreased with temperature, with a Q10 of 0.52. IA was also blocked by RH-5849, but was less sensitive than IK. The lC50 for block of IA by RH-5849 was 775 μM, 13-fold higher than the lC50 for block of IK. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Certain hemocyte proteins of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata, are responsible for nonself recognition and immobilization of Escherichia coli in vitro (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hemocytes ; tyrosine derivatives ; phenoloxidase ; Mediterranean fruitfly ; immunity ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The results indicate that certain hemocyte proteins of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata, are responsible for the recognition of foreignness, since they are able to bind to the surface of Escherichia coli in vitro. Furthermore, when the E. Coli-hemocyte protein complex was incubated in the presence of tyrosine and phenoloxidase, the bacteria were immobilized, forming large aggregates. The formation of aggregates seems to be due to reactive tyrosine intermediate (quinone) generated by the action of phenoloxidase. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Overview: New targets for insect management in crop protection (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940220103
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    Biochemical characterization of insect neuronal sodium channels (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: saxitoxin receptor ; solubilization ; phosphorylation ; site-directed antibody ; Locusta ; Orthoptera ; Dyctioptera ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pharmacological uniqueness of the insect sodium channels is indicated by their ability to bind the excitatory and depressant insect selective neurotoxins derived from scorpion venom. The latter were shown to bind and modify sodium conductance exclusively in insect neuronal membranes. The insect sodium channel polypeptides were identified by immunoprecipitation using site-directed antibody, anti SP19 (corresponding to a highly conserved segment in the sodium channel α subunits), followed by radiophosphorylation and SDS-PAGE autoradiography. Sodium channel polypeptide in the central nervous system (CNS) of insects belonging to four distinct orders (Orthoptera, Dyctioptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera) were shown to (1) serve as substrates for phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase; (2) be devoid of disulfide linkage to smaller subunits unlike sodium channels in vertebrate CNS; (3) be glycoproteins as demonstrated by endoglycosidase F treatment and binding to lectins; and (4) reveal a diversity with regard to their apparent molecular mass (Mr 240,000-280,000) and partial peptide maps. The locust sodium channels were functionally solubilized (monitored by [3H]saxitoxin (STX) binding) by 1% cholate, 0.2% Triton X-100, and 0.22% phosphatidylcholine. About 40% of STX binding activity was recovered in the solubilized fraction without affecting affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM). The time and temperature dependent lability of STX binding activity, in the solubilized fraction, was prevented by 20 nM STX. Partial purification of the insect sodium channel by an anion exchanger yielded 20% recovery and a 3.5 times increase in specific STX binding activity. The presence of a radiophosphorylated 245,000 α-subunit band coincided with the STX binding activity during purification. In sum, the above information concerning the solubilization and characterization of the insect sodium channel will pave the way to the molecular identification of the receptor sites of the insect selective neurotoxins. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Insect neuropeptides: Discovery and application in insect management (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 87-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: peptide hormones ; bioassay ; genes ; insecticides ; metabolism ; structure ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: New approaches to the development of insect control agents have been revealed through the molecular description of neuropeptides, their biogenesis, action, and degradation. Prerequisite to the exploitation of a neuropeptide as a lead to control agent development is a thorough understanding of the biochemistry of the neuropeptide and appreciation of its physiological impact. Reliable bioassays must be coupled with advanced biochemical and molecular genetic technologies to overcome limitations imposed by the typically low endogenous levels of individual neuropeptides. Purification, amino acid sequencing, and gene cloning provide the molecular tools necessary for studies on neuropeptide synthesis, processing, secretion, receptor binding, and inactivation. Each of these areas consists of a number of amino acid sequence-, and enzyme-dependent steps which may be considered as targets for the development of highly specific control agents. These agents will include antagonists and superagonists, peptidomimetics, recombinant peptides delivered through the baculovirus technology, receptor blockers, and enzyme inhibitors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide: From discovery to current status (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: pheromone biosynthesis ; neuropeptide ; moths ; Helicoverpa zea ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sex pheromone production in females of many species of moths is controlled by a pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). PBAN from Helicoverpa zea (Hez-PBAN) is a 33 amino acid peptide produced in the suboesophageal ganglion of both female and male moths. PBAN-like activity is widespread among Lepidoptera and is also reported from a cockroach and a grasshopper. The C-terminal pentapeptide of Hez-PBAN represents the minimum sequence with pheromonotropic activity. Another pentapeptide fragment of the molecule also has high pheromonotropic activity. Presence of PBAN-like immunoreactivity and biological activity in the corpora cardiaca suggests that it is the possible site of PBAN release. There is evidence that PBAN action on pheromone gland is mediated by a second messenger. Several possible sites of action of PBAN have been suggested in the biosynthetic pathway of pheromones. The gene for Hez-PBAN has been cloned and sequenced. Cloning of a synthetic PBAN gene into a baculovirus has been attempted. Studies to isolate and identify the receptors for PBAN as well as the metabolic fate of PBAN have been initiated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Stage-specific protein and mRNA synthesis during morphogenesis of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 19 (1992), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: development ; embryogenesis ; gene expression ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes in protein and mRNA synthesis during embryonic morphogenesis of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum were characterized by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and quantified by scanning densitometry. Analysis of protein synthesis at different developmental stages indicated that embryonic molecular changes occurred at 36 h of the host's fourth stadium. These changes included decreased expression of 51 and 104 kD (D) proteins and increased expression of 22, 22.5, and 24 kD (D) proteins. Similarly, analysis of in vitro translation products indicated increased transcription of mRNA encoding 16 and 49 kD proteins in embryos dissected at 36 h of the host's fourth stadium. The stage-specific changes in transcription and translation corresponded to the blastula stage of embryonic development and arose several hours before the initiation of embryonic morphogenic events associated with larval pattern formation. Application of the JH analogue methoprene at times that block morphogenesis but not blastula formation did not block the stage-specific synthesis of any proteins. In contrast, neck ligation of hosts at times that block blastula formation and morphogenesis inhibited the synthesis of the 24 kD protein that was normally expressed at the blastula stage.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 19 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940190301
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    Preliminary characterization of enzyme activities in Malpighian tubules involved in the breakdown of adipokinetic hormones (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 19 (1992), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: enzymatic degradation of peptides ; leucine amino peptidases ; carboxypeptidases A and B ; post-proline cleaving enzyme ; post phenylalanine cleaving enzyme ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Adipokinetic hormones (AKH) from different insect species, crustacean red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH), and synthetic substrates were used to characterized enzyme activities present in the Malpighian tubules (MT) of the desert locuts, Schistocerca gregaria, which are involved in the degradation of AKH.When peptides containing proline (position 6) were incubated with MT homogenate they were cleaved by a post-proline cleaving enzyme (PPCE). The presence of such an enzyme was confirmed by the breakdown of a synthetic substrate for PPCE. Peptides which do not contain proline were broken down by a post-phenylalanine cleaving enzyme (PFCE) which could be chymotrypsin or chymotryptic. This PFCE activity(ies) seem(s) to be inactive on the proline-containig peptides or their fragments or digests these at a slow rate. The C-terminal chymotrypsin fragments of the AKHs were broken down by MT homogenates with no accumulation of new intermediate products. It is not clear whether another endopeptidase, PPCE, or leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is responsible.The MTs contain LAP activity; however, this enzyme(s) may be different from its vertebrate counterpart(s). Homogenates of MTs break down equimolar amounts of Pro-7AMC at approximately the same rate, while porcine kidney LAP (cytosol) cleaved Pro-7AMC much slower than Leu-7AMC.The demonstration of carboxypeptidase (CP) A and B activity in the MTs was not possible using conventional substrates such as hippuryl derivatives of amino acids. When CPA from porcine pancreas was added to MT homogenates hippuryl-phenylalanine was digested proving that the conditions were appropriate for CPA activity to occur. The treatment of a N-terminally blocked peptide fragment with MT homogenate led to the breakdown of the peptide giving evidence that the MT CP requires a substrate with a somewhat longer length of amino acid residues.
