ALBERT

Beschreibung: Nell’ambito del progetto EDISECUR, finanziato della regione Lazio, è stato sviluppato un prototipo di telesensore infrasonico, TIS, a tracciamento di speckle per la misura della velocità angolare, delle frequenze fondamentali e delle armoniche di una superficie sottoposta a oscillazioni. Il TIS si presta particolarmente per il rilevamento e il monitoraggio nel tempo degli edifici, ponti e altri manufatti. Conoscere lo stato vibrazionale di queste strutture può essere d’interesse sia per la loro caratterizzazione dinamica che per la sicurezza. Questo prototipo, sufficientemente compatto, si presta a una misura immediata della velocità angolare e, con semplici operazioni, si possono dedurre spostamenti e accelerazioni angolari. Dalle grandezze angolari e dalla conoscenza geometrica della superficie, tramite alcuni schemi ed esempi, si mostra come sia possibile determinare anche altri parametri cinematici lineari. Il telesensore può essere impiegato nelle misure delle vibrazioni di superfici a lunga distanza di varia natura, anche laddove non fosse possibile accedere per eseguire una misura diretta. Lo strumento copre un campo di frequenze fino alle decine di Hz, ha una sensibilità e una dinamica tale da rilevare le vibrazioni indotte dal rumore industriale, dal traffico, dal vento e altro. Questo lavoro è principalmente rivolto alle applicazioni del TIS nel rilevamento delle vibrazioni delle strutture ed è in questo ambito che vengono spiegate le modalità, i limiti e i vantaggi del suo impiego insieme agli errori insiti nella tecnica di misura. Dato che il TIS misura un movimento relativo tra lo stesso strumento e la superficiebersaglio, sono stati valutati gli errori delle vibrazioni dovute alla microsismicità e altre cause ambientali. Vengono infine riportati due preliminari esempi di misura su una struttura edile.

Beschreibung: Regione Lazio, progetto EDISECUR

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-36

Beschreibung: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: L’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) riceve, nella Sala di Sorveglianza Sismica e Centro Allerta Tsunami di Roma, i segnali in tempo reale da centinaia di stazioni sismiche distribuite sul territorio nazionale. Entro due minuti dall’occorrenza di un qualsiasi terremoto, appositi sistemi automatici forniscono una prima valutazione dei parametri ipocentrali. Due sismologi, sempre presenti nella sala operativa della sede centrale, controllano le informazioni ottenute e, per i terremoti sopra una determinata soglia di magnitudo (ML ≥ 2.5), comunicano alla Sala Situazione Italia della Protezione Civile i dati elaborati, in media in circa 12 minuti (massimo entro 30 minuti) [Margheriti et al., 2021]. La valutazione definitiva dei parametri ipocentrali di tutti i terremoti, dai più grandi avvertiti in vaste aree del territorio ai più piccoli rilevati solo da pochi strumenti, è demandata a un’analisi più accurata svolta in un secondo tempo, ormai da alcuni decenni, da un gruppo di analisti specializzati nell’interpretazione dei segnali sismici. Gli analisti sismologi del Bollettino Sismico Italiano revisionano tutti i dati registrati dalle stazioni della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) dell’INGV e riconoscono la presenza di terremoti attraverso un’analisi diretta delle forme d’onda. In tal modo l’analista rileva il tempo d’arrivo delle onde sismiche ai vari sensori e valuta l’ampiezza delle oscillazioni e la direzione del moto del suolo; questi parametri, utilizzati da apposite procedure di calcolo, consentono di localizzare ogni terremoto e di valutare la magnitudo associata. Le informazioni così ottenute confluiscono nel database che l’INGV gestisce e che mette a disposizione della comunità1. Questa pubblicazione ha come scopo quello di far conoscere un prodotto dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Il Bollettino Sismico Italiano (BSI), con particolare riferimento all’anno 2015. Saranno delineate le principali caratteristiche della sismicità naturale e quella di origine antropica registrata in Italia nel corso dell’anno esaminato.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-48

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: To provide a contribution to the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, here we present the results of a study focused on the potentially toxic elements (PTE) content in agricultural soils’ representative for the Mediterranean region. To reach this aim, samples of 22 Italian (NE Peloritani Mountains, Sicily) and 18 Turkish (Amik Plain, Hatay) soils were collected and analyzed to evaluate their PTE content. The Italian and Turkish sites have been selected because they represent very important cultivation zones. In Amik Plain (Turkey), the dominant crops consist of cotton, wheat, corn and olives, whereas in NE Peloritani Mountains, Sicily (Italy), an appreciate citrus variety, known as the “Interdonato lemon”, guaranteed by Protected Geographical Indication label, is produced. The collected results include: (1) the assessment of PTE levels in soils; (2) the identifcation of the PTE sources; (3) the relationships between PTE contents and soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, CaCO3, and clay). Several multivariate statistical methods such as correlation matrix, cluster analysis and main component analysis were applied to individuate the anthropogenic vs natural origin of the PTE sources. The detected PTE levels are in decreasing order Mn〉Zn〉V〉Cr〉Cu〉Ni〉As〉Pb〉Co〉Sb〉Se〉Cd for the Italian soils, and Mn〉 Ni〉V〉Zn〉Cr〉Cu〉Pb〉Co〉As〉Se〉Sb〉Cd for the Turkish soils. The overall obtained results allowed to defne: (a) a main lithogenic source for PTE detected in the Italian soils, except for Zn which origin is also associated to anthropogenic input; (b) a lithogenic origin for all of the PTE detected for the Turkish soils, with an associate anthropogenic contribution for Cr, Ni, V, Cu and V. The results obtained in this work enhance the knowledge in the individuation of PTE pollution sources in agricultural soils of the European Mediterranean region.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 499

Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Crystalline rocks can produce dangerous radiation levels on the basis of their content in radioisotopes. Here, we report radiological data from 10 metamorphic and igneous rock samples collected from the crystalline basement of the Peloritani Mountains (southern Italy). In order to evaluate the radiological properties of these rocks, the gamma radiation and the radon emanation have been measured. Moreover, since some of these rocks are employed as building materials, we assess the potential hazard for population connected to their use. Gamma spectroscopy was used to measure the 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration, whereas the radon emanation was investigated by using a RAD 7 detector. The results show 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration values ranging from (17 ± 4) to (56 ± 8) Bq kg-1, (14 ± 3) to (77 ± 14) Bq kg-1 and (167 ± 84) to (1760 ± 242) Bq kg-1, respectively. Values of the annual effective dose equivalent outdoor range from 0.035 to 0.152 mSv y-1, whereas the gamma index is in the range of 0.22-0.98. The 222Rn emanation coefficient and the 222Rn surface exhalation rate vary from (0.63 ± 0.3) to (8.27 ± 1.6)% and from (0.12 ± 0.03) to (2.75 ± 0.17) Bq m-2 h-1, respectively. The indoor radon derived from the building use of these rocks induces an approximate contribution to the annual effective dose ranging from 8 to 176 μSv y-1. All the obtained results suggest that the crystalline rocks from the Peloritani Mountains are not harmful for the residential population, even though they induce annual effective doses due to terrestrial gamma radiation above the worldwide average values. Moreover, their use as building materials does not produce significant health hazards connected to the indoor radon exposure.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 452–464

Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The Pollino range is a region of slow deformation where earthquakes generally nucleate on low-angle normal faults. Recent studies have mapped fault structures and identified fluid related dynamics responsible for historical and recent seismicity in the area. Here, we apply the coda-normalization method at multiple frequencies and scales to image the 3-D P-wave attenuation (QP) properties of its slowly deforming fault network. The wide-scale average attenuation properties of the Pollino range are typical for a stable continental block, with a dependence of QP on frequency of Q−1 P = (0.0011   0.0008) f (0.36 0.32). Using only waveforms comprised in the area of seismic swarms, the dependence of attenuation on frequency increases [Q−1 P = (0.0373   0.0011) f (−0.59 0.01)], as expected when targeting seismically active faults. A shallow very-low-attenuation anomaly (max depth of 4–5 km) caps the seismicity recorded within the western cluster 1 of the Pollino seismic sequence (2012, maximum magnitude Mw = 5.1). High-attenuation volumes below this anomaly are likely related to fluid storage and comprise the western and northern portions of cluster 1 and the Mercure basin. These anomalies are constrained to the NW by a sharp low-attenuation interface, corresponding to the transition towards the eastern unit of the Apennine Platform under the Lauria mountains. The low-seismicity volume between cluster 1 and cluster 2 (maximum magnitude Mw = 4.3, east of the primary) shows diffuse low-to-average attenuation features. There is no clear indication of fluid-filled pathways between the two clusters resolvable at our resolution. In this volume, the attenuation values are anyway lower than in recognized low-attenuation blocks, like the Lauria Mountain and Pollino Range. As the volume develops in a region marked at surface by small-scale cross-faulting, it suggests no actual barrier between clusters, more likely a system of small locked fault patches that can break in the future. Our model loses resolution at depth, but it can still resolve a 5-to-15-km-deep high-attenuation anomaly that underlies the Castrovillari basin. This anomaly is an ideal deep source for the SE-to-NW migration of historical seismicity. Our novel deep structural maps support the hypothesis that the Pollino sequence has been caused by a mechanism of deep and lateral fluid-induced migration.

Beschreibung: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Oil and Gas. University of Aberdeen.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 536–547

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Coastal dynamics are the result of several processes controlling the balance between sediment input and output over time. The beach system is not always able to maintain a neutral coastal balance due to natural and anthropogenic causes. We present an integrated marine geology, geomorphological and sea-level rise analysis in the coastal sector between Torre delle Ciavole and Capo Calavà (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy).This sector is characterized by high uplift rates and frequent seismicity (mainly generated by the very active Vulcano-Tindari Fault System), promoting the development of mass-wasting processes in the coastal and offshore sectors. A main erosive feature observed in the area is the head of the Gioiosa Marea submarine canyon, located at some meters of depth, few hundred meters far the coastline. The main morphological features of the canyon were reconstructed through the analysis of high-resolution multibeam data, indicating that the canyon is active, as also testified by the comparison of time-lapse aerial photos. Due to this active setting, the study area is exposed to multiple geohazards, among which we deal with: (1) retrogressive instability at the head of the Gioiosa Marea submarine canyon, (2) coastal erosion favored by the downlope funnelling of littoral drift at the canyon head, (3) flooding scenario at 2100 using the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and Rahmstorf sea-level projections. The consequences associated with these geohazards are amplified by the strong anthropization pressures occurring along in this sector. Our results provide key insights regarding the future scenarios of this coastal sector, revealing the effects of the retrogressive activity associated with the canyon head on the coastal strip. We also present the first management tool for the application of forecasting studies by local administrations.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2

Beschreibung: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This study represents the first attempt to combine the geomorphological characteristics of the island of Ustica with the human settlements that have been established during prehistory, with the purpose of reconstructing the interactions between communities and the natural environment from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age (6th - 1st millennia B.C.). Ustica is a small island in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, visible but far (~55 km) from the northern coast of western Sicily. Its rugged volcanic nature, remodeled and enriched by the sea, offered to the first colonizers a wide repertoire of opportunities and challenges. This island can be treated as an ideal “laboratory” to understand how settlers, taking their first steps towards the foundation of organized communities, were able to seize opportunities or succumb to obstacles. The review of archaeological research until now carried out in Ustica, integrated with geomorphological data and other biogeographical indicators, offers a picture of the prehistory of Ustica in which human presence is continuous and distributed in various sites of the island characterized by different physiographic characteristics. There are phases dominated by the choice of naturally protected sites and phases in which settlements expands on open land, suitable for agricultural use. Where the archaeological evidence is scarce, the geomorphological peculiarities allow us to decipher the vocations and characters of a human settlement. The study leads to an open question: in the Middle Bronze Age, after about five thousand years of uninterrupted habitation of Ustica, which factors, geological, social, or other, induced the early communities to abandon the island, without returning there for about eight centuries, until the Hellenistic-Roman age?

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO550

Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This work sets out to identify a state-of-the-art system to be used for the calibration of seismic sensors. The aim is to acquire such a system within the framework of the PON ARS01 00926 EWAS (an Early Warning System for cultural heritage) project, which seeks to develop new technologies for the protection, conservation and safety of cultural heritage and envisages creating a newly developed seismic monitoring system. This system will exploit the ETL3D/5s-H hybrid sensors, resulting from the integration of a precision accelerometer within the ETL3D/5s velocimeter [Fertitta et al., 2020]. The new calibration system, already acquired and being installed, can be used by the EWAS project partners (including the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology and the Kore University of Enna), to calibrate the ETL3D/5s-H sensors, and by external organisations to calibrate or gauge other seismic sensors, thus providing a useful service to the scientific community and supporting industrial activities. This paper presents the method used and the activities undertaken to define the technical specifications of the calibration system. A feasibility study of an electromechanical vibrating table and the testing of two electrodynamic calibration systems were carried out. One of the electrodynamic systems is the CS18P (Calibration System for Seismic Sensors) produced by the German firm SPEKTRA. The CS18P comprises two vibrating tables, one horizontal and one vertical, which, thanks to their fluid-dynamic suspension, eliminate the sliding and rolling friction associated with the movement of the moving part with respect to the fixed part. A hardware and software system monitors and controls the motion in real time, analyses the data and automatically processes a predefined set of measurements. In the light of the technical specifications and experimental results, the CS18P represents the ideal solution for the aims of the EWAS project and also in view of the possible future uses of the calibration system.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-38

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: New geochemical and isotopic data on volcanic rocks spanning the period ~75–50 ka BP on Ischia volcano, Italy, shed light on the evolution of the magmatic system before and after the catastrophic, caldera-forming Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) eruption. Volcanic ac tivity during this period was influenced by a large, composite and differentiating magmatic system, replenished several times with isotopically distinct magmas of deepprovenance. Chemical and isotopic variations highlight that the pre-MEGT eruptions were fed by trachytic/phonolitic magmas from an isotopically zoned reservoir that were poorly enriched in radiogenic Sr and became progressively less radiogenic with time. Just prior to the MEGT eruption, the magmatic system was recharged by an isotopically distinct magma, relatively more enriched in radiogenic Sr with respect to the previously erupted magmas. This second magma initially fed several SubPlinian explosive eruptions and later supplied the climactic, phonolitic-to-trachytic MEGT eruption(s). Isotopic data, together with erupted volume estimations obtained for MEGT eruption(s), indicate that 〉5–10 km3of this relatively enriched magma had accumulated in the Ischia plumbing system. Geochemical modelling indicates that it accumulated at shallow depths (4–6 km), over a period of ca. 20 ka. After the MEGT eruption, volcanic activity was fed by a new batch of less differentiated (trachyte-latite) magma that was slightly less enriched in radiogenic Sr. The geochemical and Sr–Nd-isotopic variations through time reflect the upward flux of isotopically distinct magma batches, variably contaminated byHercynian crust at 8–12 km depth. The deep-sourced latitic to trachytic magmas stalled at shallow depths (4–6 km depth), differentiated to phonolite through crystal fractionation and assimilation of a feldspar-rich mush, or ascended directly to the surface and erupted.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1035

