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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (7,030)
  • ddc:330
  • 2020-2023  (36)
  • 1990-1994  (6,479)
  • 1935-1939  (581)
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  • 1
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    Karlsruhe : Müller | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    The Hague : Europ. Environmental Bureau | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Bonn : Economica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Hamburg : Dt. Übersee-Inst. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Berlin : Duncker & Humblot | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 11
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Marburg : Metropolis-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 15
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 16
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    Ulm : Univ.-Verl. Ulm | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Heidelberg : Physica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 19
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    Wien : Ibera-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 20
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 23
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    Essen : Rheinisch-Westfälisches Inst. für Wirtschaftsforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 24
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    Bremen : Bremer Tabak-Collegium | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 25
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 26
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 27
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 28
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    Wuppertal : Inst. für Ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Industrial demand response can play an important part in balancing the intermittent production from a growing share of renewable energies in electricity markets. This paper analyses the role of aggregators - intermediaries between participants and power markets - in facilitating industrial demand response. Based on the results from semi-structured interviews with German demand response aggregators, as well as a wider stakeholder online survey, we examine the role of aggregators in overcoming barriers to industrial demand response. We find that a central role for aggregators is to raise awareness for the potentials of demand response, as well as to support implementation by engaging key actors in industrial companies. Moreover, we develop a taxonomy that helps analyse how the different functional roles of aggregators create economic value. We find that there is considerable heterogeneity in the kind of services that aggregators offer, many of which do create significant economic value. However, some of the functional roles that aggregators currently fill may become obsolete once market barriers to demand response are reduced or knowledge on demand response becomes more diffused.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-04-25
    Description: In den vergangenen zwei Jahren hat sich die Welt verändert und vermehrt beherrschen Krisen das Bild. Jahrzehntelange Gewissheiten gelten nicht mehr, Risiken und Unsicherheiten nehmen zu, die Herausforderungen werden immer komplexer und erfordern gleichzeitig immer schnelleres und konsequenteres Handeln.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 31
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    Berlin : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: Wir haben zwanzig Jahre Umweltpolitik betrieben, haben nach Nanogrammen von Giften gejagt und Schadstoffemissionen reduziert. Vielleicht ist die Umwelt dadurch etwas sauberer geworden, aber dennoch drohen unserer Ökosphäre immer größere Katastrophen. Was machen wir falsch? Jeder Verbrauch, sei es von Rohstoffen, sei es von Energie, zieht unweigerlich ein Stück veränderte Umwelt nach sich. Und wir verbrauchen Megatonnen. Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek hat ein ökologisches Maß entwickelt, das erstmals den Verbrauch umfassend bestimmen kann. Dieses Maß - MIPS für Material Intensität Pro Serviceeinheit - ermöglicht es, die Umweltbelastung von Prozessen, Produkten und Leistungen zu ermitteln und miteinander zu vergleichen. Wollen wir dauerhaft unsere Ökosphäre retten, müssen wir in recht kurzer Zeit dass Ziel "Faktor 10" erreichen: also Reduzierung allen Verbrauchs auf den zehnten Teil - bei gleichbleibendem Wohlstand. Der Autor zeigt praxisnahe Wege, an dieses Ziel zu gelangen. Wir müssen nicht einfach den Gürtel enger schnallen, sondern wir müssen lernen, mit den zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen rationaler und effektiver umzugehen. Es ist durchaus üblich, Wohlstand zu schaffen - für alle Menschen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The study sheds light on the background of the prevention of plastic waste from packaging and disposable products by explaining the need for action, the environmental impacts and risks to human health. Experiences of the members of the PREVENT Waste Alliance and their partners in the prevention of plastic waste by multi-actor partnerships are presented by means of 17 best practice examples. Finally, the study gives recommendations for the reduction of plastic waste and the further work of the PREVENT Waste Alliance. These include success factors for waste prevention, necessary next steps and conclusions regarding the necessary political framework conditions.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Die GLS Bank finanziert gezielt nachhaltige Projekte und Unternehmen in den Bereichen erneuerbare Energien, nachhaltige Wirtschaft, Ernährung, Wohnen, Bildung & Kultur, Soziales & Gesundheit. Eine zentrale Herausforderung ist es, die Nachhaltigkeitswirkung der Finanz- und Anlagestrategie robust zu quantifizieren und transparent darzustellen. Die GLS Bank hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die hierfür notwendigen Methoden und Daten zur Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeitswirkungen ihres Finanz- und Anlagenportfolios schrittweise weiterzuentwickeln, um eine richtungssichere Portfoliosteuerung und Kundenbetreuung zu unterstützen. Ziel des Projektes ist zunächst, das Emissionsgeschehen der finanzierten Wertschöpfungskette abzubilden (Scope 3), aber auch die eingesparten Emissionen als einen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz zu bewerten (Scope 4). Es werden die Scope 3 Emissionen der GLS Bank in den folgenden Finanz- und Anlagebereichen für das Berichtsjahr 2019 bilanziert: 1. Aktien- und Klimafonds; 2. Kredite; 3. Unternehmensbeteiligung. Scope 4 Emissionen werden in Form vermiedener Emissionen (Carbon Handprint) dabei ausschließlich für Bereiche bilanziert, in denen THG-Reduktionspotentiale richtungssicher abgeschätzt werden können. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird der Untersuchungsrahmen, die vom Wuppertal Institut entwickelte Methodik sowie Lösungsstrategien für die Überbrückung geringer Datenqualität/-verfügbarkeit beschrieben. Die Robustheit der Ergebnisse wird durch Prüfungsmethoden reflektiert und dem Leser somit eine Interpretationsunterstützung gegeben. In einem Ausblick werden Weiterentwicklungsbedarfe und -möglichkeiten skizziert, um schrittweise eine zunehmend robuste und wissenschaftliche fundierte Methodik und Datengrundlage zur Bewertung der Klimawirkung sowie weiterer Nachhaltigkeitswirkungen des Finanz- und Anlageportfolios der GLS Bank in Zusammenarbeit mit relevanten Stakeholdern zu etablieren.