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    Expression of a parasitism-specific protein in lepidopteran hosts of Chelonus sp. (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 24 (1993), S. 149-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; endoparasite ; secretory factor ; regulatory factor ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The hemolymph of each noctuid species successfully parasitized by Chelonus near curvimaculatus possessed a parasitism-specific protein (PSP) previously identified in host T. ni (Insect Biochem. 19:445; 21:845). Expression of PSP occurred in a stage-specific manner in the stadium during which the host undergoes precocious metamorphosis. The appearance of the protein was not due to nutritional stress associated with parasitism of hosts, since starved nonparasitized larvae did not produce the protein, or to low juvenile hormone titers occurring in precociously metamorphosing hosts, but rather was dependent on the presence of the endoparasite larva. Results of in vivo incorporation experiments with [35S]-methionine showed that synthesis and subsequent appearance of the protein in the hemolymph of parasitized hosts was abrogated by prior surgical removal of endoparasite. Immunoprecipitation analysis of proteins from C. near curvimaculatus larvae cultured in vitro using antibodies specific to PSP indicated that the source of the protein was the endoparasite. Synthesis of PSP by the endoparasitic larvae with its subsequent secretion into the hemocoel of hosts was specific to the advanced stages of parasite development prior to its egression from the host. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Immunochemical and biological analysis of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in Heliothis peltigera (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 19 (1992), S. 247-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: PBAN antiserum ; insect ; Lepidoptera:Noctuidae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study describes the preparation and characterization of a highly specific antiserum to Helicoverpa zea pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (Hez-PBAN), and the use of thsi antiserum, in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to determine: (a) the content of endogenous PBAN in head extracts of male and female Heliothis peltigera; (b) the level of PBAN at different developmental stages; and (c) the content of PBAN in four different moth species. Cross-reactivity studies revealed that the antiserum is directed mainly toward the N-terminal region of the neuropeptide, and that it exhibits similar binding affinities toward the oxidized and reduced forms of PBAN. Analysis of PBAN content in head extracts of male and female H. peltigera, at scotophase, revealed the presence of 4.97 and 4.58 pmol, respectively, in 3-day-old moths, and 5.33 and 4.78 pmol, respectively, in 7-day-old moths. The similarity in the content of PBAN at both ages and sexes was in accordance with the amount of pheromonotropic activity in these extracts which stimulated pheromone biosynthesis to a similar level. Analysis of PBAN-like immunoreactivity (IR) in head extracts of H. peltigera larvae and pupae demonstrated the existence of the neuropeptide in the 4th larval instar and continued to increase as a function of development. No IR could be detected in the first three larval instars. The larval and pupal extracts also exerted pheromonotropic activity which followed a similar pattern. The activity in these extracts, however, was considerably lower than that found in adult male and female heads. IR was also detected in head extracts of three other Noctuidae moths: Helicoverpa armigera, Cornutiplusia circumflexa and Spodoptera littoralis, indicating a high degree of chemcial and structural similarity of PBAN in these moths. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Studies on the enzymes involved in puparial cuticle sclerotization in Drosophila melanogaster (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 19 (1992), S. 271-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: quinone tanning ; quinone methide sclerotization ; β-sclerotization ; phenoloxidase ; quinone isomerase ; quinone methide isomerase ; dehydro-N-acetyldopamine ; fruit fly ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The properties of cuticular enzymes involved in sclerotization of Drosophila melanogaster puparium were examined. The cuticle-bound phenoloxidase from the white puparium exhibited a pH optimum of 6.5 in phosphate buffer and oxidized a variety of catecholic substrates such as 4-methylcatechol, N-β-alanyldopamine, dopa, dopamine, N-acetyldopamine, catechol, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, 3,4-dihydroxylbenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Phenoloxidase inhibitors such as potassium cyanide and sodium fluoride inhibited the enzyme activity drastically, but phenylthiourea showed marginal inhibition only. This result, coupled with the fact that syringaldazine served as the substrate for the insoluble enzyme, confirmed that cuticular phenoloxidase is of the “laccase” type. In addition, we also examined the mode of synthesis of the sclerotizing precursor, 1,2-dehydro N-acetyldopamine. Our results indicate that this catecholamine derivative is biosynthesized from N-acetyldopamine through the intermediate formation of N-acetyldopamine quinone and N-acetyldopamine quinone methide as established for Sarcophage bullata [Saul, S. and Sugumaran, M., F.E.B.S. Letters 251, 69-73 (1989)]. Accordingly, successful solubilization and fractionation of cuticular enzymes involved in the introdution of a double bond in the side chain of N-acetyldopamine indicated that they included o-diophenoloxidase, 4-alkyl-o-quinone: p-quinone methide isomerase, and N-acetyldopamine quinone methide: dehydro N-acetyldopamine isomerase and not any side chain desaturase. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Blue lipophorin from Podisus maculiventris (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: biliverdin ; chromoprotein ; lipoprotein ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A chromoprotein responsible for the blue coloration of the hemolymph in the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), was isolated and identified as lipophorin. With the exception of its blue color the lipoprotein shares similar molecular characteristics with the hemolymph lipophorins of other Hemipterans and insects of several different orders. Its ability to carry a blue chromophore, biliverdin IX γ, adds a new feature to this multifunctional lipoprotein. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Genetic control of voltinism characteristics in European corn borer races assessed with a marker gene (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidopetera ; diapause ; sex-linked gene ; triose phosphate isomerase ; allozyme ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The post-diapause development (PDD) time for univoltine European corn borers (ECB) under diapause breaking conditions averages approximately 44 days, whereas the PDD time for bivoltine ECB under the same conditions is approximately 15 days. This difference is the principal component of the life cycle that determines the number of generations possible in a summer. Previous workers have demonstrated some genetic control of differences in voltinism among populations, including apparent control by sex-linked (Z-linked) genes.In the present study allozymes of the enzyme, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), were used as markers of the Z chromosomes in crosses of a bivoltine colony (Tpi-1) and a univoltine colony (Tpi-2). The F1 resulting from a cross of univoltine females (Z2W) and bivoltine males (Z1Z1) consisted of hemizygous Tpi-1 females (Z1W) with a mean PDD time of 19 days and heterozygous Tpi-1/Tpi-2 males (Z1Z2) with a mean PDD time of 34 days. The F2 progeny consisted of Tpi-1 females (Z1W) (mean PDD time = 15 days), Tpi-2 females (Z2W) (mean PDD time = 40 days), homozygous Tpi-1 males (Z1Z1) (mean PDD time = 16 days), and heterozygous Tpi-1/Tpi-2 males (Z1Z2) (mean PDD time = 25 days). The close correlation of TPI phenotypes and PDD times in these crosses, along with similar results for the maternal and paternal backcrosses of the F1 individuals, indicates that the PDD time is principally controlled by genes on the Z chromosome and that heterozygous males exhibit incomplete or partial dominance of these genes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Detection and determination of Locusta migratoria trypsin by radioimmunoassay (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: immunoblot ; hemolymph ; fat-body ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Polyclonal antibodies were produced against trypsin-like enzyme TLE-2, one of two trypsins isolated from the midgut cecae of the locust Locusta migratoria. Using those antibodies a heterologous RIA was developed. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by immunoblot technique and cross-reactivity experiments. Positive blot reaction with the antiserum was observed with locust trypsins and binding competition was obtained only with the second trypsin from the locust, TLE-1. Trypsins from bovine and hog as well as trypsins from Tenebrio molitor and Tribolium castaneum and locust chymotrypsin did not inhibit TLE-2 binding to the antiserum even at concentrations 1,000-fold greater than that of locust TLE-2. The concentrations of TLE-2 in cecal fluid, cecal wall, hemolymph, and fat-body were 2,790, 60.4, 6.4, and 0.7 ng per mg tissue, respectively. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Identification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 5,6-dihydroxyindole, and n-acetylarterenone during eumelanin formation in immune reactive larvae of Drosophila melanogaster (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: insect immunity ; catecholamines ; parasite encapsulation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, 5-6-dihydroxyindole, and N-acetylarterenone were detected by electrochemical methods in the hemolymph of immune reactive larvae of Drosophila melanogaster following parasitization by the wasp Leptopilina boulardi. Determinations of the catechols were made after separation by reverse phase, ion-pairing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The presence of 5,6-dihydroxyindole unequivocally establishes the eumelanin pathway in the defense reponse of Drosophila, and confirms previous investigations which have implicated certain catecholamine metabolizing enzymes in insect immunity. The occurrence of N-acetylarterenone, a derivative of the principal sclerotizing agent N-acetyldopamine, verifies the existence and proposed involvement of quinone methide isomerase in the regulation of catecholamine metabolism, and suggests that the cellular capsule formed by Drosphila in immune reactions against parasites is most likely a composite of both eumelanin and sclerotin. The absence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in hemolymph samples from immune reactive hosts suggests that during parasitization certain catecholamines and metabolic precursors may be re-employed in alternate pathways, some of which may be used in defense reactions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comparative studies on the mode of action of proctolin and phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate in their ability to contract the locust mandibular closer muscle (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 215-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: phorbol ester ; calcium-channel ; skeletal muscle ; protein kinase C ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The role of proctolin has been further investigated in the locust (Locusta migratoria) mandibular closer muscles. Radioactive calcium uptake measurements were made using protease-dissociated muscle cells. Both the phorbol ester, phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate, and proctolin produce tonic contractions which are associated with the influx of extracellular calcium. The thresholds for proctolin and the phorbol ester to contract the muscle were 1-10 nM and 10-100nM, respectively, while their respective thresholds for evoking measurable calcium influx into the muscle cells were 0.1-1 nM for proctolin, and 0.1-1 pM for phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate. The effect of phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate is blocked by a number of protein kinase inhibitors (at a concentration of 0.1 mM), suggesting that an activation of protein kinase can lead to calcium influx. These inhibitors, however, do not block the effect of proctolin, indicating that these two compounds work through different pathways, possibly coverging on the same final target. In light of this finding, a number of other compounds have been tested to try to ascertain how proctolin mediates an increased calcium influx. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Role of phospholipids in the lipophorin particles of Rhodnius prolixus (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 303-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: phospholipase A2 ; lipoprotein ; lipids ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The lipophorin of Rhodnius prolixus metabolically labelled with 32P exclusively in the phospholipid moiety was purified on a potassium bromide gradient and treated with phospholipase A2 in the presence of an excess of fatty acid-free albumin. The treatment completely removed the phospholipids from the particles and generated [32P]-lysophosphatidylcholine, [32P]-lysophosphatidylethanoamine, and free fatty acids that remained bound to albumin. The phospholipid-depleted lipophorin particles remained soluble, indicating that phospholipids are not essential in maintaining the stability of the particles in aqueous solution. Complete removal of phospholipids did not affect the association of apolipophorin III with lipophorin particles. Lipophorin density increased slightly from 1.120 to 1.134 g/ml after treatment. The phospholipid-depleted particles aslo retained their ability to be recognized and loaded in vitro with phospholipids delivered by the fat body, thus supporting the concept of lipophorin's role as a reusable lipid shuttle for phospholipids. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Storage proteins of the larval root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Riboflavin binding and subunit isolation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 20 (1992), S. 315-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Proteins present at high concentrations in hemolymph of the larval weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus were previously shown to bind a synthetic coumarin, 7-amino-3-phenyl coumarin (coumarin-10). One of the two native proteins previously identified (protein I) is now shown to separate into two distinct bands (proteins la and lb) using native gradient pore-limiting electrophoresis. The high concentration of proteins la, lb, and ll in larval hemolymph, their disppearance from hemolymph upon pupation, and an apparent hexameric structure shown by chemical crosslinking identify them as hexameric storage proteins (hexamerins). At least one chromatographic form of lb isolated by anion exchange HPLC is now shown to bind riboflavin (Rb). Binding was also demonstrated by quenching of Rb fluorescence by a partially isolated mixture of the storage proteins. Lipophorin did not quench Rb fluorescence. Rb was heat-extracted from whole hemolymph and identified by its fluorescence spectra and by reverse phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The two subunits shared by the three holoproteins have been isolated by sequential density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel permeation HPLC, and reverse phase HPLC. All three holoproteins shared the α subunit (M, 75,000), while the β subunit (M, 71,000) was lacking from one of the three. Repeated passage through an anion exchange column yielded two of the three proteins (lb and ll) in homogeneous form. Chemical crosslinking with dimethylsuberimidate indicated a hexameric structure for the holoproteins. All subunits and holoproteins stained as high mannose glycoproteins when probed with biotinylated concanavalin A on PVDF membranes. The α subunit was high in Met, His, and Thr, and the β subunit was high in Lys. Both were high in Pro and had approximately 16% Phe + Tyr. Sequences of the 20 N-terminal amino acid residues of each subunit showed 45-60% homology between subunits. These coleopteran proteins also showed some sequential homology but no immunological cross-reactivity with storage proteins from the lepidopterans Galleria mellonella and Heliothis virescens. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Oral toxicity to flesh flies of a neurotoxic polypeptide (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 41-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: polypeptide neurotoxin ; gut permeability ; Sarcophaga falculata ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An insect selective neurotoxic polypeptide from venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis (AalT, Mr 8,000) was shown to cross the midgut of the flesh fly Sarcophaga falculata, using assays of oral toxicity, column chromatography, and microscopic autoradiography of the native and radioiodinated toxin. AalT induced paralysis of flies within 1-2 h after oral administration, with a lethal dose (LD50) of 10 μg/100 mg of body weight. Oral toxicity was about 0.14% of toxicity by injection. Hemolymph collection 70-85 min after feeding flies with [125l]AalT showed that 5% of ingested radioactivity appeared in hemolymph. Most of this represented degradation products, but included about 0.3% of the chromatographically intact toxin. In contrast, hemolymph of identically treated lepidopterous larvae (Manduca, Helioverpa [=Heliothis]) contained degradation products but no intact toxin. [125l]AalT was shown to cross the midgut of Sarcophaga through a morphologically distinct segment of the midgut previously shown to be permeable to a cytotoxic, positively charged polypeptide of similar molecular weight. These results suggest that Sarcophaga midgut contains a morphologically and functionally distinct segment that transports small peptides, and that employment of neurotoxic polypeptides for insect control may be feasible. Activity might be greatly improved through modification and metabolic stabilization of active peptides. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Announcement (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 75-75 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Effects of RH 5849, the first nonsteroidal ecdysteroid agonist, on larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21 (1992), S. 119-128 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: toxicity ; physiology ; larval molting ; larval-pupal metamorphosis ; development ; cuticular proteins ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of RH 5849 on the larval molt and larval-pupal metamorphosis in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were examined. Application of RH 5849 to newly ecdysed 3rd and 6th (last) instar larvae induced a larval molt within the first day after application. Symptoms included cessation of feeding and larval weight, extrusion of gut, loss of hemolymph, and a developmentally abnormal and subsequent lethal larval ecdysis. Treated larvae died shortly afterwards. Treated 6th instar larvae, which did not appear to be affected before pupation, showed an abnormal and lethal pupation process.Differences in the protein pattern of the cuticle between treated vs. untreated 6th instar larvae, demonstrated by using PAGE, indicated that in the newly induced larval cuticle some proteins were missing or expressed with less intensity. The lack of several bands in the pattern of cuticular and hemolymph proteins of treated vs. untreated 6th instar larvae, probably from proteins specific for the pupal instar, is suggested as a cause of unsuccessful pupation in the treatment. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of allatectomy and ovariectomy on cuticular hydrocarbons in Calliphora vomitoria (diptera) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: juvenile hormone ; ecdysteroids ; attractiveness ; ovaries ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationships between female attractiveness, cuticular hydrocarbons, and levels of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids were studied in Calliphora vomitoria. The experiments were conducted at 48 and 72 h post-emergence, according to attractiveness appearance and increase. The 48-h-old allatectomized females were less attractive than the control females, whereas no changes occurred either in cuticular hydrocarbons total mass production or in the different hydrocarbon families. However, the 72-h-old allatectomized females were more attractive than the control females, and, in relative proportions, allatectomy led to an increase in monomethylalkanes and a decrease in n-alkanes.Only at 48 h were the ovariectomized females less attractive than the control females and did ovariectomy increase the relative proportions of monomethylalkanes. At 72 h, ovariectomy did not influence female attractiveness, but it decreased the total cuticular hydrocarbon production. Allatectomy and ovariectomy significantly decreased ecdysteroids levels at 48 and 72 h. Ovariectomy did not affect juvenile hormone production.These results suggest that attractiveness and cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis could be under the direct control of ecdysteroids and the indirect influence of juvenile hormone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Patterns of biosynthesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons and contact sex pheromone in the female german cockroach, Blattella germanica (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 375-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: pheromone biosynthesis ; hydrocarbon biosynthesis ; methyl ketone biosynthesis ; ovarian development ; feeding ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: De novo synthesis of contact female sex pheromone and hydrocarbons in Blattella germanica was examined using short in vivo incubations. Accumulation of pheromone on the epicuticular surface and the internal pheromone titer were related to age-specific changes in hydrocarbon synthesis and accumulation in normal and allatectomized females. The incorporation of radiolabel from [1-14C]propionate into the cuticular methyl ketone pheromone fraction was positively related to corpora allata activity during two gonotrophic cycles. During peak pheromone production the total internal lipid fraction contained greater titers of pheromone than the cuticular surface, and it too exhibited a cycle internally, preceding the rise in external pheromone. This suggests that synthesis and accumulation