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  • Springer Nature  (56,675)
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  • 2020-2023  (436)
  • 1995-1999  (32,696)
  • 1985-1989  (23,943)
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  • 1
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 - male - 2.93 m - Pelvic location - Cape Cod Stranding Network
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Image
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  • 2
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 - male 2.75 m - Pelvic location - UMASS Amherst
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 - male - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 November 1960 - 30 April 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    Some current measurements in the Sargasso Sea (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: Deep-Sea Research 12 (1965): 805-814
    Description: Long-term current measurements at depths of 50 and 100m obtained with Richardson current meters at two deep-water moorings south of Bermuda are reported. The records are dominated by anticyclonic rotations which appear and degenerate, possibly in response to the passage of storms. Spectral analysis of the records indicates that this motion has a period of 24 hours at a depth of 50 m, and 25·3 hours at a depth of 100m. No explanation is given to account for this difference in period over a 50-m separation. Both records indicate the existence of semidiurnal tidal motion. The long-term motions at both depths indicate a systematic change in the net direction of flow over a three-month period.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents--Measurement ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-14 2017 mooring turnaround cruise report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS), located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring instrumented for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the thirteenth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-13) and deployment of the fourteenth mooring (WHOTS-14). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos and Iridium satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with Dr. Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system and ancillary sensors were installed on the buoys in cooperation with Adrienne J. Sutton at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was conducted on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai (R/V HA). Operations were a joint effort undertaken by the Upper Ocean Processes group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the University of Hawaii’s (UH) Hawaii Ocean Time-series group (HOT), and the able-bodied crew of R/V HA. The cruise took place between 25 July and August 3 2017. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-14 mooring on 27 July. This was followed by a period of intercomparison, where meteorological measurements and CTDs were collected at both the W13 and W14 stations. Recovery of the WHOTS-13 mooring took place on 31 July. This report details the in-port operations, pre-cruise buoy preparations, cruise operations and data collected.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hydrography--North Pacific Ocean--Observations ; Oceanographic instruments--North Pacific Ocean--Observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Alvin instrumentation (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: 1967 NEREM record : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9 (1967): 196-197
    Description: THIS PAPER DESCRIBES the equipments used to establish the relative position of ALVIN from her mother ship, the R/V LULU. Operating procedures used at sea are also discussed. A recent review within the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Program at WHOI established a set of conclusions and guidelines, for internal use, governing the ALVIN locating equipments and procedures.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 3484(00).
    Keywords: Underwater navigation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    POWER-US Workshop Final Report on Offshore Wind Energy and Passive Acoustic Monitoring: Establishing Standards for Operational Real-time Systems (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Workshop held November 21, 2019, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
    Description: Real-time autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring systems (real-time PAMS) have the ability to detect marine mammal species, including the North Atlantic Right Whale, and provide notification of their presence. This workshop, held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on November 21st, 2019, sought to develop an initial framework for creating equipment and performance standards that could be used to benchmark all real-time PAMS as well as data standards that ensure system interoperability. Forty attendees were present, spanning industry, regulatory, scientific, and conservation stakeholder groups. Through presentations and breakout sessions, the group identified and discussed the potential abilities of real-time PAMS to improve situational awareness during wind energy development activities, the types of implementations that are possible in the coming years, and the roadblocks preventing near-term, widespread use of this technology as a risk mitigation solution. Participants agreed that real-time autonomous PAMS hold tremendous promise for reducing the potential risk associated with development activities while at the same time allowing more flexibility to developers. Successful implementation of real-time PAMS for offshore wind energy use was seen as possible now based on existing technology. Workshop attendees identified a number next steps that would further the effectiveness of real-time PAMS within the offshore wind energy industry. However, the lack of a regulatory process for defining the sensing requirements for a particular implementation, as well as the dynamic operational framework within which real-time PAMS would be used were seen as the biggest challenges to effective near-term use.
    Description: Workshop Sponsors: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and POWER-US
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 10
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    Preliminary report CHAIN #11 : 22 February - 22 March 1960 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The second half of CHAIN Cruise #11, 22 February until 22 March, 1960, is detailed as to type of measurements made with their specific locations. The cruise areas were in the St. Croix region, the Puerto' Rico Trench and the tracks from the Bahamas to Bermuda to Woods Hole. Camera lowerings, lowerings of the thermal probe and accompanying cores, dredging, sound velocimeter lowerings, and acoustic studies of the scattering layer were the special events undertaken while precision bathymetry and towing of the Continuous Temperature Recording Chain were on a watch standing basis.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr- 1367(00) (NR- 261-10 2)
    Keywords: Underwater photography ; Submarine topography ; Marine sediments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
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    On the estimation of the directional spectrum of ocean waves from time series observations of surface elevations (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem. Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions. After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed. Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.
    Description: This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143.
    Keywords: Ocean waves--Mathematical models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May 1966 - 31 October 1966 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.
    Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 13
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .
    Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 14
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    Final Report on Gravity Program (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The report presented is the final one under Air Force Cambridge Research Center Contract 19(604)·2157 with the Woods Role Oceanographic Institution. The report covers a program of pendulum and gravimeter measurements conducted over the period 1950·1959. The original objective of the program was to establish a series of reliable gravity control measurements through the use of pendulums over a sufficient range of gravity to permit the calibration of geodetic gravimeters with an accuracy of one part in 5000 over a range of 5000 mgals and thus assure a potential accuracy of 1 mgal or better with such gravimeters on any global series of measurements. With time this objective was modified to include the establishment of pendulum gravity measurements outside of North America as there appeared to be no unanimity of international opinion regarding a gravity standard. A second objective of the program was to expand the gravity coverage and standardize existing gravity surveys within the United States so that reliable gravity anomaly maps could be prepared. A third objective was to strengthen and expand the world network of airport gravity bases established earlier under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research so that data in all parts of the world could be integrated onto the same datum and gravity standard. The report is subdivided on the basis of these objectives into three principal parts plus an introductory chapter giving the history o~ the program, and a final chapter presenting recommendations as to further work deemed desirable. Dr. J. C. Rose, who has been in charge of the pendulum program since its inception, prepared the second portion of the report, which deals with the pendulum measurements, and the writer prepared the remainder.
    Description: Work carried out under Contract AF19 (604)2157 with the Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command.
    Keywords: Gravity--Measurement
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 15
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 January - 31 March 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.
    Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 16
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Description: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 17
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    Initial cruise report : Chain 115, leg 6 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 began in Rio de Janeiro on 22 April 1974, and terminated in Recife on 18 May 1974. A multi-disciplinary scientific program was carried out within the Vema Channel and on the northern flanks of the Rio Grande Rise (see Figure 1). Personnel and scientific programs representing several institutions (W.H.O.I., Scripps, Lamont-Doherty) were included in the project; Brazilian observers representing PETROBRAS and the National Research Council also participated in the program.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant GA-41186. Financial support for shipboard operations and most of the scientific programs during Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 was provided under National Science Foundation grant GA-41185. Seismic profiling and bathymetry were supported under O.N.R. Contract N00014-66-C-0241. Bottom current measurements received support under N.S.F. Grant No. GA-41285 to W. Patzert and to J.L. Reid (Scripps). Support for the Lamont-Doherty nephelometer program was provided under O.N.R. Contract N00014-67-A-0108-0004 and N.S.F. Grant GA-27281. Supplementary equipment items required for the transponder navigation system were provided by the Woods Hole Ocean Industry Program.