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Damit sich die weltweit zunehmend ambitionierten Klimaschutzziele erreichen lassen, müssen auch im Industriesektor weitgehende Emissionsreduktionen innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte realisiert werden. Expertinnen und Experten sind sich einig, dass dies nicht ohne den Umstieg von fossilen auf erneuerbare Energieträger und Rohmaterialien - sogenannte Feedstocks - umsetzbar ist. Im Zuge der verstärkten Nutzung dieser grünen Energieträger ist denkbar, dass sich deren Verfügbarkeit und Kosten zu immer wichtigeren Standortfaktoren für die Produktion industrieller Güter entwickeln werden. Dies könnte dazu führen, dass zukünftig Standorte mit kostengünstiger Verfügbarkeit von erneuerbaren Energien attraktiver gegenüber anderen Standorten werden und es dann zu Standortverlagerungen kommt - insbesondere im Bereich der energieintensiven Industrie. In dem vorliegenden Artikel greifen die Autoren diese möglichen Verlagerungen industrieller Produktion auf. In diesem Zusammenhang führen sie auch den Begriff "Renewables Pull" ein. Die in bestimmten Regionen der Welt kostengünstig und in großen Mengen verfügbaren erneuerbaren Energien könnten nach Ansicht der Autoren künftig eine Sogwirkung auslösen und bestimmte Teile der industriellen Produktion anziehen - auch Pull-Effekt genannt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The transition from today's "take, make, waste" economic paradigm to a circular economy requires a joint effort from actors on all levels: governments, business, and civil society. While companies are among the drivers of the circular transformation, they find it hard to achieve a circular economy on their own. Hence, cross-industry collaboration is one of the imperatives for scaling a circular economy. Against this background, econsense, together with Accenture and the Wuppertal Institute, launched its study "Germany's Transition to a Circular Economy - How to Unlock the Potential of Cross-Industry Collaboration". Based on a survey and expert interviews within the econsense community, the study finds that companies are yet to unlock the full potential of cross-industry collaboration. While two thirds of analysed industry collaborations have a high potential for scaling the circular economy, only 43 per cent of those already show a high degree of interaction. The study provides concrete guidance for companies to get started with circularity and identify the right partners for cross-industry collaboration. Specifically, the report recommends companies: 1) Understand what circularity is about and map it on their own operations and processes. 2) Understand the different circular business models and identify the ones relevant to each business. 3) Discover areas where collaboration can help to create the needed foundation and to execute circular actions.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Digitalisation is taking place at a fast pace in all European countries and it is transforming the economies, societies, communication, jobs and the necessary skills for the workplace and everyday life. The Covid-19 pandemic is also accelerating digitalisation at many levels. To address the great challenges resulting from this, the European Commission has launched the Green Deal, a long-term transformation strategy towards an innovative and sustainable society. Three important initiatives under the Green Deal are the New Circular Economy Action Plan, the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the Zero Pollution Action Plan. The various strategies and action plans draw up a large portfolio of measures, instruments and milestones that are always linked to digital technologies. Ideally, these are eco-innovative and sustainable and contribute to improving living conditions in Europe. The EIO Biennial Report 2020, which looks at a different topic every two years, considers digitalisation a major opportunity to accelerate the transition to a circular Europe. In the current report, the authors provide an overview of eco-innovation trends, illustrated by digital technology and policy practices that can further drive the circular economy.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Auf dem Weg zu einer ressourceneffizienten Gesellschaft bedarf es richtiger Rahmenbedingungen, Informationen und Handlungsalternativen. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Voraussetzungen zu schaffen, ist ein kommunales Zero-Waste-Konzept. Zero Waste lässt sich übersetzen mit "Null Abfall, null Verschwendung" und verfolgt das Ziel, möglichst wenig Abfall zu produzieren sowie effizient und sparsam mit Ressourcen umzugehen. Ein solches Konzept wie in Kiel ist die Basis für eine Zertifizierung als Zero Waste City, eine Auszeichnung, die der europäische Verein Zero Waste Europe vergibt. 2007 wurde die italienische Gemeinde Capannori zur ersten Zero Waste City in Europa erklärt, seitdem sind knapp 400 europäische Gemeinden dieser Bewegung gefolgt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Die beiden mächtigsten Energiekonzerne in Deutschland fusionieren wechselseitig ihre Geschäftsfelder. Das Ergebnis wird eine bisher nie dagewesene Marktbeherrschung im Energiesektor darstellen. Die beiden Autoren beleuchten den Deal und kritisieren die Untätigkeit sämtlicher Aufsichtsbehörden.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Prepaid-Stromzähler sind in Deutschland noch selten, bieten jedoch zukünftig einen interessanten Markt. Vor allem kleinere Anbieter, aber auch erste Regionalversorger kombinieren die Megatrends Digitalisierung und Energiewende und kreieren daraus neue Dienstleistungen. Zusammen mit IT-Firmen entwickeln sie daraus neue Geschäftsideen, die auch hinsichtlich sozialer Aspekte hohen Anforderungen genügen. Der Rollout von Smart Metering-Lösungen eröffnet zukünftig noch größere Chancen, durch Echtzeit-Datenerfassung den Energieverbrauch und damit auch Einsparpotenziale transparent zu machen. Hochaufgelöste Daten ermöglichen innovative Dienstleistungen und bringen die Kundenbeziehung auf eine neue Ebene.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Öffentliche Mittel für die Unterstützung von Unternehmen sollten bestenfalls so eingesetzt werden, dass sie eine möglichst große, nachhaltige Wirkung haben und mit einem gesellschaftlichen Nutzen verbunden sind. Das kann unmittelbar erfolgen, in dem die konkrete Förderung an bestimmte Vorgaben gebunden wird, wie etwa den Ausbau von zukunftsfähigen Infrastrukturen. Es besteht jedoch auch die Möglichkeit, die Risikoabsicherung von Unternehmen - beispielsweise über Bürgschaften oder andere geeignete Finanzierungskonditionen - an der Nachhaltigkeitsperformance der Unternehmen auszurichten. Der vorliegende vierstufige Leitfaden, den der WWF Deutschland und das Wuppertal Institut entwickelt haben, dient als Grundlage für die zielorientiertere Vergabe von Mitteln und deren praktische Umsetzung. Er baut auf der von der Europäischen Union entwickelten "Taxonomie" für nachhaltige Investitionen auf. Darin enthalten sind Grenzwerte, welche die Nachhaltigkeitsperformance wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten definieren. Auf diese Weise lässt sich filtern, ob ein wirtschaftliches Vorhaben zukunftsfähig ist. Hierbei unterstützt der "Entscheidungsbaum" des Leitfadens die Anwendung der EU-Taxonomie als Regelwerk.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Mehr als sechs Millionen Tonnen Kunststoffabfälle fallen in Deutschland jährlich an, nur etwas weniger als die Hälfte kann werk- und rohstofflich genutzt werden, der Rest wird verbrannt. Gerade gemischte Kunststoffarten erschweren das Recycling. Hier bietet sich das chemische Recycling (Pyrolyse) an. Bei diesem Verfahren werden die Stoffe durch hohe Temperaturen zersetzt und in kleinere Moleküle aufgespalten. Diese lassen sich im Sinne der Kreislaufwirtschaft in neue Kunststoffe oder chemische Grundstoffe überführen. Die Schätzungen gehen von bis zu zwei Millionen Tonnen Kunststoffabfall jährlich aus, der auf diese Weise wiederverwendet werden könnte. Das vorliegende Diskussionspapier zeigt, dass Pyrolyse von gemischten Kunststoffabfällen die chemische Industrie sowie die Abfallwirtschaft klimafreundlicher gestalten kann. Im Papier geht das Autorenteam auf die Potenziale und Entwicklungsperspektiven für Nordrhein-Westfalen ein mit dem Ziel, wissenschaftliche Grundlagen für Investitionsentscheidungen und Projektentwicklung im Sinne der Kreislaufwirtschaft zu schaffen.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-02-04
