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  • Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.  (81)
  • INGV  (56)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2020-2023  (178)
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  • 1
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    Large Diversity in Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compatible Solute Profiles in Polar and Temperate Diatoms (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Integrative and Comparative Biology, 60 (6). pp. 1401-1413.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Intense bottom-ice algal blooms, often dominated by diatoms, are an important source of food for grazers, organic matter for export during sea ice melt, and dissolved organic carbon. Sea-ice diatoms have a number of adaptations, including accumulation of compatible solutes, that allows them to inhabit this highly variable environment characterized by extremes in temperature, salinity, and light. In addition to protecting them from extreme conditions, these compounds present a labile, nutrient-rich source of organic matter, and include precursors to climate active compounds (e.g., dimethyl sulfide [DMS]), which are likely regulated with environmental change. Here, intracellular concentrations of 45 metabolites were quantified in three sea-ice diatom species and were compared to two temperate diatom species, with a focus on compatible solutes and free amino acid pools. There was a large diversity of metabolite concentrations between diatoms with no clear pattern identifiable for sea-ice species. Concentrations of some compatible solutes (isethionic acid, homarine) approached 1 M in the sea-ice diatoms, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Navicula cf. perminuta, but not in the larger sea-ice diatom, Nitzschia lecointei or in the temperate diatom species. The differential use of compatible solutes in sea-ice diatoms suggests different adaptive strategies and highlights which small organic compounds may be important in polar biogeochemical cycles.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Telerilevamento di vibrazioni delle strutture tramite telesensore infrasonico (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Nell’ambito del progetto EDISECUR, finanziato della regione Lazio, è stato sviluppato un prototipo di telesensore infrasonico, TIS, a tracciamento di speckle per la misura della velocità angolare, delle frequenze fondamentali e delle armoniche di una superficie sottoposta a oscillazioni. Il TIS si presta particolarmente per il rilevamento e il monitoraggio nel tempo degli edifici, ponti e altri manufatti. Conoscere lo stato vibrazionale di queste strutture può essere d’interesse sia per la loro caratterizzazione dinamica che per la sicurezza. Questo prototipo, sufficientemente compatto, si presta a una misura immediata della velocità angolare e, con semplici operazioni, si possono dedurre spostamenti e accelerazioni angolari. Dalle grandezze angolari e dalla conoscenza geometrica della superficie, tramite alcuni schemi ed esempi, si mostra come sia possibile determinare anche altri parametri cinematici lineari. Il telesensore può essere impiegato nelle misure delle vibrazioni di superfici a lunga distanza di varia natura, anche laddove non fosse possibile accedere per eseguire una misura diretta. Lo strumento copre un campo di frequenze fino alle decine di Hz, ha una sensibilità e una dinamica tale da rilevare le vibrazioni indotte dal rumore industriale, dal traffico, dal vento e altro. Questo lavoro è principalmente rivolto alle applicazioni del TIS nel rilevamento delle vibrazioni delle strutture ed è in questo ambito che vengono spiegate le modalità, i limiti e i vantaggi del suo impiego insieme agli errori insiti nella tecnica di misura. Dato che il TIS misura un movimento relativo tra lo stesso strumento e la superficiebersaglio, sono stati valutati gli errori delle vibrazioni dovute alla microsismicità e altre cause ambientali. Vengono infine riportati due preliminari esempi di misura su una struttura edile.
    Description: Regione Lazio, progetto EDISECUR
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-36
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Remote Sensor ; Vibration Detector
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Bollettino Sismico Italiano 2015 (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-11
    Description: L’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) riceve, nella Sala di Sorveglianza Sismica e Centro Allerta Tsunami di Roma, i segnali in tempo reale da centinaia di stazioni sismiche distribuite sul territorio nazionale. Entro due minuti dall’occorrenza di un qualsiasi terremoto, appositi sistemi automatici forniscono una prima valutazione dei parametri ipocentrali. Due sismologi, sempre presenti nella sala operativa della sede centrale, controllano le informazioni ottenute e, per i terremoti sopra una determinata soglia di magnitudo (ML ≥ 2.5), comunicano alla Sala Situazione Italia della Protezione Civile i dati elaborati, in media in circa 12 minuti (massimo entro 30 minuti) [Margheriti et al., 2021]. La valutazione definitiva dei parametri ipocentrali di tutti i terremoti, dai più grandi avvertiti in vaste aree del territorio ai più piccoli rilevati solo da pochi strumenti, è demandata a un’analisi più accurata svolta in un secondo tempo, ormai da alcuni decenni, da un gruppo di analisti specializzati nell’interpretazione dei segnali sismici. Gli analisti sismologi del Bollettino Sismico Italiano revisionano tutti i dati registrati dalle stazioni della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) dell’INGV e riconoscono la presenza di terremoti attraverso un’analisi diretta delle forme d’onda. In tal modo l’analista rileva il tempo d’arrivo delle onde sismiche ai vari sensori e valuta l’ampiezza delle oscillazioni e la direzione del moto del suolo; questi parametri, utilizzati da apposite procedure di calcolo, consentono di localizzare ogni terremoto e di valutare la magnitudo associata. Le informazioni così ottenute confluiscono nel database che l’INGV gestisce e che mette a disposizione della comunità1. Questa pubblicazione ha come scopo quello di far conoscere un prodotto dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Il Bollettino Sismico Italiano (BSI), con particolare riferimento all’anno 2015. Saranno delineate le principali caratteristiche della sismicità naturale e quella di origine antropica registrata in Italia nel corso dell’anno esaminato.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-48
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Bollettino Sismico Italiano 2015 ; Italian Seismic Bulletin 2015 ; sequences and seismic swarms ; explosion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Natural Radioactivity of the Crystalline Basement Rocks of the Peloritani Mountains (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy): Measurements and Radiological Hazard (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-02
    Description: Crystalline rocks can produce dangerous radiation levels on the basis of their content in radioisotopes. Here, we report radiological data from 10 metamorphic and igneous rock samples collected from the crystalline basement of the Peloritani Mountains (southern Italy). In order to evaluate the radiological properties of these rocks, the gamma radiation and the radon emanation have been measured. Moreover, since some of these rocks are employed as building materials, we assess the potential hazard for population connected to their use. Gamma spectroscopy was used to measure the 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration, whereas the radon emanation was investigated by using a RAD 7 detector. The results show 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration values ranging from (17 ± 4) to (56 ± 8) Bq kg-1, (14 ± 3) to (77 ± 14) Bq kg-1 and (167 ± 84) to (1760 ± 242) Bq kg-1, respectively. Values of the annual effective dose equivalent outdoor range from 0.035 to 0.152 mSv y-1, whereas the gamma index is in the range of 0.22-0.98. The 222Rn emanation coefficient and the 222Rn surface exhalation rate vary from (0.63 ± 0.3) to (8.27 ± 1.6)% and from (0.12 ± 0.03) to (2.75 ± 0.17) Bq m-2 h-1, respectively. The indoor radon derived from the building use of these rocks induces an approximate contribution to the annual effective dose ranging from 8 to 176 μSv y-1. All the obtained results suggest that the crystalline rocks from the Peloritani Mountains are not harmful for the residential population, even though they induce annual effective doses due to terrestrial gamma radiation above the worldwide average values. Moreover, their use as building materials does not produce significant health hazards connected to the indoor radon exposure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 452–464
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    3-D attenuation image of fluid storage and tectonic interactions across the Pollino fault network (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: The Pollino range is a region of slow deformation where earthquakes generally nucleate on low-angle normal faults. Recent studies have mapped fault structures and identified fluid related dynamics responsible for historical and recent seismicity in the area. Here, we apply the coda-normalization method at multiple frequencies and scales to image the 3-D P-wave attenuation (QP) properties of its slowly deforming fault network. The wide-scale average attenuation properties of the Pollino range are typical for a stable continental block, with a dependence of QP on frequency of Q−1 P = (0.0011   0.0008) f (0.36 0.32). Using only waveforms comprised in the area of seismic swarms, the dependence of attenuation on frequency increases [Q−1 P = (0.0373   0.0011) f (−0.59 0.01)], as expected when targeting seismically active faults. A shallow very-low-attenuation anomaly (max depth of 4–5 km) caps the seismicity recorded within the western cluster 1 of the Pollino seismic sequence (2012, maximum magnitude Mw = 5.1). High-attenuation volumes below this anomaly are likely related to fluid storage and comprise the western and northern portions of cluster 1 and the Mercure basin. These anomalies are constrained to the NW by a sharp low-attenuation interface, corresponding to the transition towards the eastern unit of the Apennine Platform under the Lauria mountains. The low-seismicity volume between cluster 1 and cluster 2 (maximum magnitude Mw = 4.3, east of the primary) shows diffuse low-to-average attenuation features. There is no clear indication of fluid-filled pathways between the two clusters resolvable at our resolution. In this volume, the attenuation values are anyway lower than in recognized low-attenuation blocks, like the Lauria Mountain and Pollino Range. As the volume develops in a region marked at surface by small-scale cross-faulting, it suggests no actual barrier between clusters, more likely a system of small locked fault patches that can break in the future. Our model loses resolution at depth, but it can still resolve a 5-to-15-km-deep high-attenuation anomaly that underlies the Castrovillari basin. This anomaly is an ideal deep source for the SE-to-NW migration of historical seismicity. Our novel deep structural maps support the hypothesis that the Pollino sequence has been caused by a mechanism of deep and lateral fluid-induced migration.
    Description: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Oil and Gas. University of Aberdeen.
    Description: Published
    Description: 536–547
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: body waves ; seismic attenuation ; seismic tomography ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Geomorphology and Prehistoric Settlements on a Volcanic Island: the Case of Ustica (Palermo, Italy) (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: This study represents the first attempt to combine the geomorphological characteristics of the island of Ustica with the human settlements that have been established during prehistory, with the purpose of reconstructing the interactions between communities and the natural environment from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age (6th - 1st millennia B.C.). Ustica is a small island in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, visible but far (~55 km) from the northern coast of western Sicily. Its rugged volcanic nature, remodeled and enriched by the sea, offered to the first colonizers a wide repertoire of opportunities and challenges. This island can be treated as an ideal “laboratory” to understand how settlers, taking their first steps towards the foundation of organized communities, were able to seize opportunities or succumb to obstacles. The review of archaeological research until now carried out in Ustica, integrated with geomorphological data and other biogeographical indicators, offers a picture of the prehistory of Ustica in which human presence is continuous and distributed in various sites of the island characterized by different physiographic characteristics. There are phases dominated by the choice of naturally protected sites and phases in which settlements expands on open land, suitable for agricultural use. Where the archaeological evidence is scarce, the geomorphological peculiarities allow us to decipher the vocations and characters of a human settlement. The study leads to an open question: in the Middle Bronze Age, after about five thousand years of uninterrupted habitation of Ustica, which factors, geological, social, or other, induced the early communities to abandon the island, without returning there for about eight centuries, until the Hellenistic-Roman age?
    Description: Published
    Description: VO550
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geoarchaeology ; Geoarchaeology ; Prehistoric Settlements ; Island Archaeology ; Volcanic Landscape
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A study for the selection of a calibration system for seismic sensors (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: This work sets out to identify a state-of-the-art system to be used for the calibration of seismic sensors. The aim is to acquire such a system within the framework of the PON ARS01 00926 EWAS (an Early Warning System for cultural heritage) project, which seeks to develop new technologies for the protection, conservation and safety of cultural heritage and envisages creating a newly developed seismic monitoring system. This system will exploit the ETL3D/5s-H hybrid sensors, resulting from the integration of a precision accelerometer within the ETL3D/5s velocimeter [Fertitta et al., 2020]. The new calibration system, already acquired and being installed, can be used by the EWAS project partners (including the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology and the Kore University of Enna), to calibrate the ETL3D/5s-H sensors, and by external organisations to calibrate or gauge other seismic sensors, thus providing a useful service to the scientific community and supporting industrial activities. This paper presents the method used and the activities undertaken to define the technical specifications of the calibration system. A feasibility study of an electromechanical vibrating table and the testing of two electrodynamic calibration systems were carried out. One of the electrodynamic systems is the CS18P (Calibration System for Seismic Sensors) produced by the German firm SPEKTRA. The CS18P comprises two vibrating tables, one horizontal and one vertical, which, thanks to their fluid-dynamic suspension, eliminate the sliding and rolling friction associated with the movement of the moving part with respect to the fixed part. A hardware and software system monitors and controls the motion in real time, analyses the data and automatically processes a predefined set of measurements. In the light of the technical specifications and experimental results, the CS18P represents the ideal solution for the aims of the EWAS project and also in view of the possible future uses of the calibration system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-38
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic sensors calibration, Vibration exciter, Seismometer
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Dinâmica da comunidade de Chironomidae (Diptera) em eventos de cheias e secas extremas em um rio Neotropical. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-04
    Description: Climate change can make extreme drought and flood events more frequent, while damming large rivers can alter the hydrological regime by making droughts more prolonged and floods less intense. Together, both factors can affect aquatic communities. Here, the variation of Chironomidae community attributes between extreme floods and droughts in a neotropical floodplain river was investigated. The hypothesis that the abundance, richness, diversity and variability attributes of the Chironomidae community are reduced after extreme events was tested. Sampling took place quarterly from 2000 to 2012, although only a few years were selected to investigate our predictions. Twelve sampling periods were selected, which were divided into years in which, El Niño (extreme flood) and La Niña (extreme drought) phenomena occurred. In the Paraná River, three points were determined for the collection of benthic material, in transect: right bank, center and left bank of the river. We recorded 75 morphospecies of Chironomidae. The most common taxa in periods of extreme flooding were Djalmabatista sp 2, Lopescladius sp 1 and Tanytarsus type E. For periods of extreme drought, the most common taxa were Polypedilum (Tripodura) sp 4, Polypedilum sp 3 and Lopescladius sp 1. A composition and attributes of the Chironomidae community in the Paraná River varied between before and after extreme flood and drought events. Attributes such as Shannon-Wiener abundance, richness and diversity were reduced after extreme floods and, in contrast, tended to increase after extreme drought events (except Shannon diversity). Thus, it can be stated that the evaluated flood and drought events, despite being extreme, have different consequences in the Chironomidae community of the Paraná River. Given the environmental and global conditions we experience today, including climate change and dams, extreme events could be even more frequent in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to understand the consequences of extreme flood and drought events on ecosystems with high biodiversity and that provide relevant ecosystem services such as floodplain rivers.
    Description: As mudanças climáticas podem tornar eventos de secas e cheias extremas mais frequentes, enquanto barramentos de grandes rios podem alterar o regime hidrológico por tornar as secas mais prolongadas e as cheias menos intensas. Em conjunto, ambos fatores podem afetar as comunidades aquáticas. Aqui, a variação dos atributos da comunidade de Chironomidae entre as cheias e secas extremas em um rio de planície de inundação neotropical. Testou-se a hipótese de que os atributos abundância, riqueza, diversidade e variabilidade da comunidade de Chironomidae são reduzidos após eventos extremos. As amostragens ocorreram trimestralmente 2000 a 2012, embora apenas alguns anos foram selecionados para investigar nossas predições. Selecionou-se 12 períodos de amostragem, que foram divididos em anos que ocorreram fenômenos de El Niño (cheia extrema) e La Niña (seca extrema). No rio Paraná foram determinados três pontos para coleta do material bentônico, em transecto: margem direita, centro e margem esquerda do rio. Registrou-se 75 morfoespécies de Chironomidae. Os táxos mais comuns nos períodos de cheia extrema foram Djalmabatista sp 2, Lopescladius sp 1 e Tanytarsus tipo E. Para os períodos de seca extrema, os táxons mais comuns foram Polypedilum (Tripodura) sp 4, Polypedilum sp 3 e Lopescladius sp 1. A composição e os atributos da comunidade de Chironomidae no rio Paraná variaram entre antes e depois de eventos de cheia e seca extremas. Os atributos, como abundância, riqueza e diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, foram reduzidos após cheias extremas e em contrapartida, tenderam a aumentar após eventos de seca extrema (exceto diversidade de Shannon). Pode-se afirmar que os eventos de cheias e secas avaliados, apesar de extremos, acarretam em diferentes consequências na comunidade de Chironomidae do rio Paraná. Considerando que as condições ambientais e globais que vivenciamos hoje, incluindo mudanças climáticas e barragens, os eventos extremos poderão ser ainda mais frequentes nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Portanto, é fundamental compreendermos as consequências dos eventos de cheia e seca extremas em ecossistemas com elevada biodiversidade e que fornecem relevantes serviços ecossistêmicos como rios de planícies de inundação.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Chironomidae (Diptera: Insecta) ; Zoobentos de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Pulso de inundação ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zoobenthos ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 26pp.
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  • 9
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    Sucessão de macroinvertebrados na decomposição da planta aquática exótica Hydrilla verticillata e da nativa Egeria najas. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-04
    Description: Decomposition is a process of great importance to the ecosystem. Macroinvertebrates together with fungi and bacteria play a very important role in the cycling of organic matter. Through decomposition, nutrients that make up the organisms can be reused and macroinvertebrates act by fractionating the organic matter in this process. The exotic species Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle usually causes problems in various regions of the globe such as economic damage in hydroelectric plants. This exotic species competes with native species and can facilitates new invasions. The objective of the present work is to evaluate how the colonization of macroinvertebrates occurs during the decomposition of H. verticillata and E. najas macrophytes, as well as other community attributes during the process such as density, richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness. The experiment was carried out in Garças Lake and the macrophytes were collected in Paraná River. Macrophytes were dried at room temperature and 5 g of each species were added in two types of litterbags, one thin mesh (0.5 mm) and another with thick mesh (4 mm), totalling 100 litterbags. The litterbags were fixed at 5 points in the lake and removed each 4 days. In the laboratory the litterbags were washed with a 0.2 μm mesh sieve, the decomposing material was sorted and the remainder was oven dried for further decay calculation. There was no significant difference in community attributes, except when time was applied assigned to analysis. The decomposition was similar in both species because both had similar characteristics, including phylogenetic proximity. The most observed taxon during the process was Chironomidae. Thus, it is worth noting that more studies are needed to elucidate questions related to the colonization process and quantify the degradation of organic matter of exotic and native species in the Upper Paraná River floodplain.
    Description: A decomposição é um processo de grande importâcia para os ecossistemas, e os macroivertebrados juntamente com fungos e bactérias possuem um importante papel na ciclagem da matéria orgânica. Pela decomposição, os nutrientes que compõem os organismos podem ser novamente reutilizados, e os macroinvertebrados atuam fracionando essa matéria orgânica. A espécie exótica Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle é uma espécie de macrófita submersas que atualmente tem causado problemas em diversas regiões do globo. Além de causar prejuízos econômicos em usinas hidroelétricas H. verticillata causa prejuízos para as espécies nativas devido a competição por recursos, o que pode facilitar novas invasões. Avaliou-se como ocorre a colonização de macroinvertebrados durante a decomposição das macrófitas H. verticillata e E. najas, além de avaliar outros atributos de comunidade durante o processo como, por exemplo, densidade, riqueza, diversidade de Shannon e equitabilidade de Pielou. O experimento foi realizado na Lagoa das Garças e as macrófitas foram coletadas no Rio Paraná. Após a coleta, as plantas foram secas em temperatura ambiente. Foram acondicionadas 5 g de material seco de cada espécie em dois tipos de litterbag, um com malha fina (0,5mm) e outro com malha grossa (4 mm), totalizando 100 litterbags. Os litterbags foram fixados em 5 pontos na lagoa e retirados em um intervalo de 4 em 4 dias. Em laboratório, os litterbags foram lavados com auxílio de peneira de malha de 0,2 μm. O material em decomposição foi triado e o restante foi seco em estufa para posterior cálculo de decaimento. Não houve diferença significativa nos atributos de comunidade, exceto quando o tempo foi aplicado como uma variável à análise. A decomposição foi similar nas duas espécies devido a ambas possuírem características semelhantes. Talvez, a proximidade filogenética entre as macrófitas possa ter gerado a similaridade dos resultados obtidos durante o experimento. O táxon mais observado durante o processo foi de Chironomidae e o processo de colonização ocorreu de forma muito semelhante para ambos os tratamentos. Os tipos de malhas mostraram resultados parecidos, pois podem não ter influenciado a colonização e a entrada dos macroinvertebrados durante o processo de decomposição. Desse modo, a colonização dos invertebrados não dependeu das espécies de macrófita e/ou tipo de malha. Por isso ressalta-se a importância de novos estudos para melhor direcionar questões voltadas para a colonização e quantificar a degradação da matéria orgânica relativa a espécies exóticas e nativas na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Macroinvertebrados de água doce ; Colonização ; Lagos rasos ; Indicadores biológicos ; Macrófitas aquáticas submersas ; Decomposição ; Ecologia de lagos rasos ; Processos ecossistêmicos ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::D::Decomposition ; ASFA_2015::C::Colonization ; ASFA_2015::L::Lakes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 25pp.
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  • 10
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    Earthquake Rupture Forecasts for the MPS19 Seismic Hazard Model of Italy (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-29
    Description: In recent years, new approaches for developing earthquake rupture forecasts (ERFs) have been proposed to be used as an input for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). Zone- based approaches with seismicity rates derived from earthquake catalogs are commonly used in many countries as the standard for national seismic hazard models. In Italy, a single zone- based ERF is currently the basis for the official seismic hazard model. In this contribution, we present eleven new ERFs, including five zone-based, two smoothed seismicity-based, two fault- based, and two geodetic-based, used for a new PSH model in Italy. The ERFs were tested against observed seismicity and were subject to an elicitation procedure by a panel of PSHA experts to verify the scientific robustness and consistency of the forecasts with respect to the observations. Tests and elicitation were finalized to weight the ERFs. The results show a good response to the new inputs to observed seismicity in the last few centuries. The entire approach was a first attempt to build a community-based set of ERFs for an Italian PSHA model. The project involved a large number of seismic hazard practitioners, with their knowledge and experience, and the development of different models to capture and explore a large range of epistemic uncertainties in building ERFs, and represents an important step forward for the new national seismic hazard model.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE220
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Genetic diversity and connectivity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) found in the Brazil and Chile-Peru wintering grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) feeding ground (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Carroll, E. L., Ott, P. H., McMillan, L. F., Galletti Vernazzani, B., Neveceralova, P., Vermeulen, E., Gaggiotti, O. E., Andriolo, A., Baker, C. S., Bamford, C., Best, P., Cabrera, E., Calderan, S., Chirife, A., Fewster, R. M., Flores, P. A. C., Frasier, T., Freitas, T. R. O., Groch, K., Hulva, P., Kennedy, A., Leaper, R., Leslie, M. S., Moore, M., Oliveira, L., Seger, J., Stepien, E. N., Valenzuela, L. O., Zerbini, A., & Jackson, J. A. Genetic diversity and connectivity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) found in the Brazil and Chile-Peru wintering grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) feeding ground. Journal of Heredity, 111(3), (2020): 263-276, doi:10.1093/jhered/esaa010.
    Description: As species recover from exploitation, continued assessments of connectivity and population structure are warranted to provide information for conservation and management. This is particularly true in species with high dispersal capacity, such as migratory whales, where patterns of connectivity could change rapidly. Here we build on a previous long-term, large-scale collaboration on southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to combine new (nnew) and published (npub) mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite genetic data from all major wintering grounds and, uniquely, the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur: SG) feeding grounds. Specifically, we include data from Argentina (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 208/46), Brazil (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 50/50), South Africa (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 66/77, npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 350/47), Chile–Peru (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 1/1), the Indo-Pacific (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 769/126), and SG (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 8/0, nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 3/11) to investigate the position of previously unstudied habitats in the migratory network: Brazil, SG, and Chile–Peru. These new genetic data show connectivity between Brazil and Argentina, exemplified by weak genetic differentiation and the movement of 1 genetically identified individual between the South American grounds. The single sample from Chile–Peru had an mtDNA haplotype previously only observed in the Indo-Pacific and had a nuclear genotype that appeared admixed between the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic, based on genetic clustering and assignment algorithms. The SG samples were clearly South Atlantic and were more similar to the South American than the South African wintering grounds. This study highlights how international collaborations are critical to provide context for emerging or recovering regions, like the SG feeding ground, as well as those that remain critically endangered, such as Chile–Peru.
    Description: This work was supported by the EU BEST 2.0 medium grant 1594 and UK DARWIN PLUS grant 057 and additional funding from the World Wildlife Fund GB107301. The collection of the Chile–Peru sample was supported by the Global Greengrants Fund and the Pacific Whale Foundation. The collection of the Brazilian samples was supported through grants by the Brazilian National Research Council to Paulo H. Ott (CNPq proc. n° 144064/98-7) and Paulo A.C. Flores (CNPq proc. n° 146609/1999-9) and with support from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF-Brazil). The collection of the South African samples was supported by the Global Greengrants Fund, the Pacific Whale Foundation and Charles University Grant Agency (1140217). E.L.C. was partially supported by a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand. This study forms part of the Ecosystems component of the British Antarctic Survey Polar Sciences for Planet Earth Programme, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council.
    Keywords: population structure ; connectivity ; migration ; gene flow
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Transfer learning: Improving neural network based prediction of earthquake ground shaking for an area with insufficient training data (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: In a recent study (Jozinovi\'c et al, 2020) we showed that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to network seismic traces can be used for rapid prediction of earthquake peak ground motion intensity measures (IMs) at distant stations using only recordings from stations near the epicenter. The predictions are made without any previous knowledge concerning the earthquake location and magnitude. This approach differs from the standard procedure adopted by earthquake early warning systems (EEWSs) that rely on location and magnitude information. In the previous study, we used 10 s, raw, multistation waveforms for the 2016 earthquake sequence in central Italy for 915 events (CI dataset). The CI dataset has a large number of spatially concentrated earthquakes and a dense station network. In this work, we applied the CNN model to an area around the VIRGO gravitational waves observatory sited near Pisa, Italy. In our initial application of the technique, we used a dataset consisting of 266 earthquakes recorded by 39 stations. We found that the CNN model trained using this smaller dataset performed worse compared to the results presented in the original study by Jozinovi\'c et al. (2020). To counter the lack of data, we adopted transfer learning (TL) using two approaches: first, by using a pre-trained model built on the CI dataset and, next, by using a pre-trained model built on a different (seismological) problem that has a larger dataset available for training. We show that the use of TL improves the results in terms of outliers, bias, and variability of the residuals between predicted and true IMs values. We also demonstrate that adding knowledge of station positions as an additional layer in the neural network improves the results. The possible use for EEW is demonstrated by the times for the warnings that would be received at the station PII.