    Keywords: Ocean bottom ; Ocean currents ; Rio Grande
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 18
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    Exploring Employee Perceptions towards Smart Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Comparative Analysis of Two Italian Public Research Organizations (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Of all the socio-economic changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption to workforce organizations will probably leave the largest indelible mark. The way work will be organized in the future will be closely linked to the experience of work-ing under the same institution’s response to the pandemic. This paper aims to fill the gap in knowledge about smart working (SW) in public organizations, with a focus on the experience of the employees of two Italian research organizations, CNR and INGV. Analysing primary data, it explored and assessed how SW had been experi-enced following the implementation of governmental measures aimed at limiting the spread of COVID-19
    Description: Published
    Description: 815–833
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Combining audio and visual displays to highlight temporal and spatial seismic patterns (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Data visualization, and to a lesser extent data sonification, are classic tools to the scientific community. However, these two approaches are very rarely combined, although they are highly complementary: our visual system is good at recognizing spatial patterns, whereas our auditory system is better tuned for temporal patterns. In this article, data representation methods are proposed that combine visualization, sonification, and spatial audio techniques, in order to optimize the user’s perception of spatial and temporal patterns in a single display, to increase the feeling of immersion, and to take advantage of multimodal integration mechanisms. Three seismic data sets are used to illustrate the methods, covering different physical phenomena, time scales, spatial distributions, and spatio-temporal dynamics. The methods are adapted to the specificities of each data set, and to the amount of information that the designer wants to display. This leads to further developments, namely the use of audification with two time scales, the switch from pure audification to time-modulated noise, and the switch from pure audification to sonic icons. First user feedback from live demonstrations indicates that the methods presented in this article seem to enhance the perception of spatio-temporal patterns, which is a key parameter to the understanding of seismically active systems, and a step towards apprehending the processes that drive this activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 125–142
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Deep water inflow slowed offshore expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene transition (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 3(1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is threatened by the incursion of warm Circumpolar Deepwater which flows southwards via cross-shelf troughs towards the coast there melting ice shelves. However, the onset of this oceanic forcing on the development and evolution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains poorly understood. Here, we use single- and multichannel seismic reflection profiles to investigate the architecture of a sediment body on the shelf of the Amundsen Sea Embayment. We estimate the formation age of this sediment body to be around the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and find that it possesses the geometry and depositional pattern of a plastered sediment drift. We suggest this indicates a southward inflow of deep water which probably supplied heat and, thus, prevented West Antarctic Ice Sheet advance beyond the coast at this time. We conclude that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has likely experienced a strong oceanic influence on its dynamics since its initial formation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Short-term clustering modeling of seismicity in Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece): a retrospective forecast test of the 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake sequences (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Short-term earthquake clustering properties in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece) area investigated through the application of an epidemic type stochastic model (Epidemic Type Earthquake Sequence; ETES). The computations are performed in an earthquake catalog covering the period 2008 to 2020 and including 2332 events with a completeness threshold of Mc = 3.1 and separated into two subcatalogs. The first subcatalog is employed for the learning period, which is between 2008/01/01 and 2016/12/31 (N = 1197 earthquakes), and used for the model’s parameters estimation. The second subcatalog from 2017/01/01 to 2020/11/10 (1135 earthquakes), in which the sequences of 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos main shocks are included, and used for a retrospective forecast testing based on the constructed model. The estimated model parameters imply a swarm like behavior, indicating the ability of earthquakes of small to moderate magnitude above Mc to produce their own offsprings, along with the stronger earthquakes. The retrospective evaluation of the model is examined in the three aftershock sequences, where lack of foreshocks resulted in low predictability of the mainshocks, with estimated daily probabilities around 10– 5. Immediately after the mainshocks occurrence the model adjusts with notable resemblance between the expected and observed aftershock rates, particularly for earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085–1099
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: This work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3287–3315
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Insights on the Italian Seismic Network from location uncertainties (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Probabilistic earthquake locations provide confidence intervals for the hypocentre solutions such as errors encountered in the position, the origin time, and in magnitude. If the relationship of the parameters relative to the local arrangement of the seismic network is considered, such as the node distance, the number of stations, the seismic gap, and the quality of phase readings), the uncertainties can then provide insights on the location capability of the network. In this paper, we collect the earthquake data recorded from the Italian Seismic Network for a time span of 5 years. The data pertain to three different catalogues according to the progressive refinement phases of the location procedure: automatic location, revised location, and published location. By means of spatial analysis,we assess the distribution of the location-related and network-related estimators across the study area. These estimators are subsequently combined to assess the existence of spatial correlations at a local scale. The results indicate that the Italian network is generally able to provide robust locations at the national scale and for smaller earthquakes, and the elongated shape of Italy (and of its network) does not cause systematic bias in the locations. However, we highlight the existence of subregions in which the performance of the network is weaker. At present, a unique 2D, 3-layer velocity model is used for the earthquake location procedure, and this could represent the main limitation for the improvement of the locations. Therefore, the assessment of locally optimized velocity models is the priority for the homogenization and the improvement of the Italian Seismic Network performance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1061–1076
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
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    New trenching results along the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): an integration with preexisting data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: This paper provides a new contribution to the construction of the complex and fragmentary mosaic of the Late Holocene earthquakes history of the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (CNAF) in Turkey. The CNAF clearly displays lower dextral slip rates with respect to the northern strand however, surface rupturing and large damaging earthquakes (M 〉 7) occurred in the past, leaving clear signatures in the built and natural environments. The association of these historical events to specific earthquake sources (e.g., Gemlik, İznik, or Geyve fault segments) is still a matter of debate. We excavated two trenches across the İznik fault trace near Mustafali, a village about 10 km WSW of İznik where the morphological fault scarp was visible although modified by agricultural activities. Radiocarbon and TL dating on samples collected from the trenches show that the displaced deposits are very recent and span the past 2 millennia at most. Evidence for four surface faulting events was found in the Mustafali trenches. The integration of these results with historical data and previous paleoseismological data yields an updated Late Holocene history of surface-rupturing earthquakes along the İznik Fault in 1855, 740 (715), 362, and 121 CE. Evidence for the large M7 + historical earthquake dated 1419 CE generally attributed to this fault, was not found at any trench site along the İznik fault nor in the subaqueous record. This unfit between paleoseismological, stratigraphic, and historical data highlights one more time the urge for extensive paleoseismological trenching and offshore campaigns because of the high potential to solve the uncertainties on the seismogenic history (age, earthquake location, extent of the rupture and size) of this portion of NAFZ and especially on the attribution of historical earthquakes to the causative fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115–128
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 25
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    Checking the site categorization criteria and amplification factors of the 2021 draft of Eurocode 8 Part 1–1 (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In this paper the site categorization criteria and the corresponding site amplification factors proposed in the 2021 draft of Part 1 of Eurocode 8 (2021-draft, CEN/TC250/SC8 Working Draft N1017) are first introduced and compared with the current version of Eurocode 8, as well as with site amplification factors from recent empirical ground motion prediction equations. Afterwards, these values are checked by two approaches. First, a wide dataset of strong motion records is built, where recording stations are classified according to 2021-draft, and the spectral amplifications are empirically estimated computing the site-to-site residuals from regional and global ground motion models for reference rock conditions. Second, a comprehensive parametric numerical study of one-dimensional (1D) site amplification is carried out, based on randomly generated shear-wave velocity profiles, classified according to the new criteria. A reasonably good agreement is found by both approaches. The most relevant discrepancies occur for the shallow soft soil conditions (soil category E) that, owing to the complex interaction of shear wave velocity, soil deposit thickness and frequency range of the excitation, show the largest scatter both in terms of records and of 1D numerical simulations. Furthermore, 1D numerical simulations for soft soil conditions tend to provide lower site amplification factors than 2021-draft, as well as lower than the corresponding site-to-site residuals from records, because of higher impact of non-linear (NL) site effects in the simulations. A site-specific study on NL effects at three KiK-net stations with a significantly large amount of high-intensity recorded ground motions gives support to the 2021-draft NL reduction factors, although the very limited number of recording stations allowing such analysis prevents deriving more general implications. In the presence of such controversial arguments, it is reasonable that a standard should adopt a prudent solution, with a limited reduction of the site amplification factors to account for NL soil response, while leaving the possibility to carry out site-specific estimations of such factors when sufficient information is available to model the ground strain dependency of local soil properties.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4199–4234
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5391–5414
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Automatic inspection and analysis of digital waveform images by means of convolutional neural networks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Analyzing seismic data to get information about earthquakes has always been a major task for seismologists and, more in general, for geophysicists. Recently, thanks to the technological development of observation systems, more and more data are available to perform such tasks. However, this data “grow up” makes “human possibility” of data processing more complex in terms of required efforts and time demanding. That is why new technological approaches such as artificial intelligence are becoming very popular and more and more exploited. In this paper, we explore the possibility of interpreting seismic waveform segments by means of pre-trained deep learning. More specifically, we apply convolutional networks to seismological waveforms recorded at local or regional distances without any pre-elaboration or filtering. We show that such an approach can be very successful in determining if an earthquake is “included” in the seismic wave image and in estimating the distance between the earthquake epicenter and the recording station.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1347–1359
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Midlatitude climatology of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness over two solar cycles (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Themain climatological features of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (τ ) for the Northern hemispheremidlatitudes are analyzed. F2-layer peak electron density values recorded at three midlatitude ionospheric stations (Chilton 51.5° N, 0.6° W, U.K.; Roquetes 40.8° N, 0.5° E, Spain;Wallops Island 37.9° N, 75.5°W, USA) and vertical total electron content values from colocated ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers are used to calculate a dataset of τ values for the last two solar cycles, considering only magnetically quiet periods. Results are presented both as grids of binned medians and as boxplots as a function of local time and month of the year, for different solar activity levels. Corresponding trends are first compared to those output by the midlatitude empirical model developed by Fox et al. (Radio Sci 26:429–438, 1991) and then discussed in the light of what is known so far. From this investigation, the strong need to implement an improved empirical model of τ has emerged. Both Space Weather and Space Geodesy applications might benefit from such model. Therefore, both the dataset and the methodology described in the paper represent a first fundamental step aimed at implementing an empirical climatological model of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness. The study highlighted also that at midlatitudes τ shows the following main patterns: daytime values considerably smaller than nighttime ones (except in summer); well-defined maxima at solar terminator hours; a greater dispersion during nighttime and solar terminator hours; no clear and evident solar activity dependence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 124
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Fracturing and healing of basaltic magmas during explosive volcanic eruptions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The eruption of basaltic magmas dominates explosive volcanism on Earth and other planets within the Solar System. The mechanism through which continuous magma fragments into volcanic particles is central in governing eruption dynamics and the ensuing hazards. However, the mechanism of fragmentation of basaltic magmas is still disputed, with both viscous and brittle mechanisms having been proposed. Here we carry out textural analysis of the products of ten eruptions from seven volcanoes by scanning electron microscopy. We find broken crystals surrounded by intact glass that testify to the brittle fragmentation of basaltic magmas during explosive activity worldwide. We then replicated the natural textures of broken crystals in laboratory experiments where variably crystallized basaltic melt was fragmented by rapid deformation. The experiments reveal that crystals are broken by the propagation of a network of fractures through magma, and that afterwards the fractures heal by viscous flow of the melt. Fracturing and healing affect gas mobility, stress distribution, and bubble and crystal size distributions in magma. Our results challenge the idea that the grain size distribution of basaltic eruption products reflects the density of fractures that initially fragmented the magma and ultimately indicate that brittle fracturing and viscous healing of magma may underlie basaltic explosive eruptions globally.