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Diese Kurzstudie ist Teil des Verbundvorhabens "Circular Economy als Innovationsmotor für eine klimaneutrale und ressourceneffiziente Wirtschaft (CEWI)" der Stiftung 2°, dem WWF Deutschland und dem Wuppertal Institut und hat zum Ziel, die Potenziale des Gebäudesektors und der dazugehörigen Wertschöpfung im Hinblick auf die Umsetzung von zirkulären Ansätzen zu analysieren und den Beitrag zur Ressourceneinsparung und dem Klimaschutz zu bewerten. Das Ergebnis dieser Kurzstudie leitet sich aus einem intensiven Bewertungsprozess verschiedener Maßnahmen-Cluster ab und besteht aus sechs Handlungsfeldern, die ein Potenzial für den Ausbau von Klimaneutralität und Ressourceneffizienz im Gebäudesektor aufweisen. Diese Handlungsfelder bilden die Grundlage für den weiteren Projektverlauf von CEWI, in dem Industrieakteure in Workshops gemeinsam Pilotprojekte modellieren werden.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Diese Kurzstudie ist Teil des Verbundvorhabens "Circular Economy als Innovationsmotor für eine klimaneutrale und ressourceneffiziente Wirtschaft (CEWI)" der Stiftung 2°, dem WWF Deutschland und dem Wuppertal Institut und hat zum Ziel, die Potenziale des Automobilsektors und der dazugehörigen Wertschöpfung im Hinblick auf die Umsetzung von zirkulären Ansätzen zu analysieren und den Beitrag zur Ressourceneinsparung und dem Klimaschutz zu bewerten. Das Ergebnis dieser Kurzstudie leitet sich aus einem intensiven Bewertungsprozess verschiedener Maßnahmen-Cluster ab und besteht aus sechs Handlungsfeldern, die ein Potenzial für den Ausbau von Klimaneutralität und Ressourceneffizienz im Automobilsektor aufweisen. Diese Handlungsfelder bilden die Grundlage für den weiteren Projektverlauf von CEWI, in dem Akteure aus der Praxis in Workshops gemeinsam Pilotprojekte modellieren werden.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Die Wirtschaftsförderung Region Stuttgart GmbH (WRS) unterstützt die Transformation der Region Stuttgart in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit und sieht die Bioökonomie als eine wichtige Strategie zu diesem Zweck. Die WRS hat das Wuppertal Institut mit dieser Kurzstudie mit dem Fokus auf die industrielle Bioökonomie beauftragt, um eine Informationsgrundlage für die Spezifikation weiterer Aktivitäten der WRS im Kontext der Bioökonomie zu schaffen. Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über definitorische Ansätze und Diskurslinien der Bioökonomie. Sie fasst Einschätzungen des deutschen Bioökonomierates zu Marktpotenzialen der Bioökonomie in verschiedenen Branchen zusammen, die u.a. für Automobil, Biotechnologie und IKT als gut eingeschätzt werden. Anschließend umreißt die Studie die Innovationsansätze Biomimikry und Biointelligenz. Für den Ansatz Biointelligenz zur biologischen Transformation der industriellen Wertschöpfung werden die in Studien von Dritten identifizierten Marktpotenziale der Biointelligenz zusammengefasst, u.a. in den Bereichen Unterstützungssysteme, Produktionssysteme/-technologien und Baumaterialien. Darüber hinaus stellt die Studie Schnittstellen relevanter Landesstrategien in Baden-Württemberg zu Bioökonomiethemen dar, die synergetisch genutzt werden könnten. Ergänzend gibt die Studie einen Überblick über die Akteurslandschaft in Baden-Württemberg. Der Überblick basiert insbesondere auf dem Bioökonomie Kompetenzatlas wissenschaftlicher Akteure, der von der Landeskoordinierungsstelle an der Universität Hohenheim herausgegeben wird, sowie einer Akteursanalyse aus dem Projekt "Bioökonomie in Baden-Württemberg", das am KIT durch das ITAS durchgeführt wurde und durch die BIOPRO Baden-Württemberg GmbH unterstützt wurde. Auf Basis dieser Informationssammlung entwirft die Studie weiterführende Fragen in Bezug auf mögliche weitere Aktivitäten der WRS im Kontext der Bioökonomie, u.a. die mögliche Nutzung von Innovationsansätzen aus dem Bereich der Living Lab und Reallaborforschung.
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Two thirds of today's world trade is based on global value chains and supply networks. Purely regional supply chains have become less important in recent decades. The effects of these globalised structures are manifold. On the one hand, they promote employment and generate prosperity. On the other hand, they are beset by extreme social, ecological and economic imbalances. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the fragility of existing supply chain systems. The lockdown continues to disrupt complex supply chains and many problems of existing production and consumption continue to worsen. COVID-19 is one example of the crises that can shake globally networked supply chains in the short term. Other crises, such as climate change, develop more insidiously and are less immediately recognisable. Different as they are, such crises have one thing in common: they highlight the vulnerability of global social and economic structures and illustrate the impact of global trade on the regions and people of the world. This is precisely where global sustainability strategy comes in - it aims to fundamentally reduce differences and inequalities in opportunities and quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the entire world into upheaval, creating an opportunity to make sustainability a central political resilience strategy. In the wake of the Corona pandemic, the discussion about resilient communities has flared up. In order to guarantee supply in the face of such crises, these should be more strongly regional and circular in their economic approach and global and sustainable in their perspective. The aim should be sustainable, transparent, non-exploitative supply chains that guarantee the security of supply to cover basic needs and public services despite sudden changes and crises. This discussion paper draws a future scenario of globally cooperative, circular regional economies that fundamentally reduce global inequalities in opportunities and quality of life, while at the same time permanently preserving the natural foundations of life.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Seitdem Einweg-Plastikartikel wie Kunststofftüten und Strohhalme verboten wurden, sind Straßen und Strände sauberer geworden. Zudem wurde auch die öffentliche Diskussion über nachhaltigen Konsum intensiviert. Die Gesamtmenge an Kunststoff-Abfällen ließ sich mit "Plastikverboten" hingegen nicht signifikant reduzieren. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt der vorliegende Polyproblem-Report der gemeinnützigen Röchling Stiftung und des Beratungshauses Wider Sense in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Wuppertal Institut. Die Autor*innen haben die Wirkung staatlicher Verbote von Einweg-Plastikprodukten unter die Lupe genommen und die Erfahrungen aus Deutschland, Kenia und Kalifornien analysiert.
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2022-01-26
    Description: Within the Shaping Digitalisation project, we aim to highlight and discuss the opportunities that digitalisation can bring to Germany. In particular, we are discussing three stand-out areas where action is most needed to achieve ecological transformation: mobility, the circular economy, and agriculture and food. This report addresses the second area in need of action. Up until now, discussions on the circular economy have been limited to recycling and the re-use of materials. We must expand the scope of these discussions to include new, resource-efficient business models and the comprehensive transformation of value chains and industrial structures. Our analysis has found that digitalisation is indispensable for this transformation if used properly. We hope this report will provide the impetus needed to kick-start a climate- and resource-friendly industrial transformation in Germany. Here, we have incorporated the findings of our interdisciplinary workshop on "Shaping the Digital-Ecological Industrial Transformation - Business Models and Political Framework Conditions for Climate and Resource Protection" that was attended by experts from international research institutes, civil organizations, public authorities, and private companies.