    Description: RISE (Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement No.821115)
    Description: Published
    Description: 704–718
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics ; machine learning ; ground motion prediction ; seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Impiego dei router cellulari nella rete sismica permanente, rete sismica mobile e nella rete di telecamere di sorveglianza dell’INGV-OE (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-36
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: mobile ; router ; cellulare ; sourveillance ; router ; sorveglianza ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 14
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    Empowering communities for non-structural seismic risk mitigation: the central role of communication (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: This special issue of “Annals of Geophysics” concerns the dissemination of knowledge on the prevention of damage mainly due to non-structural elements during earthquakes and its practical application at houses, schools and offices by common citizens, companies and institutions. The seismic capacity of buildings and other civil engineering structures and infrastructures are object of regulations for design and construction, and in some cases also the design, fabrication and mounting of electrical and mechanical equipments. Consequently, even in strong earthquakes many collapses of buildings and infrastructures are avoided. However, with few exceptions, design procedures do not aim at avoiding seismic vibrations from being transferred to the structures, but enable the structures to resist to the effects of those vibrations
    Description: European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28)
    Description: Published
    Description: SE331
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Risk reduction ; risk communication ; non-structural elements
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Using non-structural mitigation measures to maintain business continuity: a multi-stakeholder engagement strategy (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: Encouraging property owners and individuals to adopt mitigation measures to improve the resilience of their buildings and equipments to seismic hazard has been a major challenge in many earthquake- prone countries. Few business leaders are aware of the fragility of their supply chains or other critical systems due to earthquake hazard. Bridging the gap between research production and research use is another crucial challenge for the earthquake risk research process. The KnowRISK project outcome is aimed at encouraging the proactive engagement of multi- stakeholders (community at large, schools, business community and local govern-ment groups) undertaking non-structural mitigation measures that will minimize earthquake losses to individuals and communities. Engaging stakeholders, taking into account their needs and inputs to maintain critical and urgent business activities, can contribute to the research findings and ensure that our data collection is thorough and complete. Engagement with stakeholders, during the whole process can lead to improved outcomes and for the development of viable solutions, for business and society, because of stakeholder’s role and influence within the organizations.
    Description: European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28)
    Description: Published
    Description: SE324
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Business Continuity ; critical infrastructures ; earthquake ; resilience ; non-structural elements ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Earthquake effects and insights on fault activity at the Beatrice Cenci cave (Abruzzo, Central Apennines) (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: The focus of this study is the analysis of a cave in Central Italy, the Beatrice Cenci cave, in order topoint out and constrain evidence of possible past earthquakes and of fault activity in the area. Weperformed a survey of seismic related damages within the cave. This included the analysis ofbroken/collapsed speleothems, the recognition of structural collapse, of tilting/growth alteration inthe speleothems, and the mapping of fractures, joints and/or faults. To timely set the occurrence ofthe recognized damage, organic sediments were dated with 14C radiocarbon method. The resultsmerged toward the recognition of two distinct seismic shaking events affecting the caveenvironment, one older than 30 kyr and another around 7 kyr. The deformation observed withinthe cave led us to the hypothesis that the events of damage were possibly linked to the activity ofthe regional tectonic lineament that crosses the cave, i.e., the Liri normal fault. The morphology andthe evolution of the cave appear controlled by the fault zone. These speleoseismological resultsprovided a new contribution on the knowledge of the past activity of the Liri fault and on theearthquake history of this sector of Central Apennines.
    Description: INGV
    Description: Published
    Description: SE435
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Speleothems; ; Earthquakes ; Speleoseismology ; Liri Fault ; Tectonic activity ; Central Italy ; Speleoseismology, active tectonic
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Il rischio sismico, le scienze polari e gli strumenti per la divulgazione scientifica nei progetti di alternanza scuola lavoro all’INGV dal 2015 al 2019 (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: Il presente lavoro raccoglie alcune esperienze di Progetti di Alternanza Scuola Lavoro (d’ora in poi ASL) realizzati dall’INGV negli anni scolastici dal 2015 al 2019 e dedicati al rischio sismico, alle scienze polari ed agli strumenti per la divulgazione scientifica. Le esperienze descrivono il lavoro realizzato da un gruppo di ricercatori INGV con competenze in diversi ambiti disciplinari (sismologia, geologia, vulcanologia fisica dell’atmosfera, psicologia) e in alcuni casi le attività sono state svolte in collaborazione con ricercatori di altri enti. Il gruppo di lavoro è composto da ricercatori che da molti anni dedicano parte del loro tempo-lavoro alle attività di divulgazione scientifica, ai progetti educativi, alla didattica della scienza. In una parola a quella che oggi rappresenta, per gli enti di ricerca, la “Terza missione”, ovvero l’insieme di tutte le attività finalizzate a creare una connessione bidirezionale tra il mondo della ricerca e la società. Ciò che ha caratterizzato l’approccio dei ricercatori INGV ai progetti ASL, sia nella fase di progettazione che di realizzazione, è la finalità di consentire agli studenti di vivere un’esperienza reale ed immersiva in un contesto di lavoro. E quindi l’opportunità di sperimentare capacità e abilità che caratterizzano il contesto organizzativo (diritti, doveri, responsabilità, impegni, regole), diversamente dal mondo della scuola. Il secondo aspetto al quale ci si è riferiti nella realizzazione dei progetti è quello di consentire agli studenti di esplorare, in particolare il contesto delle attività lavorative connesse al mondo della ricerca. Da questo punto di vista gli studenti hanno potuto acquisire conoscenze in ambiti tematici specifici, hanno avuto modo di sperimentare metodi e tecniche proprie del mondo della ricerca e di acquisire capacità e abilità trasversali come il lavoro in gruppo. Il contributo è organizzato in tre capitoli in relazione ai temi affrontati nei progetti. Nel primo sono riportate le schede dei tre progetti dedicate al tema Terremoto; nel secondo vengono descritti i due progetti dedicati alla Divulgazione Scientifica e nel terzo un progetto sulle Scienze Polari. Per rendere maggiormente fruibile la lettura, ogni progetto viene descritto attraverso una scheda sintetica che evidenza le caratteristiche principali: titolo, referenti INGV, studenti partecipanti, periodo, descrizione delle attività, obiettivi e considerazioni sull’esperienza. Nel capitolo conclusivo viene proposto un bilancio delle esperienze realizzate, evidenziando punti di forza e aree di miglioramento dei progetti, con la finalità di condividere suggerimenti ed idee per tracciare percorsi formativi maggiormente efficaci nel futuro.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119-131
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Percorsi formativi; rischio sismico; scienze polari ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Dissemination: steps towards an effettive action of seismic risk reduction for non-structural damage in the KnowRISK project (2020)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: “Move, protect, secure” were the three key points that the KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project posed at the core of its communication and dissemination strategy. This three key points enable each person, professional or not, to reduce non-structural damage caused by earthquakes. Dissemination is usually the last but never the least step of a communication plan, and indeed it played a crucial role in KnowRISK project for conveying the three key-point message to the widest audience. Standard dissemination activities, such as open-door events, and internet allowed us to achieve a wide spreading of ideas and best practices, reaching more than 4,000 non-professionals and almost 50,000 page views of the KnowRISK project website (in three years), respectively. As communication was recipient-targeted, the dissemination task of the project was addressed to professionals, layman, and schools. In particular, schools were chosen in order to profit from the chain-reaction action that is capable to spread a message from students to the surrounding environment.
    Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection through the European project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements; Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).
    Description: Published
    Description: SE328
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic risk ; data dissemination ; environmental risk ; educational issues ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk ; 05.03
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    L’avvisatore sismico di padre Atto Maccioni. I documenti di una scoperta dimenticata (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: We present the commented transcription of three rare articles published in 19091910 by Father Atto Maccioni o.f.m. This friar is one of the least known among the many ecclesiastics who cultivated seismology from the 18th century onwards. Maccioni, from 1908 to 1926, managed a seismic observatory at the Sienese convent of the Osservanza. He devised an “Avvisatore”: a device equipped with a modified coherer with respect to those adopted in radiotelegraphic communications, aimed to detect natural radio signals associated with earthquakes. From the few available results it seems that the scholar obtained positive feedback, but the most interesting aspect of the story is that until now it was generally believed that this kind of research began only quite recently [Warwick, 1982]. On the contrary Maccioni may have been the first ever to study a possible electromagnetic precursor, more than a century ago.
    Description: Presentiamo la trascrizione commentata di tre rari articoli pubblicati nel 19091910 da padre Atto Maccioni o.f.m., uno dei meno noti tra i tanti ecclesiastici che si sono occupati di sismologia dal XVIII secolo in poi. Maccioni, che dal 1908 al 1926 gestì un osservatorio sismico presso il convento senese dell’Osservanza, aveva ideato l’Avvisatore, un dispositivo munito di un coherer diverso da quelli radiotelegrafici e destinato a rilevare segnali radio naturali associati ai terremoti. Dai pochi risultati disponibili sembra che lo studioso abbia avuto dei riscontri positivi ma l’aspetto più interessante della vicenda è che finora si era creduto che ricerche di questo tipo fossero iniziate solo molto di recente [Warwick, 1982]. Invece Maccioni potrebbe essere stato il primo al mondo a studiare, più di un secolo fa, un ipotetico precursore elettromagnetico.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 20
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    Precisione e accuratezza nella determinazione dei costituenti maggiori in soluzione acquosa mediante cromatografia ionica: stime per i cromatografi Dionex ICS-1100 utilizzati presso la Sezione INGV di Palermo (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: La Cromatografia Ionica (IC) è diventata una delle tecniche analitiche più utilizzate nella determinazione degli anioni (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-) e dei cationi (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in soluzioni acquose, anche a basse concentrazioni. Nel Laboratorio dell’INGV Sezione di Palermo questa tecnica viene utilizzata per determinare la composizione chimica di acque naturali (acque sotterranee, termali, meteoriche, marine), di fluidi fumarolici, campionati tramite il metodo delle ampolle di Giggenbach e delle specie acide emesse dai pennacchi vulcanici campionati con trappole alcaline. Ogni anno nel laboratorio vengono analizzati numerosi campioni per scopi di ricerca e monitoraggio geochimico e ambientale. Uno dei principali problemi dell’attività analitica di routine è la valutazione della precisione del dato, definita dall’American Public Health Association [1999], “come la misura del grado di accordo tra analisi replicate di un campione, di solito espresse come deviazione standard”. Tralasciando I problemi di rappresentatività del campione, ci sono diversi fattori che contribuiscono alla precisione, come il pretrattamento del campione, la preparazione e conservazione delle miscele di calibrazione, la ripetibilità delle misure delle aree dei picchi delle miscele di calibrazione e il tipo di calibrazione. In questo lavoro mostriamo la precisione dei cromatografi Dionex ICS-1100 ripetendo più volte l’analisi le miscele di calibrazione durante una singola sessione analitica, e la ripetibilità dello strumento, elaborando I risultati ottenuti analizzando le stesse miscele di calibrazione in differenti sessioni analitiche nell’arco di 12 mesi. Infine, viene determinata l’accuratezza del metodo attraverso l’analisi di un campione certificato. L’accuratezza è la vicinanza tra il valore osservato ed il valore vero, o comunque accettato come tale. I dati riportati in questo rapporto tecnico si riferiscono alle condizioni analitiche per le analisi di routine, con la configurazione strumentale corrente in uso presso questo laboratorio; queste possono essere ottimizzate per altri range di utilizzo a condizione però che vengano eseguite le necessarie verifiche di precisione e accuratezza.
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 21
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    Progettazione e realizzazione di un sistema per l’acquisizione in continuo della permeabilità all’aria in situ dei suoli (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: A new indirect method of estimating in situ soil air permeability is presented in this technical report. The new method is simply based on the measurement of air pressure (probe pressure) generated by pumping a constant air flux inside a special designed probe inserted into the soil. To calibrate the method, some measurements of the probe pressure were performed in some soils of the island of Vulcano, characterized by different values of the air permeability. Furthermore, technical aspects of a new device for performing continuous acquisition of the air permeability based on the new indirect method, were also described
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Permeabilità all'aria dei suoli, Emissione dei gas dai suoli, Contenuto volumetrico d'acqua dei suoli, Soil air permeability, Soil gas emissions, Volumetric soil water content
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  • 22
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    Determinazione di anioni inorganici e fosfati in acque naturali mediante cromatografia ionica: applicazioni della colonna Dionex IonPac AS19-4 µm (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: La determinazione di anioni inorganici nelle acque naturali, sotterranee e superficiali, cosi come nelle acque reflue e potabili, è una delle applicazioni più importanti della cromatografia ionica (IC). Con questa tecnica si possono comunemente determinare i principali anioni inorganici: fluoruro, cloruro, bromuro, nitrato e solfato. Utilizzando specifiche metodologie oltre ai predetti analiti, si può determinare anche il fosfato durante la medesima analisi. La determinazione dei fosfati nelle acque riveste una notevole importanza in considerazione del fatto che il fosfato rappresenta un possibile indice di inquinamento per la presenza di questa sostanza in moltissimi composti chimici, quali: detersivi domestici ed industriali, fertilizzanti ecc. La quantità di fosfati, nelle acque naturali, quando è di origine minerale e non indica inquinamento, raggiunge concentrazioni appena dosabili, mentre concentrazioni elevate e quindi misurabili, sono indice di inquinamento. Il fosfato è uno dei nutrienti di maggiore importanza nelle acque, la sua presenza in concentrazioni consistenti, può essere responsabile di manifestazioni eutrofiche ed ipertrofiche nelle acque superficiali. Data la sua importanza nel condizionare il funzionamento degli ecosistemi acquatici, esso è incluso nella lista dei cosiddetti macrodescrittori utilizzati per definire lo stato chimico delle acque fluviali e lacustri e per valutare, lo stato trofico delle acque. La determinazione del fosfato viene comunemente effettuata utilizzando l’analisi spettrofotometrica dell’eteropoliacido fosfomolibdico formatosi in seguito alla reazione con molibdato in ambiente acido ed in presenza di idoneo riducente. Tuttavia questo, metodo ampliamente utilizzato, consente la determinazione del singolo analita e non consente quindi la caratterizzazione chimica del campione. La cromatografia ionica, invece, presenta il vantaggio di essere una tecnica multi-elementare che consente di determinare in breve tempo tutti i costituenti maggiori disciolti nelle acque. In questo rapporto tecnico viene descritta la determinazione del fosfato e dei costituenti maggiori nelle acque naturali utilizzando, un cromatografo Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS 5000+, equipaggiato con una colonna a scambio anionico “Dionex AS19 4µm”, un generatore di eluente a idrossido di potassio (KOH), un soppressore elettrochimico ed un rivelatore a cella conduttimetrica.
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 23
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    Il Geosito delle “Ciampate del diavolo” (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-17
    Description: Il sito delle “Ciampate del diavolo”, sul fianco nord­orientale del vulcano Roccamonfina, è un sito unico al Mondo grazie alle sue peculiarità geologiche ed antropologiche. Il ritrovamento di impronte di hominini al di sopra di un deposito ignimbritico, impresse in nel periodo di maggiore attività del vulcano, dà spazio a numerose questioni circa le condizioni paleoambientali esistenti sul vulcano ed i complessi processi che hanno permesso la formazione e la conservazione delle impronte. La nota dedica particolare attenzione al contesto dell’attività del vulcano ed alle caratteristiche della serie dei Tufi Leucitici Bruni, in quanto le impronte note come “Ciampate del diavolo” sono presenti sulla superficie di una delle unità più alte della sequenza di questi tufi. The “Ciampate del diavolo” geosite is unique in the World due to its geological and anthropological peculiarities. Finding hominin footprints on the ignimbrite deposits of 350,000 years ago, imprinted in the period of greatest activity of the volcano, opens up numerous questions about the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the volcano and the complex processes that allowed the generation and conservation of the footprints. The note pays particular attention to the framing of the volcano's activity and to the features of deposits of the Brown Leucitic Tuff series, as the human fossil footprints known as "Ciampate del Diavolo" are preserved on the surface of one of the highest units in the sequence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 49-55
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Stratigrafia ; Ignimbrite ; Eruzioni esplosive ; Volcano di Roccamonfina ; Tufo Leucitico Bruno
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Preliminary geochemical characterization of the Mts. Simbruini karst aquifer (Central Italy) (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: Mts. Simbruini karst aquifer feeds important springs whose capture contributes to the water supply of Rome City. To improve the geochemical characterization of this aquifer, we analyzed 36 groundwater samples, 29 from springs and 7 from shallow wells, collected in 1996 and 2019. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy, titration, ionic chromatography and mass spectrometry were the used analytical methods. Groundwater is bicarbonate alkaline-earth type and HCO3- dominance confirms that the aquifer is hosted in carbonate rocks. Total alkalinity vs. cations plot indicates that CO2 driven weathering controls the water chemistry. The probability plots of HCO3-, cations and Ca2+ +Mg2+ indicate four groundwater populations with the less represented one (9 samples)characterized by the highest PCO2 values (〉 0.3 atm). Most anomalous values of the dissolved PCO2are from springs located near the center of the studied area. Four samples have negative values of𝛿13CCO2 (about -22‰ vs. PDB), indicating its organic origin, but two other samples have positivevalues (1.6 and 2.6 ‰ vs. PDB), similar to those observed in the CO2 of deep origin discharged atthe close Colli Albani volcano. Therefore, geochemical evidence indicates that the Mts. Simbruiniaquifer is locally affected by the input of deep originated CO2, likely rising up along fractures, interacting with a recharge of meteoric origin, as evidenced by its 𝛿2H and 𝛿18O isotopic signatures.
    Description: Published
    Description: HS659
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Water resources ; Groundwater processes ; Chemistry of waters ; Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics; ; Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    A protocol to communicate seismic risk in schools: design, test and assessment in Italy (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: The best chance to achieve a future disaster-resilient society is through risk education in School: it has a great potential to strengthen capacity of communities to mitigate risks. The KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project took this opportunity and implemented a risk communication campaign for schools in Portugal, Italy, and Iceland. The idea was that suitably changes in people’s knowledge and attitude can trigger best practices. Crucial to reach such target is the raise of awareness on meaningful issues. The main challenge of the campaign was how to effectively address the mitigation of the vulnerability to earthquakes of non-structural elements, which is an issue considered to be of low priority even in the building regulations of many countries around the world. The campaign stood on a communication strategy that was systematized within a protocol, for 13- 15 years old students, that specifies goals, contents, learning strategy, support material, and relies on face-to-face intervention of scientists in the classroom. This protocol had training sessions bounded by assessment sessions, ex-ante and ex-post, that allowed to validate its efficacy. The training made large use of flipped learning and Episode of Situated Learning (EAS) strategy to raise student’s motivation and increase achievements. To ensure its replicability, the protocol was tested in zones matching a wide range of seismic hazard in Italy. The assessment showed the protocol be effective and ready for a wide dissemination.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE325
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 26
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    GioGas: un Videogioco per la divulgazione e l'apprendimento della Pericolosità dei Gas Vulcanici (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In aree di vulcanismo attivo e recente, oltre all’emissione di vapore e gas dai crateri centrali, si possono verificare emissioni di gas dal suolo che vengono rilasciati in modo diffuso o in mofete, o ancora che si disciolgono in acquiferi superficiali. Generalmente il gas più abbondante (fino al 99 vol.%) è l’anidride carbonica (CO2), ma in alcuni casi può essere anche il metano (CH4). La CO2 è un gas incolore e inodore che tende ad accumularsi in depressioni o scantinati dove ristagna in assenza di vento. Respirare aria con una concentrazione di anidride carbonica maggiore di 8 vol.% può condurre all’incoscienza o alla morte. Un esempio di quello che potrebbe accadere, anche se si tratta di un caso estremo, è rappresentato dal tragico evento avvenuto presso il lago Nyos in Camerun (un lago ospitato in un cratere vulcanico). Durante la notte del 21 agosto 1986 le acque del lago, sature di CO2, si rovesciarono improvvisamente e per decompressione si liberò una enorme quantità di gas che scese lungo i fianchi del cratere fino a raggiungere la valle sottostante dove vi era un villaggio. La nube di CO2, silenziosa e inodore, colse nel sonno gli abitanti e uccise circa 1700 persone e circa 3000 capi di bestiame [Barberi et al., 1986]. Numerosi incidenti dovuti all’inalazione di gas vulcanici sono avvenuti in varie altre parti del mondo, in particolare in Italia, Giappone, Nuova Zelanda [Hansell and Oppenheimer, 2004; Durand and Wilson, 2005] e nelle Isole Azzorre (Portogallo) [Viveiros et al., 2015]. Anche in Italia, purtroppo sono avvenuti diversi incidenti letali dovuti ad inalazione di CO2; si ricorda ad esempio che alla fine degli anni ’80 due bambini persero la vita nell’isola di Vulcano [Baubron et al., 1990] e ancora nel complesso vulcanico dei Colli Albani due uomini persero la vita, il primo a Cava dei Selci (frazione di Marino) nel 2000 e il secondo a Lavinio nel 2011 [Carapezza et al., 2003; Barberi et al., 2019]. Sempre in provincia di Roma, numerosi casi di intossicazione da CO2, che hanno altresì comportato l’evacuazione temporanea di alcune abitazioni, sono avvenuti per blowout (emissione incontrollata) di gas da pozzi d’acqua [Barberi et al., 2007; Carapezza et al., 2020]. La Campania ospita due dei vulcani quiescenti considerati tra i più pericolosi al mondo proprio per l’alta densità di popolazione che vive nelle zone esposte al pericolo: il Vesuvio e i Campi Flegrei. Anche in queste aree vulcaniche si hanno emissioni di gas endogeni e falde d’acqua ricche in CO2 e in caso di riattivazione del vulcano c’è da aspettarsi anche un forte incremento del rilascio del gas endogeno [Barberi et al., 2005]. Al fine di far conoscere tale problematica alla popolazione, si è ritenuto opportuno di agire sui ragazzi e di farlo in modo stimolante e divertente attraverso un Videogioco che catturi la loro attenzione in modo da portarli a scoprire le soluzioni più adeguate da adottare per individuare/evitare/gestire i pericoli legati a quello che spesso viene definito anche “carburante delle eruzioni”, i gas vulcanici. Le attività che hanno portato alla realizzazione di questo lavoro (e nello specifico del videogioco) sono state svolte nell’ambito del Progetto Europeo RESPIRE – Radon rEal time monitoring System and proactive Indoor Remediation (LIFE16ENV/IT/000553) e con la collaborazione di un Tirocinante del Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica Applicata dell’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Il lavoro è stato descritto e sintetizzato in questo Report attraverso varie sezioni. La prima in cui si descrive la problematica dei Gas Vulcanici e della loro pericolosità; l’importanza e i vantaggi derivati dall’utilizzo di un videogioco come strumento di apprendimento; l’obiettivo che il videogioco si prefigge di raggiungere. Una seconda sezione in cui, in prima istanza, si evidenzia l’importanza di sviluppare un videogioco a partire da un Motore Grafico che consente di tralasciare i dettagli hardware e software di basso livello e di concentrarsi maggiormente sull’interattività e sulle regole del gioco, e in seconda istanza si descrivono le caratteristiche principali del motore grafico alla base del gioco (RPG Maker MV).Una terza sezione in cui viene presentato il videogioco sviluppato denominato “GioGas”; nello specifico, la sua trama, l’interfaccia grafica che lo caratterizza e alcuni sui dettagli implementativi. Infine, una sezione in cui vengono descritti gli sviluppi futuri come ad esempio la divulgazione presso le scuole e in occasione di eventi, l’implementazione di una versione multiplayer del gioco al fine di aggiungere ulteriori elementi di stimolo e di coinvolgimento per lo studente.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: edutainment ; pericolosità gas vulcanici ; video game ; volcanic gas hazard ; radon
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
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    PGS1, a new low cost and low power Portable Geo-physical Station “All in One”. Design and test (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: PGS1 is a new compact portable seismic station, designed at INGV OBS and Earth Lab, that is specifically intended for the deployment of dense arrays of seismographs on-shore. With its low cost, compact design, high data-quality and long battery life, PGS1 is a perfect solution for seismic monitoring networks. PGS1 design is based on a solid polypropylene suitcase, containing a complete data acquisition system, two battery packs and a photovoltaic panel. The new Earth Lab 5s medium-period seismic sensor is included. The whole system meets the IP67 standard requirements both in transport and in acquisition configuration. PGS1 is normally equipped with one battery pack, one more pack can be added inside the suitcase achieving 40 days of battery life. The station is equipped with a photovoltaic panel, useful to extend the deployment length. Inside the suitcase, there are compartments where to store the seismic sensor, the photovoltaic panel and all the cables. Therefore, the station is very easy to transport.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE105
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Portable seismic station ; sesimic monitoring network ; PGS1 ; ETL3D/5s ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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  • 28
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    Rock magnetic and micro-morphological analysis on snow deposits: recognition of anthropogenic origin of particulate matter in urban and wilderness areas (central Italy) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: Low field magnetic susceptibility and other rock magnetic analyses are applied to inspect the magnetic nature of solid residuals in snow samples collected in downtown Rome and in two Natural Parks in central Italy. Field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) analyses are utilized to reveal the nature of Fe-rich particles and discriminate their anthropogenic origin. The results indicate that magnetite (Fe3O4) is the main magnetic carrier in almost all samples and that the variations in concentration are directly associated with local sources of particulate matter (PM) from anthropogenic pollution related to automotive circulation in both environments. Magnetic minerals of other provenance are found as accessories. The snow deposits revealed to be an efficient neutral tool for fine particle collections, also in environments characterized by different concentration and source of pollutants.