    Description: Published
    Description: 248–254
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Catching the Main Ethiopian Rift evolving towards plate divergence (2022)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Magmatism accompanies rifting along divergent plate boundaries, although its role before continental breakup remains poorly understood. For example, the magma-assisted Northern Main Ethiopian Rift (NMER) lacks current volcanism and clear tectono-magmatic relationships with its contiguous rift portions. Here we define its magmatic behaviour, identifying the most recent eruptive fissures (EF) whose aphyric basalts have a higher Ti content than those of older monogenetic scoria cones (MSC), which are porphyritic and plagioclase-dominated. Despite these differences, calculations highlight a similar parental melt for EF and MSC products, suggesting only a different evolutionary history after melt generation. While MSC magmas underwent a further step of storage at intermediate crustal levels, EF magmas rose directly from the base of the crust without contamination, even below older polygenetic volcanoes, suggesting rapid propagation of transcrustal dikes across solidified magma chambers. Whether this recent condition in the NMER is stable or transient, it indicates a transition from central polygenetic to linear fissure volcanism, indicative of increased tensile conditions and volcanism directly fed from the base of the crust, suggesting transition towards mature rifting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 21821
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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    Neapolitan volcanoes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This book serves as a guide to discovering the most interesting volcano sites in Italy. Accompanied by some extraordinary contemporary images of active Neapolitan volcanoes, it explains the main volcanic processes that have been shaping the landscape of the Campania region and influencing human settlements in this area since Greek and Roman times and that have prompted leading international scientists to visit and study this natural volcanology laboratory. While volcanology is the central topic, the book also addresses other aspects related to the area’s volcanism and is divided into three sections: 1) Neapolitan volcanic activity and processes (with a general introduction to volcanology and its development around Naples together with descriptions of the landscape and the main sites worth visiting); 2) Volcanoes and their interactions with local human settlements since the Bronze Age, recent population growth and the transformation of the territory; 3) The risks posed by Neapolitan Volcanoes, their recent activity and the problem of forecasting any future eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Northern Hemisphere drought risk in a warming climate (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Nature, 4(1), ISSN: 2397-3722
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 33
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    Environmental stability and phenotypic plasticity benefit the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus in an acidified fjord (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 5(683)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-13
    Description: The stratified Chilean Comau Fjord sustains a dense population of the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in aragonite supersaturated shallow and aragonite under- saturated deep water. This provides a rare opportunity to evaluate CWC fitness trade-offs in response to physico-chemical drivers and their variability. Here, we combined year-long reciprocal transplantation experiments along natural oceanographic gradients with an in situ assessment of CWC fitness. Following transplantation, corals acclimated fast to the novel environment with no discernible difference between native and novel (i.e. cross-transplanted) corals, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, corals exposed to lowest ara- gonite saturation (Ωarag 〈 1) and temperature (T 〈 12.0 °C), but stable environmental condi- tions, at the deep station grew fastest and expressed the fittest phenotype. We found an inverse relationship between CWC fitness and environmental variability and propose to consider the high frequency fluctuations of abiotic and biotic factors to better predict the future of CWCs in a changing ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Mid-Pliocene El Niño/Southern Oscillation suppressed by Pacific intertropical convergence zone shift (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1752-0908
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant driver of year-to-year climate variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacts climate pattern across the globe. However, the response of the ENSO system to past and potential future temperature increases is not fully understood. Here we investigate ENSO variability in the warmer climate of the mid-Pliocene (~3.0–3.3 Ma), when surface temperatures were ~2–3 °C above modern values, in a large ensemble of climate models—the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. We show that the ensemble consistently suggests a weakening of ENSO variability, with a mean reduction of 25% (±16%). We further show that shifts in the equatorial Pacific mean state cannot fully explain these changes. Instead, ENSO was suppressed by a series of off-equatorial processes triggered by a northward displacement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone: weakened convective feedback and intensified Southern Hemisphere circulation, which inhibit various processes that initiate ENSO. The connection between the climatological intertropical convergence zone position and ENSO we find in the past is expected to operate in our warming world with important ramifications for ENSO variability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 35
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    Inferring life history characteristics of the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus from vertebral bomb radiocarbon (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: High-precision vertebral bomb radiocarbon measurements likely track philopatric movements in oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus.
    Description: This work was made possible by a Graduate Student Fellowship from the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) lab at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Carbon-14 ; Age validation ; Migration ; Diet ; Vertebrae ; Family Carcharhinidae
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 36
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    Seismic reflection study of the geologic structure underlying southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A subbottom reflection survey of southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was made by means of a continuous seismic reflection technique (the Continuous Seismic Profiler)developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Knott and Hersey, 1956). The observational program was conducted in May, 1958 under contract with the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and in May, 1960 under contract with the Bureau of Ships, U . S. Navy, to obtain foundation data for locating hurricane barriers (Corps of Engineers, 1957) and to develop techniques for studying the geologic structure of shallow water areas. At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution this work is part of a continuing, broader program directed toward describing the structures and tracing the geologic history of continental margins. The Continuous Seismic Profiler employs a wide-band sound source the pulses from which are reflected from the bottom and from sediment and rock layers beneath the bottom. The sound pulse is synchronized with the sweep of a Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), which records sound energy received at an underwater detector. (In 1958 the sound source was an early form of the Sparker, while in 1960 the Edgerton Thumper was the source. (These instruments are described below.) When the sound source and the detector are towed from a boat, the reflected sound energy is recorded to present a continuously correlated picture of subbottom structure. Measurements in Narragansett Bay were made south of the Jamestown Bridge in the West Passage and between Conanicut Island and Newport Neck in the East Passage (Fig . 1A and lB). Two additional traverses were made across the bay in areas to the north where core data are available (Fig. 2).
    Description: The Bureau of Ships under Contract NObsr 72521 and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-19-016 CIVENG-58-65
    Keywords: Seismic reflection method ; Narragansett Bay (R.I.)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 October - 31 December 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Research at sea during this three month period, supported by Contract NObsr-72521, was carried out mostly during the latter portion of the CHAIN Cruise 21 to the eastern Mediterranean. Near-surface sound transmission runs were made with the aid of two foreign ships in the eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea. Sound velocity measurements were made there also. Reverberation and back-scatter measurements using half pound explosives as sound sources were recorded on magnetic tape for future analysis. Further, at several places during the cruise acoustic reflectivity of the sea-floor was measured by means of a semi-automatic system employing the Precision Graphic Recorder and the Edo UQN Echo Sounder. Research other than that on CHAIN Cruise 21, included ambient noise studies of recorded signals from finback whales, and analysis of data from previous observations at sea.
    Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr - 72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 38
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    Narrative of CHAIN cruise #36 : Woods Hole to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico and the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles, and back, 4 June - 10 July, 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This narrative report of CHAIN Cruise 36 includes the chief scientist's journal, a summary track chart, and a log of stations occupied. The cruise was made in two parts : the first, to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico for seismic reflection and refraction work with ATLANTIS II, and the second from the Outer Ridge to the area of the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles for bathymetric and gravity surveys and a detailed geophysical study of the area between 16° and 17 °N and 57 ° and 59 °W. The scientific program included echo sounding, continuous seismic reflection profiling, seismic refraction profiles , gravity measurements, dredging, bottom photography, and heat flow measurements.
    Description: This cruise was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant GP - 1123.