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-09
    Description: Die Europäische Union (EU) hat erkannt, dass das Ziel der Klimaneutralität bis 2050 ein zentraler Innovations- und Wachstumsmotor für Industrie und Wirtschaft in der EU sein kann. Neben großen Chancen stellt dies die europäische Wirtschaft und überwiegend die besonders emissionsintensiven sowie im international starkem Wettbewerb stehenden Grundstoffindustrien auch vor erhebliche Herausforderungen. Eine integrierte Klima- und Industriestrategie ist für den Klimaschutz von zentraler Bedeutung, da auf die Produktion von Stahl, Zement, Grundstoffchemikalien, Glas, Papier und anderen Materialien in der EU und weltweit rund 20 Prozent der gesamten Treibhausgasemissionen entfallen. Auch in einer treibhausgasneutralen Zukunft kann auf diese Materialien nicht verzichten werden. Zugleich ist die emissionsfreie Herstellung der Materialien technologisch sowie mit Blick auf die dafür erforderlichen Infrastrukturen besonders herausfordernd. Dies gilt vor allem für die Frage woher die hohen benötigten Mengen an grüner Energie - insbesondere Strom und Wasserstoff - zu wettbewerbsfähigen Preisen kommen sollen. Analysen zeigen, dass trotz erheblicher Kosten bei der Prozessumstellung die Kosten der Transformation der Grundstoffindustrie für die Gesellschaft insgesamt tragbar sind. Denn bezogen auf die Endprodukte betragen die Mehrkosten meist nur wenige Prozentpunkte; die Preise von Rohstahl oder Zement dagegen würden sich zwischen einem Drittel und 100 Prozent verteuern. Da fast alle Grundstoffhersteller in starker Weltmarktkonkurrenz stehen, können sie die Investitionen in eine klimaneutrale Produktion und die benötigten Energieinfrastrukturen aber nicht ohne Unterstützung tragen. Das vorliegende Papier skizziert ein integriertes Klima-Industriepolitikpaket, das der EU ermöglichen kann, die bestehende technologische Führung in vielen dieser Industrien zielgerichtet zum Aufbau einer treibhausgasneutralen Grundstoffindustrie zu nutzen.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2022-10-10
    Description: The introduction of a Digital Product Passport (DPP) is an opportunity to create a system that can store and share all relevant information throughout a product's life cycle. This would provide industry stakeholders, businesses, public authorities and consumers with a better understanding of the materials used in the product as well as their embodied environmental impact. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the cost-of-living crisis, now is a critical moment to transform our economic and business models, while also addressing the huge scale of material emissions. DPPs can be a pivotal policy instrument in this goal. Furthermore, DPPs can accelerate the twin green and digital transitions as part of EU efforts to deliver positive climate action and sustainable economies. In 2020, the European Commission (EC) adopted a new Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), which emphasised the need for circular economy initiatives to consider the entire life cycle of products, from the production of basic materials to end-of-life disposal. The Circular Economy Package published in March 2022 includes a proposal for an Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), which builds upon the Ecodesign Directive that covers energy-related products. A DPP will form a key regulatory element of the ESPR by enhancing the traceability of products and their components. This will provide consumers and manufacturers with the information needed to make better informed choices by taking their environmental impact into consideration. As discussed in the report, there is widespread agreement amongst business leaders that a well-designed DPP could have both short- and longer-term benefits, improving access to reliable and comparable product sustainability information for businesses, consumers and policymakers. A well-designed DPP can unify information, making it more readily accessible to all actors in the supply chain. This will support businesses to ensure an effective transformation towards a decarbonised industry. It could also create incentives for companies to make their products more sustainable, as improving access to reliable and consistent information across supply chains will make it easier for customers to make comparisons.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2022-10-07
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Die Dekarbonisierung der Mietwohnungsbestände ist zwingende Voraussetzung für die Einhaltung deutscher Klimaschutzziele. Hierzu ist eine schnelle und deutliche Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz unabdinglich. Aber: funktioniert der Markt für Energieeffizienz bei Mietwohnungen? Eine empirische Untersuchung auf dem Wuppertaler Mietwohnungsmarkt gibt Antworten darauf. Um die Sanierungsrate signifikant zu steigern, etwa durch eine höhere Zahlungsbereitschaft für Energieeffizienz, braucht es sowohl für Vermieter als auch für Mieter verbesserte Rahmenbedingungen.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: A main goal of this study - which also functions as deliverable 210078-D07 of the Circular Economy Beacons (CEB) project - is to evaluate currently available frameworks that measure and operationalise Circular Economy (CE), with a particular focus on the urban context. The regional focus lies on the Western Balkan region, which is at the centre of the project. Such "Urban Circularity Hotspot Frameworks" (UCHF) aim at providing decision support for policy makers, companies, citizens etc. regarding the transition to CE within cities. Based on the analysis of different frameworks, suggestions are derived regarding UCHF suitable for the specific characteristics of Western Balkan municipalities, i.e. a Circular Economy Beacons Urban Circularity Hotspot Framework (CEB-UCHF) ready for short-term implementation.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Circular economy seems a vital enabler for sustainable use of natural resources which is also important for achieving the 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals. Therefore, a special session addressing issues of "sustainable solutions and remarkable practices in circular economy focusing materials downstream" was held at the 16th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology, where researchers and attendees worldwide were convened to share their experiences and visions. Presentations focusing on many key points such as new strategies, innovative technologies, management methods, and practical cases were discussed during the session. Accordingly, this article compiled all these distinctive presentations and gave insights into the pathway of circular economy towards the sustainable development goals. We summarized that the transition to circular economy can keep the value of resources and products at a high level and minimize waste production; the focus of governmental policies and plans with the involvement of public-private-partnership on 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) helps to improve the use of natural resources and take a step ahead to approach or achieve the sustainability.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: In Germany, the number of renewable energy prosumers has increased rapidly since 2000. However, the development of prosumers has faced and will continue to face various economic, social, and technological challenges, which have triggered the emergence of a number of innovative business models (BM). This paper enriches the empirical basis for prosumer-oriented BMs by investigating two BM innovations in Germany (P2P electricity trading and aggregation of small-size prosumers) drawing on business model and socio-technical transition theories. A mix of qualitative data collection methods, including document analysis and semi-structured expert interviews, was applied. We found that while both BMs can potentially address the challenges associated with renewable energy prosumer development in Germany, small-scale prosumers’ participation in both BMs has been limited so far. We identified various internal and external drivers and barriers for scaling up these BMs for prosumer development in Germany. Despite these barriers, both aggregation and centralized P2P targeting prosumers may potentially be also taken up by incumbent market actors such as utilities. Decentralized P2P on the other hand still faces significant internal and external barriers for upscaling. Based on the analysis, the paper provides policy recommendations with respect to the identified drivers and barriers. From a theoretical perspective, our findings provide further evidence to challenge the dichotomous understanding of niche actors and incumbents, the latter of which are often theorized to be resistant to radical innovations.