of pheromone internally are followed by transport of pheromone to the epicuticular surface where it accumulates. Radiolabel was incorporated efficiently into both cuticular and internal hydrocarbons after the imaginal molt and until the peak of pheromone synthesis, but it declined to lower levels before ovulation and throughout pregnancy. The internal hydrocarbon titer decreased 58% after oviposition, suggesting deposition in the egg case. It remained relatively unchanged during pregnancy and increased again during the second gonotrophic cycle. In allatectomized females, hydrocarbon synthesis was reduced relative to control females until oviposition in the latter. However, subsequent rates of hydrocarbon synthesis in allatectomized females (without oothecae) exceeded the rates in sham-operated females (with oothecae). In the absence of ovarian uptake of hydrocarbons, the internal titer increased without the decline found in control females at oviposition. As internal hydrocarbons increased, so did cuticular hydrocarbons and both internal and cuticular methyl ketone pheromones. These patterns corresponded well with feeding patterns in sham-operated and allatectomized females, suggesting that pheromone production is normally regulated by stage-specific feeding-induced hydrocarbon synthesis (precursor accumulation internally) and juvenile hormoneinduced conversion of hydrocarbon to pheromone. They also suggest that both the cuticle and the ovaries might be target sites for hydrocarbon and possibly methyl ketone deposition. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Sources of possible host regulatory factors in Cardiochiles nigriceps (hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 197-209 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: parasitoid ; protein secretions ; teratocytes ; parasitoid larvae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Both larvae and teratocytes liberated upon hatching from the eggs of the endoparasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck were found to release proteins into their surrounding environment as they develop. Teratocytes were found to synthesize and release a number of proteins into culture media in which they were incubated. The proteins released differed among the different teratocyte ages. Larvae were also found to release proteins into the culture media in which they were incubated. Ligation of the head or anal vesicle altered the protein pattern found in the media. The results demonstrate that both larvae and the associated teratocytes release proteins that may have important functions in the parasitoidhost interaction. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Preface (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Diuretic activity of Mas-DP II, an identified neuropeptide from Manduca sexta: An in vivo and in vitro examination in the adult moth (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 3-10 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: diuresis ; excretion ; Malpighian tubules ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mas-DP II, a recently identified 30 amino acid diuretic peptide isolated from the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta, was tested for its ability to increase fluid excretion in adult M. sexta, and for the ability to elevate the rate of fluid secretion from isolated Malpighian tubules cultured in vitro. Mas-DP II was found to increase fluid weight loss from decapitated adult moths in a dose-dependent manner; weight loss increased significantly at doses as low as 5 ng for female moths and 25 ng for male moths. Male moths injected with large doses of Mas-DP II continued to exhibit increased rates of fluid loss up to 4 h post-injection. In vitro, Mas-DP II stimulated fluid secretion from isolated Malpighian tubules at concentrations as low as 4 nM for tubules from both male and female moths. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cyclic volumetric changes in corpus allatum cells in relation to juvenile hormone biosynthesis during ovarian cycles in cockroaches (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: endocrine gland development ; cell size ; egg case ; reproductive cycle ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Development and activity of the corpora allata (CA) were investigated in adult female Blattella germanica and Supella longipalpa. These two cockroach species differ in their reproductive modes, with relatively uninterrupted cycles of oocyte development in S. longipalpa and discrete patterns of oocyte development which are interrupted by pregnancy in B. germanica. During ovarian cycles in both cockroach species, elevated rates of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis closely coincide with synchronous volumetric growth of the CA. Declines in CA activity before ovulation coincide with synchronous declines in the size of CA cells. However, in adult females of both species the number of CA cells remains relatively constant. Quantitative studies in normal and ovariectomized adult B. germanica females show that the volumetric changes in CA cells are paced and synchronized by ovarian factors. Without the ovaries, the enlargement of CA cells in newly eclosed females is slower and relatively asynchronous. Without an ootheca in ovariectomized females, the volume of CA cells fails to decline synchronously, resulting in variable but high rates of JH synthesis. The precise relationship between volume of CA cells and-JH biosynthesis in oviparous and viviparous cockroaches suggests that in cockroaches, cell volume, and not CA cell number, is a better predictor of JH biosynthetic activity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acetylcholinesterase from the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) II: Biochemical and molecular properties (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 109-121 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Haematobia irritans ; acetylcholinesterase ; kinetics ; inhibition ; molecular form ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the horn fly was characterized to elucidate the enzymological, inhibitory, and molecular properties of the enzyme. Maximum activity of the AChE against the substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh) occurred when reactions were conducted at 37°C and pH 7.5. Km and Vmax values were (9.2 ± 0.35) × 10-6 M and 239.8 ± 10.8 units/mg, respectively, for ATCh and (1.5 ± 0.07) × 10-5 M and 138.5 ± 5.5 units/mg, respectively, for butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). The activity of AChE decreased when concentrations of ATCh or BTCh were higher than 1 mM. Studies of the interaction of AChE with different inhibitors revealed pl50 values of 8.88 for eserine, 6.90 for BW284C51, and 4.97 for ethopropazine. Bimolecular reaction constants (kis) for the organophosphorus (OP) anticholinesterases were (2.74 ± 0.14) × 106 M-1 min-1 for coroxon, (7.20 ± 0.28) × 105 M-1 min-1 for paraoxon, and (2.33 ± 0.12) × 105 M-1 min-1 for stirofos. Two major forms of native AChE molecules were found on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with Triton X-100, corresponding to bands AChE-2 and AChE-4 found on PAGE without Triton X-100. AChE-2 had an estimated molecular weight of 603,000 and was amphiphilic. AChE-4 had a molecular weight of 147,000 and was hydrophilic. Results of PAGE analyses indicated that the purified enzyme had two bands, one of about 123 kDa and the other greater than 320 kDa, prior to disulfide reduction and only one band at about 54 kDa after reduction on SDS-PAGE. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a diuretic peptide Manduca diuresin (MasDPII) in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 137-152 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; MasDPII ; neurosecretory cells ; diuretic hormone ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A purified polyclonal antibody against synthetic Manduca diuresin (formerly named MasDPII) was used to localize immunoreactive cell clusters in the protocerebrum and the suboesophageal ganglion of adult, larval, and pupal stages of Manduca sexta. In adults and pharate adults, strong immunostaining was found in type IIb median neurosecretory cells and IIa1-3 cells. Moderate staining was observed in the maxillary, mandibular, and labial cell clusters in the suboesophageal ganglion. In larvae, immunostaining was found in four IIa cells and in the maxillary, mandibular, and labial cell clusters of the suboesophageal ganglion. In the early pupal stage, six to eight type IIa cells were immunopositive and two clusters of developing type IIb cells showed positive staining. Furthermore, maxillary, mandibular, and labial cell clusters in the pupal suboesophageal ganglion also contained immunoreactive material. In all stages, nervi corporis cardiaci-1+2 and the retrocerebral complex showed immunoreactivity. While preadsorption of purified antibody with another diuretic peptide from M. sexta brain, MasDH, slightly reduced the immunostaining by the Manduca diuresin antibody, preadsorption with Manduca diuresin completely abolished immunoreactivity in all of the cells previously mentioned. The findings suggest the presence of Manduca diuresin or Manduca diuresin-like peptides in larval and pupal type IIa cells and in the suboesophageal ganglion of M. sexta in all three developmental Stages. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Purification and characterization of the Manduca sexta neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Nα-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-arginine ; carboxypeptidase M ; silver stain ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (CPE) (E.C.3.4.17.10) has been well studied in vertebrates but its presence in invertebrates has not yet been reported. CPE activity in insects is present in membrane-bound and soluble forms. The soluble CPE has been purified to homogeneity from the brain of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. It is a 57 kDa glycoprotein containing 9% sugars. It is activated 9.2 ± 1.8 fold by CoCl2 and inhibited by chelating agents. Its sensitivity to guanidinoethyl-mercaptosuccinic acid, and its molecular mass, make this enzyme a good candidate to be the insect equivalent of the mammalian CPE. Furthermore, its lack of sensitivity towards p-(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonate puts it closer to the vertebrate carboxypeptidase M (CPM). We postulate that insects may possess a single protein fulfilling both CPE and CPM functions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Synthesis and deposition of PCG-100, the main pupal cuticle glycoprotein of the medfly Ceratitis capitata (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 217-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: integument ; metamorphosis ; insect epidermis ; Ceratitis capitata ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the developmental expression of the main pupal cuticle glycoprotein, PCG-100, in the Medfly Ceratitis capitata. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against this protein. Western blotting analysis showed that this glycoprotein is integument- and stage-specific. No PCG-100 or immunologically related polypeptides were detected in other tissues or instars. As studied by microinjection of [35S]methionine in individual flies, in vivo synthesis and deposition of PCG-100 begins approximately 48 h after the onset of pupariation, shortly after the time of head eversion. Synthesis is maximal at 54-64 h, decreases at 72 h, and practically ceases in fully shaped 4-day-old pupae. The time required for PCG-100 deposition into the cuticle was found to be less than 10 min after its synthesis. This is the first time such in vivo analysis has been performed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Biosynthetic alternatives for acetogenic production of sorbic acid in the potato aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 249-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: fatty acid synthetase ; peroxisomes ; clofibrate ; p-bromophenacyl esters ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; sorbic acid ; acetyl-CoA ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Following in vivo injection of [1-14C]-sodium acetate, triacylglycerols of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), were extracted and derivatized to p-bromophenacyl fatty acid esters for two-dimensional TLC and GLC-MSD (mass selective detector) analysis. Radiolabeled sorbic (E, E-2,4-hexadienoic) acid ester was detected, demonstrating that this short chain fatty acid unique to aphids is biosynthesized via an acetogenic pathway. Crotonic (E-2-butenoic) or hexenoic acids were not detected in labeled or unlabeled potato aphid samples or unlabeled samples from the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Fonscolombe. Crotonic or hexenoic acids might have been expected if an incomplete cycling by fatty acid synthetase or a novel desaturase acting on the prevalent hexanoate, respectively, were responsible for sorbic acid synthesis in aphids. A peroxisomal β-oxidation route to sorbic acid from longer chain fatty acids was not indicated since injections of clofibrate, a peroxisomal proliferator, with or without C18 polyunsaturated lipids gave no substantial increase in C6 lipids. Also, some characteristic enzyme activities of peroxisomal β-oxidation were not found in an ultracentrifugal “peroxisomal” fraction from the potato aphid. Although the individual biochemical steps from acetate to sorbate in aphids remain unclear, an unusual acetate-malonate pathway is indicated. Clarification of the biosynthetic steps to sorbic acid should identify at least one novel enzyme for animals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization and biological effects of cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 165-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: calyx fluid ; viral proteins ; glycoproteins ; venom ; parasitoid ; developmental arrest ; endocrine disruption ; metamorphosis ; hemolymph proteins ; SDS-PACE ; Western blot ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ovaries of endoparasitic species of braconid and ichneumonid wasps contain large numbers of polydnavirus (PDV) virions that replicate in specialized calyx cells of the ovaries and are injected into the host larva during parasitization. In the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata that parasitizes the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the total amount of viral DNA present in the ovaries was determined to be 25-75 ng. Analysis of viral DNA on 0.4% agarose gels showed that the genome was comprised of 15-20 circles of double-stranded DNA. SDS-PAGE analyses showed that a large number (〉30) of structural polypeptides were present in the virions, and analysis of the venom likewise showed that multiple components were present. The major size classes of venom proteins differed from those present in the PDV. However, Western blots using polyclonal PDV antibodies showed that some cross-reacting PDV-like proteins were present in the venom, perhaps explaining the mild PDV-enhancing effect of the venom. Injection of PDV into unparasitized larvae provoked pronounced alterations in their growth, development, pigmentation, and hemolymph proteins. A densely staining band of hemolymph proteins of approximately 18-20 kD appeared in large amounts relative to other hemolymph proteins several days following injection of PDV; this band was undetectable in naturally parasitized larvae. Eggs which had been washed extensively to remove PDVs were encapsulated following injection, but development of the host still was disrupted, usually in the post-wandering prepupal stage. Thus, neither the parasites nor their host survived, despite mobilization of an “effective” host response.© 1994 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