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research ; Marine geophysics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 39
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    The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, ALVIN (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents mechanical and chemical test data from the three pressure hulls fabricated for the Deep Research Submarine, ALVIN. The data is discussed briefly, the low Charpy V-Notch values after stress relief noted, and recommendations made for further testing required for design and evaluation. The three hulls are compared with reference to failure criteria.
    Description: Director of Undersea Programs Office of Naval Research prepared under Contract Nonr-3484 (00)
    Keywords: Hulls (Naval architecture)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 40
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1964 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00)NR260-101 and Nonr-3243(00)NR260-108
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 41
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    A computer program for grain-size data (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The computer program presented here seeks to improve estimation of statistical parameters for grain-size data by use of interpolated values. Interpolation is made by fitting a series of overlapping parabolas to the data, and follows the method of Snyder (1961). The values are used in moment formulas to compute standard statistical measures. Skewness and kurtosis are reduced by the interpolation data, and extreme positive values of kurtosis tend to be greatly reduced. The program also picks major modes, the median, and sediment type .
    Description: The United States Geological Survey under Contract USGS-14-08-0001-8358
    Keywords: Marine sediments--Computer programs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 42
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    The normally-incident reflectivity of the sea floor at 12 kc and its correlation with physical and geological properties of naturally-occurring sediments (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The objective of this investigation was to measure bottom loss in normal incident reflection of pulses of twelve kcps sound and to study its geological significance. To this end a semi-automatic instrument system was developed which is capable of making continuous measurements of the peak pressure and the time integral of the square of the pressure of the sea floor echo, from a vessel underway. Observations were taken in both deep and shallow water areas in the Western North Atlantic. The early cruises were conducted in deep water to investigate the range and variability of bottom loss values. Geological control consisted mainly of a precise bathymetric record. The later cruises were conducted in shall ow water, in areas where the geology has been well studied previously by investigators using techniques of classical geology. In these latter cruises the acoustic measurements were correlated with a schedule of sediment dredging and underwater photography. Thirty-one thousand acoustic measurements were made. Median bottom loss values and standard deviations were computed and the results summarized in eleven hundred sets, each set corresponding to a location at sea. Seventy-seven sediment stations were occupied. A complete particle size analysis and a water content analysis were performed on these sediments to determine their size and mass characteristics . The size characteristics included the median grain size, the sorting coefficient, and the percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. A sediment class name was determined from the gravel, sand, silt, and clay percentages according to the Shepard system of classification. The mass characteristics included porosity, bulk density, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, Rayleigh reflection coefficient, and theoretical bottom loss. The combined results show a good correlation between measurements of bottom loss and both mass and size characteristics of the sediment. The measured bottom loss increases as the porosity increases. The measured bottom loss also increases as the silt-clay percentage increases since the porosity of sediments generally increases as this fraction increases. It seems that the Rayleigh reflection coefficient can be used to predict acoustic bottom loss at normal incidence. Conversely, normally-incident bottom loss can be used under the assumption of a Rayleigh reflection process to determine the nature of the bottom sediment. The acoustical and geological results have been made available in tabulations, scatter diagrams, and as geographical plots. Except for the initial measurements, all operations, including the final displays, were accomplished through automatic digital processing machines.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029 ~ Nonr-13 67~ Nonr-1841 (74) ~ NR 083 -15 7~ and the Bureau of Ships under Contracts NObsr-72521 and NObsr-89464.
    Keywords: Marine sediments ; Ocean bottom ; Underwater acoustics--Instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Resonance scattering of sound by a small gaseous object of arbitrary form (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The acoustic scattering amplitude for a dilute gaseous object of arbitrary form in a liquid medium is determined self-consistently for the case of linear dimension small as compared to the wavelength. A scatterer of bulk modulus β, and density p, in a medium of bulk modulus II and density p may exhibit monopole resonance scattering at a frequency w,= (4πβoC / pV)l, in which V is the volume and C is the capacitance in electrostatic units of a conducting replica of the scatterer. The criterion for occurrence of the resonance phenomenon is 3Fβo/β 〈〈«1, in which the shape factor F = 4πC3 / 3V〉 1 is minimum for a sphere. Dipole scattering is given in terms of the polarizability dyadic of a nonconducting replica of dielectric constant p/po, and is negligibly small in a neighborhood of the resonance frequency.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-1367(00), NR 261-102.
    Keywords: Sound ; Integral equations
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    Summary of investigations conducted in 1962 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Summary of investigations conduction in 1962 in the following departments: Department of Applied Oceanography Department of Biology Department of Chemistry and Geology Department of Geophysics Department of Physical Oceanography Department of Theoretical Oceanography and Meteorology
    Description: Funding sponsored by: Contract Nonr-891(OO)NR 385-207 Contract Nonr-2196(OO)NR 083-004 ContractNonr-2129(OO)NR 261-104 Contract Nonr-3351(OO)NR 083-501 Contract Nonr-2672(OO)NR 385-905 Contract Nonr-3484(00)NR 261-140 Contract Nonr-2866(OO)NR 287-004 Contract Nonr-1367(OO)NR 261-102 Contract Nonr-3243(OO)NR 261-136 Contract Nonr-4029(OO)NR 260-101 Contract Nonr-4035(OO)NR 082-124 Contract Nonr-1721(OO) NR 082-021 NIH Grant GM 05748-05 NSF Grant 16355 NSF Grant 23427 NSF Grant 10693 NSF Grant 12178 NSF Grant 22389 NSF G020702 NSF Gl9251 AEC Contract AT(30-1)-1918 AEC AT(30-l)-3010, AT (30-1)-3145, AT(30-l)-2174 USGS 8358 Contract NObsr 72521 Contract SC 90784
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Description: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Description: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
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    Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponnudurai, R., Heiden, S. E., Sayavedra, L., Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Hentschker, C., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Schlüter, R., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 649–656, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6.
    Description: Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
    Description: Thanks to captain, crew, and pilots of the research vessels Atlantis (ROV Jason cruise AT26–10 in 2014) and Meteor (cruise M82–3 in 2010). We thank Jana Matulla, Sebastian Grund, and Annette Meuche for excellent technical assistance during sample preparation, MS measurements in the Orbitrap Classic, and TEM imaging preparation, respectively. We appreciate Nikolaus Leisch’s help with TEM image interpretation, Inna Sokolova’s advice on bivalve physiology, and Marie Zühlke’s support during manuscript revision. RP was supported by the EU-funded Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘Symbiomics’ (project no. 264774) and by a fellowship of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. TH was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM). The Atlantis cruise was funded by a grant of the US National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity program to SMS (OCE-1136727).
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    Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miller, C. A., Holm, H. C., Horstmann, L., George, J. C., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Apprill, A. Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 688-701, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
    Description: Whale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
    Description: Devonshire Foundation (to CAM), Marine Mammal Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; to CAM), WHOI Ocean Life Institute (to AA and CAM), Dalio Foundation’s Dalio Ocean Initiative (now ‘OceanX’) (to AA), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756254 and OPP-1543328 to BASVM). Samples were collected under Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service permit numbers 17350-00, 17350-01, and 17350-02 to North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management.
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    Hudson '70 : gravity observations 62.9S̊ - 57.5N̊ along 150W̊ (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: To provide geoidal topography over the world oceans, a radar altimeter carried by earth satellite is planned. Ground truth calibration will be provided by a grid comprised of the equatorial belt and meridional traverses along the 30°W and 150°W meridians. Ground truth topography is derived from gravity values measured along these traverses. This report presents the free air gravity values and the computed free air anomalies obtained from 62.9°S to 57.5°N along the 150°W meridian.
    Description: Supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.
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    Distribution of Water Masses on the Northeast U.S. Shelf: presentation slides and links to electronic notebook and code (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at 2020 Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP) Symposium, Woods Hole, MA, August 7, 2020
    Description: The water above the Northeast U.S Shelf is home to many different species, and environmental conditions can change the abundance and location of these species. Within our oceans are water masses, pockets of water with their own unique qualities i.e temperature, salinity, etc. The objective of this project was to develop a workflow to identify locations of water masses based on the R/V Endeavor research cruise data. The purpose of this research was to interpret shelf data in order to make analyses efficient for scientists of all professions. The software RStudio was used to create temperature and salinity plots based on the path of the cruise to identify the changes in these parameters. A plot was also created to map the different water masses based on the salinity readings. Users can use the scripts to identify water masses for data from a variety of different time periods, observe the changes and locations of the water masses, and help to understand the changes in biodiversity along the shelf. Link to electronic notebook html: https://ayanna421.github.io/water-masses/. Link to R markdown code: https://github.com/Ayanna421/water-masses. This is a final research presentation for a Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) project Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) in the 2020 Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP).
    Description: This work was supported by NSF OCE # 1655686.
    Keywords: underway data ; temperature-salinity plot ; water masses ; shelfbreak front ; Northeast U.S. Shelf ; workflow ; code:R ; electronic notebook
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    Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gazitua, M. C., Vik, D. R., Roux, S., Gregory, A. C., Bolduc, B., Widner, B., Mulholland, M. R., Hallam, S. J., Ulloa, O., & Sullivan, M. B. Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00825-6.