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Die Emscher-Lippe Region ist seit vielen Jahren von einer intensiven wirtschaftlichen Transformation geprägt. Die fortschreitende De-Industrialisierung bzw. die Neuorientierung der Industrie nach dem Wegfall der Kohle- und Stahlindustrie stellt regionale Entscheidungsträger vor große Herausforderungen, wenn es darum geht, der hohen Arbeitslosenquote zu begegnen, Beschäftigungsquoten zu sichern, mit der prekären Finanzsituation in den kommunalen Haushalten umzugehen und den Wirtschaftsstandort zu stabilisieren und neu aufzustellen. Der Strukturwandel der Region ist mit Schließung der letzten Steinkohle-Zeche Ende 2018 nicht abgeschlossen, sondern geht mit dem Kohleausstieg im Energiesektor in eine zweite Phase. Dies sollte auch als Chance verstanden werden, den Wirtschaftsstandort Emscher-Lippe mit seinen energiereichen Industrien innovativ neu zu gestalten und die Region sowohl energetisch, als auch stofflich von der Nutzung fossiler Träger abzukoppeln. Eine wichtige Säule der regionalen Wirtschaftsförderung besteht darin, strategische Netzwerke und regionale Wertschöpfungsketten zu stärken, um die in der Region ansässigen (mittelständischen) Unternehmen zu unterstützen und den Strukturwandel innerhalb der dominierenden Industrien aus den Bereichen Energieerzeugung und chemischer Industrie zu begleiten. Die vorliegende Studie bereitet auf, welche Bedeutung die Wasserstoffwirtschaft in der Emscher-Lippe Region in diesem Zusammenhang derzeit spielt und zukünftig spielen könnte.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Immer mehr Unternehmen verkünden, klimaneutral sein zu wollen und zahlreiche Firmen bieten bereits klimaneutrale Produkte oder Dienstleistungen an: Von der klimaneutralen Paketzustellung bis zur Flugreise. Doch was bedeuten die Neutralitätsziele der Unternehmen genau? Ist das gesetzte Ziel ambitioniert? Und welche Rolle spielt Offsetting, also der Ankauf von Klimaschutzzertifikaten und deren Anrechnung auf das eigene Klimaschutzziel? Die hinter den verkündeten Zielen stehenden Ansätze sind häufig nur schwer nachvollziehbar. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt der vorliegende Zukunftsimpuls zehn Empfehlungen für die Festlegung und Umsetzung von Neutralitätszielen. Die Autorinnen und Autoren sprechen sich dabei unter anderem für die Nutzung einer robusten Datenbasis als Grundlage für Neutralitätsziele aus, betonen die Bedeutung einer transparenten Kommunikation und zeigen auf, welche Rolle Offsetting spielen sollte. So sollten angekaufte Klimaschutz-Zertifikate einen möglichst begrenzten Beitrag zur Zielerfüllung leisen und ausschließlich zum Ausgleich von Emissionen genutzt werden, die nicht reduziert oder vermieden werden können. Insgesamt sollten Neutralitätsziele nicht zum alleinigen Kriterium für ambitionierten Klimaschutz von Unternehmen gemacht werden, sie stellen vielmehr ein Baustein einer weitaus umfassenderen unternehmerischen Klimaschutzstrategie dar.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: With increasing world population and an unsettling resource scarcity in the back, sustainble consumption has moved to the foreground of political, economical and social discussions. One major school-of-thought is Circular Economy (CE), an approach summarizing various sustainable consumption activites under one roof. However, quantitative studies on the consumer are rare, yet crucial for a transfer from linear to circular consumption. This dissertation adds to literature by providing pioneer insights into consumer behavior in CE as an overarching concept, instead limiting research on singular subconcepts. Namely, four consumer activities are studied: recycling, upcycling, renting and sharing. In order to identify relevant insights for both academics and practitioners in CE, the research question ("what drives participation in CE?") is broken down into sub-hypotheses, which are addressed by three empirical studies. Using the SOR-Model (adaption Belk 1975) as overarching logic, the three studies deal with (1) the consumer (and their motivation) and situational stimuli (both (2) offline and (3) online). Respectively, three data sets are consulted to assess the sub-hypotheses and to identify overarching insights on how to accelerate consumer participation in CE, The research methodology employed ranges from a structured equation model (SEM), a random allocation field experiment during Fashion Week in Berlin to a discrete-choice model with best-worst scaling. The dissertation succeeds in revealing that (1) different activities in CE can be summarized in one latent variable, proving CE as a wholesome concept in consumer-related activities; that (2) Trust has a leveraging effect on participation in CE activities. Further, Trust can be enhanced offline via face-to-face interaction and online via third-party online attributes.; and that (3) experience in CE activities affects perception of online attributes, implying the need for adapted measures when dealing with CE-unexperienced consumers as compared to consumers with prior experience in CE activities.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: How do recent changes in consumption in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic affect the avoidance of packaging waste? How can an increase in packaging waste be countered and the previous trend towards unpackaged and reusable solutions be revived and promoted? To tackle these questions, we use a systemic approach that regards packaging as a network of interrelated interests of industry (manufacturing and logistics), trade (retail and catering), consumers and the waste management sector. To analyse this network, we applied three methods. First, we analysed secondary sources such as surveys. Second, we conducted semi-structured interviews with seven actors from industry, consumer education and waste management in May and June 2020. Third, we used the questions from the interview guideline to do an online survey among representatives of the public waste management industry.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 61-89 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three pairs of thymus primordia are found at 6 to 6.5 mm. on the dorsal lateral ends of the second, third and fourth visceral pouches. Those on each side after fusing by growth and migratin come to lie above the third visceral pouch, whence the thymus migrates upward and backward; growing in size, it stretches above the ends of all the gill pouches. It pushes inward into the mesenchyme at 12 to 13 mm. and becomes perforated and surrounded by blood vessels and connective tissue which separate it almost completely from the epithelium. No septa are found; occasionally the third primordium fails to fuse and forms a separate lobe.The early thymus is a syncytium in which are found lymphoblasts, identified by structure of the cytosome and its behavior during mitosis. Evidence is presented that lymphoblasts migrate into the thymus where they increase in number with corresponding increase in length of cytoplasmic bridges and size of intercellular spaces. At 10 mm. begins a rapid increase in size of the thymus and in number of lymphoblasts and decrease in size of the latter, culminating at 12 to 13 mm. in their transformation into thymocytes. A medulla associated with blood vessels is unmistakable at 30 mm.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the development of the sense organs of the larva of Botryllus schlosseri to determine, if possible, any homologies between its sense organs and those of other types of ascidians such as Molgula and Ammaroucium, which have sense organs structurally very different.The statolith appears in the Botryllus embryo as a single club-shaped cell. The lightsensitive organs have their primordia slightly later as five small filaments, each developed from a ganglion cell. A cavity appears in the statolith into which the light-sensitive filaments penetrate. Later development is concerned with pigmentation of the statolith, and a twisting process which orients it into the position in which it is found in the free-swimming larva. The three tactile papillae develop from evaginations of ectoderm at the anterior end of the embryo. The ectodermal cells at the center of a papilla are differentiated into rod-shaped sensory receptors and ganglion-like masses of nerve tissue. Nervous connections are established between these peripheral ganglia and the central nervous system.Results of the investigation indicate that the statoliths of the different ascidian larvae are homologous; the direction eyes probably are not, but have evolved independently from a light-sensitive area in the primitive larva of a common ancestral ascidian. The larvae of Molgula and Ammaroucium possess no structures comparable to the sensory papillae of Botryllus.