    Description: Published
    Description: GM215
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 29
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    The significance of the 1971 flank eruption of Etna from volcanological and historic viewpoints (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: The 1971 eruption represents a benchmark in the recent history of Etna volcano. From a volcanological point of view, this eruption was characterised by complex intrusive dynamics associated with significant ground deformation that induced the activation of the Moscarello seismogenic fault and the formation of a new summit crater: the Southeast Crater. At the same time, the 1971 event marks an important change in the eruptive style and composition of the magma towards products richer in K. It is no coincidence that, over the next fifty years, there would be an increase in the frequency of summit and flank eruptions and associated output rate. From an historical viewpoint, the eruptive event of 1971 was the first important flank eruption studied by the International Institute of Volcanology: the analysis of the scientific articles on this activity reveals a greater multidisciplinary content in the descriptions and explanations of volcanic activity. Particularly important were the collaborations of British and French research groups that, together with their Italian colleagues, succeeded in giving a complete picture of the eruption and describing the state of knowledge on the Sicilian volcano. The multidisciplinary methodology used to study this eruption is still valid today.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO543
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 30
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    Prehistoric human presence on Mount Etna (Sicily), in relation to the geological evolution (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: This study analyses the relationship between the pre- and protohistoric sites on the slopes of Etna and the volcanic products, as well as the diverse settlement strategies in the different periods of prehistory. New C14 dating from significant excavations, in addition to those known from other Etnean sites, were performed with the aim of validating the chronology of the sequence of the different phases. A substantial concordance of the archaeological data with the volcanological ones has been found. It has been observed that a consistent human presence on Etna appears from the Middle Neolithic (5500 BC), after the sequence of eruptive events that marked the end of the Ellittico volcano (13550 - 13050 BC) and the formation of the Valle del Bove, and the subsequent debris and alluvial events on the eastern flanks of the volcano (7250 - 3350 BC). Human presence intensifies between the Late-Final Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age (2800 - 1450 BC), due to improvement in subsistence techniques and to the large presence of soils on lava flows suitable for sheep farming. The most recent phases of the Bronze Age are poorly represented, probably because of the concentration of the population in larger agglomerations (Montevergine and S. Paolillo at Catania, the Historical Hill at Paternò). The explosive eruptions taking place in this period seem to have had less impact on the settlement choices and have not affected the development of the sites over time.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO542
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 31
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    Foreword Special Issue: When volcanologists meet archaeologists and other disciplines (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: This special issue of Annals of Geophysics entitled: “When Volcanologists Meet Archaeologists and Other Disciplines: Relationships Between Eruptions and Human Communities” originates from a session (S13) of the Rittmann International Conference which took place in Catania on February 13th 2020, having as its main theme the history of volcanology and the impact of volcanic activity on humans. The twelve articles collected in this special issue reflect the aims and contents of the reports presented by some participants at this session of the Rittmann conference
    Description: Published
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanologists ; archaeologists ; Eruptions ; Human Communities
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    Antonio Parascandola: Collezione Mineralogica (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: Published
    Description: 6TM. Poli Museali
    Keywords: Antonio Parascandola ; mineralogia
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 33
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    The contribution of the NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory to improve the seismic locations in the Ionian Sea (Italy) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: The Western Ionian Sea is characterised by an active and diffuse seismicity, directly related to the convergence of the European and African Plates and by gravitational sinking and rollback of the oceanic lithosphere. In this area, the location of earthquakes is characterised by considerable uncertainties due to large azimuthal gaps, resulting in notable location errors. This problem was partially overcome with the use of data recorded by NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 - February 2003; June 2012 - May 2013). We relocated 1130 crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes using land network and NEMO-SN1 data. As most events occurred on Mt. Etna, we focused on 358 earthquakes in the offshore area and near the coasts of Sicily and Calabria. The use of the combined land-marine networks has improved the earthquake locations in terms of azimuthal GAP, as well as in horizontal and vertical errors. The comparison between locations performed with and without NEMO-SN1 data shows that differences in latitude, longitude and depths are more evident in the Western Ionian Sea and in the coast of Sicily, where values of the differences over 5 km correspond to structural heterogeneities. The increased number of seismic stations deployed on land from 2003 to 2012 did not influence the location of events occurring offshore, where NEMO-SN1 continued to be the distinctive tool in the location process. Moreover, the new 73 focal mechanisms computed with P-wave polarities from NEMO-SN1 and land stations are in agreement with the regional structural model, showing a prevalent normal, normal/oblique, and strike-slip kinematics. The similarity of two new focal solutions with the mechanisms of the main shock and aftershock of the 1990 earthquake demonstrates that the seismic structures are still active and potentially dangerous. The P-wave travel time residual analysis confirms the activity along the main structural alignments. A single point of observation in the Ionian Sea can significantly improve the quality of locations, giving an opportunity to focus on the seismogenic structures responsible for the occurrence of medium-to-high magnitude earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: Se655
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake location ; Focal mechanisms ; Tectonic and volcanic structures ; NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory ; Ionian Sea ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 34
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    The resizing of the most powerful Italian instrumental earthquake (September 8, 1905, Calabria region, southern Italy) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: The 8 September 1905 Calabria earthquake is the seismic event for which the Italian Seismic Catalogue shows the highest instrumental magnitude of the whole dataset. However, the reported MS = 7.47 was calculated over only two stations, and leaves room for a revision. In this work I provide a new estimate of the surface-wave magnitude of the earthquake calculated over sixteen individual values of magnitude from seven different stations. The new estimate is MS = 7.10 ± 0.21, a value that is consistently lined up with other estimates provided by means of macroseismic or geological evidence. The novel estimate is stable despite alternative epicentral locations and different depths proposed for this event by several investigators. The net variation of almost half a unit magnitude implies a resizing of the seismogenic source of the event in the frame of the seismotectonics of the region, and highlights the strong need for a systematic revision of the instrumental magnitude estimates for several ‘historical’ earthquakes that occurred at the dawning of the instrumental seismology.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE658
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 35
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    Revisione della sismicità italiana degli anni ’30 del XX secolo. I parte. (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Usually seismicity is intended as a natural phenomenon; yet the recording and interpretation of data are a human undertaking, historically conditioned. This research starts from the hypothesis that the decrease in Italian seismicity observed in the historical catalog [Rovida et al., 2021] for the central years of the twentieth century is due to the social and political conditioning that hindered its registration. This work, which focuses on the 1930s, with a brief excursion into previous years, presents part of the results obtained. In particular, the article deals with three earthquakes of which the data are substantially updated (Calabria, 7.03.1928; Alpi Noriche, 14.05.1930; Valli Giudicarie, 14.04.1931); then it presents an important replica of the strong Maiella earthquake, without macroseismic data in the catalog [Rovida et al., 2021], (Maiella, 23.11.1933); finally it considers a “forgotten” fifth earthquake (Southern Italy, 13.04.1938).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-78
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sismicità italiana; macrosismologia; Periodo Fascista ; Italian seismicity; Macroseismicity; Fascist period ; Italian seismicity in the 1930s of the 20th century.
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  • 36
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    Ionosonda SDR per sondaggi obliqui (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-04
    Description: Le finalità del progetto sono quelle di realizzare un prototipo di ionosonda per sondaggi obliqui basato sul principio del radar ad onda continua modulata in frequenza, implementato tramite dispositivi programmabili innovativi che permettono di realizzare uno strumento più piccolo e trasportabile rispetto alle ionosonde classiche. La ionosonda SDR è un radar bistatico costituito da un trasmettitore, che può servire contemporaneamente diversi ricevitori situati in località differenti, e da uno o più ricevitori che possono sintonizzarsi su differenti trasmettitori che effettuano sondaggi ad orari differenti. I sondaggi obliqui permettono di mappare la ionosfera in varie parti del territorio per la verifica di modelli teorici della ionosfera e per studiare la possibilità di usare le variazioni locali del Contenuto Elettronico Totale (TEC) come segnale di possibili precursori di terremoti.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: ionosonda ; radar FM-CW ; software defined radio ; 01.02. Ionosphere
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  • 37
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    Le persone dell'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia a venti anni dalla sua istituzione (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) was born from the unification of public research institutions in the field of geophysics and volcanology. In the first twenty years from the foundation law of 1999, the INGV has seen a remarkable development, alternating moments of expansion, with significant increases in funding and number of employees, with long periods of stagnation. During these years the number of people hired with fixed-term contracts has grown, also to meet the needs of seismic and volcanic monitoring of the Italian territory, carried out on the basis of agreements with the Department of Civil Protection. After twenty years, it's time to outline a picture of the present situation and the evolutionary process that determined it. With this objective, the following analysis of the evolution of INGV was carried out in the period between its establishment and 2019, with reference to aspects such as the composition of the personnel, its distribution in the Sections, age, gender, role, career, with the aim of providing a tool for evaluating the progress made and planning future developments. The presence of a large number of precarious workers, distributed unevenly in territorial offices, for many years represented the main problem of the INGV, but not the only one. The contraction of the funding and the hiring freeze also slowed the development of the careers of researchers and other employers. The poor gender balance among the personnel, in particular among researchers, and the high average age represents further critical elements. The appropriate rebalancing of heterogeneities, aimed at maximum functionality and effective growth of the institute, should be the challenge for the next years. The future of INGV will depend on the choices that will be made today and the knowledge of the evolution of the institution until today is an essential element for proper programming.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-92
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 38
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    Progetto “Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0”. Report finale (2020)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-186
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Progetto Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di monitoraggio futuro (S.O.I.R.) ; Rete di monitoraggio multiparametrico ; Nuovi Dati e Modelli per le Sale ; Multiparametric Monitoring Network ; Project Integrated Control Rooms and Future monitoring networks (S.O.I.R.) ; New Data and Models for the Control Room
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  • 39
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    Sullo sviluppo della rete multiparametrica in Sicilia (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: This contribution illustrates the state of the art on the development of the multiparametric network in Sicily in the last three years. This region is wellknown for the strong earthquakes (M〉6.5) which struck in historic time. However, the coverage of the seismic network developed in the last decades was not fully optimized to the need of the seismic surveillance. Since 2017, the group belonging to the National Earthquake Observatory (ONT) which operates in Sicily launched a developing plan of the preexisting seismic network in the framework of the project FISR “Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di Monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0 (S.O.I.R.)”. Such update will end by the next years thanks to the project “GRINT Italian Research Infrastructure for Geosciences” in the framework of the “Programma Operativo Nazionale” (PON) of the Italian Ministry for the University and Research. This plan envisages both the upgrade of monitoring systems in the already existing nodes, and the integration of new nodes. The main objective is to build a multiparametric network which integrates the main seismic network, with the monitoring of other geophysical signals through the implementation of other sensors: accelerometers, geodetic GPS, radon detectors, and corner reflectors. We also illustrate the plan for the realization of a redundant network which could support the tasks of the main infrastructure in case of failure of the latter. Finally, we present some experimental urbanscale networks which in the future could support the main infrastructure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Rete Sismica Nazionale ; Rete multiparametrica ; Sicilia ; National Seismic Network ; Multiparametric network; ; Sicily
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Azimuthal anisotropy from Eikonal Tomography: example from ambient-noise measurements in the AlpArray network (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: Ambient-noise records from the AlpArray network are used to measure Rayleigh wave phase velocities between more than 150,000 station pairs. From these, azimuthally anisotropic phase-velocity maps are obtained by applying the Eikonal tomography method. Several synthetic tests are shown to study the bias in the Ψ2 anisotropy. There are two main groups of bias, the first one caused by interference between refracted/reflected waves and the appearance of secondary wavefronts that affect the phase travel-time measurements. This bias can be reduced if the amplitude field can be estimated correctly. Another source of error is related to the incomplete reconstruction of the travel-time field that is only sparsely sampled due to the receiver locations. Both types of bias scale with the magnitude of the velocity heterogeneities. Most affected by the spurious Ψ2 anisotropy are areas inside and at the border of low-velocity zones. In the isotropic velocity distribution, most of the bias cancels out if the azimuthal coverage is good. Despite the lack of resolution in many parts of the surveyed area, we identify a number of anisotropic structures that are robust: in the central Alps, we find a layered anisotropic structure, arc-parallel at midcrustal depths and arc-perpendicular in the lower crust. In contrast, in the eastern Alps, the pattern is more consistently E-W oriented which we relate to the eastward extrusion. The northern Alpine forleand exhibits a preferential anisotropic orientation that is similar to SKS observations in the lowermost crust and uppermost mantle.
    Description: German Science Foundation (SPP-2017, Project Ha 2403/21-1); Swiss National Science Foundation SINERGIA Project CRSII2-154434/1 (Swiss-AlpArray); Progetto Pianeta Dinamico, finanziamento MUR-INGV, Task S2 – 2021
    Description: Published
    Description: 151–170
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic anisotropy ; Seismic interferometry ; Seismic tomography ; Wave propagation ; Continental tectonics: compressional ; 04.01. Earth Interior ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 41
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    What scientific information on non-structural elements seismic risk people need to know ? Part 2: tools for risk communication (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: The present paper describes the process of moving from a research study of most common vulnerable non-structural elements, to deliver solutions, tools and guidelines to improve understanding of and responsiveness to community concerns about seismic risk and non-structural elements. The observed damage to non-structural elements following recent earthquakes in Italy, Portugal and Iceland, were used for designing communication tools under the KnowRISK EU project for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens): the Practical Guide, the Students Short Guide, the KnowRISK Portfolio of Solutions, the Move, Protect and Secure video, the augmented reality apps, the maquettes, the students notebooks, videos, board games and hands-on tools. The philosophy behind these deliverables is that some risks, once identified, can be eliminated or reduced by informing people and suggesting preventive or emergency measures. These tools are devoted to improving the seismic performance of non-structural elements and to reduce the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety. The rationale behind the selection of the information that people need to know for converting knowledge to more safety is discussed and a description of the transference of the findings of research to communication solutions is presented. The tools were planned following the engagement-model in risk communication to ensure that needs of communities and selected stakeholders were acknowledged, and that recipients are addressed in a way that appeals to them. Different media and communication channels such as print, television, online, face-to face communication and interviews were used for risk communication.
    Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).
    Description: Published
    Description: SE322
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; seismic damage ; non-structural damage ; preventative measures ; risk awareness ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    The focal mechanism of the 7 September 1920, Mw 6.5 earthquake: insights into the seismotectonics of the Lunigiana–Garfagnana area, Tuscany, Italy (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: To understand the seismotectonics and the seismic hazard of the study sector of the Northern Apennines (Italy), one of the most important earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 6.5 which struck the Lunigiana and Garfagnana areas (Tuscany) on 7 September 1920 should be studied. Given the early instrumental epoch of the event, neither geometric and kinematic information on the fault-source nor its fault-plane solution were available. Both areas were candidates for hosting the source fault and there was uncertainty between a normal fault with Apenninic direction or an anti-Apenninic strike-slip. We retrieved 11 focal parameters (including the fault-plane solution) of the 1920 earthquake. Only macroseismic intensity information (from 499 inhabited centres) through the KF-NGA inversion technique was used. This technique uses a Kinematic model of the earthquake source and speeds up the calculation by a Genetic Algorithm with Niching. The result is a pure dip-slip focal solution. The intrinsic ambiguities of the KF-NGA method (±180° on the rake angle; choice of the fault plane between the two nodal planes) were solved with field and seismotectonic evidence. The earthquake was generated by a normal fault (rake angle = 265° ± 8°) with an Apennine direction (114° ± 5°) and dipping 38° ± 6° towards SW. The likely candidate for hosting the source-fault in 1920 is the Compione-Comano fault that borders the NE edge of the Lunigiana graben. The KF-NGA algorithm proved to be invaluable for studying the kinematics of early instrumental earthquakes and allowed us to uniquely individuate, for the first time ever, the seismogenic source of the 1920 earthquake. Our findings have implications in hazard computation and seismotectonic contexts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1465–1477
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Inverse theory ; Body waves ; Earthquake source observations ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Dynamics: seismotectonics ; Fractures, faults, and high strain deformation zones ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 43
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    Origins of Vulcanello based on the re-examination of historical sources (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: The lava platform and the three pyroclastic cones of Vulcanello constitute the northernmostvolcanic structure of the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands). The sandy isthmus connecting theplatform to the main island was definitively formed in the first half of the 1500s; before then,Vulcano and Vulcanello were two close but separate islands. For a long time, the interpretation ofthe sources of the II-I century BC, had considered the islet as built up about 2200 years ago. Thisbelief, which proliferated among naturalists from the 17th century, is not confirmed in the ancienttexts or even in the geographical documents of the time, which do not indicate the presence ofVulcanello as a new and stable island near Vulcano. The islet would only be mentioned at the dawnof the second millennium, and named in Arabic “Gabal’ al Burkān”, meaning Mount of Vulcano;shortly thereafter the toponym changed to the Latin “Insulam Vulcanelli” and then, towards the15th century, finally to Vulcanello.Since the creation of a volcanic island certainly occurred in the Aeolian Islands in the classical era,but traces of it were quickly lost, the most plausible hypothesis is that it was formed in the area ofthe current Vulcanello, to be subsequently erased by the sea. The shallow, flat seabed, likelyremaining as a result of sea abrasion, might have represented the morphological element on whichthe circular lava platform we know today was formed sometime between 950 and 1000 AD.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO548
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcanic risk; Volcanic eruptions; General or miscellaneous.
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  • 44
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    Preparazione alle emergenze sismiche. Seconda esercitazione nazionale INGV per posti di comando (20 novembre 2019) (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-14
    Description: On November 20, 2019, an exercise was held at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) as part of the activities planned for preparing for seismic emergencies. The training was "tabletop" with the simulation of an earthquake with a magnitude greater than the threshold required for the activation of the intervention procedures, described in the "Protocol of the Authority for the management of seismic and tsunami emergencies and Establishment of the Crisis Unit”, the flow of actions that follow was verified. The exercise involved the entire INGV even if the Rome headquarters was the most involved, and it was the second of this type after that carried out in 2015 [Pondrelli et al., 2016]. Main motivation of this training was the analysis of the efficiency of the Organization Protocol, a document that for the first time at INGV codifies the actions of the Crisis Unit and of the Institute in general on the occurrence of seismic events and / or seismic sequences and / or tsunamis. The Protocol has been formalized on the basis of the numerous experiences that the Institute has supported over many years, to honour its vocation in the monitoring and seismic surveillance of the national territory [Margheriti et al., 2021].
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-50
    Description: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Esercitazione ; Emergenza ; Protocollo di Ente ; Rischio Sismico ; Operating protocol ; Emergency ; Exercise ; Seismic risk ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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  • 45
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    Intraplate Basalt Alkalinity Modulated by a Lithospheric Mantle Filter at the Dunedin Volcano (New Zealand) (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Systematic variations in the crystal cargo and whole-rock isotopic compositions of mantle-derived basalts in the intraplate Dunedin Volcano (New Zealand) indicate the influence of a complex mantle-to-crust polybaric plumbing system. Basaltic rocks define a compositional spectrum from low-alkali basalts through mid-alkali basalts to high-alkali basalts. High-alkali basalts display clinopyroxene crystals with sector (hourglass) and oscillatory zoning (Mg#61–82) as well as Fe-rich green cores (Mg#43–69), whereas low-alkali basalts are characterized by clinopyroxenes with unzoned overgrowths (Mg#69–83) on resorbed mafic cores (Mg#78–88), coexisting with reversely zoned plagioclase crystals (An43–68 to An60–84 from core to rim). Complex magma dynamics are indicated by distinctive compositional variations in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, with Cr-rich zones (Mg#74–87) indicating continuous recharge by more mafic magmas. Crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite occurred within a polybaric plumbing system extending from upper mantle to mid-crustal depths (485–1059 MPa and 1147–1286°C), whereas crystallization of plagioclase with subordinate clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite proceeded towards shallower crustal levels. The compositions of high-alkali basalts and mid-alkali basalts resemble those of ocean island basalts and are characterized by FOZO-HIMU isotopic signatures (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70277–0.70315, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51286–0.51294 and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.348–20.265), whereas low-alkali basalts have lower incompatible element abundances and isotopic compositions trending towards EMII (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70327–70397, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51282–0.51286 and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.278–19.793). High- and mid-alkali basalt magmas mostly crystallized in the lower crust, whereas low-alkali basalt magma recorded deeper upper mantle clinopyroxene crystallization before eruption. The variable alkaline character and isotope composition may result from interaction of low-alkaline melts derived from the asthenosphere with melts derived from lithospheric mantle, possibly initiated by asthenospheric melt percolation. The transition to more alkaline compositions was induced by variable degrees of melting of metasomatic lithologies in the lithospheric mantle, leading to eruption of predominantly small-volume, high-alkali magmas at the periphery of the volcano. Moreover, the lithosphere imposed a filtering effect on the alkalinity of these intraplate magmas. As a consequence, the eruption of low-alkali basalts with greater asthenospheric input was concentrated at the centre of the volcano, where the plumbing system was more developed.
    Description: Published
    Description: egab062
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: alkali basalts ; Dunedin Volcano ; thermobarometry ; primary magma ; lithospheric mantle filter ; Igneous Petrology ; Thermobarometry ; Mantle melting and metasomatism ; Magmatic plumbing systems
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  • 46
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    Sistema di gestione e database dei corsi di informazione e formazione in materia di sicurezza e salute svolti presso l'INGV nel periodo 2013-2016 (D.Lgs.81/08, D.M. 10 marzo 1998 e successive modifiche e integrazioni) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Il mondo della Ricerca e dell ’Innovazione Tecnologica per sua natura è sempre in evoluzione, ed accompagnato da normative in materia di Sicurezza e Salute non sempre conosciute o applicate. La particolare enfasi data alla formazione nel quadro normativo riguardante la Sicurezza e Salute nei luoghi di lavoro, sia a livello nazionale che comunitario, dimostra e determina l’importanza attribuita a tale processo, non solo come mezzo elettivo per la diffusione della cultura della Sicurezza a tutti i livelli , ma anche, e soprattutto, come misura generale di tutela.
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-54
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Formazione sicurezza e salute ; Sicurezza e Salute lavoro
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  • 47
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    The variations of characteristic scale length of friction evolution affect earthquake dynamics (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: Within a fault governing model the characteristic scale length is one of the most relevant physical parameters because it accounts for the so–called fracture energy (density) of the system, its dynamics, the time during which the accumulated stress is released and the seismic waves are excited, the amount of slip developed during an instability event. Friction laboratory experiments reveal that it is not a material property, but that it changes with the sliding velocity. We propose two rather different analytical models to fit laboratory evidence and we incorporate them into a fault model able to simulate repeated earthquakes in the framework of various formulations of rate and state friction. We demonstrate that temporal variations of the scale length do not prevent the system to reach its limit cycle, but they systematically reduce the magnitude of the expected event (both in term of developed slip, and thus seismic moment, and released stress) and also reduce the inter–event time (recurrence interval). Depending on the friction model, the system can penetrate into the stable regime and can either continue the accelerating phase toward to failure or decelerate and abort instability.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE217
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics ; Characteristich length ; Dynamic models
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  • 48
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    User’s guide for paleointensity experiments: an update of the Guidebook “Guida all’uso del forno ASC TD-48SC per la stima della paleointensità assoluta con il metodo Thellier-Thellier modificato” (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The understanding of the ancient Earth’s Magnetic Field strength, or absolute paleointensity, is fundamental for several disciplines of Earth Sciences. Following the growing interest in this field in the last decades, the number of paleointensity studies has been increasing and the Paleomagnetic Laboratory of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome, Italy expanded the instrument park with a ASC TD48SC oven for paleomagnetic and paleointensity measurements. This manual represents an updated version of the original manual “Guida all’uso del forno ASC TD48SC per la stima della paleointensità assoluta con il metodo ThellierThellier modificato” [Di Chiara, 2014]. The aim is to provide a practical guide for paleointensity measurements, using the IZZIThellier experiment and the software Thellier_GUI for the processing of the geomagnetic field strength or paleointensity data.
    Description: INGV
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-20
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 49
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    A hydrogeochemical approach to the characterization of low-enthalpy geothermal systems: the Scordia – Lentini graben (Sicily, Italy) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: We describe the geochemical characteristics of groundwater samples collected in 23 water wells located on the northern margin of the Hyblean plateau (East Sicily). This area, mostly made of highly permeable carbonate rocks, is rich in low temperature (T 〈 50° C) hydrothermal groundwaters, distributed in an active sismogenetic zone, with several ENE-WSW-directed tectonic structures that drove magma to the surface during Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene. The chemical features suggest complex mixing between rainwater, CO2-rich groundwater, steam-heated groundwater and geothermal brines, as highlighted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Some parameters, however, indicate widespread pollution of the aquifers from human activities. Stable isotopes analysis confirms the meteoric origin of groundwater and supports the origin of dissolved CO2 mostly from mantle degassing through deep tectonic faults. Geothermometric estimates, mostly based on quartz and Saturation Indexes geothermometers, suggest minimum reservoir temperature between 100 and 120° C.
    Description: Published
    Description: HS438
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrothermal systems ; Hyblean plateau ; Water geochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Principal Component Analysis ; Geothermometry
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  • 50
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    Magnetic signatures of subsurface faults on the northern upper flank of Mt Etna (Italy) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: A ground magnetic study was performed on the northern upper flank of Mt. Etna to provide new insights into subsurface volcano-tectonic structures. The high resolution magnetic survey was focused on the main structures of Piano delle Concazze, a large flat area dominated by the North- East crater and bounded by the rim of the Valle del Leone depression and the extremity of the North-East Rift. More than 2,500 measurements were gathered with a sampling step of about 3 m covering an area of about 0.2 km2. The total-intensity anomaly field shows the presence of intense South-North aligned maxima related to shallow geological structures affecting this area. Filtering techniques and 2.5D modeling have been applied for the determination of the magnetic source parameters. In order to distinguish the near surface structure, filters of the vertical derivatives, Butterworth high-pass and the tilt derivative were used. The 3D Euler deconvolution has been applied to estimate the depth and the structural indices of the causative sources. The calculated structural indices, that express the geometrical nature of the source, are in agreement with forward modeling. They show that the area is mainly affected by subvertical normal fault and the estimated depth of magnetic sources ranges between 10 m and 40 m. Our total field magnetic survey shows that characteristic magnetic anomalies are related to fault zones in the Piano delle Concazze that are well consistent with the local tectonics. The subsurface structures that have been detected allowed to delineate the general structural framework of the area. In particular, it was possible to clarify that these structures seem to be not deep rooted and consequently they can hardly act as preferential pathways for magma ascent.