    Description: Viruses play an important role in the ecology and biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. Beyond mortality and gene transfer, viruses can reprogram microbial metabolism during infection by expressing auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and nutrient cycling. While previous studies have focused on AMG diversity in the sunlit and dark ocean, less is known about the role of viruses in shaping metabolic networks along redox gradients associated with marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Here, we analyzed relatively quantitative viral metagenomic datasets that profiled the oxygen gradient across Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ waters, assessing whether OMZ viruses might impact nitrogen (N) cycling via AMGs. Identified viral genomes encoded six N-cycle AMGs associated with denitrification, nitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and nitrite transport. The majority of these AMGs (80%) were identified in T4-like Myoviridae phages, predicted to infect Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, or in unclassified archaeal viruses predicted to infect Thaumarchaeota. Four AMGs were exclusive to anoxic waters and had distributions that paralleled homologous microbial genes. Together, these findings suggest viruses modulate N-cycling processes within the ETSP OMZ and may contribute to nitrogen loss throughout the global oceans thus providing a baseline for their inclusion in the ecosystem and geochemical models.
    Description: We thank Sullivan Lab members and Heather Maughan for comments on the paper, Bess Ward for her contribution in the N-cycle context of our story, Kurt Hanselmann for his assistance in the calculations of the Gibbs-free energies, and the scientific party and crew of the R/V Atlantis (grant OCE-1356056 to MRM) for the sampling opportunity and support at sea. This work was funded in part by awards from the Agouron Institute to OU and MBS, a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator Award (#3790) and NSF Biological Oceanography Awards (#1536989 and #1829831) to MBS, and the Millennium Science Initiative (grant ICN12_019-IMO) to OU. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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    Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Babbin, A. R., Tamasi, T., Dumit, D., Weber, L., Rodríguez, M. V. I., Schwartz, S. L., Armenteros, M., Wankel, S. D., & Apprill, A. Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00845-2.
    Description: Coral reef health depends on an intricate relationship among the coral animal, photosynthetic algae, and a complex microbial community. The holobiont can impact the nutrient balance of their hosts amid an otherwise oligotrophic environment, including by cycling physiologically important nitrogen compounds. Here we use 15N-tracer experiments to produce the first simultaneous measurements of ammonium oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production among five iconic species of reef-building corals (Acropora palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites porites) in the highly protected Jardines de la Reina reefs of Cuba. Nitrate reduction is present in most species, but ammonium oxidation is low potentially due to photoinhibition and assimilatory competition. Coral-associated rates of N2O production indicate a widespread potential for denitrification, especially among D. labyrinthiformis, at rates of ~1 nmol cm−2 d−1. In contrast, A. palmata displays minimal active nitrogen metabolism. Enhanced rates of nitrate reduction and N2O production are observed coincident with dark net respiration periods. Genomes of bacterial cultures isolated from multiple coral species confirm that microorganisms with the ability to respire nitrate anaerobically to either dinitrogen gas or ammonium exist within the holobiont. This confirmation of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms by coral-associated microorganisms sheds new light on coral and reef productivity.
    Description: Research was conducted in the Gardens of the Queen, Cuba in accordance with the requirements of the Republic of Cuba, conducted under permit NV2370 and NV2568 issued by the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. We gratefully acknowledge funding for this research by MIT Sea Grant award #2018-DOH-49-LEV, Simons Foundation award #622065, and MIT ESI seed funding to ARB, the MIT Montrym, Ferry, and mTerra Seed Grant Funds, and the generous contributions by Dr Bruce L. Heflinger.
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    The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-18 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown January 6 –26, 2020 Bridgetown, Barbados – Bridgetown, Barbados (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program (formerly Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-17 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-18 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Ron Brown, Cruise RB-20-01. The cruise took place between January 6 and 26 2020. The NTAS-18 mooring was deployed on January 10, and the NTAS-17 mooring was recovered on January 15. Inter-comparison between ship and buoys were performed on this cruise. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during RB-20-01 consisted in the acoustic communications with the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) subsurface mooring array MOVE 1-13 and acoustic downloads of data from Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) was also conducted at MOVE 1. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic. Two ARGO floats were also deployed on behalf of the WHOI ARGO group. During the cruise, atmospheric measurements of aerosols, as well as radar, Lidar, radiosondes were made as part of the ATOMIC campaign. 3
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158
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    Long range sound transmission : interim report no. 1, March 1, 1944 - January 20, 1945 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Experiments are described to demonstrate a new method of sonic signalling at extremely long ranges in the oceans, utilizing the natural sound channel. Signals were made by causing a four pound charge of TNT to explode at about 4000 feet depth. These signals have the following qualities: (a) Extremely long range transmission (probably 10,000 miles). (b) Signal is positively identifiable. (c) Abrupt termination of the signal allows the arrival time to be read with an accuracy better than l/20th second. This permits location of source to better than a mile, if the signal is received at three suitably located stations. (d) The signal duration is related in such a way to the distance that the distance may be estimated to 30 miles in 1000 from reception at a single station. The limitations are: (a) It is required that the great circle path which the sound follows between source and receiver lie entirely in deep water (probably at least 1000 fathoms). (b) Sound travels in water at a speed of roughly 1 mile per second so that the interval between the origin of the signal and its reception becomes sufficiently great to be a handicap for some uses, particularly with aircraft. The signals were received to distances up to 900 miles. Two receiving arrangements have been used, a hydrophone hung 4000 feet over the side of a ship which was hove to, and a shore connected. hydrophone which lay on bottom 4000 feet deep. Extrapolation of the results indicate a range of at least 10,000 miles from this size charge. Recommendation is made to utilize a network of monitoring stations to locate planes, ships, and life rafts in distress on the open oceans. Three or more stations receiving a signal could locate the source better than one mile.
    Description: Con tract NObs - 2083, Formerly OEM: sr - 31
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Sonar
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    The rheological behavior of CO2 ice: application to glacial flow on Mars (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Vast amounts of solid CO2 reside in topographic basins of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) on Mars and exhibit morphological features indicative of glacial flow. Previous experimental studies showed that coarse-grained CO2 ice is 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than water ice under Martian polar conditions. Here we present data from a series of deformation experiments on high-purity, fine-grained CO2 ice over a broader range of temperatures than previously explored (158–213 K). The experiments confirm previous observations of highly non-linear power-law creep at larger stresses, but also show a transition to a previously-unseen linear-viscous creep regime at lower stresses. We examine the viscosity of CO2 within the SPLD and predict that the CO2-rich layers may be stronger than previously thought. We also predict that CO2 ice flows much more readily than H2O ice on steep flanks of SPLD topographic basins, allowing the CO2 to pond as observed.
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NNH16ZDA001N-SSW
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    R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 1 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15, Naples to Cagliari August 11, 1988 - August 18, 1988, science navigation log, part 1
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    R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 1R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 2 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: R/V Knorr Voyage 134-15 Naples to Cagliari 11 August to 18 August 1988 Science Navigation Log, Part 2
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    AMPHORA Site Important Positions - Memorandum (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The following lists actual and relative positions for 2 critical pieces in the AMPHORA Site - the WRECK and the BROKEN AMPHORA. First some comments. All LAT/LON positional data are referenced to GPS. The actual positions froM the STARELLA 88 data are reliable. The actual position (only located the broken AMPHORA on that trip) from the KNORR 88 data is not reliable for reasons which are detailed in a separate note to Tom Crook. In which case, the relative positions are important. From the relative positions of the 2 wreck locations, one can safely say that there is only one wreck in that area. The broken AMPHORA is the only tie between the two coordinate systems. This is assuming that there is only one, unique broken amphora. Uchupi believes this is the case. However, the possibility that there is more than one has not been completely ruled out. Considering the proximity of the wreck to the broken amphora based on the STARELLA 88 data, it seems implausible that you would have Missed the wreck completely once you found the broken amphora. This is what preserves the possibility of more than one, at least for the Moment. More careful and detailed examination of the KNORR 88 data tracks should indicate if you indeed went through an area located relative to the broken amphora where the wreck should have been. I haven't had time to examine the data myself yet.
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    Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seyler, L. M., Trembath-Reichert, E., Tully, B. J., & Huber, J. A. Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00843-4.