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: During the past millennia, several eruptions have occurred within the La Fossa caldera on the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), some being also described in historical documents dating back to Republican Roman times (first to second century BC). The absolute and relative timing of such activity, however, has remained poorly defined and controversial, due to contrasting ages provided by radiometric and unconventional palaeomagnetic methods. Here, we present a detailed recon- struction of the eruptive history focused on the ninth to fifteenth century AD period that occurred at both La Fossa cone and Vulcanello. This integrated approach involves tephrostratigraphy, standard palaeomagnetic methodology and radiocarbon dating. The new dataset confirms that the lavas exposed above sea level at Vulcanello were erupted between the tenth and eleventh century AD, and not between the first and second century BC as previously suggested. In this same time interval, La Fossa cone was characterized by long-lasting, shoshonitic, explosive activity followed by a discrete, sustained, rhyolitic explosive eruption. Between AD 1050 and 1300, activity was focused only on La Fossa cone, with alternating explosive and effusive eruptions that emplaced four rhyolitic and trachytic lava flows, resulting in significant growth of the cone. After the violent, phreatic event of the Breccia di Commenda (thirteenth century), the eruption continued with a substantial, long- lasting emission of fine ash until activity ceased. Magmatic explosive activity resumed at La Fossa cone at the beginning of the fifteenth century marking the onset of the Gran Cratere cycle. This phase lasted until the mid-sixteenth century and produced at least seven explosive eruptions of intermediate magma composition and a couple of lateral explosions (Forgia Vecchia I and II). During this time interval, a third cinder cone was emplaced at Vulcanello, and the activity produced the lava flows of Punta del Roveto and Valle dei Mostri. From the seventeenth to twentieth centuries, volcanic activity was concentrated at La Fossa cone, where it ended in 1890. This work confirms that Vulcanello island formed in Medieval times between the tenth and eleventh centuries. Moreover, between the tenth and mid-sixteenth centuries, La Fossa caldera was the site of at least 19 eruptions with an average eruption rate of one event every 34 years. This rate makes volcanic hazard at Vulcano higher than that suggested to date.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 12

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This book outlines the current development of geoethical thinking, proposing to the general public reflections and categories useful for understanding the ethical, cultural, and societal dimensions of anthropogenic global changes. Geoethics identifies and orients responsible behaviors and actions in the management of natural processes, redefining the human interaction with the Earth system based on a critical, scientifically grounded, and pragmatic approach. Solid scientific knowledge and a philosophical reference framework are crucial to face the current ecological disruption. The scientific perspective must be structured to help different human contexts while respecting social and cultural diversity. It is impossible to respond to global problems with disconnected local actions, which cannot be proposed as standard and effective operational models. Geoethics tries to overcome this fragmentation, presenting Earth sciences as the foundation of responsible human action toward the planet. Geoethics is conceived as a rational and multidisciplinary language that can bind and concretely support the international community, engaged in resolving global environmental imbalances and complex challenges, which have no national, cultural, or religious boundaries that require shared governance. Geoethics is proposed as a new reading key to rethinking the Earth as a system of complex relationships, in which the human being is an integral part of natural interactions.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: In recent years, new approaches for developing earthquake rupture forecasts (ERFs) have been proposed to be used as an input for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). Zone- based approaches with seismicity rates derived from earthquake catalogs are commonly used in many countries as the standard for national seismic hazard models. In Italy, a single zone- based ERF is currently the basis for the official seismic hazard model. In this contribution, we present eleven new ERFs, including five zone-based, two smoothed seismicity-based, two fault- based, and two geodetic-based, used for a new PSH model in Italy. The ERFs were tested against observed seismicity and were subject to an elicitation procedure by a panel of PSHA experts to verify the scientific robustness and consistency of the forecasts with respect to the observations. Tests and elicitation were finalized to weight the ERFs. The results show a good response to the new inputs to observed seismicity in the last few centuries. The entire approach was a first attempt to build a community-based set of ERFs for an Italian PSHA model. The project involved a large number of seismic hazard practitioners, with their knowledge and experience, and the development of different models to capture and explore a large range of epistemic uncertainties in building ERFs, and represents an important step forward for the new national seismic hazard model.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE220

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Carroll, E. L., Ott, P. H., McMillan, L. F., Galletti Vernazzani, B., Neveceralova, P., Vermeulen, E., Gaggiotti, O. E., Andriolo, A., Baker, C. S., Bamford, C., Best, P., Cabrera, E., Calderan, S., Chirife, A., Fewster, R. M., Flores, P. A. C., Frasier, T., Freitas, T. R. O., Groch, K., Hulva, P., Kennedy, A., Leaper, R., Leslie, M. S., Moore, M., Oliveira, L., Seger, J., Stepien, E. N., Valenzuela, L. O., Zerbini, A., & Jackson, J. A. Genetic diversity and connectivity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) found in the Brazil and Chile-Peru wintering grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) feeding ground. Journal of Heredity, 111(3), (2020): 263-276, doi:10.1093/jhered/esaa010.

Beschreibung: As species recover from exploitation, continued assessments of connectivity and population structure are warranted to provide information for conservation and management. This is particularly true in species with high dispersal capacity, such as migratory whales, where patterns of connectivity could change rapidly. Here we build on a previous long-term, large-scale collaboration on southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to combine new (nnew) and published (npub) mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite genetic data from all major wintering grounds and, uniquely, the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur: SG) feeding grounds. Specifically, we include data from Argentina (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 208/46), Brazil (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 50/50), South Africa (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 66/77, npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 350/47), Chile–Peru (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 1/1), the Indo-Pacific (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 769/126), and SG (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 8/0, nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 3/11) to investigate the position of previously unstudied habitats in the migratory network: Brazil, SG, and Chile–Peru. These new genetic data show connectivity between Brazil and Argentina, exemplified by weak genetic differentiation and the movement of 1 genetically identified individual between the South American grounds. The single sample from Chile–Peru had an mtDNA haplotype previously only observed in the Indo-Pacific and had a nuclear genotype that appeared admixed between the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic, based on genetic clustering and assignment algorithms. The SG samples were clearly South Atlantic and were more similar to the South American than the South African wintering grounds. This study highlights how international collaborations are critical to provide context for emerging or recovering regions, like the SG feeding ground, as well as those that remain critically endangered, such as Chile–Peru.

Beschreibung: This work was supported by the EU BEST 2.0 medium grant 1594 and UK DARWIN PLUS grant 057 and additional funding from the World Wildlife Fund GB107301. The collection of the Chile–Peru sample was supported by the Global Greengrants Fund and the Pacific Whale Foundation. The collection of the Brazilian samples was supported through grants by the Brazilian National Research Council to Paulo H. Ott (CNPq proc. n° 144064/98-7) and Paulo A.C. Flores (CNPq proc. n° 146609/1999-9) and with support from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF-Brazil). The collection of the South African samples was supported by the Global Greengrants Fund, the Pacific Whale Foundation and Charles University Grant Agency (1140217). E.L.C. was partially supported by a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand. This study forms part of the Ecosystems component of the British Antarctic Survey Polar Sciences for Planet Earth Programme, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council.

Beschreibung: The availability of computer tools able to describe the behavior of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) with uncertainty quantification is of primary importance for the assessment of volcanic hazard. A common strategy to assess the intrinsic variability of these phenomena is based on the analysis of large sets of numerical simulations with variable input parameters. The use of models fast enough to allow for a large number of simulations, such as the so-called kinetic energy models, is thus advantageous. Due to the sensitivity of kinetic energy models to poorly constrained input parameters, the definition of their variation ranges is a critical step in the construction of hazard maps and a numerical calibration becomes necessary. We present a set of reproducible and structured calibration procedures of numerical models based either on a reference deposit or on the distribution of runout distance or inundation area of documented PDCs. In the first case, various metrics can be adopted to compare the model results with the reference PDC deposit (root mean square distance, Hausdorff distance, and Jaccard index), facilitating the development of scenario-based hazard assessments. Calibrations based on the distribution of runout distance or inundation area allow the construction of probabilistic hazard maps that are not conditioned on the occurrence of a specific scenario, but rather reflect the variability of the documented PDCs during the time window considered. Importantly, our calibration strategies allow one to set the input parameters considering their potential statistical dependence. These procedures have been implemented on the user-friendly versions of two kinetic energy models: ECMapProb 2.0 and BoxMapProb 2.0, whose functionalities are presented for the first time in this paper. The different calibration strategies and the functionalities of the two programs are illustrated by considering three case studies: El Misti (Peru), Merapi (Indonesia), and Campi Flegrei (Italy).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 29

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In this work, we assess ground shaking in the wider Zagreb area by computing simulated seismograms at regional distances. For the purposes of the simulations, we assemble the 3D velocity and density model and test its performance. First, we compare the low-frequency simulations obtained using deterministic method for both new 3D model and a simple 1D model. We then continue the performance test by computing the full broadband seismo- grams. To do that, we apply the hybrid technique in which the low frequency (f〈1 Hz) and high frequency (f=1–10 Hz) seismograms are obtained separately using deterministic and stochastic method, respectively, and then reconciled into a single time series. We apply this method to the MW=5.3 event and four smaller (3.0〈MW〈5.0) events that occurred in the studied region. We compare simulated data with the recorded seismograms and vali- date our results by calculating the goodness of fit score for peak ground velocity and shak- ing duration. Next, to improve the understanding of the strong ground motion in this area, we simulate seismic shaking scenarios for the 1880, MW = 6.2 earthquake. From computed low-frequency waveforms, we generate shakemaps and compare the ground-motion fea- tures of the two possible sources of this event, Kašina fault and North Medvednica fault. We conduct a preliminary study to determine which fault is a more probable source of the 1880 historic event by comparing the peak ground velocities and Arias intensity with the observed intensities.

Beschreibung: Croatian Science Foundation under the Project No. IP-2020-02-3960 European Commission, H2020 Excel- lence Science [ChEESE (Grant No. 823844)]

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 167–192

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Geomorphological investigations in Rome’s river valley are revealing the dynamism of the prehistoric landscape. It is becoming increasingly apparent that paleogeographic conditions that defined Rome in the historical era are the product of changes since the Bronze Age, which may be the result of local fault activity in addition to fluvial dynamism. Through a dedicated borehole chronostratigraphic study, integrated by 14C and archaeological dates, and paleomagnetic investigations, we offer here new evidence for fault displacement since ca. 4500 years/BP. We present the failure of the sedimentary fabric of a clay horizon caused by liquefaction processes commonly linked with seismic shaking, interpreting an (ca. 4 m) offset to signify the existence of a fault line located at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. In addition, we show evidence for another (ca. 1 m) offset affecting a stratigraphic horizon in the river channel, occurring along another hypothesized fault line crossing through the Tiber Valley. Movement along this fault may have contributed to a documented phase of fast overflooding dated to the sixth century BCE which eventually led to the birth of the Tiber Island. The most plausible scenario implies progressive deformation, with an average tectonic rate of 2 mm/year, along these inferred fault lines. This process was likely punctuated with moderate earthquakes, but no large event necessarily occurred. Together, the available evidence suggests that during the early centuries of sedentary habitation at the site of Rome, active fault lines contributed to significant changes to the Tiber River valley, capable of challenging lowland activities.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 359–378

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In November 2019, the fourth meeting on Volcano Observatory Best Practices workshop was held in Mexico City as a series of talks, discussions, and panels. Volcanologists from around the world offered suggestions for ways to optimize volcano-observatory crisis operations. By crisis, we mean unrest that may or may not lead to eruption, the eruption itself, or its aftermath, all of which require analysis and communications by the observatory. During a crisis, the priority of the observatory should be to acquire, process, analyze, and interpret data in a timely manner. A primary goal is to communicate effectively with the authorities in charge of civil protection. Crisis operations should rely upon exhaustive planning in the years prior to any actual unrest or eruptions. Ideally, nearly everything that observatories do during a crisis should be envisioned, prepared, and practiced prior to the actual event. Pre-existing agreements and exercises with academic and government collaborators will minimize confusion about roles and responsibilities. In the situation where planning is unfinished, observatories should prioritize close ties and communications with the land and civil-defense authorities near the most threatening volcanoes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content (OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ (1 zetta J = 1021 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by 16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming is observed but with distinct inter-annual to decadal variability. Four out of seven domains showed record-high heat content in 2021. The anomalous global and regional ocean warming established in this study should be incorporated into climate risk assessments, adaptation, and mitigation.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 373–385

Beschreibung: 4A. Oceanografia e clima

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Beschreibung: In a recent study (Jozinovi\'c et al, 2020) we showed that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to network seismic traces can be used for rapid prediction of earthquake peak ground motion intensity measures (IMs) at distant stations using only recordings from stations near the epicenter. The predictions are made without any previous knowledge concerning the earthquake location and magnitude. This approach differs from the standard procedure adopted by earthquake early warning systems (EEWSs) that rely on location and magnitude information. In the previous study, we used 10 s, raw, multistation waveforms for the 2016 earthquake sequence in central Italy for 915 events (CI dataset). The CI dataset has a large number of spatially concentrated earthquakes and a dense station network. In this work, we applied the CNN model to an area around the VIRGO gravitational waves observatory sited near Pisa, Italy. In our initial application of the technique, we used a dataset consisting of 266 earthquakes recorded by 39 stations. We found that the CNN model trained using this smaller dataset performed worse compared to the results presented in the original study by Jozinovi\'c et al. (2020). To counter the lack of data, we adopted transfer learning (TL) using two approaches: first, by using a pre-trained model built on the CI dataset and, next, by using a pre-trained model built on a different (seismological) problem that has a larger dataset available for training. We show that the use of TL improves the results in terms of outliers, bias, and variability of the residuals between predicted and true IMs values. We also demonstrate that adding knowledge of station positions as an additional layer in the neural network improves the results. The possible use for EEW is demonstrated by the times for the warnings that would be received at the station PII.