    Description: Published
    Description: PE108
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Filtering technique; ; 3D Euler deconvolution. ; Mt Etna ; 2.5D modelling; ; Magnetic survey on Etna
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  • 51
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    Earthquake dynamics constrained from laboratory experiments: new insights from granular materials (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: The traction evolution is a fundamental ingredient to model the dynamics of an earthquake rupture which ultimately controls, during the coseismic phase, the energy release, the stress redistribution and the consequent excitation of seismic waves. In the present paper we explore the use of the friction behavior derived from laboratory shear experiments performed on granular materials at low normal stress. We find that the rheological properties emerging from these laboratory experiments can not be described in terms of preexisting governing models already presented in literature; our results indicate that neither rate–and state–dependent friction laws nor nonlinear slip–dependent models, commonly adopted for modeling earthquake ruptures, are able to capture all the features of the experimental data. Then, by exploiting a novel numerical approach, we directly incorporate the laboratory data into a code to simulate the fully dynamic propagation of a 3–D slip failure. We demonstrate that the rheology of the granular material, imposed as fault boundary condition, is dynamically consistent. Indeed, it is able to reproduce the basic features of a crustal earthquake, spontaneously accelerating up to some terminal rupture speed, both sub– and supershear.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE441
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fault rheology ; Granular materials ; Frictional experiments
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  • 52
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    Guida all’uso del forno ASC TD-48SC per la stima della paleointensità assoluta con il metodo Thellier-Thellier modificato (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: INGV
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 53
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    Playing games for risk prevention: design, implementation and testing of serious games in recent European projects UPStrat-MAFA and KnowRISK (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: In the last decade, bottom-up strategies of risk education have raised importance, making seriousgames to become an alternative or complementary teaching tool for enhancing skills for acollaborative and adaptive response to social-ecological challenges. This study describes issues and challenges of serious games implemented within the framework oftwo European projects, namely UPStrat-MAFA (Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies usingMacroseismic Fields and FAult sources) and KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risKthrough non-structural elements); the goal is to instil in young people a proactive attitude towardsthe mitigation of seismic risk. The games were tested in some dissemination events focussed on fostering seismic riskpreparedness in students and improving good practices. We discuss the performance of our gameseven against more standard approaches to risk education. Our experience shows a rise of students’engagement compared to standard learning activities. The games were effective as students wereable to grasp the most relevant actions to reduce risk
    Description: Published
    Description: SE327
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Serious games ; Seismic risk mitigation ; Prevention ; Botton up approach ; Education ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
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  • 54
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    The first combined absolute gravity and GNSS network in Central Italy (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: A first combined absolute gravity and GNSS network of 5 stations distributed between Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo regions, was realized in 2018 in order to lay the basics for a multidisciplinary approach to natural risk assessment in the area of Central Italy, affected by the 2009 and 2016 seismic activity. Up to now, two absolute gravity campaigns were carried out using the transportable Microg LaCoste FG5#238 and the portable A10#39 absolute gravimeters. The locations of gravimetric sites have been chosen indoor to allow optimal condition of measure; therefore, the heights of the indoor sites have been determined by joining the outdoor GNSS with classical topographic surveys. The good results obtained after the campaigns and data processing lay the foundations for a new multidisciplinary approach to study also seismogenetic areas. In this paper, we present the gravity and GNSS station monographs, together with the absolute gravity values and the coordinates resulting from the first field surveys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 55
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    Resilience and adaptation to volcanoes in Late Middle Ages in Lipari island (Aeolian, Italy) (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Volcanic activity resumed during early Middle Ages times at Lipari following at least 6000 years of quiescence. This phenomenon occurred in a social context that had continuously developed from prehistoric times to the Roman age and was burdened by a demographic crisis that involved the archipelago between the 6th and 11th century AD. The rare archaeological records relating to the 6th - 11th centuries suggest abrupt changes in the population of the islands. The medieval sources are rich in religious and fantastic references to volcanic events linked to Lipari and Vulcano, testifying the uneasy condition for the human communities. This work concerns the resilience and adaptation of the communities to volcanic activity during the Late Middle Ages in Lipari. Starting from 1083 the Aeolian archipelago was involved in a repopulation program, implemented in 1095 by the Constitutum and organized by the Benedictine Monastery with the annexed S. Bartolomeo Cathedral on the castle. From the 13th century the volcanic phenomena, strictly limited to the northern sector of the island, did not interfere as previously with the anthropic activities. The Monastery will be enlarged in the Norman phase during the first half of the 12th century with the construction of the cloister. New historical documents relating to the 1264, report news of fires and land movements on Lipari. Recent age determinations obtained for the obsidian flow of Rocche Rosse at 1220 ± 30 AD (archaeomagnetic dating) and for an obsidian block of the Lami pyroclastic cone at 1243 ± 190 (fission-track dating) allow to define the age of the last phase of activity of the Monte Pilato-Lami-Rocche Rosse complex, and to associate it the events reported on 1264’s historical documents. This work makes in comparison volcanological, archaeological and historical dates and described an updated summary of one of the lesser known phases of the history of the archipelago. The main consequence of the medieval volcanic activity at Lipari caused a clear division of the territory with the population confined in the southeast quadrant, protected to the north by Serra and Monte Rosa which represented a natural orographic barrier.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO549
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aeolian Island; Middle Ages; Lipari; Volcano activity.
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 56
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    Auxotrophic interactions: A stabilizing attribute of aquatic microbial communities? (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Johnson, W. M., Alexander, H., Bier, R. L., Miller, D. R., Muscarella, M. E., Pitz, K. J., & Smith, H. Auxotrophic interactions: A stabilizing attribute of aquatic microbial communities? FEMS Microbiology Ecology, (2020): fiaa115, doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa115.
    Description: Auxotrophy, or an organism's requirement for an exogenous source of an organic molecule, is widespread throughout species and ecosystems. Auxotrophy can result in obligate interactions between organisms, influencing ecosystem structure and community composition. We explore how auxotrophy-induced interactions between aquatic microorganisms affect microbial community structure and stability. While some studies have documented auxotrophy in aquatic microorganisms, these studies are not widespread, and we therefore do not know the full extent of auxotrophic interactions in aquatic environments. Current theoretical and experimental work suggests that auxotrophy links microbial community members through a complex web of metabolic dependencies. We discuss the proposed ways in which auxotrophy may enhance or undermine the stability of aquatic microbial communities, highlighting areas where our limited understanding of these interactions prevents us from being able to predict the ecological implications of auxotrophy. Finally, we examine an example of auxotrophy in harmful algal blooms to place this often theoretical discussion in a field context where auxotrophy may have implications for the development and robustness of algal bloom communities. We seek to draw attention to the relationship between auxotrophy and community stability in an effort to encourage further field and theoretical work that explores the underlying principles of microbial interactions.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [OCE-1356192].
    Keywords: Auxotrophy ; Microbial community stability ; Microbial interactions ; Aquatic
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 57
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    Characterizing the culturable surface microbiomes of diverse marine animals (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Keller, A. G., Apprill, A., Lebaron, P., Robbins, J., Romano, T. A., Overton, E., Rong, Y., Yuan, R., Pollara, S., & Whalen, K. E. Characterizing the culturable surface microbiomes of diverse marine animals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 97(4), (2021): fiab040, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiab040.
    Description: Biofilm-forming bacteria have the potential to contribute to the health, physiology, behavior and ecology of the host and serve as its first line of defense against adverse conditions in the environment. While metabarcoding and metagenomic information furthers our understanding of microbiome composition, fewer studies use cultured samples to study the diverse interactions among the host and its microbiome, as cultured representatives are often lacking. This study examines the surface microbiomes cultured from three shallow-water coral species and two whale species. These unique marine animals place strong selective pressures on their microbial symbionts and contain members under similar environmental and anthropogenic stress. We developed an intense cultivation procedure, utilizing a suite of culture conditions targeting a rich assortment of biofilm-forming microorganisms. We identified 592 microbial isolates contained within 15 bacterial orders representing 50 bacterial genera, and two fungal species. Culturable bacteria from coral and whale samples paralleled taxonomic groups identified in culture-independent surveys, including 29% of all bacterial genera identified in the Megaptera novaeangliae skin microbiome through culture-independent methods. This microbial repository provides raw material and biological input for more nuanced studies which can explore how members of the microbiome both shape their micro-niche and impact host fitness.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (Biological Oceanography) award #1657808 and National Institutes of Health grants 1R21-AI119311–01 to K. E. Whalen, as well as funding from the Koshland Integrated Natural Science Center and Green Fund at Haverford College. This constitutes scientific manuscript #298 from the Sea Research Foundation.
    Keywords: Bacteria ; SSU rRNA ; Coral ; Whale ; Microbiome ; Skin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 58
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    The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic: plate-edge rifting vs intra-plate rifting (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wang, P., Huang, C., Lin, J., Jian, Z., Sun, Z., & Zhao, M. The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic: plate-edge rifting vs intra-plate rifting. National Science Review, 6(5), (2019): 902-913, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz135.
    Description: The South China Sea, as ‘a non-volcanic passive margin basin’ in the Pacific, has often been considered as a small-scale analogue of the Atlantic. The recent ocean drilling in the northern South China Sea margin found, however, that the Iberian model of non-volcanic rifted margin from the Atlantic does not apply to the South China Sea. In this paper, we review a variety of rifted basins and propose to discriminate two types of rifting basins: plate-edge type such as the South China Sea and intra-plate type like the Atlantic. They not only differ from each other in structure, formation process, lifespan and geographic size, but also occur at different stages of the Wilson cycle. The intra-plate rifting occurred in the Mesozoic and gave rise to large oceans, whereas the plate-edge rifting took place mainly in the mid-Cenozoic, with three-quarters of the basins concentrated in the Western Pacific. As a member of the Western Pacific system of marginal seas, the South China Sea should be studied not in isolation on its origin and evolution, but in a systematic context to include also its neighboring counterparts.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China as a part of the ‘South China Sea Deep’ Project (91128000).
    Keywords: Rifting ; Marginal basin ; Passive margin ; South China Sea ; Western Pacific ; Subduction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 59
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    VIGIL: A Python tool for automatized probabilistic VolcanIc Gas dIspersion modeLling (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-19
    Description: Probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment is a standard methodology based on running a deterministic hazard quantification tool multiple times to explore the full range of uncertainty in the input parameters and boundary conditions, in order to probabilistically quantify the variability of outputs accounting for such uncertainties. Nowadays, different volcanic hazards are quantified by means of this approach. Among these, volcanic gas emission is particularly relevant given the threat posed to human health if concentrations and exposure times exceed certain thresholds. There are different types of gas emissions but two main scenarios can be recognized: hot buoyant gas emissions from fumaroles and the ground and dense gas emissions feeding density currents that can occur, e.g., in limnic eruptions. Simulation tools are available to model the evolution of critical gas concentrations over an area of interest. Moreover, in order to perform probabilistic hazard assessments of volcanic gases, simulations should account for the natural variability associated to aspects such as seasonal and daily wind conditions, localized or diffuse source locations, and gas fluxes. Here we present VIGIL (automatized probabilistic VolcanIc Gas dIspersion modeLling), a new Python tool designed for managing the entire simulation workflow involved in single and probabilistic applications of gas dispersion modelling. VIGIL is able to manage the whole process from meteorological data processing, needed to run gas dispersion in both the dilute and dense gas flow scenarios, to the post processing of models’ outputs. Two application examples are presented to show some of the modelling capabilities offered by VIGIL.
    Description: Published
    Description: DM107
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 60
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    Relative relocation of earthquakes without a predefined velocity model: an example from a peculiar seismic cluster on Katla volcano's south-flank (Iceland) (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: Relative relocation methods are commonly used to precisely relocate earthquake clusters consisting of similar waveforms. Repeating waveforms are often recorded at volcanoes, where, however, the crust structure is expected to contain strong heterogeneities and therefore the 1D velocity model assumption that is made in most location strategies is not likely to describe reality. A peculiar cluster of repeating low-frequency seismic events was recorded on the south flank of Katla volcano (Iceland) from 2011. As the hypocentres are located at the rim of the glacier, the seismicity may be due to volcanic or glacial processes. Information on the size and shape of the cluster may help constraining the source process. The extreme similarity of waveforms points to a very small spatial distribution of hypocentres. In order to extract meaningful information about size and shape of the cluster, we minimize uncertainty by optimizing the cross-correlation measurements and relative-relocation process. With a synthetic test we determine the best parameters for differential-time measurements and estimate their uncertainties, specifically for each waveform. We design a relocation strategy to work without a predefined velocity model, by formulating and inverting the problem to seek changes in both location and slowness, thus accounting for azimuth, take-off angles and velocity deviations from a 1D model. We solve the inversion explicitly in order to propagate data errors through the calculation. With this approach we are able to resolve a source volume few tens of meters wide on horizontal directions and around 100 meters in depth. There is no suggestion that the hypocentres lie on a single fault plane and the depth distribution indicates that their source is unlikely to be related to glacial processes as the ice thickness is not expected to exceed few tens of meters in the source area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1244–1257
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 61
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    Revitalizing vintage seismic reflection profiles by converting into SEG-Y format: case studies from publicly available data on the Italian territory (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-09
    Description: In recent decades, geological modeling has significantly evolved, relying on the growing potential of hardware and software to manage and integrate vast datasets of 2D-3D geophysical underground data. Therefore, digitization and integration with other forms of data can often improve understanding of geological systems, even when using so-called vintage or historical data. Seismic reflection data have been extensively acquired mainly for hydrocarbon exploration since the 60s generating large volumes of data. Typically, these data have been for private commercial use and are relatively unavailable for research. However, with time, large volumes of vintage seismic reflection data in many countries worldwide are now becoming publicly available through time-based de-classification schemes. Such data have a great potential for modern-day geo-research, unleashing opportunities to improve geological understanding through re-interpretation with modern methods. However, a downside of these vintage data is that they are often only available in analog (paper, raster) format. The vectorization of these data then constitutes an essential step for unlocking their research potential. In 2018 INGV established the SISMOLAB-3D infrastructure, which is mainly devoted to analyzing digital subsurface data, such as seismic reflection profiles and well-logs, to build 2D-3D geological models, principally for seismotectonics, seismic hazard assessment, and geo-resources applications. In this contribution, we discuss the robustness of the WIGGLE2SEGY code, firstly published by Sopher in 2018, focusing on examples from different tectonic and geodynamic contexts within Italian territory. We applied the SEG-Y conversion method to onshore and offshore raster seismic profiles related to ceased exploration permits, comparing the results with other published archives of SEG-Y data obtained from the conversion of vintage data. Such an approach results in digital SEG-Y files with unprecedented quality and detail. The systematic application of this method will allow the construction of a comprehensive dataset of digital SEG-Y seismic profiles across Italy, thereby expanding and sharing the INGV SISMOLAB-3D portfolio with the scientific community to foster innovative and advanced scientific analysis.
    Description: Published
    Description: DM538
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Vectorization of vintage seismic profiles into SEG-Y ; WIGGLE2SEGY MATLAB-based code ; Seismic profiles digital database ; Italian territory ; 2D/3D geological models ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.06. Methods ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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  • 62
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    Materiali per un catalogo dei terremoti italiani: Sismicità minore del Novecento: alcuni casi tra gli anni 1949-1971, (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-23
    Description: In Italy, historical research on earthquakes has a long and glorious tradition, which in recent decades has gone through very different phases. In the first half of the 1980s and up to the mid- 90s, two very demanding research ventures were developed: the research program financed by ENEL for the qualification of sites susceptible to nuclear plants in three areas of the country (Piedmont, Lombardy, Puglia), later merged into the “Catalog of Strong Italian Earthquakes” (CFTI) of the ING/INGV, and the “Hazard project” of the GNDT/CNR, aimed at preparing all the basic data necessary for a model of hazard updated. As part of these two ventures, for about a decade over a hundred researchers, mostly “professional” historians, have worked to update their knowledge of Italian historical earthquakes. Researches developed by the “Hazard Project” - complementary to those of the CFTI - aimed only at rapidly re-evaluating the knowledge on about 600 intermediate energy earthquakes. Some of these studies, after a couple of decades, are now largely obsolete. For this reason, a work plan was launched aimed at deepening the knowledge on several dozens of these studies, marked in the current Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15) by the initials AMGNDT95, providing them with an updated and, hopefully, better database. This work presents the results of research carried out on 6 earthquakes included in the 1949– 1971 time span. Such researches have allowed a significant improvement of the epicentral parameters of these earthquakes and, at the same time, an enhancement of seismic histories of numerous localities.
    Description: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-274
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sismicità minore ; Catalogo sismico ; Revisione di terremoti ; Minor seismicity ; Earthquake catalog ; Earthquakes reappraisal ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 63
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    Efeito temporal na parasitofauna do bagre invasor Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) de uma planície Neotropical. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: Aquatic environments have been anthropically influenced over the years, mainly with the construction of dams and hydroelectric plants. However, few studies evaluate how the parasitic fauna can be influenced in the long term by these environmental changes. Possible changes in the composition of endoparasites of the invasive fish Trachelyopterus galeatus in the upper Paraná River floodplain were investigated over a 27-year study period. 79 fish were analyzed in period 1 (1993) and 31 in period 2 (2019/2020). In the first period, the fish showed higher values in the variables weight (g) and standard length (cm), when compared to period 2. A total of five species of endoparasites were found, three per period. Although the richness was the same, the composition of endoparasites differed between the periods, as only one species of digenetic (Microrchis oligovitellum) parasitized the host in both periods of study. It was found that both the development of the fish and its endoparasites were affected over time. It is noteworthy that the beginning of operation of the Porto Primavera dam, located upstream of the plain, occurred between the two sampling periods (1999), and caused several environmental changes, possibly being the main responsible for these changes in the parasitofauna. Most endoparasites require intermediate hosts to complete their life cycles. Therefore, a modified environment may lose diversity and ecological interactions, as it affects the populations they use during the transmission process between hosts. This may explain the difference found in the infracommunities of T. galeatus parasites, emphasizing, through the results obtained, the importance of including these organisms in studies that evaluate environmental impacts caused by anthropic actions
    Description: Ambientes aquáticos têm sido influenciado antropicamente ao longo dos anos, principalmente com a construção de barragens e usinas hidrelétricas. Contudo, poucos estudos avaliam como a fauna parasitária pode ser influenciada a longo prazo por essas mudanças ambientais. Investigou-se possíveis alterações na composição de endoparasitas do peixe invasor Trachelyopterus galeatus na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, em um intervalo de 27 anos de estudo. Foram analisados 79 peixes no período 1 (1993) e 31 no período 2 (2019/2020). No primeiro período, os peixes apresentaram maiores valores nas variáveis peso (g) e comprimento padrão (cm), quando comparados com o período 2. Encontrou-se um total de cinco espécies de endoparasitas, sendo três por período. Apesar da riqueza ter sido igual, a composição de endoparasitas diferiu entre os períodos, pois apenas uma espécie de digenético (Microrchis oligovitellum) parasitou o hospedeiro nos dois períodos de estudo. Constatou-se que tanto o desenvolvimento do peixe quanto seus endoparasitas foram afetados ao longo do tempo. Destaca-se que o início do funcionamento da barragem de Porto Primavera, localizada à montante da planície, ocorreu entre os dois períodos de amostragem (1999), e provocou diversas alterações ambientais, sendo, possivelmente, a principal responsável por essas mudanças da parasitofauna. A maioria dos endoparasitas requer hospedeiros intermediários para completar seus ciclos de vida. Portanto, um ambiente modificado, pode perder diversidade e interações ecológicas, visto que afeta as populações que eles utilizam durante o processo de transmissão entre hospedeiros. Isso pode explicar a diferença encontrada nas infracomunidades de parasitas de T. galeatus, enfatizando, por meio dos resultados obtidos, a importância de incluir esses organismos nos estudos que avaliam impactos ambientais causados por ações antrópicas.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fauna endoparasitária (Platyhelminthes). ; Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) “cangati”. ; Peixes siluriformes. ; Parasitismo. ; Ecologia. ; Parasitismo em peixes de água doce. ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasitism ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasites
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 25pp.
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  • 64
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    Estimating genotypic richness and proportion of identical multi-locus genotypes in aquatic microalgal populations (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sassenhagen, I., Erdner, D., Lougheed, B., Richlen, M., & SjÖqvist, C. Estimating genotypic richness and proportion of identical multi-locus genotypes in aquatic microalgal populations. Journal of Plankton Research, 44(4), (2022): 559-572, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbac034.
    Description: The majority of microalgal species reproduce asexually, yet population genetic studies rarely find identical multi-locus genotypes (MLG) in microalgal blooms. Instead, population genetic studies identify large genotypic diversity in most microalgal species. This paradox of frequent asexual reproduction but low number of identical genotypes hampers interpretations of microalgal genotypic diversity. We present a computer model for estimating, for the first time, the number of distinct MLGs by simulating microalgal population composition after defined exponential growth periods. The simulations highlighted the effects of initial genotypic diversity, sample size and intraspecific differences in growth rates on the probability of isolating identical genotypes. We estimated the genotypic richness for five natural microalgal species with available high-resolution population genetic data and monitoring-based growth rates, indicating 500 000 to 2 000 000 distinct genotypes for species with few observed clonal replicates (〈5%). Furthermore, our simulations indicated high variability in genotypic richness over time and among microalgal species. Genotypic richness was also strongly impacted by intraspecific variability in growth rates. The probability of finding identical MLGs and sampling a representative fraction of genotypes decreased noticeably with smaller sample sizes, challenging the detection of differences in genotypic diversity with typical isolate numbers in the field.
    Description: This work was supported by the Olle Engkvist foundation [200-0564 to I.S.]; the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) [2018-04992 to B.C.L.]; the Academy of Finland [321609 to C.S.]; the National Science Foundation [NSF OCE-1841811 to D.L.E. and M.L.R.]; and the National Institute of Environmental Health [NIEHS P01ES028949 to M.L.R.].
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 65
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    Comunicare ed educare al rischio, le strade possibili (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: We present here the results of a five-years-long earthquake educational project aiming to commemorate the hundredth anniversaries of five large Northern Apennines earthquakes occurred between 1916 and 1920 in the areas of: Rimini (1916, Mw 6.1), Valtiberina (1917, Mw 5.9), Romagna Apennines (1918, Mw 5.9), Mugello (1919, Mw 6.3) and Garfagnana (1920, Mw 6.5) earthquakes. We saw these anniversaries as the occasion for leading the Northern Apennines people to rediscover their past, in a positive way, and to improve their awareness of the earthquake as a natural feature of the regions in which they live. The activities that we planned for schools students encouraged them to go hunting for traces of the earthquakes of one hundred years ago in their home towns and to rediscover the memories and traditions of their communities. Together with their teachers, we also led the teenagers to find creative ways to involve the grownups in the process of discovery and knowledge. The Project had to cope with two emergencies: the great Central Italy earthquake of 2016-2017 and the Covid-19 epidemic. However, these stumbling blocks did not deter teachers and students from taking part in the process actively and even enthusiastically. Their families and communities were actively involved too. This experience taught us some valuable lessons. First of all, we learned to adapt the project, as we had conceived it at the start, to a wide gamma of social and cultural contexts. Not all the involved communities were equally aware of the level of seismic risk they are exposed to. On the affluent Adriatic coast, where tourism is the main source of income, past earthquakes are something best forgotten, by citizens and administrators alike. On the contrary, in the poorer inland mountain areas (Forlivese Apennines, Mugello, Garfagnana and Lunigiana) a more down-to-earth attitude prevails: earthquakes are looked upon as something that can and does happen and people are quick to grasp how important it is to contribute to initiatives whose aim is reducing seismic risk. Thus, we had to adapt our approach to the different contexts, modifying each time the activities we proposed to the schools with the aim of obtain the best possible results from each situation. Presentiamo i risultati di un progetto di educazione al rischio sismico attivato in occasione dei centenari di cinque terremoti storici che hanno colpito l’Appennino settentrionale tra gli anni 1916 e 1920 e precisamente i terremoti di Rimini 1916 (Mw 6.1), Valtiberina 1917 (Mw 5.9), Appennino romagnolo 1918 (Mw 5.9), Mugello 1919 (Mw 6.3) e Garfagnana 1920 (Mw 6.5). Abbiamo pensato di utilizzare questi anniversari come punto di partenza per accompagnare i cittadini a riappropriarsi del loro passato in modo positivo, facendo crescere la loro consapevolezza del terremoto come un carattere del loro ambiente naturale. A tal fine, nelle attività realizzate con le scuole, abbiamo incoraggiato gli studenti a cercare le tracce dei terremoti di un secolo fa nell’ambiente urbanizzato e a indagare le memorie e le tradizioni ancora presenti nelle comunità. Insieme ai loro insegnanti abbiamo spinto i ragazzi a trovare modi creativi per coinvolgere gli adulti in questo processo di scoperta e conoscenza. Il progetto è stato messo alla prova dal forte terremoto dell’Italia centrale (2016­2017) e dall’epidemia di Covid­19, ma nonostante queste difficoltà insegnanti e studenti hanno partecipato con grande interesse a questo percorso e hanno coinvolto nelle attività del progetto le famiglie e le comunità locali. Anche noi abbiamo imparato nuove lezioni. Un aspetto importante che abbiamo appreso è il bisogno di adattare il progetto a contesti sociali e culturali che si sono rivelati molto diversi. Le comunità coinvolte non condividono lo stesso livello di consapevolezza del rischio: sulla costa adriatica, a vocazione turistica, i terremoti sono qualcosa che è meglio dimenticare, sia da parte dei cittadini che dalle amministrazioni. Al contrario, nell’Appennino forlivese, nel Mugello, in Garfagnana e Lunigiana, i terremoti sono una presenza costante e le persone si sono sentite subito coinvolte in un processo attivo di riduzione del rischio e di attenzione quotidiana. Questo ci ha spinto ad adattare ogni volta l’approccio ai diversi contesti, modificando le proposte di attività che abbiamo realizzato nelle scuole.