    Description: The oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest habitable volumes on Earth, and it harbors a reservoir of microbial life that influences global-scale biogeochemical cycles. Here, we use time series metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a low-temperature, ridge flank environment representative of the majority of global hydrothermal fluid circulation in the ocean to reconstruct microbial metabolic potential, transcript abundance, and community dynamics. We also present metagenome-assembled genomes from recently collected fluids that are furthest removed from drilling disturbances. Our results suggest that the microbial community in the North Pond aquifer plays an important role in the oxidation of organic carbon within the crust. This community is motile and metabolically flexible, with the ability to use both autotrophic and organotrophic pathways, as well as function under low oxygen conditions by using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate and thiosulfate. Anaerobic processes are most abundant in subseafloor horizons deepest in the aquifer, furthest from connectivity with the deep ocean, and there was little overlap in the active microbial populations between sampling horizons. This work highlights the heterogeneity of microbial life in the subseafloor aquifer and provides new insights into biogeochemical cycling in ocean crust.
    Description: The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored most of the observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. This work was supported by NSF OCE-1062006, OCE-1745589 and OCE-1635208 to J.A.H. E.T.R. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of J.A.H. and B.T. This is C-DEBI contribution number 548.
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    Vector averaging current meter speed calibration and recording technique (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Equations 1-4 summarize the rotor calibration used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the VACM. A discussion of the instrumental and test details used to derive these equations follows. A list of other VACM documents and related bibliography is included.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004; N00014- 74-C0262; NR 083-004; and IDOE/NSF Grant GX-29054.
    Keywords: Flow meters ; Acoustic velocity meters -- Calibration ; Water current meters -- Calibration ; Rotors Ocean currents -- Measurement
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Bathymetry, control positions and aspect of proposed SOFAR stations in the Pacific Ocean (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The purpose of this memorandum is to present the available information on the nature of the bottom off the coasts of California and Hawaii adjacent to the proposed SOFAR stations in the Pacific Ocean, the best probable location for the hydrophones, the probable areas of reception, the positions of fixed land control points, and other information that will facilitate the establishment of an efficient monitoring system. The writer is indebted to the Director and personnel of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for copies of boat sheets containing soundings, data on the deflection of the vertical, and triangulation station data in the areas involved.
    Description: Contract Nobs 2083
    Keywords: Hydrophone ; Ocean bottom ; Pacific Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    2017 program of studies: ice-ocean interactions (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: The 2017 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Study Program theme was Ice-Ocean Interactions. Three principal lecturers, Andrew Fowler (Oxford), Adrian Jenkins (British Antarctic Survey) and Fiamma Straneo (WHOI/Scripps Institution of Oceanography) were our expert guides for the first two weeks. Their captivating lectures covered topics ranging from the theoretical underpinnings of ice-sheet dynamics, to models and observations of ice-ocean interactions and high-latitude ocean circulation, to the role of the cryosphere in climate change. These icy topics did not end after the first two weeks. Several of the Fellows' projects related to ice-ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, and many visitors gave talks on these themes.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-1829864.
    Keywords: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ; Ice-ocean interactions ; Thermodynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Wind resource site commissioning form (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The WHOI ASIT Tower station located approximately 2 miles southeast of Martha’s Vineyard. The met tower platform sits approximately 11m above the water line, depending on tide level. Site is accessed using a vessel provided by WHOI (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). Tower is maintained by WHOI and WHOI personnel are needed to access tower.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Standards and practices for reporting plankton and other particle observations from images (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: This technical manual guides the user through the process of creating a data table for the submission of taxonomic and morphological information for plankton and other particles from images to a repository. Guidance is provided to produce documentation that should accompany the submission of plankton and other particle data to a repository, describes data collection and processing techniques, and outlines the creation of a data file. Field names include scientificName that represents the lowest level taxonomic classification (e.g., genus if not certain of species, family if not certain of genus) and scientificNameID, the unique identifier from a reference database such as the World Register of Marine Species or AlgaeBase. The data table described here includes the field names associatedMedia, scientificName/ scientificNameID for both automated and manual identification, biovolume, area_cross_section, length_representation and width_representation. Additional steps that instruct the user on how to format their data for a submission to the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) are also included. Examples of documentation and data files are provided for the user to follow. The documentation requirements and data table format are approved by both NASA’s SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) and the National Science Foundation’s Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO).
    Description: This report was an outcome of a working group supported by the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) project office, which is funded by the US National Science Foundation (OCE1558412) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX17AB17G). AN, SB, and CP conceived and drafted the document. IC, IST, JF and HS contributed to the main body of the document as well as the example files. All members of the working group contributed to the content of the document, including the conceptualization of the data table and metadata format. We would also like thank the external reviewers Cecile Rousseaux (NASA GSFC), Susanne Menden-Deuer (URI) Frank Muller-Karger (USF), and Abigail Benson (USGS) for their valuable feedback.
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    Choosing open access licensing when publishing (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: When filling out the publication agreement forms for a manuscript to be published what license should I choose? Studies continue to show favorable impact of Open Access on the scholarly literature through increased dissemination and re-use.
    Keywords: Open access ; Open access policy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Molecular mechanisms on interactions between oxygen co-ordinated metal polyhedra and biochemical compounds (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Information is presented on the structural and functional properties of phosphates in "biochemical systems. Phosphates follow four structural formation principles: (1) linkage of phosphate units via oxygen co-ordinated metal ion polyhedra, (2) establishment of chains, (3) cross linkages of chains resulting in corrugated layers, and (4) cross linkages of layers resulting in distinct three-dimensional molecular networks. One Iinkage type does not require nor exclude another Iinkage type. On the basis of this concept on the associations of phosphate tetrahedra and metal ion oxygen polyhedra, a revised molecular model for DNA is proposed. Metal ion oxygen polyhedra excercise control on the shape of the DNA, and thus may introduce the stretching of the polymer chains This can be considered the ultimate reason why a single stranded DNA will associate itself readily with another single stranded DNA resulting in a double helix. In contrast, the coupling of a single stranded DNA by itself in making a sharp bend (loop) will not take place due to the stabilization of the structure by means of the metal ion oxygen polyhedra backbone. This model also explains thefunctional properties of the nucleic acids, for instance, the oxide chains and layers will favor proton jumps, and in the presence of a differential potential, they will form proton conduction bands. The molecular organization, as introduced by the association of metal ion coordination polyhedra with the PO4 groups, plays also a significant role in membrane dynamics. Analogous to the ion co-ordination interactions of polyphosphoric acids, the fixation of metal ions at the P-O surface and of membranes will result in a distinct molecular geometry as a whole. In this way, the membranes will act as dynamic molecular sieves, whereby the mesh size and the functional characteristics of these molecular sieves is determined by the flexible interplay of metals and the individual phospholipid compounds contained in the membranes. TP (111-P) is characterized for its ability to form a co-ordination polyhedron with polyvalent cations. In this way it resembles polyphosphates and differs from 1-P and 11-P. Triphosphate exhibits two significant properties: (1) terminal chain degradation, i.e. the release of terminal PO4 groups and formation of PO3 radicals which is controlled by external electrical forces,and (2) affinity to all cations by means of metal ion oxygen polyhedra and the establishment of an exchange affinity series for all metal ions. Concerning the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, proteins, and the nucleic acids, three conditions have to be fulfilled;. (1) acitvation of the react ion partner, (2) maximum efficiency and minimum error, and (3) well-defined control of the reactions in terms of kinetics and transportation mechanism. All three requirements are most effectively executed by triphosphates. The controlled formation of the reactive P03 radicaI not only activates the reaction partner, but also eliminates by means of the phosphate formation, the OH and O groups from the reaction system and this with extraordinary efficiency and elegance. In biochemical reactions, this role is commonly exercised by ATP.
    Description: Submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NSR-22-014-001. and to the American Chemical Society under Contract PRF 1943-A2.
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    Formation and elimination of segmentation and transform faults on the Reykjanes Ridge (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The objectives of R/V Neil Armstrong cruise AR35-04 (Fig. 1) were to survey the flanks of the Reykjanes Ridge and determine the timing, geometry and associated geophysical characteristics of the large-scale tectonic reorganizations that occurred there in the Paleogene and continue to the present (Fig. 2). The North Atlantic plate boundary between what is today the Bight Fracture Zone and Iceland, a distance of nearly 1000 km, was originally a linear orthogonally-spreading ridge that became abruptly fragmented in a stair-step fashion following a change in plate motion [Smallwood and White, 2002]. Its subsequent evolution involved the systematic and progressive removal of offsets from north to south to re-establish its original linear configuration [Hey et al., 2016; Martinez and Hey, 2017], even though this required the ridge to then spread obliquely, since the new spreading direction remained stable. These tectonic reorganizations took place within the region of influence of the Iceland “hotspot” which creates a strong gradient in mantle melting along the ridge, increasing crustal thicknesses by ~3-4 km and decreasing ridge axis depths by ~ 3000 m between the Bight Fracture Zone and Iceland [Louden et al., 2004]. A mantle gradient in melting properties (compositional and/or thermal) is presumably what results in the regional residual basement depth anomaly that extends throughout this region of the North Atlantic from the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge to south of the Bight Fracture Zone. This gradient in mantle properties with distance from the Iceland hotspot apparently had strong modulating effects on the tectonic reorganizations: the initial segment lengths and offsets appear in regional magnetic anomaly and satellite-derived gravity maps to be smaller toward Iceland and the segments evolved to re-establish the linear ridge configuration more quickly to the north [Hey et al., 2016]. As both kinematic and “hotspot” effects influence their development, the Reykjanes ridge flanks are key areas for investigating lithospheric and mantle controls on ridge segmentation, formation and elimination of transform faults and the mechanisms controlling their evolution.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF grant OCE-1756760. The Marine Advanced Technology and Education program supported the participation of the MATE interns. An InterRidge Cruise Bursary supported the participation of Dr. Dominik Palgan.