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    Biochemical and developmental alterations of Heliothis virescens (F.) (lepidoptera, noctuidae) larvae induced by the endophagous parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps viereck (Hymenoptera, braconidae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 211-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: All larval stages of Heliothis virescens (F.) parasitized by the endophagous larval parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, a braconid species belonging to the subfamily Microgasterinae, exhibit developmental arrest at last instar and fail to pupate. The major part of larval development of the parasitoid is synchronized with the arrested host last larval instar and the parasitoid first molt is never observed before the host attains the late digging stage. At this time, the total ecdysteroid titer of the hemolymph of parasitized hosts is very low and subsequently shows a slow and gradual increase, characterized by a low titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) associated with consistent amounts of inactive ecdysteroid polar metabolites. Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) activity is high in both control and parasitized host larvae at the early digging stage of development, and juvenile hormone analogs (JHA) applied to parasitized host last instar larvae appear to suppress the parasitoid molt. Concurrent with these changes was an increase in the hemolymph titer of proteins which was maintained at a high level in parasitized larvae in contrast to the observed decrease in control larvae at the cell formation stage of development. Neck-ligation of newly molted host 5th instar parasitized larvae, prior to both JHE release and the increase in protein titers, inhibited growth and molting of the parasitoid. In contrast, ligation after JHE release and with high hemolymph protein titers resulted in parasitoid molting and growth. These data suggest that the host ecdysteroid hormones are not directly involved in the regulation of the parasitoid molt, although high juvenile hormone (JH) levels probably prevent it. More likely, molting is triggered by other biochemical changes, such as proteins or other factors occurring in the hemolymph. Molting of C. nigriceps larvae in vitro into an ecdysone-free semidefined medium further supported the view that host ecdysone is not necessary for the molt. Teratocytes of C. nigriceps seem to play an important role in the inactivation of 20-HE through its conversion to inactive polar metabolites, and along with female calyx fluid and venom which depress the secretory activity of the host prothoracic glands, they are the most important sources of host regulatory factors. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Biosynthesis, secretion, and immunocytochemistry of trypsin modulating oostatic factor of Aedes aegypti (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hormone ; HPLC ; ovary ; antibody ; PAGE ; pulse-chase ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) was followed by RIA in the ovary of female Aedes aegypti before and after the blood meal. The amount of TMOF in a pair of ovaries from females fed sugar for 3 days or blood for 24 h was low (1.7 ng). Between 24 and 48 h after the blood meal the amount of TMOF in the ovaries rapidly increased and reached a peak of 104 ng at 48 h. The amount of TMOF in the head of a female A. aegypti was very low (0.05 to 0.1 ng) during sugar and blood feeding. Immunocytochemical methodology identified the follicular epithelium as the site of biosynthesis of TMOF in the ovary. Females ovariectomized and fed a blood meal continued to synthesize trypsin for 64 h, whereas intact controls stopped at 40 h, indicating that a factor from the ovary regulates trypsin biosynthesis. Ovaries incubated in vitro with [3H]proline synthesized [pro-3H]TMOF that was identified by HPLC and by anti-TMOF serum. The ovary started to synthesize TMOF in vitro 24 h after the blood meal, and the synthesis reached a peak at 36 h and then declined. The synthesis of TMOF by the ovary is closely correlated with the termination of trypsin biosynthesis in the female mosquito's midgut. Ovaries that were pulsed with [3H]proline for 30 min synthesized [pro-3H]TMOF which was chased into the medium with unlabeled proline, indicating that the hormone is secreted by the ovary. These results indicate that TMOF is a secretory peptide, synthesized by the ovarian follicular epithelium and that it modulates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito's gut. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Benzodioxole-1,3-benzodioxole derivatives and their effects on the reproductive physiology of insects (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Mediterranean fruit fly ; juvenile hormone ; microtubules ; chemosterilant ; Ceratitis capitata ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Alkyl ethers of methylenedioxy analogs of obtusastyrene or benzyl-1,3-benzodioxole derivatives (BBDs) and related benzylphenols have been shown to interfere with various phases of reproduction in insects. BBDs have also been shown to interfere with sex attractancy, to induce precocious development, and to antagonize juvenile hormone (JH) functions in insects. Because representative BBDs were reported to show low toxicity to mammals and to be negative in assays testing for potential mutagens, these compounds held much promise to be environmentally safe insect chemosterilants. The mode of action of BBDs does not involve blocking or competition for putative JH receptor sites on follicular cells or hemolymph JH binding proteins. However, BBDs were shown to interfere with (1) in vitro biosynthesis and release of JH from corpora allata of Mediterranean fruit fly females, and (2) microtubule assembly in insects. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940160301
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    Alkanes of four related moth species, Helicoverpa and Heliothis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 165-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: chemotaxonomy ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; gas-liquid chromatography ; identification ; peak ratios ; adults ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Comparison of the presence and quantities of cuticular hydrocarbons has been used successfully for identifying sibling species and races of several groups of insects. This approach has been extended to four species of moths previously regarded as belonging to the same genus, Heliothis. Gas chromatography was used to quantify the numerous high-molecular weight alkanes found on the cuticle of two pairs of closely related species: Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera, and Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa. Both sexes of H. zea and H. armigera contained different quantities of several alkanes that could be used for unambiguous identification. Similar comparisons of H. subflexa and H. virescens showed four peak ratios that were different for each species. Sexual dimorphism was minor in H. subflexa and H. virescens.