    Description: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Allegato A, tematica “M”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: EDURISK Educazione al rischio ; Rischio sismico ; Edurisk: risk education ; Seismic risk ; 04.06. Seismology ; Risk education
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    The INGV Mediterranean GNSS Archive (MGA) (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) represents a primary data source in Solid Earth Sciences. In order to investigate the Earth’s crustal deformation, time series of the estimated daily positions of the stations are routinely analyzed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) to investigate the deformation of the Earth’s surface caused by tectonic and non-tectonic processes. The GNSS observations of the stations are processed using the three main scientific software: GAMIT/GLOBK, BERNESE, and GIPSY OASIS II. The accuracy and the strength of geodetic solutions often depend on the geometry and spatial density of the network, and the availability and quality of GNSS data. In many circumstances, GNSS networks are deployed for topographic purposes by private or public institutions, and a significant number of GNSS stations in large regions acquire continuous observations. It may happen that such networks do not collect and distribute data according to IGS standards, so it could be difficult to analyze this data using automated data-processing tools. For that reason, this data is often ignored or partially used by the scientific community, despite their potential usefulness in geodynamic studies. We have attempted troubleshooting this problem by establishing a centralized storage facility in order to collect all available GNSS data and standardize both formats and metadata information. Here we describe the processes and functions that manage this unified repository, called MGA (Mediterranean GNSS Archive), which regularly collects GNSS RINEX files from alarge number of CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) located across a wide region of mainly the European and African plates. RINEX observation data and metadata information are provided to the analysts through an FTP server and dedicated web-services. The complete data set is stored in a PostgreSQL database in order to easily retrieve pieces of information and efficiently manage the archive content. The system implements many high-level services that include scripts to download files from remote archives and to detect new available data, web applications such as API (Application Program Interface) to interact with the system, and background services that interact with the database. During the development of this product, particular attention was paid to what has already been achieved by EPOS TCS WP10, whose objective was: "[...] to develop an open source platform with programmatic and web interfaces to store and disseminate raw data and metadata from GNSS stations operating in Europe''. Many ideas and tools presented here were inspired by that project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: RINEX ; GNSS ARCHIVE ; GNSS MEDITERRANEAN AREA ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    SISMIKO: il nuovo sistema di acquisizione dati sismici in tempo reale (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: SISMIKO è uno dei Gruppi Operativi di emergenza sismica dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) con la principale missione di installare, nel più breve tempo possibile, una rete sismica temporanea in tempo reale ad integrazione di quella permanente nell’area colpita da un forte terremoto e/o da una sequenza sismica [Moretti et al., 2012; 2016]. SISMIKO nasce formalmente nel 2015 ed è il frutto della convergenza di reti sismiche mobili gestite da diversi gruppi all’interno delle singole Sezioni e sedi dell’Ente. Ognuna di queste reti risente della propria storia, risponde ad esigenze territoriali diverse ed è caratterizzata da vari gradi di coinvolgimento nella gestione della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) [Michelini et al., 2016; Margheriti et al., 2020]. Questa eterogeneità si riflette anche in differenze nel sistema di acquisizione dati delle stazioni gestite dal GO. Grazie ad una attenta predisposizione e configurazione della propria strumentazione, oggi SISMIKO ha la possibilità e le competenze per integrare in poche ore una rete temporanea trasmessa in tempo reale nel sistema di acquisizione dati sismologici attivo presso la sede INGV di Roma, contribuendo in maniera significativa al servizio di monitoraggio e sorveglianza sismica del territorio colpito dall’emergenza [Margheriti et al., 2020]. Nel corso del 2020, facendo seguito al piano di rinnovo e omogeneizzazione del parco strumentale dedicato GO avviato nel 2019 (co­finanziato nell’ambito della Convenzione tra INGV e il Dipartimento di Protezione Civile vigente), è stato deciso di sviluppare un sistema di acquisizione dati in tempo reale unificato per tutte le stazioni di SISMIKO, indipendente dalle singole sedi di appartenenza. Questa nuova logica ha diversi vantaggi, e in primis quello di rendere possibile il completo interscambio del personale presso le varie sedi INGV nella gestione dell’acquisizione dati, aspetto fondamentale durante una emergenza.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: SISMIKO ; Seiscomp. RTPD ; Acquisition system ; Realtime seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 68
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    Fatores determinantes das diversidades beta taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton em planícies de inundação neotropicais. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-07
    Description: Freshwater ecosystems are changing their natural conditions, influenced and accelerated by human activities. These processes are capable of changing the hydrological regime and the composition of the communities, letting the future of aquatic biodiversity unknown. The construction of dams has been one of the main factors responsible for environmental changes, such as nutrients depletion, increased water transparency and loss of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems. The aim of our study was to analyze the functional and taxonomic dissimilarity of the zooplankton community and its drivers in response to the effect of the hydrological cycle (drought and rainy), in two highly distinct floodplains, the Upper Paraná River (river with a cascade of dams) and the Amazon. A total of 72 samples were collected (16 AMA dry and 16 on rainy and 20 PAR dry and 20 on rainy) from zooplankton communities as the response variable, phytoplankton as a predictor of food, fish as a predictor of potential predators and limnological variables. Were calculated β-Total diversity and partitioned in the components β-Repl and β-Rich (taxonomic and functional approach). We expect that environmental heterogeneity is going to drive higher values of beta diversity. In sequence, distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) was calculated using the distance matrices generated in the functional and taxonomic beta to assess which are the determinants of zooplankton beta diversity. Thus, we hypothesized that biotic interactions will have stronger relationships with zooplankton dissimilarity during the drought and, limnological variables and spatial component will be more important during rainy season. Greater environmental heterogeneity was found in the Amazon floodplain and also in the dry season. The beta functional and taxonomic diversity of zooplankton showed a similar relationship between the floodplains and between the hydrological periods, represented by the β-Repl component, except for the drought season in the Upper Paraná River, where the functional diversity showed the lowest values, undetected by the taxonomic approach. The factors that influenced the zooplankton beta functional and taxonomic diversity in the two floodplains were different depending on the hydrological period, reflecting once again the difference in environmental heterogeneity and the strength of hydrodynamics within each plain. The analysis of the species and functional traits distribution and, which are the variables structuring this distribution is extremely important to analyze ecosystem processes and services, especially in impacted environments such as the Upper Paraná River floodplain, and a floodplain so biodiverse as the Amazon, and even so, with the prediction of the construction of numerous dams in its hydrographic basin. We reinforce the importance of periodic flooding in these floodplains, for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem services over time, and in this way, prevent biotic homogenization, and consequently, conserve these aquatic ecosystems.
    Description: Os ecossistemas de água doce estão passando por frequentes alterações nas suas condições naturais, influenciadas e aceleradas por atividades humanas. Esses processos são capazes de alterar o regime hidrológico e a composição das comunidades, deixando cada vez mais incerto o futuro da biodiversidade aquática. A construção de barramentos tem sido um dos principais responsáveis por modificações ambientais, como a redução de nutrientes, o aumento da transparência da água e a perda de biodiversidade em ecossistemas dulcícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a dissimilaridade funcional e taxonômica da comunidade zooplanctônica e seus determinantes em resposta ao efeito do ciclo hidrológico (seca e chuva) em duas planícies de inundação altamente distintas, a planície do alto rio Paraná (rio com cascata de barramentos) e planície Amazônica. Foram coletadas 72 amostras (16 na seca e 16 na cheia na planície Amazônica e 20 na seca e 20 na cheia na palnície do alto rio Paraná) das comunidades de zooplâncton como variável resposta, de fitoplâncton como variável preditora de alimentação, de peixes como preditor de potenciais predadores e as variáveis limnológicas. Foram calculadas a diversidade β-Total e particionada nos componentes β-Repl e β-Rich em uma abordagem taxonômica e funcional, e espera-se que a heterogeneidade ambiental conduza a maiores valores de diversidade beta. Na sequência, foi calculada através das matrizes de distância geradas na beta funcional e taxonômica a análise de redundância baseada em distância (db-RDA) para avaliar quais os determinantes da diversidade beta. Assim, foi hipotetizado que as interações bióticas apresentarão relações mais fortes com a dissimilaridade zooplanctônica na seca e as variáveis limnológicas e o espaço na cheia. Foi encontrada uma maior heterogeneidade ambiental na planície Amazônica e também no período de seca. A diversidade beta funcional e taxonômica do zooplâncton apresentou uma relação semelhante entre as planícies e entre os períodoshidrológicos, representados pelo componente β-Repl, exceto pelo período de seca na planície do alto rio Paraná onde a diversidade funcional apresentou os menores valores, não detectado pela abordagem taxonômica. Os fatores que influenciaram a diversidade beta funcional e taxonômica zooplanctônica nas duas planícies de inundação foram bem distintos dependendo do período hidrológico, refletindo mais uma vez a diferença na heterogeneidade ambiental e na força da hidrodinâmica dentro de cada planície. A análise da distribuição das espécies e dos traços funcionais, e de quais variáveis estruturam essa distribuição é de extrema importância para analisar os processos e serviços ecossistêmicos, especialmente em ambientes impactados como a planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, e uma planície tão biodiversa como a Amazônica e, mesmo assim, com previsão de construção de inúmeros barramentos em sua bacia hidrográfica. Reforça-se a importância da inundação periódica nessas planícies, para a manutenção da biodiversidade e dos serviços ecossistêmicos ao longo do tempo e, desta forma, prevenir a homogeneização biótica, e consequentemente, a conservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidades beta taxonômica e funcional ; Planícies de inundação ; Floodplain ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 56pp.
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  • 69
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    Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Although several studies have dealt with the description of morphological characters in Cichlidae, usually aiming for phylogenetic inference, little attention has been given to their musculature. The complete striated musculature of a cichlid species, Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, was described for the first time, with illustrations of all muscles and a protocol for the dissection of specimens. The striated musculature of at least of species of each genus in tribe Geophagini, among other cichlids, was compared, and 98 characters were described with the purpose of analysing their relation with the group’s phylogeny. This character matrix was employed to produce two unconstrained phylogenetic analyses, one weighted and the other unweighted. The myological characters were mapped upon a pre-existing phylogenetic hypothesis, for understanding the correlation among the characters and trophic specialisations of each taxon. The conclusion is that Geophagini specialised in sifting substrate (winnowers) tend to present a few convergent adaptations, manifested in the shape and degree of development of muscles such as adductor mandibulae, levator arcus palatini, dilatator operculi, adductor branchialis 1 and obliqui ventrales 1–2. This study facilitates future investigations on the functions of the striated muscles in fishes and their role in the processes of adaptive radiation, i.e., functional diversification.
    Description: Apesar de diversos estudos terem tratado da descrição de caracteres morfológicos em Cichlidae, geralmente para fins de inferência filogenética, muito pouco se estudou sobre sua musculatura. Descreveu-se, pela primeira vez, a musculatura estriada completa de uma espécie de ciclídeo, Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, com ilustrações de todos os músculos e um protocolo para a dissecção de exemplares. Comparou-se a musculatura esquelética de pelo menos uma espécie de cada gênero da tribo Geophagini, dentre outros ciclídeos, e descreveram-se 98 caracteres com o propósito de analisar sua relação com a filogenia do grupo. Essa matriz de caracteres foi empregada para produzir duas análises filogenéticas sem restrição, uma com pesagem e outra sem pesagem. Mapearam-se os caracteres miológicos sobre uma hipótese filogenética pré-existente, para a compreensão da correlação entre os caracteres e as especializações tróficas de cada táxon. Conclui-se que os Geophagini especializados em peneirar o substrato (winnowers) tendem a apresentar algumas adaptações convergentes, manifestadas na forma e no grau de desenvolvimento de músculos como adductor mandibulae, levator arcus palatini, dilatator operculi, adductor branchialis 1 e obliqui ventrales 1–2. Este estudo possibilita futuras investigações acerca das funções dos músculos estriados em peixes e seu papel nos processos de irradiação adaptativa, i.e., diversificação funcional.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae) “cará” ; Peixes de água doce ; Filogenia ; Morfologia ; Musculatura esquelética ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (organisms) ; ASFA_2015::P::Phylogeny ; ASFA_2015::M::Musculoskeletal system
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 234pp.
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    Larvas de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857): dos filtros abióticos aos impactos potenciais sobre a comunidade de fitoplâncton. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: The success of biological invasions depends on overcoming environmental filters. After the filters are transposed and subsequently established, invasive species can reach high densities and cause impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and damage to the functioning of ecosystems. The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) is an invasive bivalve in South America and presents high densities in invaded environments. It has a planktonic larval stage, divided into five stages, and an encrusting adult. The larval stage is considered the main propagule of the species. It is known that abiotic factors act differently on larval stages, as these present morphological and physiological differences. Some works shown the ability of L. fortunei to select groups and functional traits of phytoplankton species, but these studies are experimental and with adult representatives. Considering that larvae are the main propagule of the species, therefore, abiotic filters act primarily on them, we sought to (i) evaluate the population structure of L. fortunei larvae and its relationship with environmental factors in lotic environments in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River. In addition, considering that larvae can reach high density values, we also sought to (ii) identify the potential impacts of high larval densities on the taxonomic and functional diversity of phytoplankton, and their effects on ecosystem functioning. The results showed differences in the age pyramid between the evaluated environments, and found that most environmental filters act on the early larval stages. Among these filters, turbidity stands out. We also identified a negative effect of L. fortunei larval density on the functional and taxonomic diversity of the phytoplankton community. The effects of larval density on these facets of phytoplankton diversity resulted in indirect negative effects on the biomass stock of the community of these producers. It's expected that knowledge about the filters that control larval densities of L. fortunei can contribute to the control and management of the species, in order to avoid major impacts on the phytoplankton, and consequently, on the environment.
    Description: O sucesso das invasões biológicas depende da superação filtros ambientais. Após a transposição dos filtros e consequente estabelecimento, as espécies invasoras podem atingir altas densidades e ocasionar impactos, como perda de biodiversidade e prejuízos ao funcionamento dos ecossistemas. O mexilhão-dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) é um bivalve invasor na América do Sul e apresenta elevadas densidades nos ambientes invadidos. Apresenta fase larval planctônica, dividida em cinco estágios, e adulta incrustante. A fase larval é considerada o principal propágulo da espécie. É sabido que os fatores abióticos atuam diferentemente sobre os estágios larvais, dado que estes apresentam diferenças morfológicas e fisiológicas. Alguns trabalhos evidenciaram a capacidade de L. fortunei em selecionar grupos e traços funcionais das espécies de fitoplâncton, porém esses estudos são experimentais e com representantes adultos. Considerando que as larvas são o principal propágulo da espécie, logo, os filtros abióticos agem primariamente sobre elas e buscou-se (i) avaliar a estruturação populacional das larvas de L. fortunei e sua relação com os fatores ambientais em ambientes lóticos da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Ainda, considerando que as larvas podem atingir elevados valores de densidade também buscou-se (ii) identificar os potenciais impactos das altas densidades larvais sobre a diversidade taxonômica e funcional de fitoplâncton, e seus reflexos sobre o funcionamento ecossitêmico. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças na pirâmide etária entre os ambientes avaliados, e constatou-se que a maioria dos filtros ambientais age sobre os estágios larvais iniciais. Dentre esses filtros, destaca-se a turbidez. Também identificou-se o efeito negativo da densidade larval de L. fortunei sobre a diversidade funcional e taxonômica da comunidade de fitoplâncton. Os efeitos da densidade larval sobre essas facetas da diversidade do fitoplâncton resultaram em efeitos negativos indiretos sobre o estoque de biomassa da comunidade desses produtores. Espera-se que o conhecimento sobre os filtros que controlam as densidades larvais de L. fortunei possa contribuir para o controle e manejo da espécie, a fim de evitar maiores impactos sobre o fitoplancton, e consequentemente, sobre o ambiente.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Bivalve) "mexilhão-dourado" ; Moluscos límnicos invasores ; Bivalves límnicos invasores ; Larvas ; Invasores biológicos ; Diversidade taxonômica e funcional ; Filtros ambientais ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::M::Molluskan larvae ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 75pp.
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    Gradientes espaço-temporais da pesca artesanal no reservatório de Itaipu, Paraná, Brasil. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: It is expected that the longitudinal limnological gradients described for reservoirs have great implications for the composition and yield of multispecific fisheries practiced in this type of environment, directly and indirectly affecting the operational strategies for the collection of the species. Recognition of patterns of spatial and temporal variation of stocks and their form of exploitation is fundamental to the rationalization of fishery management. It is, however, a complex task given the large number of variables and the physical, biological and socioeconomic interactions involved. Daily landing data from 12 fisheries along the Itaipu reservoir over a period of 11 years are analyzed in this study. Uni and multivariate analysis techniques are used to identify (i) spatial-temporal patterns in the composition of the fish and in the yield of the fishery and (ii) longitudinal gradients in the operational strategies used in fishing. The results are discussed in light of longitudinal and temporal limnological gradients, species life strategies and competitive uses of the basin upstream. Significant correlation was verified between sedimentation rates, considered a synthesis variable of the limnological conditions, and yield of the 10 main species (90% of the total catch). Of these species, eight showed significant longitudinal gradients in abundance. Three of them concentrated in the fluvial zone, one in the lacustrine, three in the fluvial-transitional and one in the lacustrine-transitional. Diet requirements (autochthonous and allochthonous resources) and migratory behavior were considered the most adequate terms to explain these patterns. The marked decline in the fishery yield was attributed to the fall in the CPUEs of the two most caught species, that were, perna-de-moça Hypophthalmus oremaculatus in the lacustrine zone (trophic state reduction in the reservoir, recruitment overfishing) and armado Pterodoras granulosus in the fluvial zone (regulation of the floods on the floodplain upstream from the operation of new reservoirs, growth overfishing). Three fishery strategies were observed: (I) cascudo-preto Rhinelepis aspera fisheries in the fluvial zone using casting nets and wooden boats propelled by a stationary (center) motor (10 to 12 HP), (II) Hypophthalmus oremaculatus fisheries in the transition and lacustrine zones with gillnets, wooden boats driven by oars or a rabeta motor (3.5 to 4 HP) and (III) Pterodoras granulosus and jaú Zungaro jahu fisheries in the fluvial zone carried out with fish-hooks, wooden boats and a stationary (center) motor (10 to 12 HP). It was verifield the importance of the fisheries in sustaining families marginalized from other sectors of the economy and their regulation and rationalization in the operation of the reservoirs upstream to insure the occurrence of floods on the floodplain upstream.
    Description: É esperado que os gradientes limnológicos longitudinais descritos para reservatórios, tenham grandes implicações sobre a composição e o rendimento de pescarias multiespecíficas, exercidas neste tipo de ambiente, afetando direta e indiretamente as estratégias operacionais para a captura das espécies. O reconhecimento dos padrões de variação espaciais e temporais dos estoques e de sua forma de exploração é fundamental para a racionalização do manejo da pesca, sendo, entretanto, uma tarefa complexa, dado o grande número de variáveis e interações físicas, biológicas e socioeconômicas envolvidas. Neste estudo, são analisados os dados diários de acompanhamento de desembarque em 12 áreas de pesca ao longo do reservatório de Itaipu, tomados durante 11 anos. Técnicas de análise uni e multivariadas são utilizadas para identificar (i) os padrões espaço-temporais na composição do pescado e no rendimento da pesca, (ii) os gradientes longitudinais nas estratégias operacionais empregadas na atividade pesqueira. Os resultados são discutidos à luz dos gradientes limnológicos longitudinais e temporais, as estratégias de vida das espécies e os usos concorrentes da bacia a montante. Correlações significativas foram constatadas entre as taxas de sedimentação, considerada variável síntese das condições limnológicas, e o rendimento das 10 principais espécies (90% das capturas totais). Destas espécies, oito mostraram gradientes longitudinais significativos na abundância, sendo três delas concentradas na zona fluvial, uma na lacustre, três na fluvial-transição, e uma na lacustre-transição. Requerimentos na dieta (recursos autóctones e alóctones) e o comportamento migratório foram considerados como a explicação mais adequada a estes padrões. O acentuado declínio no rendimento da pesca foi atribuído à queda nas CPUEs das duas espécies mais capturadas, ou seja, perna-de-moça Hypophthalmus oremaculatus, na zona lacustre (redução no estado trófico do reservatório, sobrepesca de recrutamento) e armado Pterodoras granulosus, na fluvial (regulação das cheias na planície a montante pela construção de novos reservatórios, e sobrepesca de crescimento). Três estratégias de pesca foram observadas: (I) pescaria de cascudo-preto Rhinelepis aspera na zona fluvial com uso de tarrafas, embarcações de madeira, com propulsão por motor de estacionário (centro), potência de 10 a 12,5 HP; (II) pescaria de Hypophthalmus oremaculatus nas zonas de transição e lacustre, com redes de espera, embarcações de madeira impulsionada por remo ou motor rabeta, com potência de 3,5 a 4 HP; (III) pescaria de Pterodoras granulosus e jaú Zungaro jahu, na zona fluvial realizada com anzóis, barcos de madeira e motor estacionário (centro), de 10 a 12,5 HP. Verifica-se a importância da pesca para o sustento de famílias marginalizadas de outros setores da economia e propõem-se ações de controle da atividade e a racionalização na operação dos reservatórios, a montante, visando assegurar a ocorrência de cheias na planície alagável a montante.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Pesca artesanal de água doce ; Gradientes horizontais ; Manejo ; Peixes de água doce ; Estratégias de pesca ; Reservatório de Itaipu ; Zonação ; Itaipu Binacional ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Fisheries management ; ASFA_2015::G::Gradients ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoir fisheries ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish stocks
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 64pp.
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  • 72
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    Forças evolutivas atuando sobre o gene RH1 em ciclídeos neotropicais com diferentes dietas. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Neotropical aquatic environments are highly heterogeneous and present a broad light spectral variation. Photic conditions can be closely related to aquatic vertebrates’ visual system evolution, which can interfere with ecological factors, such as feeding. Therefore, due to the species’ biodiversity and ecological adaptations observed in continental aquatic environments, Neotropical cichlids represent an important model for evolutionary studies. Cichlinae shows several adaptations regarding their life cycle and may present and accumulate mutations resulting in specific amino acid changes of visual proteins. These proteins are encoded by visual opsins genes, which allow some “measurement” of natural selection on the protein using molecular tools. Thus, it is possible to verify whether the diet constitutes an important factor in the diversification of the gene responsible for the scotopic vision of these vertebrates. In this study, 40 species of Neotropical cichlids were categorized according to their diet and, using different codon selection analyses, different protein sites positively selected were observed in specialist and generalist species. The lineages of predatory fish showed evidence of a stronger evolution of the RH1 gene when compared to other groups, indicating the influence of the diet on this group's visual evolution.
    Description: Ambientes aquáticos neotropicais possuem grande heterogeneidade de habitats, apresentando diferenças na intensidade luminosa na coluna d’água. A luminosidade está diretamente relacionada com o sistema visual dos vertebrados aquáticos, o que pode interferir em fatores ecológicos, como a alimentação. Em consideração à biodiversidade de espécies e diversas adaptações ecológicas observadas em ambientes aquáticos continentais, os ciclídeos neotropicais representam um bom modelo para estudos evolutivos. Este grupo possui diversas adaptações ao seu modo de vida e pode apresentar e acumular mutações em sítios específicos das proteínas visuais que podem ser relacionadas com tais adaptações. As proteínas visuais são codificadas por genes opsins, o que permite o estudo da intensidade de atuação da seleção natural sobre a proteína utilizando ferramentas moleculares. Com o objetivo de verificar se a dieta constitui um importante fator na diversificação do gene responsável pela visão escotópica destes vertebrados, foram utilizadas 40 espécies de ciclídeos neotropicais categorizadas de acordo com sua dieta e, por meio de diferentes análises de seleção de códons, foram observados diferentes sítios da proteína positivamente selecionados em espécies especialistas e generalistas. As linhagens de peixes predadores apresentaram evidências de uma rápida seleção do gene RH1 quando comparadas a outros grupos, indicando a influência da dieta na evolução visual deste grupo.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Peixes ciclídeos (Cichlidae) ; Peixes de água doce ; Sistema visual ; Evolução molecular ; Proteínas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::M::Molecular biology ; ASFA_2015::P::Proteins ; ASFA_2015::V::Vision ; ASFA_2015::R::Rhodopsin ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic environment ; ASFA_2015::P::Physiology (fish)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 44pp.
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    Descrição de sete novas espécies e dois novos gêneros de Physocypria sensu latu (Crustacea, Ostracoda) de planícies de inundação brasileiras. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: We describe seven new species of Physocypria sensu latu from three of the main Brazilian floodplains: Gen. 1 spec. A gen. et spec. nov. and Gen. 1 spec. B gen. et spec. nov. from the Upper Paraná River floodplain and the South Matogrossense Pantanal, Gen. 2 spec. C gen. et spec. nov., Gen. 1 spec. D gen. et spec. nov. and Gen. 2 spec. E gen. et spec. nov. from the South Matogrossense Pantanal only and Gen. 1 spec. F gen. et spec. nov. and Gen. 1 spec. G gen. et spec. nov. only from the Amazon River floodplain. All new species here described were found in sexual populations. Generally, the new species have a short and suboval carapace, with the left valve overlapping the right valve on all sides, except for the dorsal side in some species. The morphology of hemipenis and prehensile palps, together with the shape of the valves, were most important to distinguish the species. However, several other morphological characters from limb chaetotaxy are discussed, e.g., the absence in all new species of the short accompanying seta of the five natatory setae on antenna; the presence in all new species of a long seta next to the two a-seta on the first thoracopod and the presence/absence or length of specific setae on second and third thoracopod. We discuss the taxonomic position of the seven new species by evaluating the validity of extant genera, especially of Keysercypria Karanovic, 2011, and foreshadow that our seven new species represent two new genera of Cyclocypridinae.
    Description: Sete novas espécies de Physocypria sensu latu foram descritas de três das principais planícies brasileiras: Gen. 1 spec. A gen. et spec. nov. e Gen. 1 spec. B gen. et spec. nov. da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e do Pantanal Sul Matogrossense, Gen. 2 spec. C gen. et spec. nov., Gen. 1 spec. D gen. et spec. nov. e Gen. 2 spec. E gen. et spec. nov. somente do Pantanal Sul Matogrossense e Gen. 1 spec. F gen. et spec. nov. e Gen. 1 spec. G gen. et spec. nov. somente da planície de inundação do rio Amazonas. Todas as novas espécies aqui descritas foram encontradas em populações sexuadas. Em geral, as novas espécies têm uma carapaça curta e suboval, com a valva esquerda sobrepondo a valva direita em todos os lados, com exceção do lado dorsal em algumas espécies. A morfologia do hemipênis e dos palpos preênseis, juntamente com a forma das valvas, foram as mais importantes para distinguir as espécies. A ausência em todas as novas espécies das cerdas curtas que acompanham as cinco cerdas natatórias nas antenas; a presença em todas as novas espécies de uma cerda longa ao lado das duas a-cerdas no primeiro toracópode e a presença/ausência ou comprimento de cerdas específicas no segundo e terceiro toracópodes são características presentes nos apêndices utilizadas para distinção dos novos gêneros e espécies. Discutiu-se a posição taxonômica das sete novas espécies avaliando a validade dos gêneros existentes, especialmente da Keysercypria Karanovic, 2011, e concluiu-se que nossas sete novas espécies representam dois novos gêneros de Cyclocypridinae.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Physocypria sensu latu (Crustacea, Ostracoda) ; Candonidae ; Microcrustáceos de água doce ; Taxonomia descritiva ; Morfologia descritiva ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater crustaceans ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::M::Morphology (animal) ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 115pp.
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    O sucesso de uma Poaceae invasora é associado à resiliência à seca, mas não à competição. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Biological invasions have been occurring at a faster pace as a result of anthropic actions. At the same time, climate change can increase invasion rates, and also favor invading organisms. One of the predictions for climate change is the increase in periods of drought, in some regions of the planet. In this way, environments that suffer from these disorders become more susceptible to invasion by aquatic plants, especially those that are adapted to different types of habitats. Within this context, the objectives were: (i) to determine the response of a native species (Hymenachne pernambucensis) and another invasive species (Urochloa arrecta) to extreme drought, and (ii) to test whether the interspecific competition between them is affected by stress caused by drought. An in situ experiment was carried out, in which the biomass and the length of the species were different for different levels of drought, in which the invasive species was superior to the native species. However, the intensity of relative competition had only different aerial biomass between species, but in this case the invasive species showed a preference for growth in monoculture than in polyculture. It was concluded, then, that the invasive species U. arrecta has greater resilience to droughts than the native species H. pernambucensis. However, the native species showed greater competitive ability. These results may explain the high dominance of this invasive species in the invaded sites, due to its better resistance to disturbances. In the same way, it demonstrates that native species can reduce the invasion rates of this species, considering that it does not grow well in the presence of neighbors.