Beschreibung: RISE (Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement No.821115)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 704–718

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-36

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Physics of earthquake source can be investigated by monitoring active faults from borehole observatory in reservoirs (Maxwell et al. 2010) or by interpretation of seismic waves at the earth’s surface (Shearer 2019). Indeed, most information on earthquake mechanics is retrieved from seismology (e.g., Lee et al. 2002). However, the low resolution of these indirect techniques (cm to km scale) yields limited information on the physical and chemical deformation mechanisms active during earthquake rupture nucleation and propagation (Kanamori and Anderson 1975). Experimental studies of frictional instabilities on fault gouge material or pre-existing surfaces (e.g., Brace and Byerlee 1966) may overcome those limitations (Scholz 1998; Marone 1998; Persson 2013). For instance, friction controls earthquake nucleation and propagation, the static and dynamic stress drops, the frictional heat generated during slip, and consequently the energy budget of earthquakes (Scholz 2019; Di Toro et al. 2011). All these processes can be investigated and monitored through laboratory experiments. In the last decades, rock friction properties have long been investigated using triaxial apparatuses in saw-cut configuration (e.g., Jaeger 1959; Byerlee 1967; Handin 1969), in which the fault is loaded at low velocities, typically orders of µm/s, and accumulates small displacements, typically few mm. In a seminal paper, Brace and Byerlee (1966) suggested that the stick–slip phenomenon observed in these rock friction experiments is analogous to natural earthquakes. Furthermore, to address the problem of earthquakes nucleation, biaxial apparatuses were developed and have long been used to study frictional properties of experimental faults under sub-seismic slip velocities in double-direct shear configuration (e.g., Dieterich 1972; Mair et al. 2002; Collettini et al. 2014; Giorgetti et al. 2015). The biaxial apparatus developed at USGS (USA) is amongst the first biaxial apparatuses used to investigate rock frictional properties (e.g., Dieterich 1972). Other pioneering biaxial apparatuses are the one in the Rock and Sediment Mechanics Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University (USA) (e.g., Mair et al. 2002) and BRAVA (Brittle Rock deformAtion Versatile Apparatus) installed at INGV in Rome (Italy) (Collettini et al. 2014). Although the biaxial apparatuses developed in the past 50 years are characterized by different boundary conditions in terms of forces, pressures, temperatures and size of the samples, all of them take advantages from the double-direct shear configuration that allows good control of the normal and shear forces acting of the fault, accurate measurements of fault slip and dilation/compaction, and constant contact area. Friction studies conducted with triaxial and biaxial deformation apparatuses are characterized by sub-seismic slip velocities and a limited amount of slip, 〈 10–3 m/s and few cm, respectively (e.g., Jaeger 1959; Byerlee 1967,1978; Brace and Byerlee 1966; Handin 1969; Paterson and Wong 2005; Lockner and Beeler 2002; Mair et al. 2002; Savage and Marone 2007; Samuelson et al. 2009; Carpenter et al. 2016). These experiments showed that the apparent static friction coefficient μ (i.e., μ = τ/σneff, where τ is the shear stress and σneff the effective normal stress acting on the fault) is between 0.60 and 0.85 for most rocks (Byerlee’s rule; except for phyllosilicates-rich rocks [Byerlee 1978]), for normal stresses up to 2 GPa, and temperatures up to 780 K. The apparent friction can thus be expressed as a function of slip velocity and a state variable, and modelled with the empirical rate- and state-dependent friction law (Dieterich 1979; Ruina 1983). Additionally, at velocities typical of earthquake nucleation phase, the apparent friction varies only a few percents for small changes in slip velocity, determining if a fault is or not prone to nucleate earthquakes. Although Byerlee’s rule and the rate-and-state law have many applications in earthquake mechanics (inter-seismic and nucleation phase of earthquakes), these experiments were performed at slip velocities and displacements orders of magnitude smaller than those of earthquakes. Therefore, these experiments are unable to characterize the propagation phase of earthquakes. In the last 15 years, the multiplication of the rotary shear apparatus, designed to achieve slip velocities higher than 1 m/s and infinite displacement, overcome those limitations and produced unexpected results (Di Toro et al. 2010). A pioneering rotary shear apparatus capable of achieving seismic slip velocities up to 1.3 m/s were built and installed in Japan (Shimamoto 1994). Amongst others (see Di Toro et al. 2010 and references therein), a state-of-art rotary shear apparatus (SHIVA, Slow to High-Velocity Shear Apparatus) capable of deforming samples at slip rates up to 9 m/s has been installed at INGV in Rome (Italy) (Di Toro et al. 2010). Studies performed with these rotary shear apparatuses have shown a significant decrease in fault strength with increasing slip and slip velocity. They also reveal various dynamic fault‐weakening mechanisms (frictional melting, thermal pressurization, silica gel, elastohydrodynamic lubrication) that are likely active during earthquakes, including mechanisms that were unknown before conducting these experiments. Though this new frontier is promising, key aspects of earthquake mechanics laboratory investigation, like being able to conduct high slip velocity experiments on rocks under elevated pore fluid pressure and temperatures characteristic of natural and induced earthquakes, remain beyond current experimental capabilities. Furthermore, studying links between pore‐fluid pressure, permeability, and frictional properties remains a challenge. To date, very few high-velocity friction experiments have been performed in presence of pore fluid pressure (Tanikawa 2012a, b, 2014; Violay et al. 2014, 2015, 2019; Cornelio et al. 2019a, b). In this paper, we present a new state-of-art apparatus combining the advantages of biaxial apparatuses, i.e., simple geometry, high normal forces, confining pressure and pore fluid pressure, and the advantages of the rotary shear apparatuses, i.e. high slip velocity implemented thanks to the presence of electromagnetic motors. Building on the design of recent low-velocity biaxial machines implemented with pressure vessels (Samuelson et al. 2009; Collettini et al. 2014) and implementing the system with powerful linear motors (Di Toro et al. 2010), the new HighSTEPS (High Strain TEmperature Pressure Speed) apparatus is able to reproduce the deformation conditions typical of the seismogenic crust, i.e., confining pressure up to 100 MPa, slip velocity from 10–5 to 0.25 m/s, temperature up to 120 °C, pore pressure up to 100 MPa. Under these unique boundary conditions, the new apparatus allows the investigation of the entire seismic cycle (inter-seismic, nucleation and propagation).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2039–2052

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This special issue of “Annals of Geophysics” concerns the dissemination of knowledge on the prevention of damage mainly due to non-structural elements during earthquakes and its practical application at houses, schools and offices by common citizens, companies and institutions. The seismic capacity of buildings and other civil engineering structures and infrastructures are object of regulations for design and construction, and in some cases also the design, fabrication and mounting of electrical and mechanical equipments. Consequently, even in strong earthquakes many collapses of buildings and infrastructures are avoided. However, with few exceptions, design procedures do not aim at avoiding seismic vibrations from being transferred to the structures, but enable the structures to resist to the effects of those vibrations

Beschreibung: European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE331

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Encouraging property owners and individuals to adopt mitigation measures to improve the resilience of their buildings and equipments to seismic hazard has been a major challenge in many earthquake- prone countries. Few business leaders are aware of the fragility of their supply chains or other critical systems due to earthquake hazard. Bridging the gap between research production and research use is another crucial challenge for the earthquake risk research process. The KnowRISK project outcome is aimed at encouraging the proactive engagement of multi- stakeholders (community at large, schools, business community and local govern-ment groups) undertaking non-structural mitigation measures that will minimize earthquake losses to individuals and communities. Engaging stakeholders, taking into account their needs and inputs to maintain critical and urgent business activities, can contribute to the research findings and ensure that our data collection is thorough and complete. Engagement with stakeholders, during the whole process can lead to improved outcomes and for the development of viable solutions, for business and society, because of stakeholder’s role and influence within the organizations.

Beschreibung: European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE324

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Endemic Antarctic macroalgae are especially adapted to live in extreme Antarctic conditions. Their potential biogeographic distribution niche is primarily controlled by the photoperiodic regime and seawater temperatures, since these parameters regulate growth, reproduction, and survival during the entire life cycle. Here we analyzed the upper survival temperature (UST) of juvenile sporophytes and the temperature range for sporophyte formation from gametophytes of Desmarestia menziesii, one of the dominant endemic Antarctic brown algal species. This process is a missing link to better evaluate the full biogeographical niche of this species. Two laboratory experiments were conducted. First, growth and maximum quantum yield of juvenile sporophytes were analyzed under a temperature gradient (0, 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 °C) in a 16:8 h light:dark (LD) regime (Antarctic spring condition) for 2 weeks. Second, the formation of sporophytes from gametophytes (as a proxy of gametophyte reproduction) was evaluated during a 7 weeks period under a temperature gradient (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C), and two different photoperiods: 6:18 h LD regime simulating winter conditions and a light regime simulating the Antarctic shift from winter to spring by gradually increasing the light period from 7.5:16.5 h LD (late winter) to 18.5:5.5 h LD (late spring). Sporophytes of D. menziesii were able to grow and survive up to 14 °C for 2 weeks without visible signs of morphological damage. Thus, this species shows the highest UST of all endemic Antarctic Desmarestiales species. In turn, gametophyte reproduction solely took place at 0 °C but not at 4–8 °C. The number of emerging sporophytes was six times higher under the light regime simulating the transition from winter to spring than under constant short day winter conditions. There was a negative relationship between the number of sporophytes formed and the gametophyte density at the beginning of the experiment, which provides evidence that gametophyte density exerts some control upon reproduction in D. menziesii. Results strongly indicate that although sporophytes and gametophytes may survive in warmer temperatures, the northernmost distribution limit of D. menziesii in South Georgia Islands is set by the low temperature requirements for gametophyte reproduction. Hence, global warming could have an impact on the distribution of this and other Antarctic species, by influencing their growth and reproduction.

Beschreibung: On 30 October 2020 a MW 7.0 earthquake occurred in the eastern Aegean Sea, between the Greek island of Samos and Turkey’s Aegean coast, causing considerable seismic damage and deaths, especially in the Turkish city of Izmir, approximately 70 km from the epicenter. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the Samos earthquake, starting from the fault rupture to the ground motion characteristics. We first use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) data to constrain the source mechanisms. Then, we utilize this information to analyze the ground motion characteristics of the mainshock in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and spectral pseudo-accelerations. Modelling of geodetic data shows that the Samos earthquake ruptured a NNE-dipping normal fault located offshore north of Samos, with up to 2.5-3 m of slip and an estimated geodetic moment of 3.3 ⨯ 1019 Nm (MW 7.0). Although low PGA were induced by the earthquake, the ground shaking was strongly amplified in Izmir throughout the alluvial sediments. Structural damage observed in Izmir reveals the potential of seismic risk due to the local site effects. To better understand the earthquake characteristics, we generated and compared stochastic strong ground motions with the observed ground motion parameters as well as the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), exploring also the efficacy of the region-specific parameters which may be used to better predict the expected ground shaking from future large earthquakes in the region.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 4745–4771

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), China’s first satellite to measure geophysical fields with scientific goals in both space and solid earth physics, was launched successfully in February 2018. It carries high-precision magnetometers to measure the geomagnetic field. In this study, the CSES magnetic data were used to extract the signal of the lithospheric magnetic field caused by magnetized rocks in the crust and uppermost mantle. First, an along-track analysis of the CSES magnetic data was undertaken near the Bangui magnetic anomaly in central Africa and the Tarim magnetic anomaly in China, demonstrating that the CSES magnetic data are indeed sensitive to the lithospheric magnetic anomaly field. Then a lithospheric magnetic anomaly map over China and surrounding regions was derived. This map is consistent with the lithospheric part of the CHAOS-7 model. In particular, it clearly reveals four major magnetic anomalies containing long-wavelength signals at the altitude of Low-Earth-Orbiting satellites. Three magnetic highs are located over the Tarim, Sichuan and Songliao basin, the origins of which could be related to large-scale tectonic-magmatic activities during geological history. A prominent magnetic low is otherwise found in the southern Himalayan-Tibetan plateau, possibly caused by the shallow Curie depth in this region. To further improve the precision of the lithospheric magnetic field model, more detailed data processing and multi-source data merging are needed.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1118–1126

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The focus of this study is the analysis of a cave in Central Italy, the Beatrice Cenci cave, in order topoint out and constrain evidence of possible past earthquakes and of fault activity in the area. Weperformed a survey of seismic related damages within the cave. This included the analysis ofbroken/collapsed speleothems, the recognition of structural collapse, of tilting/growth alteration inthe speleothems, and the mapping of fractures, joints and/or faults. To timely set the occurrence ofthe recognized damage, organic sediments were dated with 14C radiocarbon method. The resultsmerged toward the recognition of two distinct seismic shaking events affecting the caveenvironment, one older than 30 kyr and another around 7 kyr. The deformation observed withinthe cave led us to the hypothesis that the events of damage were possibly linked to the activity ofthe regional tectonic lineament that crosses the cave, i.e., the Liri normal fault. The morphology andthe evolution of the cave appear controlled by the fault zone. These speleoseismological resultsprovided a new contribution on the knowledge of the past activity of the Liri fault and on theearthquake history of this sector of Central Apennines.