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the brinchial epithelium in representative specimens of Cyclostomata Elasmobranchii and Teleostei fishes has been made, with special reference to the following: 1) the importance of physiological role of osmotic regulation effected by the gills; 2) the presence or absence of specialized secretory tissue; 3) progressive evolution of the fishes and the possible phylogenetic difference between them. In regard to these topics we find: 1) There is no indication of any specialization in the branchial epithelium of fishes indicating a special role in extrarenal excretion. 2) In the respiratory epithelium of fishes widely separated phylogenetically or in fishes in living in fresh or salt water, the only significant differences are that in general the teleosts have a squamous type of epithelium, whereas, the elasmobranchs have in general a thicker polyhedral investment. 3) Mucous cells appear large and numerous on the filament proper, smaller and less numerous in the interlamellar spaces, and on the free surface of the lamellae. These are the only specialized secretory cells which occur in the gills.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exeretory system of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum consists of three pairs of longitudinal channels communicating by a single ventral vessel with the excretory vesicle. Branches subdivide extensively and anastomose forming a dense network of tubules throughout the body. The vessele possess many of the features characteristic of lymph systems as described in amphistome trematodes. They have cuticular walls, come into intimate association with the intestine and contain a granular coagulum and cellular elements suspended in the lumen. The single system of vessels appears to be functioning as a combined lymph and excretory system. Typhlocoelum americanum Manter and Williams ('28) is regarded as a synonym of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rud. 1809).
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 597-615 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thyroid has been briefly described from an example of each of the four urodele families and comparisons drawn. An attempt has been made toward clarifying previous and conflicting accounts. The thyroid arises as a solid bud from the floor of the pharynx in the region of the first visceral pouches. This bud grows backward until it reaches the pericardium. Division of the primordium into lateral portions is inaugurated and the anterior end of the splitting thyroid loses its connection with the pharynx before the separation of the parts is completed. Some of the undivided anterior portion may persist as an accessory thryroid. After the two lateral thyroid masses are separated the yolk disappears from the cells which then form cell columns and enlarge as a result of the fusion of adjacent vesicles. A thyroid [release] occurs at the time of metamorphosis except in Necturus. After the [release] the follicles refill. Similarities in development and general histological picture are closer between Necturus and Cryptobranchus as a pair than between either of these forms and Amblystoma or Eurycea. Amblystoma and Eurycea also resemble each other in histological picture. It is suggested that Necturus produces the thyroid hormone in sufficient quantity to induce metamorphosis but that some other factor or factors serve to inhibit the response.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 41-85 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Extensive measurements were made on skeletal configurations and muscles of several forms of Hemiptera-Homoptera from the early nymphal instars to the adults, inclusive. It has been shown that several of the muscles actually decrease in length (i.e., contract) as the animal grows as a whole. Such a state of affairs has never before been observed, so far as the writer knows. The most marked increase in length of a skeletal invagination often coincides with the greatest amount of contracture of the muscle which is attached to its extremity. The characteristics of the arthropod skeleton, which consist of invaginations and evaginations are probably, in the forms studied, due to muscular contraction or to the prolonged sustenance of muscular tonicity.The form of muscular contraction described probably belongs to the ‘catch’ type rather than to the metabolic type. The direct cause of these muscular contractions is probably due to changes in physico-chemical constitution of the haemolymph.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 173-188 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tubules vary in number from about 190 to 300. They gather into twelve groups each consisting of an anterior and a posterior division and each emptying into one of twelve ampullae arranged equi-distant from each other about the wall of the posterior mid-gut and in a transverse plane just anterior to the sphincter muscle which marks, externally, the junction of mid- and hind-gut, that is to say, the ‘pyloric valve.’ The lumen of each ampulla is continuous with one of twelve furrows formed by the gathering of the hindgut epithelium into as many folds.The wall of the digestive tube is made up of, (1) an inner epithelium (tall columnar cells), (2) an intermediate connective tissue layer, and (3) an outer muscular coat (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer). The mid-gut epithelium dips down at frequent intervals to form crypts at the bases of which are the ‘regeneration centers.’ This epithelium is covered, on its luminar surface, by a curious striated border. The epithelium of the hind-gut appears to be covered by chitin.A malpighian tubule consists of a single layer of large polygonal cells with indistinct borders. It is covered externally by a thin membrene made up of ‘peritoneal cells’ and internally by a striated border similar to that in the mid-gut. Spiralling about each tubule from origin (free end) to insertion (in the gut) is a slender tracheole.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flexures in the flexed-tailed mouse consist of unilateral fusions of adjacent vertebrae. Fusions, if complete, produce straight stiff segments.In normal mouse embryogeny, the precartilage cells surrounding the developing nucleus pulposus of the embryonic intervertebral disk in the proximal tail region begin to elongate and become fiber-like at about 14 days after fertilization. In the flexed mouse, such differentiation fails to take place on one side of an affected disk, and these cells develop through cartilage to bone. At such a point there is frequently a bend in the notochordal axis. Other abnormalities of the notochord have been observed. These are not the cause of the flexures.The gene for flexed tail also produces two effects more general in their expression. First, it slows the growth of the vertebral column as indicated by the shorter vertebrae of the proximal tail region. This is observable 13 days after fertilization. Second, it produces an embryonic anemia which is already in existence at 14 days after fertilization. It is postulated that the flexures are due to the retardation of growth at a time which is critical for the intervertebral disks. Whether this retardation is the primary effect of the gene and produces the anemia, or whether the anemia is primary and produces the retardation, the data do not show.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The histological structure of the eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix is described with reference to its comparative relationships. The eye is primarily mammalian in character but its choroid contains a definite cartilaginous plate and its retina is anangiotic.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 555-571 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each contractile vacuole system of Paramecium multimicronucleata is made up of a number of components, some temporary and others permanent. The contracting vacuole with its membrane is a temporary structure as are the vesicles which fuse to form it. The vacuole discharges its contents to the exterior leaving a vestige closing the pore. The pore, with its discharging tubule and the feeding canals are permanent cell organelles. The feeding canals end in injection tubules which extend up to the pore. The vesicles, which later fuse to form the vacuole, are formed at the proximal end of the injection canals, leaving a membrane closing the canal, much as a food vacuole is formed at the gullet. The canal-fed contractile vacuole of Paramecium is very similar to the vesicle-fed vacuole of Euplotes both as to its origin and its fate. The Nassonov homology is rejected.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum becomes much elongated upon centrifuging at 21,000 times gravity. The chromatin is sometimes forced from the achromatic matrix of the macronucleus. The materials in the cell are redistributed according to their relative specific gravities as follows: At the centrifugal end of the cell, crystals, layer of fluid, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin, food vacuoles and neutral red inclusions, achromatic matrix of the macronucleus, endoplasm with large clear alveoli, and fat, at the centripetal end of the cell. The contracting vacuole is displaced sometimes but not the feeding canals or pore. In some cases the crystals, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin may be extruded from the cell. Animals which survive centrifuging regain their usual shape and the disturbed materials return to their usual distribution rapidly. Sometimes the crystals remain in large compact masses and are so passed to the daughter cells upon fission. The two components of the macronucleus do not fuse the macronuclear chromatin regenerates an achromatic matrix, and division is somewhat delayed. The old macronuclear matrix persists over a long time and sometimes interferes with division. Animals which have no micronucleus may survive and divide, but no amicronucleate races have been established. Apparently macronuclear chromatin is necessary for the survival and division of P. caudatum; in the absence of the macronuclear chromatin no replacement occurs from the micronucleus. The membrane of the contracting vacuole is temporary.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 82
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paraphysis of adult Amblystoma is made up of low columnar ependymal epithelit m which forms the paraphyseal tubules which end blindly and which communicate with one another by a common mouth with the third ventricle. Between the paraphyseal tubules venous sinusoids anastomose freely with one another forming a complicated rete. The sinusoids are made up entirely of endothelium. The blood supply to the paraphysis is entirely venous.Mitochondria were found in great abundance in the paraphysis of one female just previous to laying. Other specimens showed very few present. No conclusions can be drawn from these few observations as to the relationship between physiological activity and cellular structures.The Golgi apparatus was observed definitely localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Many large crystalloids were also observed to be localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Intercellular spaces are readily observed in sections stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. Nassonow's osmic acid technique for the Golgi apparatus and Benda's crystal violet and alizarin stain clearly bring out the intercellular canals. Acid fuchsin stained particles within the intercellular spaces are more abundant toward the sinusoids than the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules. The intercellular canals have not been seen to communicate with either the sinusoids or the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules in any of the preparations observed.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a comparative study of the branchial epithelium of fishes we find the occurrence of three distinct types and seven subtypes of intra-epithelial glands which are in intimate association with the branchial epithelium of fishes.These glands have been classified according to their morphological patterns, cytoplasmic content and other features dealing with structural complexity.Although these structures arrange themselves in a graded series which become increasingly more and more complex, there does not appear to be any definite correlation between the structural complexity of the glands, and the apparent evolutionary history of the fishes.We conclude from the characteristic arrangement, relationships, and specific staining reactions that these structures are intra-epithelial mucous glands.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 473-499 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hypoglossal downgrowth is initiated at about the twenty-somite stage, as ventral extensions from the postotic (occipital) myotomes 3 and 4. At thirty somites, occipital myotomes 2, 3 and 4, and cervical 1 have developed ventral processes. These descending processes with contributions from posterior myotomes later form a common condensed area below myotomes 2 to 7, the submyotomic tract. There develops from this a cord of mesoderm, the hypoglossal cord or downgrowth.The anterior postotic myotomes are classed as indirect (numbers 1, 2, 6 and 7) or direct (numbers 3, 4 and 5) contributors to the hypoglossal downgrowth.Mechanical factors associated with this growth process are discussed.The hypoglossal nerve at 75 hours has six roots, four occipital (numbers 1 to 4) and two cervical. The first two occipitai roots fail to keep pace in development and are subsequently lost. A transïtory connection of the third cervical to the hypoglossal nerve is demonstrated at the age of 5 days. At 6 days the first occipital root is reduced to scattered fibers, the remaining occipital roots, numbers 2 to 4, increase in size, cervicals 1 and 2 join the hypoglossa.The correspondence of the myotomes providing the contributions to the hypoglossal cord and the nerves providing the major contributing roots of the hypoglossal nerve is commented on.
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 501-531 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is presented of the most anterior postotic somites in a series of embryos from the five-somite stage to 16 days. A gradual fading out of the somite forming tendency in this region seems to be indicated both by the formation of a rudimentary somite and by conditions found in the first true somites.There are, in the rabbit, three occipital somites, all of which form myotomes. The fate of the myotomes is traced until their identity is lost in the formation of definitive muscle masses.From the sclerotomes two occipital arches, comparable to those of vertebrae, are formed and can be identified as late as the time of beginning chondrification. There is a marked compression of the tissues in this region, the sclerotomal material being not only relatively but actually shorter in older embryos. This compression results in, 1) the approximation of the hypoglossal roots, and, 2) the fusion of the two occipital arches.The cartilaginous basal plate in rabbits begins development at its caudal end and differentiates anteriorly from this with little evidence of a primitive segmentation except as this posterior first center might be called a segment.