    Description: Invasões biológicas vêm ocorrendo em um ritmo mais acelerado como resultado de ações antrópicas. Simultaneamente, as mudanças climáticas podem potencializar as taxas de invasão, e ainda favorecer organismos invasores. Uma das previsões para as mudanças climáticas é o aumento dos períodos de seca, em algumas regiões do planeta. Desta forma, ambientes que sofrem esses distúrbios se tornam mais suscetíveis à invasão por plantas aquáticas, em especial por aquelas que estão adaptadas a diversos tipos de habitats. Dentro deste contexto, os objetivos foram de: (i) determinar a resposta de uma espécie nativa (Hymenachne pernambucensis) e outra invasora (Urochloa arrecta) a uma seca extrema, e (ii) testar se a competição interespecífica entre ambas é afetada pelo estresse provocado pela seca. Foi realizado um experimento in situ, no qual a biomassa e o comprimento das espécies foram diferentes para diferentes níveis de seca, em que a espécie invasora foi superior a espécie nativa. Porém, a intensidade de competição relativa teve apenas a biomassa aérea diferente entre as espécies, mas nesse caso a espécie invasora demonstrou preferência por crescimento em monocultura do que em policultura. Concluiu-se, então, que a espécie invasora U. arrecta apresenta maior resiliência a secas do que a espécie nativa H. pernambucensis. Porém, a espécie nativa demonstrou maior habilidade competitiva. Esses resultados podem explicar a alta dominância dessa espécie invasora nos locais invadidos, devido a esta resistir melhor aos distúrbios. De mesmo modo, demonstra que espécies nativas podem reduzir as taxas de invasão dessa espécie, tendo em vista que ela não cresce bem na presença de vizinhos.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Macrófitas aquáticas invasoras ; Espécies invasoras ; Resiliência ; Mudanças climáticas ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic plants ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater plants ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::R::Resilience (ecosystem) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 32pp.
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    Paleoecologia das lagoas do Pantanal por análises multiproxy. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: Global climate change influences the precipitation patterns, which can have dramatic effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecology. In order to create mitigation strategies is required a deep understanding of the mechanisms and rates of climate change. Lakes and wetlands are sentinels of environmental changes because their sediments and water columns serve as sensitive records of the climate, hydrology, and anthropogenic (human-induced) processes. The Pantanal, located in the Upper Paraguay River, is considered the largest wetland on Earth, and it performs numerous ecosystem services, has an immense biodiversity and is fundamental to global biogeochemical cycles. The environmental changes that occurred on the western border of the Pantanal during the last 19 cal kyr BP were interpreted based on the paleolimnological analysis of sedimentary cores recovered in the Negra and Cáceres lakes. The cores, show variations in the abundance, diversity, and preservation of sponge spicules, phytoliths, and geochemistry of sediments over time. In the Late Pleistocene, the Lakes Negra and Cáceres were strongly influenced by the South American Monsoon System, with intense fluvial activity during a more humid climate. The accumulation of organic carbon in the Pantanal floodplain lakes varied throughout the Late Quaternary. In the Middle Holocene, however, there were drier periods when these lakes were disconnected from the Paraguay River. High levels of organic carbon have been recorded from ~ 7.3-6 cal kyr BP. The records of δ13Corg, δ15Norg and C/N revealed that the organic matter deposited during this phase in the Gaíva, Castelo, Cáceres, and Negra lakes are the source of aquatic macrophytes. It is suggested that the increase in carbon burial in these lakes occurred in a drier climate, in which there was a decrease in the pelagic area. However, the productive coastal areas remained flooded and without the influence of the flood pulses, which were colonized by extensive mats of aquatic macrophytes. The prolonged drier climate resulted in the desiccation and subaerially exposed lake floor, causing sedimentary gaps close to the transition to the Late Holocene. The data suggest that the lakes in the Pantanal floodplain respond in a complex and sometimes indirect way to global climate change. In this sense, the dynamics of the adjacent river system must be considered when interpreting paleohydrology and vegetation patterns. The results of this study allowed new interpretations about the hydroclimatic controls of the lacustrine carbon cycling in the Pantanal wetlands.
    Description: As mudanças climáticas globais resultam em alterações nos padrões de precipitação, que podem ter efeitos dramáticos na ecologia aquática e terrestre. Para criar estratégias de mitigação de impactos é necessário um profundo entendimento dos mecanismos e taxas das mudanças climáticas. Os lagos e as áreas úmidas são considerados sentinelas das mudanças ambientais, porque seus sedimentos e colunas de água servem como registros sensíveis dos processos climáticos, hidrológicos e antropogênicos (induzidos pelo homem) da região. O Pantanal, localizado no alto rio Paraguai, é considerada a maior área úmida do planeta e desempenha inúmeros serviços ecossistêmicos, abriga uma imensa biodiversidade e é fundamental para os ciclos biogeoquímicos globais. As mudanças ambientais ocorridas na borda oeste do Pantanal durante os últimos 19 k anos AP foram interpretadas com base na análise paleolimnológica de testemunhos sedimentares recuperados nas lagoas Negra e Cáceres. Os testemunhos mostram variações na abundância, diversidade e preservação de espículas de esponja, fitólitos e geoquímica dos sedimentos ao longo do tempo. No final do Pleistoceno, as lagoas Negra e Cáceres foram influenciadas fortemente pelo Sistema de Monção Sul-Americano, com atividade fluvial intensa durante um clima mais úmido que o atual. A acumulação de carbono orgânico nas lagoas da planície de inundação do Pantanal variou ao longo do Quaternário Tardio. No Holoceno Médio, entretanto, houve períodos mais secos que o atual, em que essas lagoas foram desconectadas do rio Paraguai. Altos teores de carbono orgânico foram registrados a partir de ~7,3-6 k anos AP. Os registros de δ13Corg, δ15Norg e C/N revelaram que a matéria orgânica depositada durante essa fase nas lagoas Gaíva, Castelo, Cáceres e Negra (direcionadas em um transecto Norte-Sul) tem como fonte as macrófitas aquáticas. Sugere-se que o aumento no enterro de carbono ocorreu em um clima mais seco, no qual houve a diminuição da área pelágica dessas lagoas. No entanto, as áreas litorâneas produtivas permaneceram alagadas e sem influência dos pulsos de inundação, as quais foram colonizadas por extensos bancos de macrófitas aquáticas. O clima mais seco prolongado resultou na dessecação e exposição do fundo de alguns dessas lagoas, ocasionando hiatos sedimentares próximo à transição para o Holoceno Tardio. Os dados sugerem que as lagoas da planície de inundação do Pantanal respondem de maneira complexa e, às vezes, indireta às mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, a dinâmica do sistema fluvial adjacente deve ser considerada na interpretação dos padrões de paleoidrologia e vegetação. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram novas interpretações sobre os controles hidroclimáticos da ciclagem de carbono lacustre nas zonas úmidas do Pantanal.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Paleoecologia ; Microfósseis de água doce ; Espículas de esponjas ; Microfósseis de plantas ; Fitólitos ; Geomorfologia fluvial ; Mudanças climáticas ; Lagoas ; Quaternário Tardio ; ASFA_2015::P::Palaeoecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Fossils ; ASFA_2015::S::Sponges ; ASFA_2015::O::Organic carbon ; ASFA_2015::W::Wetlands ; ASFA_2015::H::Holocene ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater lakes ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::G::Geomorphology ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::P::Plant fossils ; ASFA_2015::F::Fresh water ; ASFA_2015::R::Rivers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 109pp.
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    Padrões de diversidade β em ecossistemas aquáticos em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-30
    Description: Species are heterogeneously distributed and environmental changes, such as the construction of dams or extreme climate events, can modify the dynamics of aquatic organisms. Understanding the processes that drive diversity, across long time periods, can help in the establishment of increasingly accurate conservation measures. This thesis evaluated the patterns of β diversity and metacommunity structure at different spatial and temporal scales in three independent studies in the Upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. The first analyzed the seasonal variation of zooplankton β and Elements of Metacommunity Structure [EMS] of zooplankton, over four years (two years of prolonged drought and two years of extreme flooding), and on a smaller (sub-basins) and a larger scale (floodplain). Regardless of the hydrological period and spatial scale, zooplanktonic metacommunity structure remained practically constant throughout the four years, with the predominance of the Clementsian pattern. The predominance of the Clementsian pattern suggests that the associations of zooplankton species in the floodplain responded similarly to the environmental gradient and that the responses differed among species groups. In the second, the taxonomic (LCBD-t) and functional (LCBD-f) ecological uniqueness of zooplankton over 19 years was determined in lakes and lotic systems of two sub-basins (dammed and free-flowing), in addition to investigating which processes (temporal, environmental and biological) drive LCBD-t and LCBD-f. Regardless of the characteristics of each sub-basin, the highest LCBD-t and LCBD-f were related to lower species and trait richness, respectively. The temporal processes were the main drivers of the ecological uniqueness of zooplankton, and they were more important than the biological processes (phytoplankton biovolume and fish biomass, representing food resource and potential predation, respectively). Finally, it was tested whether, in a dammed sub-basin, a prolonged drought makes aquatic metacommunities (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish) more similar over time than a period that includes extreme flood events. Only zooplankton underwent homogenization during this period. The β diversity of phytoplankton and fish did not change between different hydrological periods, indicating that the dispersion type (passive or active) does not interfere with drought homogenization. The response between the biological groups was different, reinforcing that the groups are not surrogates of each other. The greater β diversity in the period with extreme floods shows, at least for zooplankton, the importance of the flood pulse, reducing the negative effects of prolonged drought in a dammed sub-basin. The results showed the predominance of a metacommunity pattern resulting from high turnover (Clementsian), indicating that conservation measures should include a greater number of sites, including those with less richness, as they may have a different composition (〉 LCBD). We also emphasize the importance of considering different scales, as each can provide unique insights. It is important that biodiversity studies consider β diversity to understand the mechanisms that drive the metacommunity in the face of environmental changes, especially over longer time scales.
    Description: As espécies estão distribuídas de forma heterogênea e alterações ambientais, como a construção de reservatórios ou eventos climáticos extremos, podem modificar a dinâmica dos organismos aquáticos. Entender os processos que impulsionam a diversidade, em longos períodos de tempo, pode auxiliar no estabelecimento de medidas de conservação cada vez mais precisas. Esta tese avaliou os padrões de diversidade β e estrutura de metacomunidade em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais em três estudos independentes na planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná, Brasil. No primeiro foi analisado a variação sazonal da diversidade β e Elementos da Estrutura da Metacomunidade [EMS] do zooplâncton, durante quatro anos (dois anos de seca prolongada e dois anos com inundação extrema), e em uma menor (sub-bacias) e maior escala (planície de inundação). Independente do período hidrológico e da escala, a estrutura da metacomunidade do zooplâncton se manteve praticamente constante ao longo dos quatro anos, com predomínio do padrão Clementsiano. A predominância desse padrão sugere que as associações de espécies responderam de forma semelhante ao gradiente ambiental e que as respostas diferiram entre os grupos de espécies. No segundo foi determinado a singularidade ecológica taxonômica (LCBD-t) e funcional (LCBD-f) do zooplâncton ao longo de 19 anos em lagos e sistemas lóticos de duas sub-bacias (represada e não represada), além de investigar quais processos (temporais, ambientais e biológicos) impulsionam a LCBD-t e LCBD-f. Independentemente das características de cada sub-bacia, os maiores LCBD-t e LCBD-f foram relacionados a menor riqueza de espécies e de traços, respectivamente. Os processos temporais foram os principais impulsionadores da singularidade ecológica do zooplâncton, sendo mais importante do que os processos biológicos (biovolume do fitoplâncton e biomassa dos peixes, representando recurso alimentar e potencial predador, respectivamente). Por último, foi testado se em uma sub-bacia represada, um período de seca prolongada torna as comunidades aquáticas (fitoplâncton, zooplâncton e peixes) mais semelhantes ao longo do tempo do que um período com inundações extremas. Apenas o zooplâncton sofreu homogeneização nesse período. A diversidade β do fitoplâncton e dos peixes não diferiu entre os períodos hidrológicos, indicando que o tipo de dispersão (passivo ou ativo) não interfere na homogeneização da seca. Como a resposta entre os grupos biológicos foi diferente, sugere-se que os grupos não são substitutos uns dos outros. A maior diversidade β no período com inundações extremas mostra, pelo menos para o zooplâncton, a importância do pulso de inundação, reduzindo os efeitos negativos da seca prolongada em uma sub-bacia represada. Os resultados mostraram a predominância de um padrão de metacomunidade resultante de alto turnover (Clementsiano), indicando que medidas de conservação devem incluir um maior número de locais, inclusive aqueles com menor riqueza, uma vez que podem ter composição distinta (〉 LCBD). Reforçamos também a importância de considerar diferentes escalas, uma vez que cada uma pode fornecer insights exclusivos. É importante que estudos de biodiversidade considerem a diversidade β para compreender os mecanismos que impulsionam as metacomunidade diante das alterações ambientais, especialmente em escalas temporais mais longas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Ecossistemas aquáticos continentais ; Metacomunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade-beta ; Traços funcionais ; Escala espaço-temporal ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystem diversity ; ASFA_2015::T::Temporal variations ; ASFA_2015::S::Spatial variations ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic environment ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 186pp.
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    Responses of benthic calcifying algae to ocean acidification differ between laboratory and field settings (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Page, H. N., Bahr, K. D., Cyronak, T., Jewett, E. B., Johnson, M. D., & McCoy, S. J. Responses of benthic calcifying algae to ocean acidification differ between laboratory and field settings. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 79(1), (2022): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab232.
    Description: Accurately predicting the effects of ocean and coastal acidification on marine ecosystems requires understanding how responses scale from laboratory experiments to the natural world. Using benthic calcifying macroalgae as a model system, we performed a semi-quantitative synthesis to compare directional responses between laboratory experiments and field studies. Variability in ecological, spatial, and temporal scales across studies, and the disparity in the number of responses documented in laboratory and field settings, make direct comparisons difficult. Despite these differences, some responses, including community-level measurements, were consistent across laboratory and field studies. However, there were also mismatches in the directionality of many responses with more negative acidification impacts reported in laboratory experiments. Recommendations to improve our ability to scale responses include: (i) developing novel approaches to allow measurements of the same responses in laboratory and field settings, and (ii) researching understudied calcifying benthic macroalgal species and responses. Incorporating these guidelines into research programs will yield data more suitable for robust meta-analyses and will facilitate the development of ecosystem models that incorporate proper scaling of organismal responses to in situ acidification. This, in turn, will allow for more accurate predictions of future changes in ecosystem health and function in a rapidly changing natural climate.
    Description: We would like to thank the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program for organizing the fourth U.S. Ocean Acidification Principal Investigators meeting, which is where this synthesis was conceived. HNP was a postdoctoral research fellow at Mote Marine Laboratory. MDJ is a postdoctoral scholar at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. SJM is a Norma J. Lang early career fellow of the Phycological Society of America.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Predação e estruturação de habitat por macrófitas modificam a diversidade taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: In Neotropical rivers the predation by fish and the structuring of the habitat by macrophytes influence the dynamics of the zooplankton community, altering the richness and composition of species and the richness and functional composition of the zooplankton and thus the functioning of the ecosystem. We analyzed the influence of macrophytes bank structure and predation by forage fish species on taxonomic and functional zooplankton diversity, estimated by different diversity indices (taxonomic and functional richness, taxonomic beta diversity and functional beta diversity). Thus, we assume that different levels of macrophytes structure and fish predation will alter the taxonomic and functional composition of the zooplankton (alpha and beta) between the analyzed points. Beta diversity was split into two distinct components, turnover and nesting. The zooplankton species richness was positively associated with the macrophytes richness and the macrophytes diversity. In turn, the functional richness of zooplankton had a positive association with fish richness and macrophytes richness. For the variation of total taxonomic beta diversity of zooplankton, the Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling (GDM) explained 32.58% of the total among the predictor variables. The macrophytes biomass represented the taxonomic turnover. The variation in total functional beta diversity of the zooplankton explained 9.98% by the GDM model. The abundance of fish represented the functional nesting. Macrophytes structure represented the taxonomic components and predation represented the functional components. The limnological heterogeneity of the coastal region of the Bay River made possible the colonization by multispecies macrophytes banks, influencing the alteration of the fish and zooplankton community and the more heterogeneous the environmental conditions, the greater is the capacity of colonization of different species, which can present different functional traits. The results indicate the importance of maintaining heterogeneous locations, the need to preserve the tributaries in river floodplain systems as they serve as nursery for fish spawning and contribute to a greater richness of fish, which causes an increase in the functional diversity of zooplankton.
    Description: Em rios neotropicais a predação por peixes e a estruturação do habitat por macrófitas influenciam na dinâmica da comunidade zooplanctônica, alterando a riqueza e composição de espécies e a riqueza e composição funcional do zooplâncton e, assim, o funcionamento do ecossistema. Analisou-se a influência da estruturação dos bancos de macrófitas e a predação por espécies de peixes forrageiras sobre a diversidade taxonômica e funcional zooplanctônica, estimadas por diferentes índices de diversidade (riqueza taxonômica e funcional, diversidade beta taxonômica e diversidade beta funcional). Assim, supõe-se que diferentes níveis de estruturação por macrófitas e predação por peixes alterarão a composição taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton (alfa e beta) entre os pontos analisados. A diversidade beta foi particionada em dois componentes distintos, o turnover e o aninhamento. A riqueza de espécies do zooplâncton associou-se de forma positiva com a riqueza de macrófitas e a diversidade de macrófitas. Por sua vez, a riqueza funcional do zooplâncton teve associação positiva com a riqueza de peixes e a riqueza de macrófitas. Para a variação da diversidade beta total taxonômica do zooplâncton, a Modelagem de Dissimilaridade Generalizada (GDM) explicou 32,58% do total dentre as variáveis preditoras. A biomassa de macrófitas representou o turnover taxonômico. A variação da diversidade beta total funcional do zooplâncton, explicou 9,98% pelo modelo da GDM. A abundância de peixes representou o aninhamento funcional. A estruturação por macrófitas representou os componentes taxonômicos e a predação representou os componentes funcionais. A heterogeneidade limnológica da região litorânea do rio Baía possibilitou a colonização por bancos de macrófitas multiespecíficos, influenciando na alteração da comunidade de peixes e de zooplâncton e quanto mais heterogêneas as condições ambientais, maior é a capacidade de colonização de diferentes espécies, que podem apresentar distintos traços funcionais. Os resultados indicam a importância da manutenção de locais heterogêneos, a necessidade de preservação dos tributários em sistemas rio-planície de inundação por servirem como berçário para desova de peixes e contribuir para uma maior riqueza de peixes, o que causa um aumento na diversidade funcional do zooplâncton.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Zooplâncton de água doce ; Riqueza taxonômica e funcional ; Diversidade beta ; Taxonomic richness ; Functional richness ; Beta diversity ; Nestedness ; Turnover ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::Y::Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::P::Predation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 49pp.
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  • 79
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    Neotropical freshwater fishes biogeography: historical and ecological approaches with insights regarding the conservation. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: The patterns and processes that cause a system of regionalization of organisms on the planet are historical and ecological hypotheses that biogeography seeks to elucidate. The Neotropical region is home to one of the greatest richness of freshwater fish in the world that exhibit distinct biogeographic patterns based on ecology, systematics, and evolution. Through methodologies within the scope of historical and/or ecological biogeography, the aims of this study are to present new approaches and contributions to the knowledge of the geographic distribution of freshwater fish in this region, investigating the evolutionary biogeography of Cnesterodontini and Anablepidae, as well as the spatial patterns of ichthyofauna beta-diversity in the Ivaí river basin, Paraná State. The results highlighted well-defined scenarios of the hydrological barriers formation, mainly between coastal basins and drainages that flow into the La Plata River system in South America. These findings enabled congruent relationships of biogeographic areas within the proposals for evolutionary diversification to the Neotropical freshwater fishes. Furthermore, dispersal events caused by headwater captures and sea-level changes satisfactorily complemented the biogeographic patterns and area relationships evidenced for other Neotropical fish lineages, showing similar diversification patterns in the Central Brazil drainages and in the Atlantic coast drainages. The results also showed strong spatial segregation of the ichthyofauna throughout the Ivaí River basin (upper Paraná River system) with emphasis on the mutual influences of niche- and dispersal-based processes. These findings can support new theoretical and methodological references for the main mechanisms and patterns specific to the metacommunities of aquatic organisms. Applying the results herein obtained in historical and ecological consonance has great potential to aid an effective management for the conservation of freshwater fish diversity, whether considering lineages with species at high risk of extinction or even river basins of fundamental importance for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functionality in continental aquatic environments.
    Description: Os padrões e processos que ocasionam um sistema de regionalização dos organismos no planeta são hipóteses históricas e ecológicas que a biogeografia busca elucidar. A região Neotropical abriga uma das maiores riquezas de peixes de água doce do mundo, os quais exibem padrões biogeográficos distintos baseados na ecologia, sistemática e evolução. Por intermédio de metodologias dentro do escopo da biogeografia histórica e/ou ecológica, os objetivos deste estudo são apresentar novas abordagens e contribuições ao conhecimento da distribuição geográfica dos peixes de água doce nesta região ao investigar a biogeografia evolutiva de Cnesterodontini e Anablepidae, bem como os padrões espaciais da diversidade beta da ictiofauna na bacia do rio Ivaí, estado do Paraná. Os resultados destacaram cenários bem definidos da formação de barreiras hidrológicas, principalmente entre bacias hidrográficas costeiras e drenagens que fluem para o sistema do rio da Prata na América do Sul. Essas descobertas possibilitaram congruentes relacionamentos de áreas biogeográficas dentro das propostas de diversificação evolutiva à ictiofauna neotropical. Ainda, eventos de dispersão ocasionados por capturas de cabeceiras e mudanças no nível do mar complementaram satisfatoriamente os padrões biogeográficos e os relacionamentos de áreas evidenciados para outras linhagens de peixes neotropicais, apresentando padrões de diversificação semelhantes nas drenagens do Brasil Central e nas drenagens da costa atlântica. Os resultados também evidenciaram forte segregação espacial da ictiofauna ao longo da extensão da bacia do rio Ivaí (sistema do alto rio Paraná), com destaques às influências mútuas de processos baseados em nicho e dispersão. As novas descobertas podem subsidiar referenciais teóricos e metodológicos para os principais mecanismos e padrões específicos às metacomunidades de organismos aquáticos. A aplicação dos resultados aqui obtidos em consonância histórica e ecológica tem grande potencial ao auxílio de um manejo eficaz para a conservação da diversidade de peixes de água doce, seja considerando linhagens com espécies enquadradas em elevado risco de extinção, ou até mesmo bacias hidrográficas de fundamental importância para a manutenção da biodiversidade e funcionalidade ecossistêmica em ambientes aquáticos continentais.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Anablepidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes) "Onesided livebearer" ; Cnesterodontini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) ; Peixes de água doce de pequeno porte ; Biogeografia cladística e conservação ; Ictiofauna Neotropical ; Metacomunidades aquáticas ; Áreas prioritárias ; Padrões de diversidade beta ; Linhagem marinha ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::B::Biogeography ; ASFA_2015::C::Cladistics ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyofauna ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 161pp.
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  • 80
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    Índice de Sustentabilidade Ecoambiental de sub-bacias hidrográficas (ISE-sb): para a gestão do alto rio Paraná, Brasil. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: The assessment of sustainable development in sub-watersheds plays a central role in rationalizing the decisions taken. A promising form of average indicators of this development is through indicators, and when many are used, they are usually aggregated into indices, which provide a simplified and multidimensional view of the system under analysis. Several sustainability indices for watersheds are proposed in the literature. However, incorporation of extraordinary indicators, that biodiversity, a gap is still a major upgrade. Therefore, the use of biodiversity indicators as representative of the environmental dimension constitutes an advance on the indices presented in the literature recently. The objective was to evaluate the sustainability gradient in the hydrographic basins of the Upper Paraná River, through an eco-environmental sustainability index of hydrographic sub-basins (ISE-sb) that incorporates protected ecological. For this purpose, the indicators selected based on the propositions of Agenda 2030 were identified in four dimensions of sustainability, economic, economic, environmental and thought through a process of sustainability: normal and social. Then, the importance of the indicators was considered, using the multi-criteria analysis based on the Hierarchical Process Analysis (HP) method. The ISE-sb was calculated by means of the weighted media between the sub-indices that represent as dimensions. Finally, we apply the Gi* statistic to identify hotspots and coldspots. The results show that among the dimensions of sustainability, the highest was the one that presented a positive amount of low values. The regions located in the eastern portion, or serra do mar, southern portion, and the Federal District formed sustainability hotspots, while the sub-basins located in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais formed the sustainability coldposts. A sustainable spatial planning of the hydrographic sub-basins is recommended, adopting cold areas as priorities for sustainability. It highlights the main methodological limitation, a potential reproducibility of the tool in other spaces.