Beschreibung: INGV

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE435

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Porous carbons are materials of wide application and their request is more and more increasing in the last years: Properly designed synthesis is presently available for the preparation of materials to be used in several fields (e.g.: adsorption, molecular separation, and catalysis). The characterization of the porous carbons is usually carried out using different techniques such as thermogravimetric analyses, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, etc. In this work, the micro-Raman technique is adopted in combination with N2 physisorption at 77 K to monitor how the synthetic approach influences the presence of either amorphous or ordered regions in porous carbons. The typical D and G Raman bands of activated carbons have been carefully deconvoluted in six different components by a fitting procedure, and the determined R1 = ID1/IG ratio correlated to their specific surface area.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 419–431

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The aim of this study is to improve our knowledge of the attenuation structure in the Southern Apennines using a new amplitude ratio tomography method (Phillips et al., Geophys Res Lett 32(21): L21301, 2005) applied on both direct and coda envelope measurements derived from 150 events recorded by 47 stations of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale Centralizzata). The twodimensional (2-D) analysis allows us to take into account lateral crustal variations and heterogeneities of this region. Using the same event and station distribution, we also applied a simple 1-D methodology, and the performance of the 1-D and 2-D path assumptions is tested by comparing the average interstation variance for the path-corrected amplitudes using coda and direct waves. In general, coda measurement results are more stable than using direct waves when the same methodology is applied. Using the 2-D approach, we observe more stable results for both waves. However, the improvement is quite small, probably because the crustal heterogeneity is weak. This means that, for this region, the 1-D path assumption is a good approximation of the attenuation characteristics of the region. A comparison between Q tomography images obtained using direct and coda amplitudes shows similar results, consistent with the geology of the region. In fact, we observe low Q along the Apennine chain toward the Tyrrhenian Sea and higher values to the east, in correspondence with the Gargano zone that is related to the Apulia Carbonate Platform. Finally, we compared our results with the coda Q values proposed by Bianco et al. (Geophys J Int 150:10–22, 2002) for the same region. The good agreement validates our results as the authors used a completely independent methodology.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 355–365

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Il presente lavoro raccoglie alcune esperienze di Progetti di Alternanza Scuola Lavoro (d’ora in poi ASL) realizzati dall’INGV negli anni scolastici dal 2015 al 2019 e dedicati al rischio sismico, alle scienze polari ed agli strumenti per la divulgazione scientifica. Le esperienze descrivono il lavoro realizzato da un gruppo di ricercatori INGV con competenze in diversi ambiti disciplinari (sismologia, geologia, vulcanologia fisica dell’atmosfera, psicologia) e in alcuni casi le attività sono state svolte in collaborazione con ricercatori di altri enti. Il gruppo di lavoro è composto da ricercatori che da molti anni dedicano parte del loro tempo-lavoro alle attività di divulgazione scientifica, ai progetti educativi, alla didattica della scienza. In una parola a quella che oggi rappresenta, per gli enti di ricerca, la “Terza missione”, ovvero l’insieme di tutte le attività finalizzate a creare una connessione bidirezionale tra il mondo della ricerca e la società. Ciò che ha caratterizzato l’approccio dei ricercatori INGV ai progetti ASL, sia nella fase di progettazione che di realizzazione, è la finalità di consentire agli studenti di vivere un’esperienza reale ed immersiva in un contesto di lavoro. E quindi l’opportunità di sperimentare capacità e abilità che caratterizzano il contesto organizzativo (diritti, doveri, responsabilità, impegni, regole), diversamente dal mondo della scuola. Il secondo aspetto al quale ci si è riferiti nella realizzazione dei progetti è quello di consentire agli studenti di esplorare, in particolare il contesto delle attività lavorative connesse al mondo della ricerca. Da questo punto di vista gli studenti hanno potuto acquisire conoscenze in ambiti tematici specifici, hanno avuto modo di sperimentare metodi e tecniche proprie del mondo della ricerca e di acquisire capacità e abilità trasversali come il lavoro in gruppo. Il contributo è organizzato in tre capitoli in relazione ai temi affrontati nei progetti. Nel primo sono riportate le schede dei tre progetti dedicate al tema Terremoto; nel secondo vengono descritti i due progetti dedicati alla Divulgazione Scientifica e nel terzo un progetto sulle Scienze Polari. Per rendere maggiormente fruibile la lettura, ogni progetto viene descritto attraverso una scheda sintetica che evidenza le caratteristiche principali: titolo, referenti INGV, studenti partecipanti, periodo, descrizione delle attività, obiettivi e considerazioni sull’esperienza. Nel capitolo conclusivo viene proposto un bilancio delle esperienze realizzate, evidenziando punti di forza e aree di miglioramento dei progetti, con la finalità di condividere suggerimenti ed idee per tracciare percorsi formativi maggiormente efficaci nel futuro.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 119-131

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: “Move, protect, secure” were the three key points that the KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project posed at the core of its communication and dissemination strategy. This three key points enable each person, professional or not, to reduce non-structural damage caused by earthquakes. Dissemination is usually the last but never the least step of a communication plan, and indeed it played a crucial role in KnowRISK project for conveying the three key-point message to the widest audience. Standard dissemination activities, such as open-door events, and internet allowed us to achieve a wide spreading of ideas and best practices, reaching more than 4,000 non-professionals and almost 50,000 page views of the KnowRISK project website (in three years), respectively. As communication was recipient-targeted, the dissemination task of the project was addressed to professionals, layman, and schools. In particular, schools were chosen in order to profit from the chain-reaction action that is capable to spread a message from students to the surrounding environment.

Beschreibung: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection through the European project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements; Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE328

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: We present the commented transcription of three rare articles published in 19091910 by Father Atto Maccioni o.f.m. This friar is one of the least known among the many ecclesiastics who cultivated seismology from the 18th century onwards. Maccioni, from 1908 to 1926, managed a seismic observatory at the Sienese convent of the Osservanza. He devised an “Avvisatore”: a device equipped with a modified coherer with respect to those adopted in radiotelegraphic communications, aimed to detect natural radio signals associated with earthquakes. From the few available results it seems that the scholar obtained positive feedback, but the most interesting aspect of the story is that until now it was generally believed that this kind of research began only quite recently [Warwick, 1982]. On the contrary Maccioni may have been the first ever to study a possible electromagnetic precursor, more than a century ago.

Beschreibung: Presentiamo la trascrizione commentata di tre rari articoli pubblicati nel 19091910 da padre Atto Maccioni o.f.m., uno dei meno noti tra i tanti ecclesiastici che si sono occupati di sismologia dal XVIII secolo in poi. Maccioni, che dal 1908 al 1926 gestì un osservatorio sismico presso il convento senese dell’Osservanza, aveva ideato l’Avvisatore, un dispositivo munito di un coherer diverso da quelli radiotelegrafici e destinato a rilevare segnali radio naturali associati ai terremoti. Dai pochi risultati disponibili sembra che lo studioso abbia avuto dei riscontri positivi ma l’aspetto più interessante della vicenda è che finora si era creduto che ricerche di questo tipo fossero iniziate solo molto di recente [Warwick, 1982]. Invece Maccioni potrebbe essere stato il primo al mondo a studiare, più di un secolo fa, un ipotetico precursore elettromagnetico.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-32

Beschreibung: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: The petrological study of volcanic products emitted during the paroxysmal events of December 2015 from the summit craters of Mount Etna allow us to constrain T-P-XH2O phase stability, crystallization conditions, and mixing processes along the main open-conduit feeding system. In this study, we discuss new geochemical, thermo-barometric data and related Rhyolite- MELTS modelling of the eruptive activity that involved the concomitant activation of all summit craters. The results, in comparison with the previous paroxysmal events of the 2011–2012, reinforce the model of a vertically extended feeding system and highlight that the activity at the New South-East Crater was fed by magma residing at a significantly shallower depth with respect to the Central Craters (CC) and North-East Crater (NEC), even if all conduits were fed by a common deep (P = 530–440 MPa) basic magmatic input. Plagioclase dissolution, resorption textures, and the Rhyolite-MELTS stability model corroborate its dependence on H2O content; thus, suggesting that further studies on the effect that flushing from fluids with different H2O/ CO2 ratio are needed to understand the eruption-triggering mechanisms for high energetic strombolian paroxysmal episodes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 88

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Validation and benchmarking of pyroclastic current (PC) models is required to evaluate their performance and their reliability for hazard assessment. Here, we present results of a benchmarking initiative built to evaluate four models commonly used to assess concentrated PC hazard: SHALTOP, TITAN2D, VolcFlow, and IMEX_SfloW2D. The benchmark focuses on the simulation of channelized flows with similar source conditions over five different synthetic channel geometries: (1) a flat incline plane, (2) a channel with a sharp 45° bend, (3) a straight channel with a break-in-slope, (4) a straight channel with an obstacle, and (5) a straight channel with a constriction. Several outputs from 60 simulations using three different initial volume fluxes were investigated to evaluate the performance of the four models when simulating valley-confined PC kinematics, including overflows induced by topographic changes. Quantification of the differences obtained between model outputs at t = 100 s allowed us to identify (1) issues with the Voellmy-Salm implementation of TITAN2D and (2) small discrepancies between the three other codes that are either due to various curvature and velocity formulations and/or numerical frameworks. Benchmark results were also in agreement with field observations of natural PCs: a sudden change in channel geometries combined with a high-volume flux is key to generate overflows. The synthetic benchmarks proved to be useful for evaluating model performance, needed for PC hazard assessment. The overarching goal is to provide an interpretation framework for volcanic mass flow hazard assessment studies to the geoscience community.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 75

Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: La Cromatografia Ionica (IC) è diventata una delle tecniche analitiche più utilizzate nella determinazione degli anioni (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-) e dei cationi (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in soluzioni acquose, anche a basse concentrazioni. Nel Laboratorio dell’INGV Sezione di Palermo questa tecnica viene utilizzata per determinare la composizione chimica di acque naturali (acque sotterranee, termali, meteoriche, marine), di fluidi fumarolici, campionati tramite il metodo delle ampolle di Giggenbach e delle specie acide emesse dai pennacchi vulcanici campionati con trappole alcaline. Ogni anno nel laboratorio vengono analizzati numerosi campioni per scopi di ricerca e monitoraggio geochimico e ambientale. Uno dei principali problemi dell’attività analitica di routine è la valutazione della precisione del dato, definita dall’American Public Health Association [1999], “come la misura del grado di accordo tra analisi replicate di un campione, di solito espresse come deviazione standard”. Tralasciando I problemi di rappresentatività del campione, ci sono diversi fattori che contribuiscono alla precisione, come il pretrattamento del campione, la preparazione e conservazione delle miscele di calibrazione, la ripetibilità delle misure delle aree dei picchi delle miscele di calibrazione e il tipo di calibrazione. In questo lavoro mostriamo la precisione dei cromatografi Dionex ICS-1100 ripetendo più volte l’analisi le miscele di calibrazione durante una singola sessione analitica, e la ripetibilità dello strumento, elaborando I risultati ottenuti analizzando le stesse miscele di calibrazione in differenti sessioni analitiche nell’arco di 12 mesi. Infine, viene determinata l’accuratezza del metodo attraverso l’analisi di un campione certificato. L’accuratezza è la vicinanza tra il valore osservato ed il valore vero, o comunque accettato come tale. I dati riportati in questo rapporto tecnico si riferiscono alle condizioni analitiche per le analisi di routine, con la configurazione strumentale corrente in uso presso questo laboratorio; queste possono essere ottimizzate per altri range di utilizzo a condizione però che vengano eseguite le necessarie verifiche di precisione e accuratezza.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-22

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: A new indirect method of estimating in situ soil air permeability is presented in this technical report. The new method is simply based on the measurement of air pressure (probe pressure) generated by pumping a constant air flux inside a special designed probe inserted into the soil. To calibrate the method, some measurements of the probe pressure were performed in some soils of the island of Vulcano, characterized by different values of the air permeability. Furthermore, technical aspects of a new device for performing continuous acquisition of the air permeability based on the new indirect method, were also described

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-18

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: La determinazione di anioni inorganici nelle acque naturali, sotterranee e superficiali, cosi come nelle acque reflue e potabili, è una delle applicazioni più importanti della cromatografia ionica (IC). Con questa tecnica si possono comunemente determinare i principali anioni inorganici: fluoruro, cloruro, bromuro, nitrato e solfato. Utilizzando specifiche metodologie oltre ai predetti analiti, si può determinare anche il fosfato durante la medesima analisi. La determinazione dei fosfati nelle acque riveste una notevole importanza in considerazione del fatto che il fosfato rappresenta un possibile indice di inquinamento per la presenza di questa sostanza in moltissimi composti chimici, quali: detersivi domestici ed industriali, fertilizzanti ecc. La quantità di fosfati, nelle acque naturali, quando è di origine minerale e non indica inquinamento, raggiunge concentrazioni appena dosabili, mentre concentrazioni elevate e quindi misurabili, sono indice di inquinamento. Il fosfato è uno dei nutrienti di maggiore importanza nelle acque, la sua presenza in concentrazioni consistenti, può essere responsabile di manifestazioni eutrofiche ed ipertrofiche nelle acque superficiali. Data la sua importanza nel condizionare il funzionamento degli ecosistemi acquatici, esso è incluso nella lista dei cosiddetti macrodescrittori utilizzati per definire lo stato chimico delle acque fluviali e lacustri e per valutare, lo stato trofico delle acque. La determinazione del fosfato viene comunemente effettuata utilizzando l’analisi spettrofotometrica dell’eteropoliacido fosfomolibdico formatosi in seguito alla reazione con molibdato in ambiente acido ed in presenza di idoneo riducente. Tuttavia questo, metodo ampliamente utilizzato, consente la determinazione del singolo analita e non consente quindi la caratterizzazione chimica del campione. La cromatografia ionica, invece, presenta il vantaggio di essere una tecnica multi-elementare che consente di determinare in breve tempo tutti i costituenti maggiori disciolti nelle acque. In questo rapporto tecnico viene descritta la determinazione del fosfato e dei costituenti maggiori nelle acque naturali utilizzando, un cromatografo Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS 5000+, equipaggiato con una colonna a scambio anionico “Dionex AS19 4µm”, un generatore di eluente a idrossido di potassio (KOH), un soppressore elettrochimico ed un rivelatore a cella conduttimetrica.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-22

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Il sito delle “Ciampate del diavolo”, sul fianco nord­orientale del vulcano Roccamonfina, è un sito unico al Mondo grazie alle sue peculiarità geologiche ed antropologiche. Il ritrovamento di impronte di hominini al di sopra di un deposito ignimbritico, impresse in nel periodo di maggiore attività del vulcano, dà spazio a numerose questioni circa le condizioni paleoambientali esistenti sul vulcano ed i complessi processi che hanno permesso la formazione e la conservazione delle impronte. La nota dedica particolare attenzione al contesto dell’attività del vulcano ed alle caratteristiche della serie dei Tufi Leucitici Bruni, in quanto le impronte note come “Ciampate del diavolo” sono presenti sulla superficie di una delle unità più alte della sequenza di questi tufi. The “Ciampate del diavolo” geosite is unique in the World due to its geological and anthropological peculiarities. Finding hominin footprints on the ignimbrite deposits of 350,000 years ago, imprinted in the period of greatest activity of the volcano, opens up numerous questions about the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the volcano and the complex processes that allowed the generation and conservation of the footprints. The note pays particular attention to the framing of the volcano's activity and to the features of deposits of the Brown Leucitic Tuff series, as the human fossil footprints known as "Ciampate del Diavolo" are preserved on the surface of one of the highest units in the sequence.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 49-55