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    Announcements (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 217-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Superoxide dismutase in the anal gills of the mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti: Its inhibition by α-terthienyl (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: phototoxicity ; enzyme inactivation ; asteraceae ; ultraviolet light ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The anal gills of the mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti were shown to possess superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity, which increased with the maturation of the larvae from instar 1 to instar 4. This enzyme was highly inhibited upon treatment of the larvae with α-terthienyl (2,2′: 5,2′-terthiophene) and subsequent exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light. Inhibition also occurred with treatment of the crude enzyme extract in a similar fashion. Exposure of the enzyme to the ultraviolet light alone or the treatment of the enzyme with α-terthienyl in darkness could not manifest this inhibition. This finding adds a new dimension to the complex mechanism(s) proposed for the photodynamic toxicity of α-terthienyl.
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    Cytochrome b5 involvement in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities in house fly microsomes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cytochrome b5 ; microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ; microsomes ; fatty acyl CoA desaturase ; insect ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The involvement of cytochrome b5 in different cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and palmitoyl CoA desaturase activities in microsomes from insecticide-resistant (LPR) house flies was determined using a specific polyclonal antiserum developed against house fly cytochrome b5. Anti-b5 antiserum inhibited the reduction of cytochrome b5 by NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. The antiserum also inhibited palmitoyl CoA desaturase, methoxycoumarin-O-demethylase (MCOD), ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase, AHH) activities. However, methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethy-lase (EROD) activities were not affected by this antiserum. These results demonstrate that cytochrome b5 is involved in fatty acyl CoA desaturase activities and in certain cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities (i.e., MCOD, ECOD, and AHH) in LPR house fly microsomes. Other cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities (i.e., MROD and EROD) may not require cytochrome b5. The results suggest that cytochrome b5 involvement with cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities is dependent upon the cytochrome P450 isoform involved. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Inhibition by azadirachtin of phospholipid transfer from lipophorin to the oocytes in Rhodnius prolixus (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: oogenesis ; lipid ; lipoprotein ; vitellogenin ; vitellin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The growth of oocytes was severely reduced in female Rhodnius prolixus treated with azadirachtin A (AZA). When administered in a blood meal, AZA (1 μg/ml) inhibited phospholipid transfer to the ovaries without altering the availability of yolk protein in the hemolymph or its uptake by 1 mm oocytes. The lipid composition of lipophorin, its concentration in the hemolymph, and its density were normal in AZA-treated females. Partial inhibition of phospholipid transfer was observed when lipophorin from AZA-treated females was injected into normal females, or when lipophorin from normal females was injected into AZA-treated females. The two effects were additive, so that the transfer of phospholipids from the lipophorin of AZA-treated females to the oocytes of AZA-treated females was nearly eliminated. In combination, these effects of AZA on phospholipid transfer to the oocytes limit the capacity of AZA-treated females to produce eggs. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization of genital tract growth factor-like activity from testis sheaths and fat body of Heliothis virescens (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 263-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: male reproduction ; Lepidoptera ; growth factors ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Testis sheaths and fat body from developing male pupae of Heliothis virescens synthesize soluble growth factor-like products when exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE). These factors promote growth and development of the genital tract. Saline extracts of modified Grace's medium and 20HE-treated testis sheaths and fat body were subjected to heat, freeze-thaw, organic solvents, and low pressure size exclusion chromatography. Although extracts were stable to repeated freeze-thawing, activity was lost after exposure to organic solvents; activities of fractions heavier than 6.5 KDa were inhibited by heating to 100°C. Size exclusion chromatography yielded 10 active testis extract fractions and 9 active fat body fractions. Although the approximate molecular weights of most of the extract fractions were similar, enzyme studies using protease, lipase, and α-amylase indicated differences in the chemistry of active fractions derived from the two tissues. Active factors were inhibited by protease or lipase or both enzymes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Inhibitory effect of 10,11-methyl-enetetradec-10-enoic acid on a Z9-desaturase in the sex pheromone biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: sex pheromone biosynthesis ; desaturase ; inhibition ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of 10,11-methylenetetradec-10-enoic acid on the sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway of Spodoptera littoralis is reported. This new cyclopropene fatty acid inhibited the biosynthesis of the main pheromone component from labeled myristicacid. The study of each Z desaturation step revealed that the Z9-desaturase of E11-14:Acid was inhibited, whereas the Z11-desaturase of 16:Acid was not affected. The results presented in this article agree with our hypothesis that the methylenehexadecenoic acids are beta-oxidized in the pheromone gland to the corresponding methylenetetradecenoic acids. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Digestive enzymes in midgut cells, endo-and ectoperitrophic contents, and peritrophic membranes of Spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera) larvae (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 299-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: microapocrine secretion ; immobilized enzymes ; peritrophic membrane ; membrane-bound enzymes ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, subcellular fractionation data suggest that aminopeptidase and part of amylase, carboxypeptidase A, dipeptidase, and trypsin are bound to the microvillar membranes; that major amounts of soluble dipeptidase, cellobiase, and maltase are trapped in the cell glycocalyx; and finally that soluble carboxypeptidase, amylase, and trypsin occur in intracellular vesicles. Most luminal acetylglucosaminidase is soluble and restricted to the ectoperitrophic contents. Aminopeptidase occurs in minor amounts bound to membranes both in the ectoperitrophic contents and incorporated in the peritrophic membrane. Amylase, carboxypeptidase A, and trypsin are found in minor amounts in the ectoperitrophic contents (both soluble and membrane-bound) and in major amounts in the peritrophic membrane with contents. Part of the activities recovered in the last mentioned contents corresponds to enzyme molecules incorporated in the peritrophic membrane. The results suggest that initial digestion is carried out in major amounts by enzymes in the endoperitrophic space and, in minor amounts, by enzymes immobilized in the peritrophic membrane. Intermediate and final digestion occur at the ectoperitrophic space or at the surface of midgut cells. The results also lend support to the hypothesis that amylase and trypsin are derived from membrane-bound forms, are released in soluble form by a microapocrine mechanism, and are partly incorporated into the peritrophic membrane. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940260406
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940260201
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