    Description: A avaliação do desenvolvimento sustentável em sub-bacias hidrográficas tem um papel central na racionalização das tomadas de decisões. Uma forma promissora de medir esse desenvolvimento, é por meio de indicadores, e quando muitos indicadores são usados, eles são usualmente agregados em índices, que fornecem uma visão simplificadae multidimensional do sistema em análise. Diversos índices de sustentabilidade para bacias hidrográficas são propostos na literatura. Entretanto, a incorporação de indicadores ecológicos aquáticos, que agreguem aspectos da biodiversidade é, ainda, uma lacuna ainda a ser preenchida. Portanto, a utilização de indicadores de biodiversidade como representantes da dimensão ambiental, se constitui em um avanço aos índices recentemente apresentados na literatura. O objetivo ,foi avaliar o gradiente de sustentabilidade nas bacias hidrográficas do alto rio Paraná, por meio de um índice de sustentabilidade ecoambiental de sub-bacias (ISE-sb) que incorpora indicadores ecológicos aquáticos. Com esse propósito, os indicadores selecionados com base nas proposições da Agenda 2030, foram divididos em quatro dimensões de sustentabilidade: social, econômica, ecoambiental e ambiental negativo, e passaram por um processo de normalização e filtragem. Em seguida, foi ponderada a importância dos indicadores, utilizando-se da análise de multicritério baseada no método Análise de Processos Hierárquicos (AHP).O ISE-sb foi calculado por meio da média ponderada entre os subíndices que representam as dimensões. Por fim aplicamos a estatística espacial Gi* para identificar agrupamentos de hotspots e coldspots. Os resultados mostram que entre as dimensões da sustentabilidade, aquela que apresentou a maior quantidade de valores baixos, foia ambiental positiva. As regiões localizadas na porção leste, ou serra do mar, porção sul, e o Distrito Federal formaram hotspots de sustentabilidade, enquanto que as sub-bacias localizadas nos estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais formaram os coldposts de sustentabilidade. Recomenda-se um planejamento espacial sustentável das sub-bacias hidrográficas, adotando as áreas de coldspots como prioritárias para sustentabilidade. Evidencia a principal limitação metodológica, a potencial reprodutibilidade da ferramenta em outros espaços.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Bacias hidrográficas ; Ecologia ; Manejo ; Conservação e preservação ; Sustentabilidade ; Biomonitoramento ; Ictiofauna ; Monitoramento ; Indicadores ambientais ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::M::Management ; ASFA_2015::S::Sustainability ; ASFA_2015::B::Bioindicators ; ASFA_2015::I::Ichthyofauna ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental monitoring ; ASFA_2015::R::River basins ; ASFA_2015::H::Hot spots
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 70pp.
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  • 81
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    Impacto do barramento de um rio amazônico nos padrões espaciais e temporais da diversidade beta fitoplanctônica. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Human activities have caused degradation of aquatic ecosystems and reduced biodiversity. The dams in particular directly impact the spatial and temporal variation of aquatic communities, and especially the phytoplankton community that responds quickly and efficiently to changes in the environment. The impact of a dam in an Amazon river (Jirau Hydroelectric Power Plant) on the spatial and temporal variation of the composition (beta diversity) of phytoplankton was investigated, from October 2009 to July 2017. The hypothesis was tested that the bus modifies beta diversity on a local and regional scale, and alters each location's contribution to beta diversity. The contribution of the sites to the beta diversity was evaluated as a function of the distance from the bus and the environmental heterogeneity. The phytoplankton composition was different between the phases before, fill and after the damming. Biotic homogenization was verified in the tributaries closest to the dam. The more distant sites presented greater contribution to diversity, but were associated with lower values of richness. The dam caused unidirectional changes, locally and regionally, that is, the community moved to a new state over time, and also caused biotic homogenization locally. The impact of the dam was observed only on the tributaries, indicating that run-of-river dams have a greater impact on the tributaries than on the main channel.
    Description: As atividades humanas têm causado degradação dos ecossistemas aquáticos e reduz a biodiversidade. Os barramentos em especial, impactam diretamente a variação espacial e temporal das comunidades aquáticas, e especialmente a comunidade fitoplanctônica que responde de forma rápida e eficiente às mudanças do ambiente. Investigou-se o impacto de um barramento em um rio amazônico (Usina Hidrelétrica de Jirau) sobre a variação espacial e temporal da composição (diversidade beta) do fitoplâncton, no período de outubro de 2009 a julho de 2017. Foi testado a hipótese de que o barramento modifica a diversidade beta em escala local e regional, e altera a contribuição de cada local à diversidade beta. Avaliou-se a contribuição dos locais para a diversidade beta em função da distância do barramento e da heterogeneidade ambiental. A composição fitoplanctônica foi diferente entre as fases antes, enchimento e após o barramento. Verificou-se homogeneização biótica nos tributários mais próximos a barragem. Os locais mais distantes apresentaram maior contribuição a diversidade, mas foram associados a menores valores de riqueza. O barramento causou mudanças unidirecionais, localmente e regionalmente, ou seja, a comunidade passou para um novo estado ao longo do tempo, e também causou homogeneização biótica localmente. Observou-se o impacto do barramento somente nos tributários, indicando que as barragens a fio de água têm maior impacto nos tributários do que no canal principal.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Fitoplâncton de água doce ; Barramento ; Impactos antrópicos ; Diversidade beta ; Homogeneização biótica ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::P::Phytoplankton ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::B::Biotic environment ; ASFA_2015::R::River basins ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 53pp.
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  • 82
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    Spectral elements numerical simulation of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake on a detailed reconstructed domain (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: In this paper we simulate the earthquake that hit the city of L'Aquila on the 6th of April 2009 using SPEED (SPectral Elements in Elastodynamics with Discontinuous Galerkin), an open-source code able to simulate the propagation of seismic waves in complex three-dimensional (3D) domains. Our model includes an accurate 3D recon- struction of the Quaternary deposits, according to the most up-to-date data obtained from the Microzonation studies in Central Italy and a detailed model of the topography incorporated using a newly developed tool (May et al. 2021). The sensitivity of our results with respect to dfferent kinematic seismic sources is inves- tigated. The results obtained are in good agreement with the recordings at the available seismic stations at epicentral distances within a range of 20km. Finally, a blind source prediction scenario application shows a reasonably good agreement between simulations and recordings can be obtained by simulating stochastic rupture realizations with basic input data. These results, although limited to nine simulated scenarios, demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a satisfactory reconstruction of a ground shaking scenario employing a stochastic source constrained on a limited amount of ex-ante information. A similar approach can be used to model future and past earthquakes for which little or no information is typically available, with potential relevant implications for seismic risk assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 29–49
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
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    An in-depth analysis on the Quasi-Longitudinal approximations applied to ionospheric ray-tracing, oblique and vertical sounding, and absorption (2022)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: For the phase refraction index of high frequency (HF) waves in the ionospheric medium exists a well-established theory. However, under the Quasi-Longitudinal (QL) conditions, scientific literature presents various formulas that are not equivalent and that, in some cases, give rise to wrong results. In the present study, further consequences of Booker's rule are discussed, illustrating the validity ranges of the above-mentioned approximate formulas; and the different regimes for applying such QL formulas are described, along with the consequences in simulating the ionospheric HF ray-tracing, oblique and vertical sounding, and absorption.
    Description: Published
    Description: PA003
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Appleton-Hartree’s formula ; Booker’s rule ; ″Strong″ and ″weak″ Quasi-Longitudinal (QL) conditions ; Walker’s approximation ; Ionospheric HF ray-tracing, oblique and vertical sounding, and absorption ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 84
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    Environmental effects and seismogenic source characterization of the December 2020 earthquake sequence near Petrinja, Croatia (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: On 29 December 2020, a shallow earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.4 struck northern Croatia, near the town of Petrinja, more than 24 hours after a strong foreshock (Ml 5). We formed a reconnaissance team of European geologists and engineers, from Croatia, Slovenia, France, Italy and Greece, rapidly deployed in the field to map the evidence of coseismic environmental effects. In the epicentral area, we recognized surface deformation, such as tectonic breaks along the earthquake source at the surface, liquefaction features (scattered in the fluvial plains of Kupa, Glina and Sava rivers), and slope failures, both caused by strong motion. Thanks to this concerted, collective and meticulous work, we were able to document and map a clear and unambiguous coseismic surface rupture associated with the main shock. The surface rupture appears discontinuous, consisting of multi-kilometer en échelon right stepping sections, along a NW-SE striking fault that we call the Petrinja-Pokupsko Fault (PPKF). The observed deformation features, in terms of kinematics and trace alignments, are consistent with slip on a right lateral fault, in agreement with the focal solution of the main shock. We found mole tracks, displacement on faults affecting natural features (e. g. drainage channels), scarplets, and more frequently breaks of anthropogenic markers (roads, fences). The surface rupture is observed over a length of ∼13 km from end-to-end, with a maximum displacement of 38 cm, and an average displacement of ∼10 cm. Moreover, the liquefaction extends over an area of nearly 600 km² around the epicenter. Typology of liquefaction features include sand blows, lateral spreading phenomenon along the road and river embankments, as well as sand ejecta of different grain size and matrix. Development of large and long fissures along the fluvial landforms, current or ancient, with massive ejections of sediments is pervasive. These features are sometimes accompanied by small horizontal displacements. Finally, the environmental effects of the earthquake appear to be reasonably consistent with the usual scaling relationships, in particular the surface faulting. This rupture of the ground occurred on or near traces of a fault that shows clear evidence of Quaternary activity. Further and detailed studies will be carried out to characterize this source and related faults in terms of future large earthquakes potential, for their integration into seismic hazard models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1394–1418
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity and tectonics ; Earthquake hazards ; Coseismic effects ; M6.4 Petrinja earthquake (Croatia)
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
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    Effects of dam operation on stability, species interactions, and the mechanisms underlying the synchrony of fish in reservoirs. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-31
    Description: The construction of dams is among the main anthropogenic impacts in natural freshwater systems. The first consequence of impoundments is the formation of reservoirs upstream, which represents a completely new environment compared to the natural river. In addition to this primary impact, the variations in the reservoir water level may be considered another facet of disturbances. Although several studies investigated the processes that occur in reservoirs, there is a shortfall regarding the effects of the dam operation scheme on ecosystem health. Most dams are designed to operate under two almost contrasting schemes: storage (STR) and run-of-river (ROR). These alternative operation schemes result in very different temporal variations, with STR reservoirs presenting rapid fluctuations while ROR reservoirs have a relatively constant volume. Likewise, this difference in the temporal dynamics of water level likely affects the stability of these ecosystems. In order to investigate how the dam operation scheme could affect the temporal stability of freshwater ecosystems, we used the fish communities from two reservoirs in the Iguaçu River that operate under contrasting schemes. The hypothesis was that the STR reservoir would be less stable, considering the environmental heterogeneity created by frequent water level variations, and the interactions among species would be less important for the structure of the resident fish community. In the first approach, the focus was on stability in terms of the ability to resist and recover (i.e., resistance and resilience) to disturbances. In the second approach, empirical data and simulations were used to assess which mechanism (species interactions, environmental or demographic stochasticity) underlie the synchrony of fish communities. Contrary to the expectation, the results showed the ROR reservoir as less stable than the STR, and the mechanisms underlying species synchrony coincided between reservoirs but played opposite roles. More specifically, the temporal dynamics imposed by ROR operation may have weakened the species-environment relationships, which led to a less stable community. Although the results were consistent, they were only primary evidence and such cause-effect relationships between dam operation and its effects on ecosystem stability require further investigations.
    Description: A construção de barragens está entre os principais impactos antropogênicos em ambientes de água doce. A primeira consequência dos barramentos é a formação de um reservatório à montante, que representa um ambiente completamente modificado, em relação ao rio natural. Impactos secundários, como as variações no nível da água, também podem ser considerados outros tipos de distúrbio. Embora vários estudos investigaram os processos que ocorrem em reservatórios, existe uma lacuna a respeito dos efeitos do modo de operação da barragem sobre a estado dos ecossistemas. A maioria das barragens é projetada para operar sob dois modos: acumulação (ACU) e fio d’água (FDA). Esses modos alternativos resultam em variações temporais muito distintas, com reservatórios ACU apresentando flutuações rápidas, enquanto reservatórios FDA possuem volume relativamente constante. Do mesmo modo, essa diferença na dinâmica temporal do nível da água provavelmente afeta a estabilidade desses ecossistemas. A fim de investigar como o modo de operação da barragem pode afetar a estabilidade temporal dos ambientes de água doce, foram utilizadas comunidades de peixes de dois reservatórios do rio Iguaçu, que operam sob modos diferentes. A hipótese testada foi que o reservatório ACU seria menos estável, considerando a heterogeneidade ambiental criada pelas variações frequentes no nível da água, e as interações entre as espécies seriam menos importantes para a estrutura da comunidade de peixes. Na primeira abordagem, o foco foi na estabilidade em termos da habilidade em resistir e se recuperar (i.e., resistência e resiliência) aos distúrbios. Na segunda abordagem, dados empíricos e simulações foram utilizados para verificar quais mecanismos (interações entre espécies, ou estocasticidade ambiental/demográfica) seriam subjacentes à sincronia das comunidades de peixes. Ao contrário do esperado, os resultados mostraram que o reservatório FDA foi menos estável do que o reservatório ACU e os mecanismos subjacentes à sincronia das espécies coincidiram entre os reservatórios, mas com papéis opostos. Mais especificamente, a dinâmica temporal imposta pela operação do reservatório FDA provavelmente enfraqueceu as relações espécie-ambiente, o que levou a uma comunidade menos estável. Embora os resultados sejam consistentes, são apenas indícios primários e as relações de causa-e-efeito entre o modo de operação da barragem e a estabilidade dos ecossistemas requer investigações futuras.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Reservatórios de água doce ; Environmental stochasticity ; Reservatórios ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Competição interespecífica ; Impactos ambientais antropogênicos ; Manejo ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::N::Niches ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::I::Impacts ; ASFA_2015::C::Competition ; ASFA_2015::R::Reservoirs (water) ; ASFA_2015::S::Species diversity ; ASFA_2015::I::Interactions ; ASFA_2015::I::Impoundments
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 98pp.
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    Moho depths for Antarctica Region by the inversion of ground-based gravity data (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: In the last years the scientific literature has been enriched with new models of the Moho depth in the Antarctica Continent derived by the seismic reflection technique and refraction profiles, receiver functions and seismic surface waves, but also by gravimetric observations over the continent. In particular, the gravity satellite missions of the last two decades have provided data in this remote region of the Earth and have allowed the investigation of the crust properties. Meanwhile, other important contributions in this direction has been given by the fourth International Polar Year (IPY, 2007–2008) which started seismographic and geodetic networks of unprecedented duration and scale, including airborne gravimetry over largely unexplored Antarctic frontiers. In this study, a new model for the Antarctica Moho depths is proposed. This new estimation is based on no satellite gravity measures, thanks to the availability of the gravity database ANTGG2015, that collects gravity data from ground-base, airborne and shipborne campaigns. In this new estimate of the Moho depths the contribution of the gravity measures has been maximized reducing any correction of the gravity measures and avoiding constraints of the solution to seismological observations and to geological evidence. With this approach a pure gravimetric solution has been determined. The model obtained is pretty in agreement with other Moho models and thanks to the use of independent data it can be exploited also for cross-validating different Moho depths solutions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1404–1420
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Moho ; Gravity inversion ; Collocation ; ANTGG2015
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Aspectos ecológicos e taxonômicos da fauna ectoparasitária de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Sciaenidae) no rio Tapajós, Bacia Amazônica, Brasil. (2020)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Sciaenidae), known as “corvina” is a native species of Amazon basin and it is a model for studding their parasites. Intending to analyze ectoparasites ecological aspects, such as distribution and interactions, gills of twenty specimens were analyzed, from rio Tapajós, in the region of Santarém-PA, Brazil. Ecological analyzes considered distribution of parasites between host specimens and also microhabitats occupied by ectoparasites. Eighteen ectoparasites species were founded, fourteen monogenetic and four copepods. Considering species abundance, monogenetic were the dominant group and Euryhaliotrema thatcheri was the most abundant in all analyzed hosts. There was a significate correlation between some parasite species abundance and prevalence with total length and host condition factor. Each species of parasite presented an aggregate distribution pattern. The community of P. squamosissimus ectoparasites were interactive. Considering the distribution of the species in the gills, there was a significant difference in the composition between arches, segments and regions. It is suggested that this distribution is related to factors related to microhabitat, such as water flow and area available for fixation of parasites, as well as the structures of fixation of each species and interactions such as positive associations and competition. During the investigation of the material, specimens that differed from the species already described were founded, so three new monogenetic species were proposed, belonging to the genus Aetheolabes, Anakohnia and Euryhaliotrema, based on their morphological characteristics.
    Description: A corvina de água doce ou pescada branca, Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) (Sciaenidae) se distribui pela bacia Amazônica e que como hospedeira, consiste em um modelo para o estudo de seus parasitas. Analisou-se os aspectos ecológicos da fauna ectoparasitária de P. squamosissimus, tais como a distribuição e as interações e entre as espécies, por meio das brânquias de vinte espécimes coletados no rio Tapajós, região de Santarém-PA. Considerou-se a distribuição de parasitas entre os espécimes de hospedeiros e também, a partir dos microhabitats que os ectoparasitas ocupavam nesses espécimes. Foram encontradas dezoito espécies de ectoparasitas, dentre os quais catorze monogenéticos e quatro copépodes. Em relação a abundância das espécies, os monogenéticos destacaram-se como grupo dominante e, dentre estas espécies, Euryhaliotrema thatcheri apresentou-se como a mais abundante em todos os hospedeiros analisados. Houve correlação da abundância e da prevalência de algumas espécies de parasitas com o comprimento total e o fator de condição dos hospedeiros. Cada espécie de parasita apresentou padrão de distribuição agregado. A comunidade de ectoparasitas de P. squamosissimus foi considerada interativa. Em relação à distribuição das espécies nas brânquias, houve diferença significativa na composição entre os arcos, segmentos e regiões. Sugere-se que esta distribuição se relaciona com fatores referentes ao microhabitat, como o fluxo de água e a área disponível para fixação dos parasitas, bem como as estruturas de fixação de cada espécie e também interações como associações positivas e competição. Durante a investigação do material, os espécimes encontrados diferiram das espécies previamente descritas, de modo que realizou-se a proposta de três novas espécies de monogenéticos pertencentes aos gêneros Aetheolabes, Anakohnia e Euryhaliotrema a partir de suas características morfológicas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Fauna ectoparasitária ; Monogenea ; Copepoda ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasites ; ASFA_2015::E::Ectoparasites ; ASFA_2015::E::Ectoparasitism
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 83pp.
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    Distribution of oceanic crust in the Enderby Basin offshore East Antarctica (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Journal International, Oxford University Press, 231, pp. 1959-1981
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-16
    Description: Seismic reflection and refraction data were collected in 2007 and 2012 to reveal the crustal fabric on a single long composite profile offshore Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. A P-wave velocity model provides insights on the crustal fabric, and a gravity-constrained density model is used to describe the crustal and mantle structure. The models show that a 230-km- wide continent–ocean transition separates stretched continental from oceanic crust along our profile. While the oceanic crust close to the continent–ocean boundary is just 3.5–5 km thick, its thickness increases northwards towards the Southern Kerguelen Plateau to 12 km. This change is accompanied by thickening of a lower crustal layer with high P-wave velocities of up to 7.5 km s–1, marking intrusive rocks emplaced beneath the mid-ocean ridge under increasing influence of the Kerguelen plume. Joint interpretations of our crustal model, seismic reflection data and magnetic data sets constrain the age and extent of oceanic crust in the research area. Oceanic crust is shown to continue to around 160 km farther south than has been interpreted in previous data, with profound implications for plate kinematic models of the region. Finally, by combining our findings with a regional magnetic data compilation and regional seismic reflection data we propose a larger extent of oceanic crust in the Enderby Basin than previously known.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    A phylogenomic approach to clarifying the relationship of Mesodinium within the Ciliophora: a case study in the complexity of mixed-species transcriptome analyses (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lasek-Nesselquist, E., & Johnson, M. D. A phylogenomic approach to clarifying the relationship of Mesodinium within the Ciliophora: a case study in the complexity of mixed-species transcriptome analyses. Genome Biology and Evolution, 11(11), (2019): 3218–3232, doi:10.1093/gbe/evz233.
    Description: Recent high-throughput sequencing endeavors have yielded multigene/protein phylogenies that confidently resolve several inter- and intra-class relationships within the phylum Ciliophora. We leverage the massive sequencing efforts from the Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project, other SRA submissions, and available genome data with our own sequencing efforts to determine the phylogenetic position of Mesodinium and to generate the most taxonomically rich phylogenomic ciliate tree to date. Regardless of the data mining strategy, the multiprotein data set, or the molecular models of evolution employed, we consistently recovered the same well-supported relationships among ciliate classes, confirming many of the higher-level relationships previously identified. Mesodinium always formed a monophyletic group with members of the Litostomatea, with mixotrophic species of Mesodinium—M. rubrum, M. major, and M. chamaeleon—being more closely related to each other than to the heterotrophic member, M. pulex. The well-supported position of Mesodinium as sister to other litostomes contrasts with previous molecular analyses including those from phylogenomic studies that exploited the same transcriptomic databases. These topological discrepancies illustrate the need for caution when mining mixed-species transcriptomes and indicate that identifying ciliate sequences among prey contamination—particularly for Mesodinium species where expression from stolen prey nuclei appears to dominate—requires thorough and iterative vetting with phylogenies that incorporate sequences from a large outgroup of prey.
    Description: We thank David Beaudoin and Holly V. Moeller for their assistance in collecting cells and extracting RNA. We thank the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution at the Marine Biological Laboratory for the generous use of their servers. This work was supported in part by a National Science Foundation grant to both authors (IOS 1354773).
    Keywords: Mesodinium ; Litostomatea ; ciliate phylogenomics ; mixed-species transcriptomes ; sequence contamination
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Evolutionary transition between invertebrates and vertebrates via methylation reprogramming in embryogenesis (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Xu, X., Li, G., Li, C., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., Simmons, D. K., Chen, X., Wijesena, N., Zhu, W., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Ju, B., Ci, W., Lu, X., Yu, D., Wang, Q., Aluru, N., Oliveri, P., Zhang, Y. E., Martindale, M. Q., & Liu, J. Evolutionary transition between invertebrates and vertebrates via methylation reprogramming in embryogenesis. National Science Review, 6(5), (2019):993-1003, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz064.
    Description: Major evolutionary transitions are enigmas, and the most notable enigma is between invertebrates and vertebrates, with numerous spectacular innovations. To search for the molecular connections involved, we asked whether global epigenetic changes may offer a clue by surveying the inheritance and reprogramming of parental DNA methylation across metazoans. We focused on gametes and early embryos, where the methylomes are known to evolve divergently between fish and mammals. Here, we find that methylome reprogramming during embryogenesis occurs neither in pre-bilaterians such as cnidarians nor in protostomes such as insects, but clearly presents in deuterostomes such as echinoderms and invertebrate chordates, and then becomes more evident in vertebrates. Functional association analysis suggests that DNA methylation reprogramming is associated with development, reproduction and adaptive immunity for vertebrates, but not for invertebrates. Interestingly, the single HOX cluster of invertebrates maintains unmethylated status in all stages examined. In contrast, the multiple HOX clusters show dramatic dynamics of DNA methylation during vertebrate embryogenesis. Notably, the methylation dynamics of HOX clusters are associated with their spatiotemporal expression in mammals. Our study reveals that DNA methylation reprogramming has evolved dramatically during animal evolution, especially after the evolutionary transitions from invertebrates to vertebrates, and then to mammals.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1003303), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS (XDB13040200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91519306, 31425015), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS and the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (QYZDY-SSW-SMC016).
    Keywords: DNA methylation ; evolution ; development ; reprogramming
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Spatially regulated editing of genetic information within a neuron (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Vallecillo-Viejo, I. C., Liscovitch-Brauer, N., Diaz Quiroz, J. F., Montiel-Gonzalez, Maria F., Nemes, Sonya E., Rangan, K. J., Levinson, S. R., Eisenberg, E., & Rosenthal, J. J. C. Spatially regulated editing of genetic information within a neuron. Nucleic Acids Research, (2020): gkaa172, doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa172.
    Description: In eukaryotic cells, with the exception of the specialized genomes of mitochondria and plastids, all genetic information is sequestered within the nucleus. This arrangement imposes constraints on how the information can be tailored for different cellular regions, particularly in cells with complex morphologies like neurons. Although messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and the proteins that they encode, can be differentially sorted between cellular regions, the information itself does not change. RNA editing by adenosine deamination can alter the genome’s blueprint by recoding mRNAs; however, this process too is thought to be restricted to the nucleus. In this work, we show that ADAR2 (adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA), an RNA editing enzyme, is expressed outside of the nucleus in squid neurons. Furthermore, purified axoplasm exhibits adenosine-to-inosine activity and can specifically edit adenosines in a known substrate. Finally, a transcriptome-wide analysis of RNA editing reveals that tens of thousands of editing sites (〉70% of all sites) are edited more extensively in the squid giant axon than in its cell bodies. These results indicate that within a neuron RNA editing can recode genetic information in a region-specific manner.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) [IOS1557748 to J.R.]; United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation [BSF2013094 to J.R. and E.E.]; The Grass Foundation grant in support of the Doryteuthis pealeii Genome Project, and a gift by Mr. Edward Owens. Funding for open access charge: United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation [BSF2013094].
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    A draft genome sequence of the elusive giant squid, Architeuthis dux (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in da Fonseca, R. R., Couto, A., Machado, A. M., Brejova, B., Albertin, C. B., Silva, F., Gardner, P., Baril, T., Hayward, A., Campos, A., Ribeiro, A. M., Barrio-Hernandez, I., Hoving, H. J., Tafur-Jimenez, R., Chu, C., Frazao, B., Petersen, B., Penaloza, F., Musacchia, F., Alexander, G. C., Osorio, H., Winkelmann, I., Simakov, O., Rasmussen, S., Rahman, M. Z., Pisani, D., Vinther, J., Jarvis, E., Zhang, G., Strugnell, J. M., Castro, L. F. C., Fedrigo, O., Patricio, M., Li, Q., Rocha, S., Antunes, A., Wu, Y., Ma, B., Sanges, R., Vinar, T., Blagoev, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Nielsen, R., & Gilbert, M. T. P. A draft genome sequence of the elusive giant squid, Architeuthis dux. Gigascience, 9(1), (2020): giz152. doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giz152.
    Description: Background: The giant squid (Architeuthis dux; Steenstrup, 1857) is an enigmatic giant mollusc with a circumglobal distribution in the deep ocean, except in the high Arctic and Antarctic waters. The elusiveness of the species makes it difficult to study. Thus, having a genome assembled for this deep-sea–dwelling species will allow several pending evolutionary questions to be unlocked. Findings: We present a draft genome assembly that includes 200 Gb of Illumina reads, 4 Gb of Moleculo synthetic long reads, and 108 Gb of Chicago libraries, with a final size matching the estimated genome size of 2.7 Gb, and a scaffold N50 of 4.8 Mb. We also present an alternative assembly including 27 Gb raw reads generated using the Pacific Biosciences platform. In addition, we sequenced the proteome of the same individual and RNA from 3 different tissue types from 3 other species of squid (Onychoteuthis banksii, Dosidicus gigas, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) to assist genome annotation. We annotated 33,406 protein-coding genes supported by evidence, and the genome completeness estimated by BUSCO reached 92%. Repetitive regions cover 49.17% of the genome. Conclusions: This annotated draft genome of A. dux provides a critical resource to investigate the unique traits of this species, including its gigantism and key adaptations to deep-sea environments.