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Deciphering magma evolution below ocean basaltic volcanoes is all the more challenging because magma mixing is a common process tending to modify the pristine geochemical diversity during magma ascent. On the western flank of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, transitional basalts have compositions that testify to origins down to the upper mantle and display a widespread geochemical diversity ranging from a tholeiitic affinity to an alkaline one. There, we show that evolved melt inclusions and matrix glasses (MgO 〈 9 wt%) record an alkali enrichment coupled with a Ca/Al ratio decrease, which tracks the effect of clinopyroxene crystallization at the depth of the mantle-crust underplating layer. At this depth and shallower, reverse zoning of olivine crystals, clinopyroxene dissolution, and hybrid melt compositions testify to extensive mixing processes leading to a homogenization of the pristine geochemical footprint of melts upon ascent. Enrichment in incompatible trace elements in some evolved melt inclusions suggests that magma ponding at the depth of the mantle-crust underplating layer favours also assimilation of melts originating from low degrees of partial melting of cumulates (wehrlites, dunites). Conversely, the most primitive melt inclusions documented so far at La Réunion Island (MgO up to 11.2 wt%) better preserve a pristine geochemical variability related to partial melting of a slightly heterogeneous mantle source. We suggest that these slightly distinct source components may mirror the compositions of recent melts from the two closely located Piton de la Fournaise and Piton des Neiges volcanoes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 84

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: We used 1029 earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging from M 3.0 to M 6.5, located in central Apennines, Italy, and recorded by 414 local stations to study the variation of the quality factor QS of shear waves with depth. We first determined average nonparametric attenuation functions in the frequency band from 0.5 to 20 Hz and hypocenter distances less than 155 km to correct the observed acceleration spectra for attenuation effects. Then, we separated source and site effects from the corrected spectral records to determine the changes of QS with depth. We used a 1D local shear-wave velocity model to calculate the travel times of the source-station paths, and we inverted the observed spectra to determine QS in three different depth intervals (0–4 km, 4–10 km and 10–15 km) and five frequencies (0.5, 1, 4, 10 and 20 Hz). We found that QS increases with frequency at all depths considered and tends to have lower values at shallow depths. The average value of QS is consistent with previous studies made in central Italy and can be approximated by QS = 43f0.94. To describe the frequency dependence of QS with depth (H), we determine the following relations: QS = 5.5f1.39, 0.5 ≤ f ≤ 10 Hz and QS = 151.5, f 〉 10 Hz for 0–4 km, QS = 52f0.87 for 4 〈 H 〈 10 km and QS = 51f0.92 for 10 ≤ H ≤ 15 km. We conclude that the Q-depth-dependent model can be useful to improve estimates of source parameters and ground motion prediction in the central Apennines region of Italy.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2059–2075

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Correction to: Natural Hazards https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04675-z

Beschreibung: Correction to: Natural Hazards https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04675-z

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 203

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Physics-based broadband ground-motion simulations are generated for the strong mainshocks that occurred in the region of the Central Ionian Islands, on 26th January 2014 in Kefalonia (Mw6.1) and 17th November 2015 in Lefkas (Mw6.5). The study area is associated with frequent strong earthquakes both in the historical and instrumental eras. During the last decades, the network of strong-motion accelerographs in the area has been densified, and thus provided an adequate number of strong ground-motion records as a means to better examine the related ground-motion characteristics. In the present study, broadband ground motions for the two case studies are simulated both at selected sites and at a dense grid of points covering the affected areas. The low-frequency part of the synthetics is computed using a discrete wavenumber finite element method by convolving Green’s functions with a kinematic slip model in the frequency domain. A stochastic finite fault model approach based on a dynamic corner frequency is considered to calculate the ground motions for the higher frequencies. The broadband synthetic time series are generated after merging the results obtained from the two separate techniques, by performing a weighted summation at intermediate frequencies. The simulated values are validated by comparison with both recorded Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and PeakGround Velocity (PGV) values and the estimated ones by using widely accepted Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). Our results indicate that both the spatial distribution and the amplification pattern of the simulated ground motions, in the near-field, in terms of PGA and PGV are highly influenced by the slip heterogeneity and the maximum slip patches within the seismic source.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3505–3527

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Stromboli is an active, open conduit mafic volcano, whose persistent mild Strombolian activity is occasionally punctuated by much stronger explosions, known as paroxysms. During summer 2019, the volcano unexpectedly produced one such paroxysm on July 3, followed by intense explosive and intermittent effusive activity culminating in a second paroxysm on August 28. Visual observations and the analysis of the fall deposits associated with the two paroxysms allowed us to reconstruct ballistic exit velocities of up to 160 m s−1. Plume heights of ~ 8.4 km and 6.4 km estimated for the two events correspond to mass eruption rates of 1.1 x 10 6 kg s−1 and 3.6 x 105 kg s−1, respectively. This is certainly an underestimate as directional pyroclastic flows into which mass was partitioned immediately formed, triggering small tsunamis at the sea entrance. The mass of ballistic spatters and blocks erupted during the July 3 event formed a continuous cover at the summit of the volcano, with a mass calculated at ~ 1.4 x 10 8 kg. The distribution of fall deposits of both the July 3 and August 28 events suggests that pyroclasts characterized by terminal fall velocities 〈 10–20 m s−1 remained fully suspended within the convective region of the plume and did not fall at distances closer than ca 1700 m to the vent. Based on the impulsive, blast-like phenomenology of paroxysms as well as the deposit distribution and type, paroxysms are classified as basaltic Vulcanian in style. The evolution of the summer 2019 eruptive events was not properly captured within the framework of the alert level system which is focused on tsunamigenic processes, and this is discussed so as to provide elements for the implementation of the reference scenarios and an upgrade of the system to take into account such events. In particular we find that, although still largely unpredictable, at least at operational time scales, and not necessarily tsunamigenic, Vulcanian eruptions and the subsequent evolution of the eruptive phenomena should be considered for the alert level system. This serves as a warning to the implementation of alert systems where the unexpected needs to be taken into account, even at systems that are believed to be relatively “predictable” as is the case at many persistently active, open vent mafic systems.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1

Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This paper reports on experiments devoted to explore the role of specific attributes of humanoid virtual agents that may influence elderly users’ perception and attitude, determining their acceptance and adoption as assistive devices. In particular, it investigates elderly preference on agents’ gender and the role of the agents’ ability to use voice during the interaction. To this aim two different groups of seniors were involved in the experiments. The first group evaluated talking virtual agents, the second one the same virtual agents, but silenced. The data shows that elderly users, independently from their gender, prefer to interact with female agents, especially when they are able to talk to them, revealing the role played by the voice. Furthermore, it was found a significant effect of the elderly level of experience with technology: when interacting with agents with voice, elderly users with high technological experience were less interested and considered the proposed agents less attractive and appealing, while just the opposite occurred when interacting with silenced agents.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 4429–4436

Beschreibung: 5TM. Informazione ed editoria

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Mts. Simbruini karst aquifer feeds important springs whose capture contributes to the water supply of Rome City. To improve the geochemical characterization of this aquifer, we analyzed 36 groundwater samples, 29 from springs and 7 from shallow wells, collected in 1996 and 2019. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy, titration, ionic chromatography and mass spectrometry were the used analytical methods. Groundwater is bicarbonate alkaline-earth type and HCO3- dominance confirms that the aquifer is hosted in carbonate rocks. Total alkalinity vs. cations plot indicates that CO2 driven weathering controls the water chemistry. The probability plots of HCO3-, cations and Ca2+ +Mg2+ indicate four groundwater populations with the less represented one (9 samples)characterized by the highest PCO2 values (〉 0.3 atm). Most anomalous values of the dissolved PCO2are from springs located near the center of the studied area. Four samples have negative values of𝛿13CCO2 (about -22‰ vs. PDB), indicating its organic origin, but two other samples have positivevalues (1.6 and 2.6 ‰ vs. PDB), similar to those observed in the CO2 of deep origin discharged atthe close Colli Albani volcano. Therefore, geochemical evidence indicates that the Mts. Simbruiniaquifer is locally affected by the input of deep originated CO2, likely rising up along fractures, interacting with a recharge of meteoric origin, as evidenced by its 𝛿2H and 𝛿18O isotopic signatures.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: HS659

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The best chance to achieve a future disaster-resilient society is through risk education in School: it has a great potential to strengthen capacity of communities to mitigate risks. The KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project took this opportunity and implemented a risk communication campaign for schools in Portugal, Italy, and Iceland. The idea was that suitably changes in people’s knowledge and attitude can trigger best practices. Crucial to reach such target is the raise of awareness on meaningful issues. The main challenge of the campaign was how to effectively address the mitigation of the vulnerability to earthquakes of non-structural elements, which is an issue considered to be of low priority even in the building regulations of many countries around the world. The campaign stood on a communication strategy that was systematized within a protocol, for 13- 15 years old students, that specifies goals, contents, learning strategy, support material, and relies on face-to-face intervention of scientists in the classroom. This protocol had training sessions bounded by assessment sessions, ex-ante and ex-post, that allowed to validate its efficacy. The training made large use of flipped learning and Episode of Situated Learning (EAS) strategy to raise student’s motivation and increase achievements. To ensure its replicability, the protocol was tested in zones matching a wide range of seismic hazard in Italy. The assessment showed the protocol be effective and ready for a wide dissemination.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE325

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In aree di vulcanismo attivo e recente, oltre all’emissione di vapore e gas dai crateri centrali, si possono verificare emissioni di gas dal suolo che vengono rilasciati in modo diffuso o in mofete, o ancora che si disciolgono in acquiferi superficiali. Generalmente il gas più abbondante (fino al 99 vol.%) è l’anidride carbonica (CO2), ma in alcuni casi può essere anche il metano (CH4). La CO2 è un gas incolore e inodore che tende ad accumularsi in depressioni o scantinati dove ristagna in assenza di vento. Respirare aria con una concentrazione di anidride carbonica maggiore di 8 vol.% può condurre all’incoscienza o alla morte. Un esempio di quello che potrebbe accadere, anche se si tratta di un caso estremo, è rappresentato dal tragico evento avvenuto presso il lago Nyos in Camerun (un lago ospitato in un cratere vulcanico). Durante la notte del 21 agosto 1986 le acque del lago, sature di CO2, si rovesciarono improvvisamente e per decompressione si liberò una enorme quantità di gas che scese lungo i fianchi del cratere fino a raggiungere la valle sottostante dove vi era un villaggio. La nube di CO2, silenziosa e inodore, colse nel sonno gli abitanti e uccise circa 1700 persone e circa 3000 capi di bestiame [Barberi et al., 1986]. Numerosi incidenti dovuti all’inalazione di gas vulcanici sono avvenuti in varie altre parti del mondo, in particolare in Italia, Giappone, Nuova Zelanda [Hansell and Oppenheimer, 2004; Durand and Wilson, 2005] e nelle Isole Azzorre (Portogallo) [Viveiros et al., 2015]. Anche in Italia, purtroppo sono avvenuti diversi incidenti letali dovuti ad inalazione di CO2; si ricorda ad esempio che alla fine degli anni ’80 due bambini persero la vita nell’isola di Vulcano [Baubron et al., 1990] e ancora nel complesso vulcanico dei Colli Albani due uomini persero la vita, il primo a Cava dei Selci (frazione di Marino) nel 2000 e il secondo a Lavinio nel 2011 [Carapezza et al., 2003; Barberi et al., 2019]. Sempre in provincia di Roma, numerosi casi di intossicazione da CO2, che hanno altresì comportato l’evacuazione temporanea di alcune abitazioni, sono avvenuti per blowout (emissione incontrollata) di gas da pozzi d’acqua [Barberi et al., 2007; Carapezza et al., 2020]. La Campania ospita due dei vulcani quiescenti considerati tra i più pericolosi al mondo proprio per l’alta densità di popolazione che vive nelle zone esposte al pericolo: il Vesuvio e i Campi Flegrei. Anche in queste aree vulcaniche si hanno emissioni di gas endogeni e falde d’acqua ricche in CO2 e in caso di riattivazione del vulcano c’è da aspettarsi anche un forte incremento del rilascio del gas endogeno [Barberi et al., 2005]. Al fine di far conoscere tale problematica alla popolazione, si è ritenuto opportuno di agire sui ragazzi e di farlo in modo stimolante e divertente attraverso un Videogioco che catturi la loro attenzione in modo da portarli a scoprire le soluzioni più adeguate da adottare per individuare/evitare/gestire i pericoli legati a quello che spesso viene definito anche “carburante delle eruzioni”, i gas vulcanici. Le attività che hanno portato alla realizzazione di questo lavoro (e nello specifico del videogioco) sono state svolte nell’ambito del Progetto Europeo RESPIRE – Radon rEal time monitoring System and proactive Indoor Remediation (LIFE16ENV/IT/000553) e con la collaborazione di un Tirocinante del Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica Applicata dell’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Il lavoro è stato descritto e sintetizzato in questo Report attraverso varie sezioni. La prima in cui si descrive la problematica dei Gas Vulcanici e della loro pericolosità; l’importanza e i vantaggi derivati dall’utilizzo di un videogioco come strumento di apprendimento; l’obiettivo che il videogioco si prefigge di raggiungere. Una seconda sezione in cui, in prima istanza, si evidenzia l’importanza di sviluppare un videogioco a partire da un Motore Grafico che consente di tralasciare i dettagli hardware e software di basso livello e di concentrarsi maggiormente sull’interattività e sulle regole del gioco, e in seconda istanza si descrivono le caratteristiche principali del motore grafico alla base del gioco (RPG Maker MV).Una terza sezione in cui viene presentato il videogioco sviluppato denominato “GioGas”; nello specifico, la sua trama, l’interfaccia grafica che lo caratterizza e alcuni sui dettagli implementativi. Infine, una sezione in cui vengono descritti gli sviluppi futuri come ad esempio la divulgazione presso le scuole e in occasione di eventi, l’implementazione di una versione multiplayer del gioco al fine di aggiungere ulteriori elementi di stimolo e di coinvolgimento per lo studente.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Risk assessments in volcanic contexts are complicated by the multi-hazard nature of both unrest and eruption phases, which frequently occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As an attempt to capture the multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of volcanic risk, we developed an integrAteD VolcanIc risk asSEssment (ADVISE) model that focuses on two temporal dimensions that authorities have to address in a volcanic context: short-term emergency management and long-term risk management. The output of risk assessment in the ADVISE model is expressed in terms of potential physical, functional, and systemic damage, determined by combining the available information on hazard, exposed systems and vulnerability. The ADVISE model permits qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessment depending on the final objective and on the available information. The proposed approach has evolved over a decade of study on the volcanic island of Vulcano (Italy), where recent signs of unrest combined with uncontrolled urban development and significant seasonal variations of exposed population result in highly dynamic volcanic risk. For the sake of illustration of all the steps of the ADVISE model, we focus here on the risk assessment of the transport system in relation to the tephra fallout associated with a long-lasting Vulcanian cycle.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 7