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - MCZ-62052 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - MCZ-62052 - male - 10.3 m - Pelvic location - Harvard University. 33.8 foot, 2.5-year-old male known as #2366, and the calf of #1266, washed ashore at Second Beach, Middletown, RI. Whale was entangled in 1 cm pot warp with 1 line through the mouth at the base of the tongue and 6 to 8 lines tightly wrapped around the base of the right flipper where they had become embedded in the bone of the humerus. Skeleton, missing both pelvic bones, and hyoid (went with larynx to Mt Sinai School of Medicine), salvaged for the MCZ, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA.
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Roadmap Towards Communitywide Intercalibration and Standardization of Ocean Nucleic Acids ‘Omics Measurements (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: In January 2020, the US Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office funded the Ocean Nucleic Acids 'omics Intercalibration and Standardization workshop held at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Thirty-two participants from across the US, along with guests from Canada and France, met to develop a framework for standardization and intercalibration (S&I) of ocean nucleic acid ‘omics (na’omics) approaches (i.e., amplicon sequencing, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics). During the three-day workshop, participants discussed numerous topics, including: a) sample biomass collection and nucleic acid preservation for downstream analysis, b) extraction protocols for nucleic acids, c) addition of standard reference material to nucleic acid isolation protocols, d) isolation methods unique to RNA, e) sequence library construction, and f ) integration of bioinformatic considerations. This report provides a summary of these and other topics covered during the workshop and a series of recommendations for future S&I activities for na’omics approaches.
    Description: The Ocean Nucleic Acids ‘Omics Intercalibration and Standardization Workshop was supported by grants from the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program (OCB) – funding provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) – and the Simons Foundation. This report was developed with federal support of NSF (OCE-1558412) and NASA (NNX17AB17G).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - VMSM-2004-1004f (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - VMSM-2004-1004f - male - 5.32 m - Pelvic location - Virginia Marine Science Museum
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - UF-25452 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - UF-25452 - female - 10 m - Pelvic location - University of Florida
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - KLC-022 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - KLC-022 - male - 4.97 m - Pelvic location - University of North Carolina
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - AMNH-42752 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - AMNH-42752 - female - unknown length - Pelvic location - American Museum of Natural History
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - VMSM-2004-1004 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - VMSM-2004-1004 - female - 16 m - Pelvic location - Virginia Marine Science Museum
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) - AMNH-209101 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) - AMNH-209101 - male - unknown length - Pelvic location - American Museum of Natural History
    Keywords: Inia geoffrensis ; Amazon river dolphin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Calibration Report of LiDAR unit “WLS7-436” (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Following an order of Massachusetts Clean Energy Center a calibration of a LiDAR of the type WindCube V2 by Leosphere (WLS7-436) against a met mast has been performed at a test site in the US. In this report the measurement results of the LiDAR device are compared to those from calibrated cup anemometers mounted on a met mast. The aim of this comparative assessment is to convey traceability to international standards of this particular LiDAR unit. The evaluation process is based on the IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 2 Annex L [2]. This standard describes the calibration procedure of remote sensing devices in the frame of power curve measurements on wind turbines. However, this approach generally also applies in the field of wind resource assessment, under the recommendations of MEASNET [4]. The data of the LiDAR measurement (130 m, 125 m, 95 m and 60 m) have been compared with the measured met mast data at 4 different heights (130 m, 125 m, 94 m and 58 m) during a period of 36 days (2019.08.20 – 2019.09.25) for wind speed bins between 4 – 16 m/s and for the wind direction sector 67 – 354°. In addition, measurement results of the met mast and LiDAR unit have been compared in terms of turbulence intensity, wind direction and wind shear. UL was not involved in the installation of the instruments on the mast but has gathered all relevant information. However, UL was responsible for the installation of the LiDAR unit close to the mast. It is ensured that the results presented in this report have been measured in an unbiased manner, following the best practices and to the best knowledge of the participating persons.
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    Lidar validation report July 2020 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Performance Verification Certificate for Renewable NRG Systems reference Lidar: WLS7-94 on July 2020.
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    MetOcean monitoring plan (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: AWS Truepower (AWST) has been engaged by the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) to develop monitoring campaign guidance in support of MassCEC’s “Metocean Initiative”. The goal of the Initiative is to “advance planning and permitting and reduce the costs of offshore wind energy in the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s (BOEM) designated Massachusetts Wind Energy Area (MAWEA) and the Rhode Island/Massachusetts (RI/MA) Wind Energy Area (together, the ‘WEAs’).”[1] The data collected and developed during this campaign are planned to support characterization of the WEAs’ long-term wind resource and metocean design conditions. The body of this report presents a recommended monitoring campaign framework.. The content of this document is based upon the information presented in the MassCEC Metocean Data Needs Assessment report [1], the MassCEC Metocean Initiative RFP [2], and subsequent discussions with the campaign team. The metocean campaign described here is expected to form the cornerstone of new observed public data sets developed specifically to support regional offshore wind energy development.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Commissioning form: Windcube V2 WLS7-436 WHOI ASIT Tower (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Lidar is deployed on the Air Sea Interaction Tower (ASIT) offshore structure owned and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI); Tower is approximately 2 miles south of Martha’s Vineyard, MA. Station has a walking platform at approximately 11 m MSL, with a section of lattice mast that extends from the platform to approximately 21 m MSL. The walking platform has a “diving board” extension oriented southwest, on which the lidar is deployed. The lidar sits upon a work bench mounted outboard of the southeast side of the diving board. Figure 1 illustrates the site configuration Aside from the immediate structure, the closest obstruction is Martha’s vineyard. Open ocean fetch for the southern half of the compass; Site access controlled by WHOI; additional site details attached separately.
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    Data from the 2018 dye release cruise south of Martha’s Vineyard, MA (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: On Aug 16-17, 2018 a rhodamine dye experiment was conducted in the coastal ocean south of Martha’s Vineyard, MA. One of the experiment’s aims was to investigate the exchanges, or the absence of such, between the mixed layer and the ocean underneath over a time scale of about a day.
    Description: NSF EAR-1520825
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Coskun, O. K., Vuillemin, A., Schubotz, F., Klein, F., Sichel, S. E., Eisenreich, W., & Orsi, W. D. Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks. Isme Journal. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01066-x.
    Description: Thermodynamic models predict that H2 is energetically favorable for seafloor microbial life, but how H2 affects anabolic processes in seafloor-associated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative 13C DNA stable isotope probing (qSIP) to quantify the effect of H2 on carbon assimilation by microbial taxa synthesizing 13C-labeled DNA that are associated with partially serpentinized peridotite rocks from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The rock-hosted seafloor community was an order of magnitude more diverse compared to the seawater community directly above the rocks. With added H2, peridotite-associated taxa increased assimilation of 13C-bicarbonate and 13C-acetate into 16S rRNA genes of operational taxonomic units by 146% (±29%) and 55% (±34%), respectively, which correlated with enrichment of H2-oxidizing NiFe-hydrogenases encoded in peridotite-associated metagenomes. The effect of H2 on anabolism was phylogenetically organized, with taxa affiliated with Atribacteria, Nitrospira, and Thaumarchaeota exhibiting the most significant increases in 13C-substrate assimilation in the presence of H2. In SIP incubations with added H2, an order of magnitude higher number of peridotite rock-associated taxa assimilated 13C-bicarbonate, 13C-acetate, and 13C-formate compared to taxa that were not associated with peridotites. Collectively, these findings indicate that the unique geochemical nature of the peridotite-hosted ecosystem has selected for H2-metabolizing, rock-associated taxa that can increase anabolism under high H2 concentrations. Because ultramafic rocks are widespread in slow-, and ultraslow-spreading oceanic lithosphere, continental margins, and subduction zones where H2 is formed in copious amounts, the link between H2 and carbon assimilation demonstrated here may be widespread within these geological settings.
    Description: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project-ID 364653263—TRR 235 to WDO and WE, and under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2077-390741603. The work was also supported by the Dalio Explore Fund and LMU Mentoring Program. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
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    Radio-tagging of whales (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: We recount here a series of attempts to tag and track whales at sea without catching them. Radio transmitters of 140 Mc were attached to the backs of whales from helicopters. Tracking the tagged whales was attempted by ship and by airplane receiving systems.
    Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4446.
    Keywords: Whales ; Animal radio tracking
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    A compilation of moored current meter data from the North Pacific : (the "Zonal" Experiment, 1983-1985) volume XLI (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Summaries of long-term current, temperature and pressure measurements from moored instruments in the western Pacific Ocean (ranging from 152°W to 165°E longitude and 31° to 41°N latitude) are presented. There were two consecutive settings of instruments, referred to as zonal I and zonal II, each spanning a one-year interval. There were, for the first time, 2 two-year mooring deployments, which were successful. Tables, plots and statistics include filtered and unfiltered data, as well as merged and single setting data. The objective of the experiment was to define the basic properties of the low frequency variability in the mid-latitude North Pacific.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Numbers N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400 and N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.
    Keywords: Deep-sea moorings ; Ocean currents -- North Pacific Ocean ; Ocean temperature -- North Pacific Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - EG-2150 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - EG-2150 - female - 13.70 m - Pelvic location - unknown
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Still Image
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - Eg-NEFL-07-04 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - Eg-NEFL-07-04 - male (neonate) - 0.41 m - Pelvic location - unknown
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Buesseler, K., Jin, D., Kourantidou, M., Levin, D., Ramakrishna, K., Renaud, P., Ausubel, J., Baltes, K., Gjerde, K., Holland, M., Kostel, K., LaCapra, V., Martin, A., Sosik, H., Thorrold, S., Tierney, T., Joyce, K., Renier, N., Taylor, E. (2022). The Ocean Twilight Zone’s Role in Climate Change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 32 pp.
    Description: The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.
    Description: Funding is: The Audacious Project housed at TED
    Keywords: Climate ; Mesopelagic ; Twilight Zone ; Fisheries ; Carbon Dioxide Removal ; Ocean ; Biological Carbon Pump ; Solubility Pump ; Carbon ; Marine Snow
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Other
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - PRI-53162 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - PRI-53162 - female - 13.70 m - Pelvic location - Paleontological Research Institution. 44-foot, female known as #2030 found floating off Cape May, NJ and towed ashore. Complete skeleton salvaged on 22 & 23 October for the Paleontological Research Institute, Ithaca, NY where its articulated skeleton is on display.
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - IFAW-17-182-Eg (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - IFAW-17-182-Eg - female - 8.15 m - Pelvic location - UMass Ahmerst
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - UMA-4920 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - UMA-4920 - female - 13.70 m - Pelvic location - UMass Ahmerst. 45-foot, 50–60-ton, female named Staccato (#1014) found floating in Cape Cod Bay off Wellfleet and towed ashore at Duck Harbor, Wellfleet, MA. This whale was first recorded in 1974 in Cape Cod Bay. She had produced at least 6 calves. She was apparently hit by a ship and died some days later. She had 5 broken vertebral processes on the right side and a broken right mandible. Complete skeleton salvaged for the Univ. of MA, Amherst.
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - LACM-054763 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) - LACM-054763 - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - LA County Museum
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; North Atlantic right whale
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Grampus griseus (Risso's dolphin) - CCSN-02-293 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Grampus griseus (Risso's dolphin) - CCSN-02-293 - male - 2.25 m - Pelvic location - Tom French
    Keywords: Grampus griseus ; Risso's dolphin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Grampus griseus (Risso's dolphin) - NUVC-5155 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Grampus griseus (Risso's dolphin) - NUVC-5155 - male - 2.00 m - Pelvic location - University of Georgia
    Keywords: Grampus griseus ; Risso's dolphin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) - AMNH-209106 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) - AMNH-209106 - female - unknown length - Pelvic location - American Museum of Natural History
    Keywords: Inia geoffrensis ; Amazon river dolphin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) - AMNH-209103 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) - AMNH-209103 - female - unknown length - Pelvic location - American Museum of Natural History
    Keywords: Inia geoffrensis ; Amazon river dolphin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    NSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data Meeting Report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: NSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data, C-MORE Hale Center, Honolulu, HI, September 13-15, 2019
    Description: Prior to the OceanObs’19 Meeting, the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office planned and hosted an NSF EarthCube Workshop focused on shipboard ocean time series data (https://www.us-ocb.org/earthcube-workshop-ocean-time-series-data/). Data synthesis and modeling efforts across ocean time series represent important and necessary steps forward in broadening our view of a changing ocean, and maximizing the return on our continued investment in these programs. Despite the scientific insights and technology advances of the past couple of decades, significant barriers remain that hinder important synthesis work across time series. This workshop convened 37 participants, including seagoing oceanographers, data managers, and experts in data science and informatics. The goal of the workshop was to identify key ocean time series data challenges related to access and discoverability, metadata reporting, interoperability across databases, and broadening users; and developing recommendations to address those challenges. The workshop adopted the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable; Wilkinson et al., 2016) Guiding Principles to frame these issues, and included presentations on existing data models and use of controlled vocabularies, guidelines and frameworks for conducting data synthesis and establishing community best practices, and existing and planned ocean time series data products.
    Description: The authors wish to acknowledge NSF EarthCube for the workshop funding and Michael Sieracki (NSF Biological Oceanography) and Hedy Edmonds (NSF Chemical Oceanography) for connecting us with this opportunity. We thank David Karl, Angelicque White, Jennifer Kondo, and all of our wonderful hosts at the C-MORE Hale Center at the University of Hawaii. EarthCube Science Committee representatives Emma Aronson and D. Sarah Stamps provided valuable input throughout the planning of the workshop. Although unable to attend, organizing committee member Rod Johnson also provided assistance with the content and organization of the workshop. We thank the workshop participants for stimulating discussions.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    WHOI 260Hz Sound Source - Tuning and Assembly (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Sound sources are designed to provide subsea tracking and re‐location of RAFOS floats and other Lagrangian drifters listening at 260Hz. More recently sweeps have been added to support FishChip tracking at 262Hz. These sources must be tuned to the water properties where they are to be deployed as they have a fairly narrow bandwidth. The high‐Q resonator’s bandwidth is about 4Hz. This report documents the tuning, and provides an overview of the sound source assembly.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE01756361
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Signals, Underwater Sound (SUS), Description, Operation and Handling Instructions, NAVAIR 11-1-107 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: This collection includes scientific instruments and equipment and instrument manuals, catalogs, and other material that are being maintained in conjunction with the collection of oceanographic instruments and equipment presently stored in the Falmouth Technology Park offsite storage facility. Also included in the collection are a video and photographs of a traveling exhibit by the U.S. Navy on historical oceanographic instruments, The Briny Deep Discovered, that included a number of instruments loaned to the Navy by WHOI. The exhibit made its final stop at WHOI to coincide with the Institution's 75th Anniversary, and was located in the lobby of the Clark building. This collection includes scientific equipment and instrument manuals, catalogs, reports, designs, drawings and other material. List of Series: Subject Files Equipment Manuals U.S. Navy Historical Instrument Exhibit WHOI Historical Instrument collection Instrument Development Photographs Oversized Design Drawings
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Lidar validation report August 2016 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Performance Verification Certificate for Renewable NRG Systems reference Lidar: WLS7-94 on August 2016.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Other
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    Commissioning form: Windcube Lidar WHOI ASIT Tower (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The lidar is re-deployed on the south shelf of the ASIT diving board platform. The site is a three legged fixed tower situated 1 NL south of Martha’s Vineyard in 17 m of water.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    MBLWHOI Library’s institutional repository stewardship responsibility (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The MBLWHOI Library’s Institutional Repository (IR) is a CoreTrustSeal certified repository. We chose to go through this process to demonstrate our commitment to quality stewardship and to be a trusted option for our researchers facing funder and publisher requirements that data be accessible, and more recently, also citable with a DOI. The Library always recommends that researchers deposit data in an appropriate subject or community repository, but there are many cases where the dataset needing a DOI does not fit that scenario. The ability to quickly and easily deposit data in a certified repository is a value added service for our users. Some funders now mandate the data must be deposited in a FAIR repository. Being a CoreTrustSeal certified repository ensures that the MBLWHOI Library’s Institutional Repository practices FAIR principles. This lighting talk will show the steps we went through to become certified, some of the hurdles and benefits, as well our current status as an application reviewer. This process enabled us to review our internal process and procedures and re-examine any outdated practices. It shined a light on places we could improve our documentation and more clearly state our policies. The importance of demonstrating our commitment to quality and the Library’s continued efforts with the repository to remain on the forefront of technology with linked open data, schema.org, etc.
    Keywords: institutional repositories ; Northeast Institutional Repositories Day ; NIRD ; NIRD20 ; repository certification ; CoreTrustSeal
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation
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    Stratus 16 Sixteenth Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise on Board RV Ronald H. Brown May 5 - 20, 2017 Rodman, Panama - Arica, Chile (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown. During the 2017 cruise on the Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 15) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 16 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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