    Description: R.R.F. thanks the Villum Fonden for grant VKR023446 (Villum Fonden Young Investigator Grant), the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) for grant PTDC/MAR/115347/2009; COMPETE-FCOMP-01-012; FEDER-015453, Marie Curie Actions (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IEF, Proposal 272927), and the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF96) for its funding of the Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate. H.O. thanks the Rede Nacional de Espectrometria de Massa, ROTEIRO/0028/2013, ref. LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125, supported by COMPETE and North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Norte2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). A.C. thanks FCT for project UID/Multi/04423/2019. M.P. acknowledges the support from the Wellcome Trust (grant number WT108749/Z/15/Z) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. M.P.T.G. thanks the Danish National Research Foundation for its funding of the Center for GeoGenetics (grant DNRF94) and Lundbeck Foundation for grant R52–5062 on Pathogen Palaeogenomics. S.R. was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation grant NNF14CC0001. A.H. is supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David Phillips Fellowship (fellowship reference: BB/N020146/1). T.B. is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council-funded South West Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (training grant reference BB/M009122/1). This work was partially funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (R52-A4895 to B.B.). H.J.T.H. was supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (#825.09.016), and currently by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant HO 5569/2-1 (Emmy Noether Junior Research Group). T.V. and B. Brejova were supported by grants from the Slovak grant agency VEGA (1/0684/16, 1/0458/18). F.S. was supported by a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/126560/2016) from FCT. A.A. was partly supported by the FCT project PTDC/CTA-AMB/31774/2017. C.C. and Y.W. are partly supported by grant IIS-1526415 from the US National Science Foundation. Computation for the work described in this article was partially supported by the DeiC National Life Science Supercomputer at DTU.
    Keywords: Cephalopod ; Invertebrate ; Genome assembly
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    TIAMMAt: leveraging biodiversity to revise protein domain models, evidence from innate immunity (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tassia, M. G., David, K. T., Townsend, J. P., & Halanych, K. M. TIAMMAt: leveraging biodiversity to revise protein domain models, evidence from innate immunity. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(12), (2021): 5806–5818, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab258.
    Description: Sequence annotation is fundamental for studying the evolution of protein families, particularly when working with nonmodel species. Given the rapid, ever-increasing number of species receiving high-quality genome sequencing, accurate domain modeling that is representative of species diversity is crucial for understanding protein family sequence evolution and their inferred function(s). Here, we describe a bioinformatic tool called Taxon-Informed Adjustment of Markov Model Attributes (TIAMMAt) which revises domain profile hidden Markov models (HMMs) by incorporating homologous domain sequences from underrepresented and nonmodel species. Using innate immunity pathways as a case study, we show that revising profile HMM parameters to directly account for variation in homologs among underrepresented species provides valuable insight into the evolution of protein families. Following adjustment by TIAMMAt, domain profile HMMs exhibit changes in their per-site amino acid state emission probabilities and insertion/deletion probabilities while maintaining the overall structure of the consensus sequence. Our results show that domain revision can heavily impact evolutionary interpretations for some families (i.e., NLR’s NACHT domain), whereas impact on other domains (e.g., rel homology domain and interferon regulatory factor domains) is minimal due to high levels of sequence conservation across the sampled phylogenetic depth (i.e., Metazoa). Importantly, TIAMMAt revises target domain models to reflect homologous sequence variation using the taxonomic distribution under consideration by the user. TIAMMAt’s flexibility to revise any subset of the Pfam database using a user-defined taxonomic pool will make it a valuable tool for future protein evolution studies, particularly when incorporating (or focusing) on nonmodel species.
    Description: This work was supported by The National Science Foundation (Grant No. IOS—1755377 to K.M.H., Rita Graze, and Elizabeth Hiltbold Schwartz), and K.T.D. was supported by The National Science Foundation’s Graduate Research Fellowship Program.
    Keywords: Protein evolution ; Domain annotation ; Animal evolution ; Innate immunity
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    Adaptive proteome diversification by nonsynonymous A-to-I RNA editing in coleoid cephalopods (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Shoshan, Y., Liscovitch-Brauer, N., Rosenthal, J. J. C., & Eisenberg, E. Adaptive proteome diversification by nonsynonymous A-to-I RNA editing in coleoid cephalopods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(9), (2021): 3775–3788, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab154.
    Description: RNA editing by the ADAR enzymes converts selected adenosines into inosines, biological mimics for guanosines. By doing so, it alters protein-coding sequences, resulting in novel protein products that diversify the proteome beyond its genomic blueprint. Recoding is exceptionally abundant in the neural tissues of coleoid cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes), with an over-representation of nonsynonymous edits suggesting positive selection. However, the extent to which proteome diversification by recoding provides an adaptive advantage is not known. It was recently suggested that the role of evolutionarily conserved edits is to compensate for harmful genomic substitutions, and that there is no added value in having an editable codon as compared with a restoration of the preferred genomic allele. Here, we show that this hypothesis fails to explain the evolutionary dynamics of recoding sites in coleoids. Instead, our results indicate that a large fraction of the shared, strongly recoded, sites in coleoids have been selected for proteome diversification, meaning that the fitness of an editable A is higher than an uneditable A or a genomically encoded G.
    Description: This research was supported by a grants from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF), Jerusalem, Israel (BSF2017262 to J.J.C.R. and E.E.), the Israel Science Foundation (3371/20 to E.E.) and the National Science Foundation (IOS 1827509 and 1557748 to J.J.C.R).
    Keywords: RNA editing ; Adaptation ; Evolution
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    Guiding biological control of alligator weed by Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at macroscale: where are the potential global areas suitable to apply it and how it can change in climate change scenarios. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-06
    Description: Invasive species can have many negative impacts on the biodiversity, ecosystem services, human health and the economy, and therefore need to be managed. An amphibious weed of global importance, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and the macroecological patterns of its biological control were evaluated using one of its main specialist herbivores, Agasicles hygrophila. This was considered the first successful case of biological control of an aquatic plant, although it is not equally effective on a global scale. Due to their different environmental tolerances and the greater phenotypic plasticity of the plant, the distribution of both species do not always overlap in the globe, creating geographic variability in the efficiency of biocontrol. The first approach was to analyze the current global potential distribution of A. philoxeroides and A. hygrophila to seek the areas of overlaps and gaps between them. The overlapping areas would be the most relevant for using A. hygrophila as alligator weed biological control in the globe. However, in response of climate change, it seems that the alligator weed is worryingly spreading across the globe, which can worsen in future scenarios and alter its distribution in the next decades. The second approach evaluated the effects of climate change on the global distribution of A. philoxeroides and A. hygrophila. New distribution areas for both species in future global warming scenarios and new overlapping and non-overlapping areas across the globe were identified. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were applied in both chapters to predict the potential distribution of the two species in present and future scenarios considering different environmental predictors in each one. Currently, the southeast coast of the USA, southeast China and New South Wales, Australia are the most favorable areas in the world to apply alligator weed biocontrol, while the west coast and mid-latitudes in the east of the USA and the eastern Australia are not favorable. The results were corroborated by reports in the literature that demonstrated successful control in overlapping areas and failures in non-overlapping areas of the models’ distributions. However, while general geographic patterns will hold in future scenarios, it is predicted a major northward expansion of the alligator weed, but not of the insect, especially in the USA, Canada, Europe, China, South Korea and Japan, which will create a new zone of low or no control efficiency at higher latitudes. These macroecological patterns will help direct efforts to apply the biological control for the alligator weed not only today, but also in future climate change scenarios.
    Description: Espécies invasoras podem causar muitos impactos negativos na biodiversidade, nos serviços ecossistêmicos, na saúde humana e na economia e, portanto, precisam ser manejadas. Avaliou-se uma erva daninha anfíbia de importância global, Alternanthera philoxeroides, e nos padrões macroecológicos de seu controle biológico usando um de seus principais herbívoros especialistas, Agasicles hygrophila. Este foi considerado o primeiro caso bem sucedido de controle biológico de uma macrófita, embora não seja igualmente eficaz em escala global. Devido às suas diferentes tolerâncias ambientais e à maior plasticidade fenotípica da planta, a distribuição de ambas as espécies nem sempre se sobrepõe no globo, criando variabilidade geográfica na eficiência do biocontrole. O primeiro enfoque foi analisar a distribuição potencial global atual de A. philoxeroides e A. hygrophila para buscar as áreas de sobreposição e não sobreposição entre elas. As áreas sobrepostas seriam as mais relevantes para o uso de A. hygrophila como controle biológico da erva-de-jacaré no globo. Entretanto, em resposta às mudanças climáticas, a erva-de-jacaré está se expandindo de forma preocupante pelo globo, o que pode agravar em cenários futuros e alterar sua distribuição nas próximas décadas. O segundo enfoque avaliou-se os efeitos das mudanças climáticas na distribuição global de A. philoxeroides e A. hygrophila. Identificou-se as novas áreas de distribuição para ambas as espécies em cenários futuros de aquecimento global e as novas áreas sobrepostas e não sobrepostas em todo o globo. Modelos de Distribuição de Espécies (MDEs) foram aplicados em ambas as abordagens para predizer a distribuição potencial das duas espécies em cenários presentes e futuros considerando diferentes preditores ambientais em cada um. Atualmente, a costa sudeste dos EUA, sudeste da China e Sidnei, Austrália, são as áreas mais favoráveis no mundo para aplicar o biocontrole da erva-de-jacaré, enquanto a costa oeste e latitudes médias no leste dos EUA e no leste da Austrália não são favoráveis. Os resultados foram corroborados por relatos na literatura que demonstraram controle bem-sucedido em áreas sobrepostas e mal-sucedido em áreas não sobrepostas das distribuições dos modelos. Entretanto, embora os padrões geográficos gerais se mantenham em cenários futuros, é prevista uma grande expansão da erva-de-jacaré, mas não do inseto, para o norte, especialmente nos EUA, Canadá, Europa, China, Coreia do Sul e Japão, o que criará uma nova zona de baixa ou nenhuma eficiência de controle em latitudes mais altas. Esses padrões macroecológicos ajudarão a direcionar os esforços para aplicar o controle biológico da erva-de-jacaré não apenas atualmente, mas também em cenários futuros de mudanças climáticas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Amaranthaceae) “erva-de-jacaré” ; Plantas aquáticas invasoras ; Macrófitas aquáticas de água doce ; Insetos especialistas ; Herbivoria ; Controle biológico ; Mudanças climáticas ; Macroecologia ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic plants ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::A::Alien species ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic insects ; ASFA_2015::B::Biological control ; ASFA_2015::I::Insects (aquatic) ; ASFA_2015::C::Climatic changes ; ASFA_2015::H::Herbivores
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 76pp.
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  • 96
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    Padrões de diversidade beta de macroinvertebrados bentônicos frente ao gradiente de recuperação ambiental em riachos temperados acidificados. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-11
    Description: The industrial advance of Europe between the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in major environmental impacts. Among these impacts, the deposition of acid compounds through acid rain stands out, and this phenomenon led to the acidification of water bodies. However, from the 1980s on, with the application of stricter environmental regulations, a gradual recovery of abiotic parameters began, including pH values, which began to return to less acidic ranges. Thus, we investigated the responses of the benthic community to the gradual recovery of abiotic variables after years of intense acidification, analyzing changes in community structure and, specifically, variations in beta diversity. The study was developed with data from streams in Wales, collected and provided by two research projects that monitor the region's water bodies. The streams were classified according to abiotic characteristics and the surrounding vegetation (Acid Forest, Acid Moorland and Circumneutral Moorland). In the first approach, the community of 69 streams was analyzed, testing whether (i) the composition of macroinvertebrate communities differed among the types of environments and years analyzed; and whether (ii) in early years beta diversity among streams was lower than in more recent years, as well as in streams of a more acidic category. Samples were collected in 1984, 1995, and 2012, with the earliest year under the greatest influence of acidification. A segregation in macroinvertebrate composition was observed between 1984 and the other years, and this difference in community composition between the years suggests that environmental recovery with rising pH values, allowed the entry and establishment of new macroinvertebrate species in the streams. The lowest beta diversity value was also observed in 1984, indicating biotic homogenization in this period and an increase in community dissimilarity over time. In the second approach, we investigated the hypothesis that a gradual increase in temporal beta diversity (TBI) values occurs over time. This was done by sampling eight streams in Wales over the period 1985 to 2018, and comparing beta diversity between the reference year 1985 with all other years. There was an increase in TBI values over the years for all environments, showing evidence of biological recovery concomitant with restoration of abiotic values. The results contributed to the understanding that the biotic community also responds to environmental recovery, and there are different ways to evaluate this process, such as beta diversity. The importance of long-term research is emphasized so that such changes can be monitored.
    Description: O avanço industrial da Europa entre os séculos XIX e XX resultou em grandes impactos ambientais. Dentre esses impactos, destaca-se a deposição de compostos ácidos através da chuva ácida, e tal fenômeno levou à acidificação de corpos d’água. Contudo, a partir da década de 1980, com a aplicação de normas ambientais mais rígidas, teve início uma recuperação gradual dos parâmetros abióticos, incluindo os valores de pH, que começaram a retornar para faixas menos ácidas. Investigou-se as respostas da comunidade bentônica diante da recuperação gradual das variáveis abióticas após anos de intensa acidificação, analisando mudanças na estrutura da comunidade e, especificamente, as variações da diversidade beta. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos com dados de riachos do País de Gales, coletados e cedidos por dois projetos de pesquisas galeses que monitoram os corpos aquáticos da região, sendo os riachos classificados de acordo com as características abióticas e da vegetação do entorno (Acid Forest, Acid Moorland e Circumneutral Moorland). Na primeira abordagem, analisou-se a comunidade de 69 riachos, testando se (i) a composição das comunidades difere entre os tipos de ambientes e anos analisados; e se (ii) nos anos iniciais a diversidade beta entre os riachos foi menor do que nos anos mais recentes, assim como nos riachos de uma categoria mais ácida. As amostras foram coletadas em 1984, 1995 e 2012, sendo o ano mais antigo sob maior influência da acidificação. Observou-se uma segregação na composição da biota entre 1984 e os demais anos, e essa diferença na composição da comunidade entre os anos sugere que a recuperação ambiental com ascensão nos valores de pH, permitiu a entrada e estabelecimento de novas espécies de macroinvertebrados nos riachos. O menor valor de diversidade beta também foi observado em 1984, indicando homogeneização biótica neste período e aumento da dissimilaridade das comunidades com o tempo. Na segunda abordagem, investigou-se a hipótese de que ocorre um aumento gradativo nos valores de diversidade beta temporal (TBI) ao longo do tempo. Para tanto, foram amostrados oito riachos no País de Gales no período entre 1985 e 2018, e comparado a diversidade beta dos riachos entre o ano referência 1985 com todos os demais anos. Houve um aumento dos valores de TBI ao longo dos anos para todos ambientes, mostrando indícios de recuperação biológica concomitante com o restabelecimento dos valores abióticos. Os resultados contribuíram para o entendimento de que a comunidade biótica também responde à recuperação ambiental. Sendo a diversidade beta uma das formas de se avaliar tal processo. E ressalta-se a importância de pesquisas de longa duração para que tais respostas bióticas possam ser monitoradas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Macroinvertebrados bentônicos de água doce ; Diversidade beta ; Recuperação ambiental ; Acidificação ambiental ; Chuva ácida ; Riachos ; Riachos acidificados ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrobenthos ; ASFA_2015::A::Acid rain ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::S::Streams ; ASFA_2015::A::Acidification ; ASFA_2015::S::Stream ecology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 55pp.
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  • 97
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    Aquatic macrophytes as drivers of multiple aspects of fish community: trophic, functional and taxonomic fish responses in tropical and temperate freshwater ecosystems. (2022)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Macrophytes are widely recognized for increasing habitat complexity and driving a relevant role in structuring communities in aquatic ecosystems. We investigated how the density, coverage and diversity of macrophytes can influence multiple aspects of fish community, including functional alpha and beta diversity, foraging efficiency, trophic niche breadth and overlap, total abundance and biomass of fish, as well as of certain species and sizes of fish. We used 30 macrophyte stands sampled in the littoral zone of a tropical river, as well as a dataset of 88 shallow temperate lakes. In the latter case, two spatial scales were considered (lake and points within a lake), since there is usually a negative relationship between fish and macrophyte coverage, and this relationship may be more evident at the point scale, while the effect is attenuated at the lake scale. The results showed that macrophytes can select functional characteristics of fish communities and influence their alpha and beta functional diversity. The highest values of functional alpha diversity occurred in intermediate macrophyte density and high macrophyte diversity. The variation in macrophyte density was strongly responsible for variations in functional beta diversity. Fish showed general trophic responses to the variation in macrophyte attributes, but these responses also depended on fish feeding habits, with herbivores niche breadth responding in the opposite way to omnivores. The increase in macrophyte density led to an increase in fish consumption of higher plants and foraging efficiency, and reduced trophic niche breadth. Fish niche overlap was higher at intermediate levels of macrophyte density. Fish responses depended on fish species identity, lake productivity and water depth. The deeper and more eutrophic the lakes, the more fish tended to occupy macrophyte-covered points within a lake. The results emphasize how aquatic plants can affect the fish community by influencing swimming, food availability and interactions between species, and that the relationship between fish and macrophytes can vary according to the scale of the study and the fish characteristics. The application of the results obtained here has great potential to help in projects of management and conservation of biodiversity, and in the choice of the best configurations of macrophyte stands for the maintenance of ichthyofauna.
    Description: As macrófitas são amplamente reconhecidas por aumentarem a complexidade do habitat e exercerem papel relevante na estruturação das comunidades em ecossistemas aquáticos. Investigou-se como a densidade, cobertura e diversidade de macrófitas podem influenciar múltiplos aspectos da comunidade de peixes, incluindo diversidade alfa e beta funcional, eficiência de forrageamento, amplitude e sobreposição de nicho trófico, abundância e biomassa de total de peixes, bem como de determinadas espécies e tamanhos de peixes. Utilizou-se 30 bancos de macrófitas amostrados na zona litorânea de um rio tropical, bem como, um conjunto de dados de 88 lagos rasos temperados. Neste ultimo caso, foram consideradas duas escalas espaciais (lago e pontos dentro do lago), visto que geralmente há uma relação negativa entre peixes e a cobertura de macrófitas, e essa relação pode ser mais evidente na escala de ponto dentro do lago, enquanto o efeito é atenuado na escala de lago. Os resultados evidenciaram que as macrófitas podem selecionar características funcionais das comunidades de peixes e influenciar sua diversidade funcional alfa e beta. Os maiores valores de diversidade alfa funcional ocorreram em densidades intermediárias e elevada diversidade de macrófitas. A variação na densidade de macrófitas foi fortemente responsável pelas variações na diversidade beta funcional. Os peixes apresentaram respostas tróficas gerais à variação dos atributos das macrófitas, mas estas respostas também dependeram dos hábitos alimentares dos peixes, com a amplitude de nicho dos herbívoros respondendo de forma oposta à amplitude de onívoros. O aumento na densidade de macrófitas levou a um aumento no consumo de vegetais superiores pelos peixes e na eficiência de forrageamento, e reduziu a amplitude do nicho trófico. A sobreposição de nicho de peixes foi maior nos níveis intermediários de densidade de macrófitas. As respostas dos peixes dependeram da identidade da espécie de peixe, produtividade da lagoa e profundidade da água. Quanto mais profundos e eutróficos eram os lagos, mais os peixes tenderam a ocupar pontos cobertos por macrófitas dentro de um lago. Mediante os resultados, ressaltamos como as plantas aquáticas podem afetar a comunidade de peixes por influenciarem na natação, disponibilidade de alimento e interações entre as espécies, e que a relação entre peixe e macrófita pode variar de acordo com a escala do estudo e as características dos peixes considerados. A aplicação dos resultados aqui obtidos tem grande potencial de auxílio em projetos de manejo e conservação da biodiversidade, e na escolha das melhores configurações de bancos de macrófitas para a manutenção da ictiofauna.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Macrófitas aquáticas submersas ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Diversidade funcional e taxonômica ; Diversidade taxonômica ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::M::Macrophytes ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::A::Assemblages ; ASFA_2015::T::Trophic levels ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecosystems
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 153pp.
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  • 98
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    Interspecific differences in the flow regimes and drag of North Pacific skate egg cases (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2022. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Integrative & Comparative Biology 62(3), (2022): 805-816, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac108.
    Description: Skates are a diverse group of dorso-ventrally compressed cartilaginous fish found primarily in high-latitude seas. These slow-growing oviparous fish deposit their fertilized eggs into cases, which then rest on the seafloor. Developing skates remain in their cases for 1–4 years after they are deposited, meaning the abiotic characteristics of the deposition sites, such as current and substrate type, must interact with the capsule in a way to promote long residency. Egg cases are morphologically variable and can be identified to species. Both the gross morphology and the microstructures of the egg case interact with substrate to determine how well a case stays in place on a current-swept seafloor. Our study investigated the egg case hydrodynamics of eight North Pacific skate species to understand how their morphology affects their ability to stay in place. We used a flume to measure maximum current velocity, or “break-away velocity,” each egg case could withstand before being swept off the substrate and a tilt table to measure the coefficient of static friction between each case and the substrate. We also used the programing software R to calculate theoretical drag on the egg cases of each species. For all flume trials, we found the morphology of egg cases and their orientation to flow to be significantly correlated with break-away velocity. In certain species, the morphology of the egg case was correlated with flow rate required to dislodge a case from the substrate in addition to the drag experienced in both the theoretical and flume experiments. These results effectively measure how well the egg cases of different species remain stationary in a similar habitat. Parsing out attachment biases and discrepancies in flow regimes of egg cases allows us to identify where we are likely to find other elusive species nursery sites. These results will aid predictive models for locating new nursery habitats and protective policies for avoiding the destruction of these nursery sites.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF-REU and FHL Blinks-Beacon for funding JNE. And the Stephen and Ruth Wainwright Endowed Fellowship, BEACON and Hoag Awards, Robert T. Paine Experimental and Field Ecology Award, FHL Award, FHL Marine Science Fund, FHL Student Fund (Kohn), Patricia L. Dudley Endowment for funding KCH.
    Description: 2023-07-04
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 99
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    On the relationship between palaeomagnetic secular variation and excursions-records from MIS 8-ODP leg 172 (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © Oxford University Press, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of [publisher] for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Lund, S., Acton, G., Clement, B., Okada, M., & Keigwin, L. On the relationship between palaeomagnetic secular variation and excursions-records from MIS 8-ODP leg 172. Geophysical Journal International, 225(2), (2021): 1129-1141, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa564.
    Description: Palaeomagnetic secular variation (PSV) and excursion data obtained across MIS 8 (243–300 ka) from the western North Atlantic Ocean ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) sites 1060–1063 show composite high-resolution PSV records (both directions and relative palaeointensity) developed for each site and intercompared. Two methods of chronostratigraphy allow us to date these records. First, we used published results that compared the calcium carbonate records of ODP Leg 172 sediments and tuned them with Milankovich cyclicity. We also compared our palaeointensity records with the PISO-1500 global palaeointensity record that was dated with oxygen isotope stratigraphy. We prefer the PISO-1500 record to date our cores. Two excursions are preserved in our PSV records—Excursions 8α and 9α. Our revised age estimates for both excursions are 8α (236.7–239.8 ka) and 9α (283.7–286.9 ka). We have compared shipboard measurements of the two excursions with u-channel measurements of selected excursion intervals. Excursion 8α is interpreted as a ‘Class II’ excursion (local reversal) with in-phase inclination and declination changes; Excursion 9α is a ‘Class I’ excursion with 90° out-of-phase inclination and declination changes. Averaged directions (after removal of true excursional directions) and relative palaeointensity in 3 and 9 ka overlapping intervals show significant PSV directional variability over 104 yr timescales that is regionally correlatable among the four sites. A notable pattern of angular dispersion variability involves most time spent with low (∼10°) dispersion, with three shorter intervals of high (∼25°) dispersion. The relative palaeointensity variability also shows significant variability over 104 yr timescales with three notable intervals of low palaeointensity in all four records and a direct correspondence between the three low-palaeointensity intervals and the three intervals of high angular dispersion. The two magnetic field excursions occur in two of the three low-palaeointensity/high-dispersion intervals. This suggests that the geomagnetic field operates in two states between reversals, one with regular to high palaeointensity and low directional variability and one with low palaeointensity and significantly higher directional variability and excursions.
    Keywords: Geomagnetic excursions ; Palaeointensity ; Palaeomagnetic secular variation
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  • 100
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    Sensitivity of sand lance to shifting prey and hydrography indicates forthcoming change to the northeast US shelf forage fish complex (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Suca, J. J., Wiley, D. N., Silva, T. L., Robuck, A. R., Richardson, D. E., Glancy, S. G., Clancey, E., Giandonato, T., Solow, A. R., Thompson, M. A., Hong, P., Baumann, H., Kaufman, L., & Llopiz, J. K. Sensitivity of sand lance to shifting prey and hydrography indicates forthcoming change to the northeast US shelf forage fish complex. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 78(3), (2021): 1023–1037, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa251.
    Description: Northern sand lance (Ammodytes dubius) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) represent the dominant lipid-rich forage fish species throughout the Northeast US shelf and are critical prey for numerous top predators. However, unlike Atlantic herring, there is little research on sand lance or information about drivers of their abundance. We use intra-annual measurements of sand lance diet, growth, and condition to explain annual variability in sand lance abundance on the Northeast US Shelf. Our observations indicate that northern sand lance feed, grow, and accumulate lipids in the late winter through summer, predominantly consuming the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Sand lance then cease feeding, utilize lipids, and begin gonad development in the fall. We show that the abundance of C. finmarchicus influences sand lance parental condition and recruitment. Atlantic herring can mute this effect through intra-guild predation. Hydrography further impacts sand lance abundance as increases in warm slope water decrease overwinter survival of reproductive adults. The predicted changes to these drivers indicate that sand lance will no longer be able to fill the role of lipid-rich forage during times of low Atlantic herring abundance—changing the Northeast US shelf forage fish complex by the end of the century.
    Description: Research was funded by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (IA agreement M17PG0019; DNW, LK, HB, and JKL), including a subaward via the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation (18-11-B-203). Additional support came from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Woods Hole Sea Grant Program (NA18OAR4170104, Project No. R/O-57; JKL, HB, and DNW) and a National Science Foundation Long-term Ecological Research grant for the Northeast US Shelf Ecosystem (OCE 1655686; JKL). JJS was funded by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship programme. ARR was funded by an NOAA Nancy Foster Scholarship.
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