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: PGS1 is a new compact portable seismic station, designed at INGV OBS and Earth Lab, that is specifically intended for the deployment of dense arrays of seismographs on-shore. With its low cost, compact design, high data-quality and long battery life, PGS1 is a perfect solution for seismic monitoring networks. PGS1 design is based on a solid polypropylene suitcase, containing a complete data acquisition system, two battery packs and a photovoltaic panel. The new Earth Lab 5s medium-period seismic sensor is included. The whole system meets the IP67 standard requirements both in transport and in acquisition configuration. PGS1 is normally equipped with one battery pack, one more pack can be added inside the suitcase achieving 40 days of battery life. The station is equipped with a photovoltaic panel, useful to extend the deployment length. Inside the suitcase, there are compartments where to store the seismic sensor, the photovoltaic panel and all the cables. Therefore, the station is very easy to transport.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE105

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Low field magnetic susceptibility and other rock magnetic analyses are applied to inspect the magnetic nature of solid residuals in snow samples collected in downtown Rome and in two Natural Parks in central Italy. Field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) analyses are utilized to reveal the nature of Fe-rich particles and discriminate their anthropogenic origin. The results indicate that magnetite (Fe3O4) is the main magnetic carrier in almost all samples and that the variations in concentration are directly associated with local sources of particulate matter (PM) from anthropogenic pollution related to automotive circulation in both environments. Magnetic minerals of other provenance are found as accessories. The snow deposits revealed to be an efficient neutral tool for fine particle collections, also in environments characterized by different concentration and source of pollutants.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: GM215

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The Campi Flegrei volcano (or Phlegraean Fields), Campania, Italy, generated the largest eruption in Europe in at least 200 ka. Here we summarise the volcanic and human history of Campi Flegrei and discuss the interactions between humans and the environment within the “burning felds” from around 10,000 years until the 1538 CE Monte Nuovo eruption and more recent times. The region’s incredibly rich written history documents how the landscape changed both naturally and anthropogenically, with the volcanic system fuelling these considerable natural changes. Humans have exploited the beautiful landscape, accessible resources (e.g. volcanic ash for pulvis puteolana mortar) and natural thermal springs associated with the volcano for millennia, but they have also endured the downsides of living in a volcanically active region—earthquakes, signifcant ground deformation and landscape altering eruptions. The pre-historic record is detailed, and various archaeological sites indicate that the region was certainly occupied in the last 10,000 years. This history has been reconstructed by identifying archaeological fnds in sequences that often contain ash (tephra) layers from some of the numerous volcanic eruptions from Campi Flegrei and the other volcanoes in the region that were active at the time (Vesuvius and Ischia). These tephra layers provide both a relative and absolute chronology and allow the archaeology to be placed on a relatively precise timescale. The records testify that people have inhabited the area even when Campi Flegrei was particularly active.The archaeological sequences and outcrops of pyroclastic material preserve details about the eruption dynamics, buildings from Roman times, impressive craters that now host volcanic lakes and nature reserves, all of which make this region particularly mystic and fascinating, especially when we observe how society continues to live within the active caldera system. The volcanic activity and long record of occupation and use of volcanic resources in the region make it unique and here we outline key aspects of its geoheritage.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 5

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Here, we report on the Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF, central Italy). In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity, and outline the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Different from the nearby volcanic districts of the Roman and Campanian Provinces, the VVF was characterized by small-volume (0.01–0.1 km3) eruptions from a network of monogenetic centers (mostly tuff rings and scoria cones, with subordinate lava occurrences), clustered along high-angle faults of lithospheric depth. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas (for which we report for the first time the phlogopite phenocryst compositions) mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka), then primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). The fast ascent of primitive magma batches is typical of a tectonically controlled volcanic field, where the very low magma flux is a passive byproduct of regional tectonic strain. We suggest that the dominant compressive stress field acting at depth was accompanied by an extensional regime in the upper crust, associated with the gravity spreading of the Apennine chain, allowing the fast ascent of magma from the mantle source with limited stationing in shallow reservoirs.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 689–718

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The 1971 eruption represents a benchmark in the recent history of Etna volcano. From a volcanological point of view, this eruption was characterised by complex intrusive dynamics associated with significant ground deformation that induced the activation of the Moscarello seismogenic fault and the formation of a new summit crater: the Southeast Crater. At the same time, the 1971 event marks an important change in the eruptive style and composition of the magma towards products richer in K. It is no coincidence that, over the next fifty years, there would be an increase in the frequency of summit and flank eruptions and associated output rate. From an historical viewpoint, the eruptive event of 1971 was the first important flank eruption studied by the International Institute of Volcanology: the analysis of the scientific articles on this activity reveals a greater multidisciplinary content in the descriptions and explanations of volcanic activity. Particularly important were the collaborations of British and French research groups that, together with their Italian colleagues, succeeded in giving a complete picture of the eruption and describing the state of knowledge on the Sicilian volcano. The multidisciplinary methodology used to study this eruption is still valid today.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO543

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This study analyses the relationship between the pre- and protohistoric sites on the slopes of Etna and the volcanic products, as well as the diverse settlement strategies in the different periods of prehistory. New C14 dating from significant excavations, in addition to those known from other Etnean sites, were performed with the aim of validating the chronology of the sequence of the different phases. A substantial concordance of the archaeological data with the volcanological ones has been found. It has been observed that a consistent human presence on Etna appears from the Middle Neolithic (5500 BC), after the sequence of eruptive events that marked the end of the Ellittico volcano (13550 - 13050 BC) and the formation of the Valle del Bove, and the subsequent debris and alluvial events on the eastern flanks of the volcano (7250 - 3350 BC). Human presence intensifies between the Late-Final Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age (2800 - 1450 BC), due to improvement in subsistence techniques and to the large presence of soils on lava flows suitable for sheep farming. The most recent phases of the Bronze Age are poorly represented, probably because of the concentration of the population in larger agglomerations (Montevergine and S. Paolillo at Catania, the Historical Hill at Paternò). The explosive eruptions taking place in this period seem to have had less impact on the settlement choices and have not affected the development of the sites over time.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO542

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Numerical results of a two-layer depth-averaged model of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) were compared with an experimental PDC generated at the international eruption simulator facility (the Pyroclastic flow Eruption Large-scale Experiment (PELE)) to establish a minimal dynamical model of PDCs with stratification of particle concentrations. In the present two-layer model, the stratification in PDCs is modeled as a voluminous suspended-load layer with low particle volume fractions ( ≲ 10−3) and a thin basal bed-load layer with higher particle volume fractions ( ∼ 10−2 ) on the basis of the source condition in the experiment. Numerical results for the suspended load quantitatively reproduce the time evolutions of the front position and flow thickness in the experimental PDC. The numerical results of the bed-load and deposit thicknesses depend on an assumed value of settling speed at the bottom of the bed load ( WsH ). We show that the thicknesses of bed load and deposit in the simulations agree well with the experimental data, when WsH is set to about 1.25 × 10−2 m/s. This value of the settling speed is two orders of magnitude smaller than that predicted by a hindered-settling model. The small value of WsH is considered to result from decreasing in the effective deposition speed due to the erosion process accompanied by saltating/rolling of particles at the bottom of the bed load.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 73

Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: A new analysis of high-resolution multibeam and seismic reflection data, collected during several oceanographic expeditions starting from 1999, allowed us to compile an updated morphotectonic map of the North Anatolian Fault below the Sea of Marmara. We reconstructed kinematics and geometries of individual fault segments, active at the time scale of 10 ka, an interval which includes several earthquake cycles, taking as stratigraphic marker the base of the latest marine transgression. Given the high deformation rates relative to sediment supply, most active tectonic structures have a morphological expression at the seafloor, even in presence of composite fault geometries and/or overprinting due to mass-wasting or turbidite deposits. In the frame of the right-lateral strike-slip domain characterizing the North Anatolian fault system, three types of deformation are observed: almost pure strike-slip faults, oriented mainly E–W; NE/SW-aligned axes of transpressive structures; NW/SE-oriented trans-tensional depressions. Fault segmentation occurs at different scales, but main segments develop alongthree major right-lateral oversteps, which delimit main fault branches, from east to west: (i) the transtensive Cinarcik segment; (ii) the Central (East and West) segments; and (iii) the westernmost Tekirdag segment. A quantitative morphometric analysis of the shallow deformation patterns observed by seafloor morphology maps and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles along the entire basin allowed to determine nature and cumulative lengths of individual fault segments. These data were used as inputs for empirical relationships, to estimate maximum expected Moment Magnitudes, obtaining values in the range of 6.8–7.4 for the Central, and 6.9–7.1 for the Cinarcik and Tekirdag segments, respectively. We discuss these findings considering analyses of historical catalogues and available paleoseismological studies for the Sea of Marmara regionto formulate reliable seismic hazard scenarios.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 29–44

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: This special issue of Annals of Geophysics entitled: “When Volcanologists Meet Archaeologists and Other Disciplines: Relationships Between Eruptions and Human Communities” originates from a session (S13) of the Rittmann International Conference which took place in Catania on February 13th 2020, having as its main theme the history of volcanology and the impact of volcanic activity on humans. The twelve articles collected in this special issue reflect the aims and contents of the reports presented by some participants at this session of the Rittmann conference

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6TM. Poli Museali

Beschreibung: Future occurrence of explosive eruptive activity at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes, Ecuador, is assessed probabilistically, utilizing expert elicitation. Eight eruption types were considered for each volcano. Type event probabilities were evaluated for the next eruption at each volcano and for at least one of each type within the next 100 years. For each type, we elicited relevant eruption source parameters (duration, average plume height, and total tephra mass). We investigated the robustness of these elicited evaluations by deriving probability uncertainties using three expert scoring methods. For Cotopaxi, we considered both rhyolitic and andesitic magmas. Elicitation findings indicate that the most probable next eruption type is an andesitic hydrovolcanic/ash-emission (~ 26–44% median probability), which has also the highest median probability of recurring over the next 100 years. However, for the next eruption at Cotopaxi, the average joint probabilities for sub-Plinian or Plinian type eruption is of order 30–40%—a significant chance of a violent explosive event. It is inferred that any Cotopaxi rhyolitic eruption could involve a longer duration and greater erupted mass than an andesitic event, likely producing a prolonged emergency. For Guagua Pichincha, future eruption types are expected to be andesitic/dacitic, and a vulcanian event is judged most probable for the next eruption (median probability ~40–55%); this type is expected to be most frequent over the next 100 years, too. However, there is a substantial probability (possibly 〉40% in average) that the next eruption could be sub-Plinian or Plinian, with all that implies for hazard levels.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 35

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The Western Ionian Sea is characterised by an active and diffuse seismicity, directly related to the convergence of the European and African Plates and by gravitational sinking and rollback of the oceanic lithosphere. In this area, the location of earthquakes is characterised by considerable uncertainties due to large azimuthal gaps, resulting in notable location errors. This problem was partially overcome with the use of data recorded by NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 - February 2003; June 2012 - May 2013). We relocated 1130 crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes using land network and NEMO-SN1 data. As most events occurred on Mt. Etna, we focused on 358 earthquakes in the offshore area and near the coasts of Sicily and Calabria. The use of the combined land-marine networks has improved the earthquake locations in terms of azimuthal GAP, as well as in horizontal and vertical errors. The comparison between locations performed with and without NEMO-SN1 data shows that differences in latitude, longitude and depths are more evident in the Western Ionian Sea and in the coast of Sicily, where values of the differences over 5 km correspond to structural heterogeneities. The increased number of seismic stations deployed on land from 2003 to 2012 did not influence the location of events occurring offshore, where NEMO-SN1 continued to be the distinctive tool in the location process. Moreover, the new 73 focal mechanisms computed with P-wave polarities from NEMO-SN1 and land stations are in agreement with the regional structural model, showing a prevalent normal, normal/oblique, and strike-slip kinematics. The similarity of two new focal solutions with the mechanisms of the main shock and aftershock of the 1990 earthquake demonstrates that the seismic structures are still active and potentially dangerous. The P-wave travel time residual analysis confirms the activity along the main structural alignments. A single point of observation in the Ionian Sea can significantly improve the quality of locations, giving an opportunity to focus on the seismogenic structures responsible for the occurrence of medium-to-high magnitude earthquakes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Se655

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The 8 September 1905 Calabria earthquake is the seismic event for which the Italian Seismic Catalogue shows the highest instrumental magnitude of the whole dataset. However, the reported MS = 7.47 was calculated over only two stations, and leaves room for a revision. In this work I provide a new estimate of the surface-wave magnitude of the earthquake calculated over sixteen individual values of magnitude from seven different stations. The new estimate is MS = 7.10 ± 0.21, a value that is consistently lined up with other estimates provided by means of macroseismic or geological evidence. The novel estimate is stable despite alternative epicentral locations and different depths proposed for this event by several investigators. The net variation of almost half a unit magnitude implies a resizing of the seismogenic source of the event in the frame of the seismotectonics of the region, and highlights the strong need for a systematic revision of the instrumental magnitude estimates for several ‘historical’ earthquakes that occurred at the dawning of the instrumental seismology.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE658

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Usually seismicity is intended as a natural phenomenon; yet the recording and interpretation of data are a human undertaking, historically conditioned. This research starts from the hypothesis that the decrease in Italian seismicity observed in the historical catalog [Rovida et al., 2021] for the central years of the twentieth century is due to the social and political conditioning that hindered its registration. This work, which focuses on the 1930s, with a brief excursion into previous years, presents part of the results obtained. In particular, the article deals with three earthquakes of which the data are substantially updated (Calabria, 7.03.1928; Alpi Noriche, 14.05.1930; Valli Giudicarie, 14.04.1931); then it presents an important replica of the strong Maiella earthquake, without macroseismic data in the catalog [Rovida et al., 2021], (Maiella, 23.11.1933); finally it considers a “forgotten” fifth earthquake (Southern Italy, 13.04.1938).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-78