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  • 88
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The female black scale possesses a pair of lateral ocelli. Each develops as a small disc of enlarged hypodermal cells which increases in size and invaginates. The disc finally becomes cut off from the hypodermis to form a vesicle lying between the regular hypodermis and the lateral margin of the brain. The vesicle becomes differentiated into two parts. The outer group of cells forms the vitreous body, the inner group gives rise to the retina. The vitreous body soon begins to secrete the lens which, during embryonic life, becomes biconvex. Pigment granules form only in the retinal cells; at first yellow, later black. The ocellus of the first instar is similar to that of the embryo. During first and second ecdyses the old lens is cast off and a new one secreted by the vitreous body. A large, irregularly shaped crystalline body forms between the vitreous body and the retina. The ocellus is of four parts: lens, vitreous body, crystallin body and retina. Retinal cells are at first nucleated but the nuclei probably pass to the nerve fibers each one of which is connected to a retinal cell. The ocellus does not change in structure throughout the life of the insect but finally disintegrates. The disintegration begins on the inner surface of the lens. Ocelli developed in the embryo remain unchanged throughout the insect's life.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This article describes the structural features of the mantle and shell, particularly in the tiger snail, Anguispira alternata. The shell and the slime appear to be secreted simultaneously, probably from the same sources, and except for the mucus probably from the same materials, but certainly through very different structures.It is found that all the layers of the shell are secreted in a liquid or semi-liquid state by some part of the mantle. The periostracum is secreted from the supramarginal groove as a liquid which soon toughens as viscosity increases until it forms the organic covering of the shell. The inner layers are derived from epithelia beneath the shell, crystallizing out of a semi-liquid mass into the characteristic patterns, which we recognize as the layers of calcium carbonate. This process is traced from the synthetic viewpoint in the secretion from the mantle, also some of the stages can be detected from the analytic standpoint in the breakdown of shell materials.Some phases of the above structural states can be recognized in living mantles. A chemical analysis of the shell is also given.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 87-115 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From the first larval instar until the time of the final transformation into the adult the thoracic muscles are numerically the same. The muscles increase in fiber number with the growth of the larvae. There are two types of larval muscles: a. functional (striated and of considerable diameter) b. non-functional (unstriated and of narrow diameter). The non-functional muscles are mainly the prospective wing muscles of the adult. They grow most in diameter at the time of the final transformation. The positions of attachment of both types of muscles undergo no marked replacements during transformation, although the skeletal parts to which they are attached may become greatly modified. The larva has numerically more muscles than the adult. Extensive obliteration of the trunk leg muscles and of some neck muscles takes place. The intrinsic leg muscles of both the larva and the adult are the same.There are no anlagen of the adult muscles in the larval labium, and myoblasts probably form the adult musculature of this organ.The wing muscles of adult Anisopterid dragonflies insert close to the articulations of the wings on apodemes arising from membranes, or on discs arising as internal invaginations of detached, lateral, tergal plates.During the metamorphosis of its musculature, a dragonfly exhibits every essential phenomenon that a so-called ‘holometabolic’ insect does.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The last muscle in the transverse superficial throat series in all genera of salamanders is here called ‘gularis.’ This eliminates a long list of synonyms. A description of its metamorphic changes in Dicamptodon (Ambystomidae) and comparison of the larval and adult conditions in this genus with those in other known genera clears up the homologies of the muscle throughout the series. The study is based on dissections and a survey of the literature covering all important groups except the Hynobiidae.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 379-391 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skull, mandible, atlas, scapula and the six long bones from seventy-four male and sixty-nine female skunk skeletons were weighed. Nine dimensions of the skull, two dimensions of the mandible and of the scapula, the length of the os coxa and the lengths of the same six long bones, were measured from 99 male and 109 female skeletons.The weights of the skull and of the nine bones are significantly heavier in the male skunks and all but one of the linear measurements are likewise significantly greater in the males. The weights and the linear dimensions of the skull and the mandible are more variable in the males but the lengths of the long bones are more variable in the females.The rather high positive correlations of the skull weight and the weights of the other parts of the skeleton studied, show that the weight of the skull is a good criterion of the weights of the other bones. These correlations are slightly higher in the males. The nineteen linear dimensions are likewise well correlated with the skull length. They average somewhat higher in the females.The data on the symmetry of the paired bones are not very conclusive, but there is a preponderance of heavier and longer right bones and a crossed symmetry is suggested.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 407-443 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Mexican scorpion Centruroides shows exactly the same type of chondriokinesis (by ring formation) as that hitherto known only in the related form Centrurus, as earlier reported by one of us ('31). The Golgi bodies show no trace of ring formation but are distributed by random assortment like that of the chondriosomes in other scorpions. The Golgi bodies, clearly visible in vivo, show the typical plate-like or lamellar structure characteristic of them in other forms. In the first division, after Weigl, there appear to be two metaphase stages, an earlier one in which the dictyosomes are irregularly scattered and a later one in which they tend to mass near the mitotic poles. In the same division, after Champy-Kull, the (presumable) dictyosomes are regularly massed near the poles and may be traced through the whole mitosis. The neural red bodies (‘vacuome’) undergo an irregular distribution and are cast out in the slough. The problem of distribution and localization in the sperm-cell formation are discussed with reference to the principle of genetic continuity in the germ cell.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Accounts of cortical adrenal development in urodeles are few in number and mostly incomplete from the point of view of development. Hence, an investigation was initiated to fill in existing gaps and present a complete developmental history of the glands in one of the urodeles.The primary anlagen of the cortical adrenal (interrenal) were seen first in the 8.8-mm. embryo as paired or unpaired cell groups in the interrenal area of the 'tween zone lying either in contact with or just beneath the coelomic epithelium. It was not possible to determine definitely whether they originate from the coelomic mesothelium or from the subjacent mesenchyme. Subsequent primordia are formed continuously throughout the period of larval development in an antero-posterior time sequence. Almost immediately they become associated with the postcaval system and the relationship thus established persists throughout life. There is no evidence of a budding process as described by Albrand ('08).During development there is a progressive increase in the size and number of cortical masses, an increase in the total area occupied by them, and a posterior shifting of the tissue as a whole as determined by its position in relation to the spinal ganglia. The definitive distribution is attained at the time of metamorphosis. The tissue occurs abundantly along the postcava, but strands along the median edge of the mesonephroi, as in some urodeles, are only sparingly developed.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Panniculus carnosus is well developed in the five Didelphids studied. It is described in three parts: pars dorsalis, pars thoracoabdominalis and pars pudenda, in Marmosa, Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes, and in Orolestes, a caenolestid marsupial. Pars dorsalis is well developed in all five genera, but not so well developed as in Orolestes; pars thoracoabdominalis is present in all five Didelphids, but not in Orolestes; and the degree of development of pars pudenda is correlated with the development of the pouch, being absent in Orolestes, weak in Marmosa and strong in both males and females of the other genera. In Chironectes, in which genus the male develops a pouch, pars pudenda is strikingly developed. The ‘sphincter marsupii’ of other writers is considered to be a portion of pars pudenda.In early development an epidermal ridge arises surrounding part of the mammary area. In Marmosa these ridges move laterally and posteriorly before the expanding mammary area. In Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes the ridges form the lips of the pouch. The pouch is formed when the ridges remain stationary and the expanding mammary area throws the skin into a double-walled fold.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Gelgi bodies in Meretrix casta being visible in fresh eggs, an attempt was made to elucidate the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles. These are neo-formations which arise on treatment with neutral red Ringer. As recent researches have shown that neutral red forms compounds with enzymes, it is suggested that the new vacuoles in Meretrix are visible products of the attempt of the Golgi apparatus to eliminate neutral red which is a foreign substance to the egg. The function of Golgi bodies in the control of cell metabolism by production of intra-cellular enzymes is discussed.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 175-221 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive organs of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., and B. (Callosobruchus) chinensis L., including histology are described in detail. The role of the different parts of the male and female copulatory apparatus is discussed and the physical composition and function of the secretions of the accessory glands are indicated. The specific differences in the structure of the genitalia of the two species are shown.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using the percentage of mitotic figures in the cells as an index, a study was made of the distribution of cell multiplication in the development of the chick embryo. Counts were made of all regions in embryos ranging from the embryonic shield stage to sixteen somites, and of the neural and sensory epithelia and axial mesoderm of older embryos. Figures are presented which are believed to establish the sufficiency of mitotic division in producing the cell increases in the early embryo. In the developing primitive streak, areas of superior division rate were found in the presumptive medullary plate ectoderm at the sides of the streak. The node and the primitive plate tend to exhibit lower rates than the axis of the streak. The posterior nerve cells multiply more rapidly than the average of the neural tube, and areas of activity in the mesoderm tend to be located near the posterior end. An antero-posterior gradient of the index is indicated in the anterior neural tube, meeting a transient postero-anterior gradient of the hinder cord in the yolk-sac region. A lower rate of division in the floor than in the sides of the neural ectoderm may be implicated in the inrolling of the medullary plate and in the ventral ourvature of older embryos. All indices drop progressively with advancing age and differentiation.
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