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Exposure to volcanic ash is a long-standing health concern for people living near active volcanoes and in distal urban areas. During transport and deposition, ash is subjected to various physicochemical processes that may change its surface composition and, consequently, bioreactivity. One such process is the interaction with anthropogenic pollutants; however, the potential for adsorbed, deleterious organic compounds to directly impact human health is unknown. We use an in vitro bioanalytical approach to screen for the presence of organic compounds of toxicological concern on ash surfaces and assess their biological potency. These compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs). Analysis of ash collected in or near urbanised areas at five active volcanoes across the world (Etna, Italy; Fuego, Guatemala; Kelud, Indonesia; Sakurajima, Japan; Tungurahua, Ecuador) using the bioassay inferred the presence of such compounds on all samples. A relatively low response to PCDD/Fs and the absence of a dlPCBs response in the bioassay suggest that the measured activity is dominated by PAHs and PAH-like compounds. This study is the first to demonstrate a biological potency of organic pollutants associated with volcanic ash particles. According to our estimations, they are present in quantities below recommended exposure limits and likely pose a low direct concern for human health.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 30

Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Le finalità del progetto sono quelle di realizzare un prototipo di ionosonda per sondaggi obliqui basato sul principio del radar ad onda continua modulata in frequenza, implementato tramite dispositivi programmabili innovativi che permettono di realizzare uno strumento più piccolo e trasportabile rispetto alle ionosonde classiche. La ionosonda SDR è un radar bistatico costituito da un trasmettitore, che può servire contemporaneamente diversi ricevitori situati in località differenti, e da uno o più ricevitori che possono sintonizzarsi su differenti trasmettitori che effettuano sondaggi ad orari differenti. I sondaggi obliqui permettono di mappare la ionosfera in varie parti del territorio per la verifica di modelli teorici della ionosfera e per studiare la possibilità di usare le variazioni locali del Contenuto Elettronico Totale (TEC) come segnale di possibili precursori di terremoti.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-32

Beschreibung: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Correction to: Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01077-1

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3317

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Poás is a complex stratovolcano with an altitude of 2,708 m asl, located in the Cordillera Volcánica Central of Costa Rica. Prior to 2017, the last three historical eruptions occurred on 7 February 1834, between January and May 1910 and during the period 1953-1955. Very few literature exists on the 1834 eruption. The only references state that it was an important event, that ash reached 〉53 km W-SW of Poás, and that it harmed the grasslands around the volcano. Related deposits of this eruption suggest phreatic activity, which launched bombs and blocks. Moreover, there is evidence of pyroclastic flow deposits near the crater. The 1910 eruption is better described. Despite the fact that ash fall is only reported near the volcano, a volume of the deposit of 1.6 x 107 m3 is estimated. Deposits of the eruption are white in color with many hydrothermally altered, and minor presence of juvenile fragments (vesicular lapilli). The eruption is classified as vulcanian, with deposits of ash fall and pyroclastic flows close to the crater. A Volcano Explosivity Index 3 (VEI 3) is estimated. The eruption affected agriculture. The 1953-1955 eruptions had a longer duration. Various ash fall deposits at several sites are reported. Deposits of this eruption, easily distinguished in the field, are black scoria lapilli, bombs with, sometimes fusiform, bread crust textures. In the eastern sector of the crater bombs can reach meters in size; such large bombs near the eruption centre at one side suggest the inclination of the eruptive conduct, or an asymmetrical vent-crater system. Inside the crater a 40 m-high dome and a lava flow were extruded during the eruption. Towards the east side of the current Laguna Caliente crater lake, relicts of a 8.5 m thick lava pool are found. During the entire eruptive episode, the acid lake presumably lacked. The eruption is described to be of a mixed type: strombolian, phreatomagmatic, vulcanian and dome extrusion eruptions. Considering the characteristics of this eruption, the height of the eruption column, ejected volume (2.1 x 107  m3), and its presumed duration, a VEI 3 is estimated. The eruptions damaged agricultural activity (including cattle), and forced the spontaneous evacuation of some people. In April 2017 magmatic eruptions followed a decade-long period of intense phreatic activity. These eruptions destroyed the 1953-1955 Dome and led to the complete dry out of Laguna Caliente. Pyroclastic cones and sulphur volcanism manifested at the bottom of the former crater lake bottom. The 2017 eruption severely affected touristic activities at and near Poás, with an estimated economic loss of 20 million dollars. By May-August 2018 Laguna Caliente reappeared. The volcanic hazards related to the three studied historical eruptions are: pyroclastic flows (at least 1 km from the eruptive centre, including reaching the current mirador sector), ballistics (bomb ejections up to 2 km from the emission centre), dispersion and fall of pyroclasts (tens of kms), gas emission and acid rain, dispersed by WSW dominant winds, and lahars in most of the river canyons SW of the volcano.  

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 261-299

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) was born from the unification of public research institutions in the field of geophysics and volcanology. In the first twenty years from the foundation law of 1999, the INGV has seen a remarkable development, alternating moments of expansion, with significant increases in funding and number of employees, with long periods of stagnation. During these years the number of people hired with fixed-term contracts has grown, also to meet the needs of seismic and volcanic monitoring of the Italian territory, carried out on the basis of agreements with the Department of Civil Protection. After twenty years, it's time to outline a picture of the present situation and the evolutionary process that determined it. With this objective, the following analysis of the evolution of INGV was carried out in the period between its establishment and 2019, with reference to aspects such as the composition of the personnel, its distribution in the Sections, age, gender, role, career, with the aim of providing a tool for evaluating the progress made and planning future developments. The presence of a large number of precarious workers, distributed unevenly in territorial offices, for many years represented the main problem of the INGV, but not the only one. The contraction of the funding and the hiring freeze also slowed the development of the careers of researchers and other employers. The poor gender balance among the personnel, in particular among researchers, and the high average age represents further critical elements. The appropriate rebalancing of heterogeneities, aimed at maximum functionality and effective growth of the institute, should be the challenge for the next years. The future of INGV will depend on the choices that will be made today and the knowledge of the evolution of the institution until today is an essential element for proper programming.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-92

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-186

Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Integrating palaeoclimatological proxies and historical records, which is necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of climate impacts on past societies, is a challenging task, often leading to unsatisfactory and even contradictory conclusions. This has until recently been the case for Italy, the heart of the Roman Empire, during the transition between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In this paper, we present new high-resolution speleothem data from the Apuan Alps (Central Italy). The data document a period of very wet conditions in the sixth c. AD, probably related to synoptic atmospheric conditions similar to a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. For this century, there also exist a significant number of historical records of extreme hydroclimatic events, previously discarded as anecdotal. We show that this varied evidence reflects the increased frequency of floods and extreme rainfall events in Central and Northern Italy at the time. Moreover, we also show that these unusual hydroclimatic conditions overlapped with the increased presence of "water miracles" in Italian hagiographical accounts and social imagination. The miracles, performed by local Church leaders, strengthened the already growing authority of holy bishops and monks in Italian society during the crucial centuries that followed the "Fall of the Roman Empire". Thus, the combination of natural and historical data allows us to show the degree to which the impact of climate variability on historical societies is determined not by the nature of the climatic phenomena per se, but by the culture and the structure of the society that experienced it.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 25

Beschreibung: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Volcano-hydrothermal systems are governed by complex interactions between fluid transport, and geochemical and mechanical processes. Evidence of this close interplay has been testified by distinct spatial and temporal correlations in geochemical and geophysical observations at Vulcano Island (Italy). To understand the interaction between fluid circulation and the geochemical and geophysical manifestations, we perform a parametric study to explore different scenarios by implementing a hydro-geophysical model based on the equations for heat and mass transfer in a porous medium and thermo-poroelastic theory. Numerical simulations allow us to define the controlling role of permeability distribution on the different modeled parameters as well as on the geophysical observables. Changes in the permeability within the highly fractured crater area could be responsible for the fluctuations in gas emission and temperature recorded during the crisis periods, which are accompanied by shallow volcano-seismicity in the absence of significant deformation and gravity variations. Despite the general medium permeability of the volcanic edifice, the presence of more highly permeable pathways, which allow the gas to rapidly escape, as testified by the presence of a well-developed fumarolic field, prevents the pressure buildup at shallow depths.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 179

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This contribution illustrates the state of the art on the development of the multiparametric network in Sicily in the last three years. This region is wellknown for the strong earthquakes (M〉6.5) which struck in historic time. However, the coverage of the seismic network developed in the last decades was not fully optimized to the need of the seismic surveillance. Since 2017, the group belonging to the National Earthquake Observatory (ONT) which operates in Sicily launched a developing plan of the preexisting seismic network in the framework of the project FISR “Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di Monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0 (S.O.I.R.)”. Such update will end by the next years thanks to the project “GRINT Italian Research Infrastructure for Geosciences” in the framework of the “Programma Operativo Nazionale” (PON) of the Italian Ministry for the University and Research. This plan envisages both the upgrade of monitoring systems in the already existing nodes, and the integration of new nodes. The main objective is to build a multiparametric network which integrates the main seismic network, with the monitoring of other geophysical signals through the implementation of other sensors: accelerometers, geodetic GPS, radon detectors, and corner reflectors. We also illustrate the plan for the realization of a redundant network which could support the tasks of the main infrastructure in case of failure of the latter. Finally, we present some experimental urbanscale networks which in the future could support the main infrastructure.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-40

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Lahars are rapid flows composed of water and volcaniclastic sediments, which have the potential to impact residential buildings and critical infrastructure as well as to disrupt critical services, especially in the absence of hazard-based land-use planning. Their destructive power is mostly associated with their velocity (related to internal flow properties and topographic interactions) and to their ability to bury buildings and structures (due to deposit thickness). The distance reached by lahars depends on their volume, on sediments/water ratio, as well as on the geometrical properties of the topography where they propagate. Here we present the assessment of risk associated with lahar using Vulcano island (Italy) as a case study. First, we estimated an initial lahar source volume considering the remobilisation by intense rain events of the tephra fallout on the slopes of the La Fossa cone (the active system on the island), where the tephra fallout is associated with the most likely scenario (e.g. long-lasting Vulcanian cycle). Second, we modelled and identified the potential syn-eruptive lahar impact areas on the northern sector of Vulcano, where residential and touristic facilities are located. We tested a range of parameters (e.g., entrainment capability, consolidation of tephra fallout deposit, friction angle) that can influence lahar propagation output both in terms of intensity of the event and extent of the inundation area. Finally, exposure and vulnerability surveys were carried out in order to compile exposure and risk maps for lahar-flow front velocity (semi-quantitative indicator-based risk assessment) and final lahar-deposit thickness (qualitative exposure-based risk assessment). Main outcomes show that the syn-eruptive lahar scenario with medium entrainment capability produces the highest impact associated with building burial by the final lahar deposit. Nonetheless, the syn-eruptive lahar scenario with low entrainment capacity is associated with higher runout and results in the highest impact associated with lahar-flow velocities. Based on our simulations, two critical infrastructures (telecommunication and power plant), as well as the main road crossing the island are exposed to potential lahar impacts (either due to lahar-flow velocity or lahar-deposit thickness or both). These results show that a risk-based spatial planning of the island could represent a valuable strategy to reduce the volcanic risk in the long term.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 9

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Beschreibung: Ambient-noise records from the AlpArray network are used to measure Rayleigh wave phase velocities between more than 150,000 station pairs. From these, azimuthally anisotropic phase-velocity maps are obtained by applying the Eikonal tomography method. Several synthetic tests are shown to study the bias in the Ψ2 anisotropy. There are two main groups of bias, the first one caused by interference between refracted/reflected waves and the appearance of secondary wavefronts that affect the phase travel-time measurements. This bias can be reduced if the amplitude field can be estimated correctly. Another source of error is related to the incomplete reconstruction of the travel-time field that is only sparsely sampled due to the receiver locations. Both types of bias scale with the magnitude of the velocity heterogeneities. Most affected by the spurious Ψ2 anisotropy are areas inside and at the border of low-velocity zones. In the isotropic velocity distribution, most of the bias cancels out if the azimuthal coverage is good. Despite the lack of resolution in many parts of the surveyed area, we identify a number of anisotropic structures that are robust: in the central Alps, we find a layered anisotropic structure, arc-parallel at midcrustal depths and arc-perpendicular in the lower crust. In contrast, in the eastern Alps, the pattern is more consistently E-W oriented which we relate to the eastward extrusion. The northern Alpine forleand exhibits a preferential anisotropic orientation that is similar to SKS observations in the lowermost crust and uppermost mantle.

Beschreibung: German Science Foundation (SPP-2017, Project Ha 2403/21-1); Swiss National Science Foundation SINERGIA Project CRSII2-154434/1 (Swiss-AlpArray); Progetto Pianeta Dinamico, finanziamento MUR-INGV, Task S2 – 2021

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 151–170

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The present paper describes the process of moving from a research study of most common vulnerable non-structural elements, to deliver solutions, tools and guidelines to improve understanding of and responsiveness to community concerns about seismic risk and non-structural elements. The observed damage to non-structural elements following recent earthquakes in Italy, Portugal and Iceland, were used for designing communication tools under the KnowRISK EU project for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens): the Practical Guide, the Students Short Guide, the KnowRISK Portfolio of Solutions, the Move, Protect and Secure video, the augmented reality apps, the maquettes, the students notebooks, videos, board games and hands-on tools. The philosophy behind these deliverables is that some risks, once identified, can be eliminated or reduced by informing people and suggesting preventive or emergency measures. These tools are devoted to improving the seismic performance of non-structural elements and to reduce the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety. The rationale behind the selection of the information that people need to know for converting knowledge to more safety is discussed and a description of the transference of the findings of research to communication solutions is presented. The tools were planned following the engagement-model in risk communication to ensure that needs of communities and selected stakeholders were acknowledged, and that recipients are addressed in a way that appeals to them. Different media and communication channels such as print, television, online, face-to face communication and interviews were used for risk communication.

Beschreibung: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE322

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Beschreibung: To understand the seismotectonics and the seismic hazard of the study sector of the Northern Apennines (Italy), one of the most important earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 6.5 which struck the Lunigiana and Garfagnana areas (Tuscany) on 7 September 1920 should be studied. Given the early instrumental epoch of the event, neither geometric and kinematic information on the fault-source nor its fault-plane solution were available. Both areas were candidates for hosting the source fault and there was uncertainty between a normal fault with Apenninic direction or an anti-Apenninic strike-slip. We retrieved 11 focal parameters (including the fault-plane solution) of the 1920 earthquake. Only macroseismic intensity information (from 499 inhabited centres) through the KF-NGA inversion technique was used. This technique uses a Kinematic model of the earthquake source and speeds up the calculation by a Genetic Algorithm with Niching. The result is a pure dip-slip focal solution. The intrinsic ambiguities of the KF-NGA method (±180° on the rake angle; choice of the fault plane between the two nodal planes) were solved with field and seismotectonic evidence. The earthquake was generated by a normal fault (rake angle = 265° ± 8°) with an Apennine direction (114° ± 5°) and dipping 38° ± 6° towards SW. The likely candidate for hosting the source-fault in 1920 is the Compione-Comano fault that borders the NE edge of the Lunigiana graben. The KF-NGA algorithm proved to be invaluable for studying the kinematics of early instrumental earthquakes and allowed us to uniquely individuate, for the first time ever, the seismogenic source of the 1920 earthquake. Our findings have implications in hazard computation and seismotectonic contexts.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1465–1477

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The lava platform and the three pyroclastic cones of Vulcanello constitute the northernmostvolcanic structure of the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands). The sandy isthmus connecting theplatform to the main island was definitively formed in the first half of the 1500s; before then,Vulcano and Vulcanello were two close but separate islands. For a long time, the interpretation ofthe sources of the II-I century BC, had considered the islet as built up about 2200 years ago. Thisbelief, which proliferated among naturalists from the 17th century, is not confirmed in the ancienttexts or even in the geographical documents of the time, which do not indicate the presence ofVulcanello as a new and stable island near Vulcano. The islet would only be mentioned at the dawnof the second millennium, and named in Arabic “Gabal’ al Burkān”, meaning Mount of Vulcano;shortly thereafter the toponym changed to the Latin “Insulam Vulcanelli” and then, towards the15th century, finally to Vulcanello.Since the creation of a volcanic island certainly occurred in the Aeolian Islands in the classical era,but traces of it were quickly lost, the most plausible hypothesis is that it was formed in the area ofthe current Vulcanello, to be subsequently erased by the sea. The shallow, flat seabed, likelyremaining as a result of sea abrasion, might have represented the morphological element on whichthe circular lava platform we know today was formed sometime between 950 and 1000 AD.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO548

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: On November 20, 2019, an exercise was held at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) as part of the activities planned for preparing for seismic emergencies. The training was "tabletop" with the simulation of an earthquake with a magnitude greater than the threshold required for the activation of the intervention procedures, described in the "Protocol of the Authority for the management of seismic and tsunami emergencies and Establishment of the Crisis Unit”, the flow of actions that follow was verified. The exercise involved the entire INGV even if the Rome headquarters was the most involved, and it was the second of this type after that carried out in 2015 [Pondrelli et al., 2016]. Main motivation of this training was the analysis of the efficiency of the Organization Protocol, a document that for the first time at INGV codifies the actions of the Crisis Unit and of the Institute in general on the occurrence of seismic events and / or seismic sequences and / or tsunamis. The Protocol has been formalized on the basis of the numerous experiences that the Institute has supported over many years, to honour its vocation in the monitoring and seismic surveillance of the national territory [Margheriti et al., 2021].

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-50

Beschreibung: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Systematic variations in the crystal cargo and whole-rock isotopic compositions of mantle-derived basalts in the intraplate Dunedin Volcano (New Zealand) indicate the influence of a complex mantle-to-crust polybaric plumbing system. Basaltic rocks define a compositional spectrum from low-alkali basalts through mid-alkali basalts to high-alkali basalts. High-alkali basalts display clinopyroxene crystals with sector (hourglass) and oscillatory zoning (Mg#61–82) as well as Fe-rich green cores (Mg#43–69), whereas low-alkali basalts are characterized by clinopyroxenes with unzoned overgrowths (Mg#69–83) on resorbed mafic cores (Mg#78–88), coexisting with reversely zoned plagioclase crystals (An43–68 to An60–84 from core to rim). Complex magma dynamics are indicated by distinctive compositional variations in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, with Cr-rich zones (Mg#74–87) indicating continuous recharge by more mafic magmas. Crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite occurred within a polybaric plumbing system extending from upper mantle to mid-crustal depths (485–1059 MPa and 1147–1286°C), whereas crystallization of plagioclase with subordinate clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite proceeded towards shallower crustal levels. The compositions of high-alkali basalts and mid-alkali basalts resemble those of ocean island basalts and are characterized by FOZO-HIMU isotopic signatures (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70277–0.70315, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51286–0.51294 and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.348–20.265), whereas low-alkali basalts have lower incompatible element abundances and isotopic compositions trending towards EMII (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70327–70397, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51282–0.51286 and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.278–19.793). High- and mid-alkali basalt magmas mostly crystallized in the lower crust, whereas low-alkali basalt magma recorded deeper upper mantle clinopyroxene crystallization before eruption. The variable alkaline character and isotope composition may result from interaction of low-alkaline melts derived from the asthenosphere with melts derived from lithospheric mantle, possibly initiated by asthenospheric melt percolation. The transition to more alkaline compositions was induced by variable degrees of melting of metasomatic lithologies in the lithospheric mantle, leading to eruption of predominantly small-volume, high-alkali magmas at the periphery of the volcano. Moreover, the lithosphere imposed a filtering effect on the alkalinity of these intraplate magmas. As a consequence, the eruption of low-alkali basalts with greater asthenospheric input was concentrated at the centre of the volcano, where the plumbing system was more developed.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: egab062

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici

Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Recent studies point to the sensitivity of mid-latitude winter climate to Arctic sea ice variability. However, there remain contradictory results in terms of character and timing of Northern Hemisphere large-scale circulation features to Arctic sea ice changes. This study assesses the impact of realistic late autumn eastern Arctic sea ice anomalies on atmospheric wintertime circulation at mid-latitudes, pointing to a hidden potential for seasonal predictability. ​Using a dynamical seasonal prediction system, an ensemble of seasonal forecast simulations of 23 historical winter seasons is run with reduced November sea ice cover in the Barents-Kara Seas, and is compared to the respective control seasonal hindcast simulations set. ​A non energy-conserving approach is adopted for achieving the desired sea ice loss, with artificial heat being added conditionally to the ocean surface heat fluxes so as to inhibit the formation of sea ice during November. Our results point to a robust atmospheric circulation response in the North Pacific sector, similar to previous findings on the multidecadal timescale. Specifically, an anticyclonic anomaly at upper and lower levels is identified over the eastern midlatitude North Pacific, leading to dry conditions over the North American southwest coast. The responses are related to a re-organization (weakening) of west-Pacific tropical convection and interactions with the tropical Hadley circulation. ​A possible interaction of the poleward-shifted Pacific eddy-driven jet stream and the Hadley cell is discussed​. ​The winter circulation response in the Euro-Atlantic sector is ephemeral in character and statistically significant in January only, corroborating previous findings of an intermittent and non-stationary Arctic sea ice-NAO link during boreal winter. These results ​aid our understanding of the seasonal impacts of reduced eastern Arctic sea ice on the midlatitude atmospheric circulation with implications for seasonal predictability in wintertime.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 2687–2700

Beschreibung: 4A. Oceanografia e clima

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Gender equality is a fundamental human right, embedded into the United Nations Charter (1945). Women still face multiple forms of discrimination, harassment and abuse. Gender equality is foundational to ensuring inclusive sustainable socio-economic development, peace and justice.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 105-126

Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: Il mondo della Ricerca e dell ’Innovazione Tecnologica per sua natura è sempre in evoluzione, ed accompagnato da normative in materia di Sicurezza e Salute non sempre conosciute o applicate. La particolare enfasi data alla formazione nel quadro normativo riguardante la Sicurezza e Salute nei luoghi di lavoro, sia a livello nazionale che comunitario, dimostra e determina l’importanza attribuita a tale processo, non solo come mezzo elettivo per la diffusione della cultura della Sicurezza a tutti i livelli , ma anche, e soprattutto, come misura generale di tutela.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-54

Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Hydrogeoethics is an emergent transdisciplinary field in geosciences focused on ethical research and best practices related to responsible groundwater science and engineering, creating conditions for sustainable water resources management while respecting human needs and environmental dynamics.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 289–292

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Within a fault governing model the characteristic scale length is one of the most relevant physical parameters because it accounts for the so–called fracture energy (density) of the system, its dynamics, the time during which the accumulated stress is released and the seismic waves are excited, the amount of slip developed during an instability event. Friction laboratory experiments reveal that it is not a material property, but that it changes with the sliding velocity. We propose two rather different analytical models to fit laboratory evidence and we incorporate them into a fault model able to simulate repeated earthquakes in the framework of various formulations of rate and state friction. We demonstrate that temporal variations of the scale length do not prevent the system to reach its limit cycle, but they systematically reduce the magnitude of the expected event (both in term of developed slip, and thus seismic moment, and released stress) and also reduce the inter–event time (recurrence interval). Depending on the friction model, the system can penetrate into the stable regime and can either continue the accelerating phase toward to failure or decelerate and abort instability.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE217

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The understanding of the ancient Earth’s Magnetic Field strength, or absolute paleointensity, is fundamental for several disciplines of Earth Sciences. Following the growing interest in this field in the last decades, the number of paleointensity studies has been increasing and the Paleomagnetic Laboratory of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome, Italy expanded the instrument park with a ASC TD48SC oven for paleomagnetic and paleointensity measurements. This manual represents an updated version of the original manual “Guida all’uso del forno ASC TD48SC per la stima della paleointensità assoluta con il metodo ThellierThellier modificato” [Di Chiara, 2014]. The aim is to provide a practical guide for paleointensity measurements, using the IZZIThellier experiment and the software Thellier_GUI for the processing of the geomagnetic field strength or paleointensity data.

Beschreibung: INGV

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-20

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: We describe the geochemical characteristics of groundwater samples collected in 23 water wells located on the northern margin of the Hyblean plateau (East Sicily). This area, mostly made of highly permeable carbonate rocks, is rich in low temperature (T 〈 50° C) hydrothermal groundwaters, distributed in an active sismogenetic zone, with several ENE-WSW-directed tectonic structures that drove magma to the surface during Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene. The chemical features suggest complex mixing between rainwater, CO2-rich groundwater, steam-heated groundwater and geothermal brines, as highlighted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Some parameters, however, indicate widespread pollution of the aquifers from human activities. Stable isotopes analysis confirms the meteoric origin of groundwater and supports the origin of dissolved CO2 mostly from mantle degassing through deep tectonic faults. Geothermometric estimates, mostly based on quartz and Saturation Indexes geothermometers, suggest minimum reservoir temperature between 100 and 120° C.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: HS438

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: A ground magnetic study was performed on the northern upper flank of Mt. Etna to provide new insights into subsurface volcano-tectonic structures. The high resolution magnetic survey was focused on the main structures of Piano delle Concazze, a large flat area dominated by the North- East crater and bounded by the rim of the Valle del Leone depression and the extremity of the North-East Rift. More than 2,500 measurements were gathered with a sampling step of about 3 m covering an area of about 0.2 km2. The total-intensity anomaly field shows the presence of intense South-North aligned maxima related to shallow geological structures affecting this area. Filtering techniques and 2.5D modeling have been applied for the determination of the magnetic source parameters. In order to distinguish the near surface structure, filters of the vertical derivatives, Butterworth high-pass and the tilt derivative were used. The 3D Euler deconvolution has been applied to estimate the depth and the structural indices of the causative sources. The calculated structural indices, that express the geometrical nature of the source, are in agreement with forward modeling. They show that the area is mainly affected by subvertical normal fault and the estimated depth of magnetic sources ranges between 10 m and 40 m. Our total field magnetic survey shows that characteristic magnetic anomalies are related to fault zones in the Piano delle Concazze that are well consistent with the local tectonics. The subsurface structures that have been detected allowed to delineate the general structural framework of the area. In particular, it was possible to clarify that these structures seem to be not deep rooted and consequently they can hardly act as preferential pathways for magma ascent.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: PE108

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The traction evolution is a fundamental ingredient to model the dynamics of an earthquake rupture which ultimately controls, during the coseismic phase, the energy release, the stress redistribution and the consequent excitation of seismic waves. In the present paper we explore the use of the friction behavior derived from laboratory shear experiments performed on granular materials at low normal stress. We find that the rheological properties emerging from these laboratory experiments can not be described in terms of preexisting governing models already presented in literature; our results indicate that neither rate–and state–dependent friction laws nor nonlinear slip–dependent models, commonly adopted for modeling earthquake ruptures, are able to capture all the features of the experimental data. Then, by exploiting a novel numerical approach, we directly incorporate the laboratory data into a code to simulate the fully dynamic propagation of a 3–D slip failure. We demonstrate that the rheology of the granular material, imposed as fault boundary condition, is dynamically consistent. Indeed, it is able to reproduce the basic features of a crustal earthquake, spontaneously accelerating up to some terminal rupture speed, both sub– and supershear.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE441

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Groundwater close to three municipal solid waste landfll sites in Sicily (southern Italy) was sampled to determine the presence of contaminants and the risk associated with its possible use as drinking and sanitary water. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and metals were investigated. These target compounds are the most common pollutants present in leachates. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS, US EPA) was used to assess human health risk. Ingestion, dermal, and total exposure to these xenobiotic contaminants in groundwater were evaluated, and the cancer and non-cancer risk indexes were calculated. The results revealed that, while the groundwater complied with Italian Drinking Water Directive 30/2001, it did not comply with the "good environmental state" criteria of Directive 30/2009 at two of the three sites investigated. Worrying results were revealed by the risk assessment at the investigated sites. Cancer and non-cancer risk indexes indicated a probable risk, mainly due to dermal exposure to groundwater. These results underline the importance of assessing the risk for all possible routes, evaluating not only ingestion but also dermal exposure, especially when organic pollutants are present. The results of this study show that human health risk has probably been underestimated in the past, as dermal exposure to organic pollutants has only rarely been evaluated in the literature.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 535–550

Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal