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  • Wiley  (88,664)
  • Springer Nature  (88,456)
  • Oxford University Press  (32,543)
  • AGU
  • AGU (American Geological Union)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 2020-2022  (125,983)
  • 1980-1984  (91,942)
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  • 1
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    Applying the Values of Geoethics for Sustainable Speleotourism Development (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-01
    Description: Establishing sustainable and responsible speleotourism development is a major challenge and involves complex activities. Adequate theoretical starting point is the application of geoethical values related to the conservation and protection of the caves to be used for touristic purposes. Positive and negative cases of human behaviors towards speleological geoheritage are discussed, in order to highlight what should be done in cave management to avoid malpractices and on what elements could be founded adequate strategies aimed at promoting sustainable speleotourism. This is important to tourism management organizations involved in the promotion of caves and in creating economic opportunities for local populations, while respecting cave ecosystems. Modern cave management must be focused on the protection of the cave ecosystems, finding ways to achieve at the same time an economic development of local communities. But this approach needs the adoption of a geoethical framework of values to be shared by all stakeholders involved so that successful cooperation can be achieved despite differences in interests and expectations. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness about the need to apply the values of geoethics to speleotourism, stimulating new fields of discussion within the scientific and technical communities involved in studies and activities related to geotourism and geoheritage. The possibilities of developing new ways to manage caves, in order to promote a sustainable socio-economic development of local communities, have to be balanced with the protection of natural environments as much as possible. The proposed theoretical frameworks have the goal to increase the discussion on the best ways of connecting speleotourism to sustainable and responsible cave management, presenting two case studies, and pointing out potential solutions.
    Description: Open access funding provided by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia within the CRUI-CARE Agreement
    Description: Published
    Description: id 73
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Responsibility ; Sustainability ; Caves ; Speleotourism ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Stress tensor orientation derived from fault plane solutions in the southwestern Alps (2020)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: Gephart and Forsyth's method has been applied to estimate stress orientations from earthquakefa ult planes olutionso f the southwesterAn lps, a regionw heret he tectonic stress regime is known to be fairly complex. Fault plane solutions have been either taken from the literature or computed using data from local and regional networks. Data refer to seismiecv entso f magnitudien the range2 .5-5.3w hicho ccurreidn the iastd ecades at depths between 0 and 25 km. Two zones with a different stress orientation have been identifiedi n the studieda rea (44.0ø-45.ø5 N, 6.5ø-8.5ø E)- the westernz one,c orresponding to the cresto f the alpine belt, where a high-dipm aximumc ompressivset ressi s found, and the easternz one (Alps chaint o Po Plain transition),c haracterizedb y an almosth orizontal E-W al and a nearly vertical as. Hypocenterso f earthquakesu sedf or stressi nversionl ie in the depthr anges0 -15 km and 5-25 km in the westerna nd easternz onesr, espectivelyT. he transitionb etweenth e two st•resdso mainsis very sharp,a nd this is alsoi ndicatedb y sp•ace distributiono f earthquakei ndividualm isfitst o the respectives tressm odels.T he findings of the present study are a good match for tectonic models which assume E-W compression derivedf rom the Adria-Europein teractiona nd producing:( 1) major thrustingp rocesses in the easterns ideo f the chaina nd (2) secondaryte nsionale ffectsa t very shallowd epth beneatht he alpineb elt crest( westernz oneo f the area studiedi n this work).
    Description: Published
    Description: 8171-8185
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Evolution of the NOy-N2O correlation in the Antarctic stratosphere during 1993 and 1995 (2020)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: The sources and sinks of stratospheric reactive nitrogen (NOy) in the Antarctic are known only qualitatively, because of the very few measurements of NOy available in this region. As a result, the effects of stratospheric NOy short- and long-term changes on the stratospheric concentration of ozone, water vapor, and other climate-forcing agents are still uncertain. To better understand the annual cycle of polar stratospheric NOy, we estimate its concentration in the Antarctic stratosphere during part of 1993 and throughout 1995. These estimates are obtained at seven potential temperature levels, extending from 18 to 30 km of altitude, and are associated with ground-based measurements of another tracer, N2O, in order to produce NOy-N2O correlation curves that can provide insights on nitrogen sources and sinks. To estimate NOy mixing ratios, we use ground-based and satellite measurements of major NOy constituents, connected by using air parcel trajectories and supplemented by model calculations of minor contributing species for which no suitable measurements exist. All the available NOy-N2O correlation points are averaged over three representative seasonal time periods in 1993 and six periods in 1995. Results show very similar correlation curves during the late summer and the fall of 1995, and again during the early spring 1993 compared with the early and late winter of 1995, although there are large seasonal changes due to transport and to condensation of NOy onto polar stratospheric clouds. We calculate a loss from the latter process of N = (6.3 ± 2.6) 107 kg of stratospheric nitrogen in the southern polar vortex during 1995.We also compare our correlation curves with those obtained in the Antarctic stratosphere during the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy mission ATMOS/ATLAS-3 in November 1994, finding important similarities but also critical differences that suggest that extravortex air is generally not an adequate representation of prewinter inner vortex conditions. Calculations of NOy winter removal in the Antarctic stratosphere which have used extra-vortex measurements as a surrogate for prewinter conditions may thus have underestimated true NOy removal. Our prewinter NOy estimates in the vortex core match values obtained by atmospheric models that incorporate upper atmospheric sources of NOy, supporting the belief that such sources have a significant effect on polar stratospheric NOy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4428
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: polar NOy ; NOy-N2O correlations ; denitrification ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Viscosity of high crystal content melts: dependence on solid fraction (2020)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: The rheological properties of suspensions containing high solid fractions are investigated. Attention is focused on viscosity of silicate and magmatic melt systems. A general empirical equation which describes the relative viscosity of suspensions as a function of suspended solid fraction is proposed. In the limit of very dilute solid concentrations it reduces to the Einstein equation. The proposed relationship is satisfactorily applied to reproduce available experimental data relative to silicate melts. Moreover, the extrapolation of the model to very high concentrations is compared with experimental observations on partially‐melted granite.
    Description: Published
    Description: L22308
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Advances in understanding large-scale responses of the water cycle to climate change (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-22
    Description: Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of around 7%/°C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are constrained by the Earth's energy balance to increase at ∼2-3%/°C. However, this rate of increase is suppressed by rapid atmospheric adjustments in response to greenhouse gases and absorbing aerosols that directly alter the atmospheric energy budget. Rapid adjustments to forcings, cooling effects from scattering aerosol, and observational uncertainty can explain why observed global precipitation responses are currently difficult to detect but are expected to emerge and accelerate as warming increases and aerosol forcing diminishes. Precipitation increases with warming are expected to be smaller over land than ocean due to limitations on moisture convergence, exacerbated by feedbacks and affected by rapid adjustments. Thermodynamic increases in atmospheric moisture fluxes amplify wet and dry events, driving an intensification of precipitation extremes. The rate of intensification can deviate from a simple thermodynamic response due to in-storm and larger-scale feedback processes, while changes in large-scale dynamics and catchment characteristics further modulate the frequency of flooding in response to precipitation increases. Changes in atmospheric circulation in response to radiative forcing and evolving surface temperature patterns are capable of dominating water cycle changes in some regions. Moreover, the direct impact of human activities on the water cycle through water abstraction, irrigation, and land use change is already a significant component of regional water cycle change and is expected to further increase in importance as water demand grows with global population.
    Description: Published
    Description: 49-75
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate change; land surface; precipitation; radiative forcing; water cycle
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Physical and geochemical record of an early Eocene carbon‐cycle perturbation on a turbiditic continental margin (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-20
    Description: Multivariate analysis of the elemental composition of hemipelagic sedimentary successions has provided invaluable information about palaeoenvironmental evolution, including records of short-lived Eocene hyperthermal events. However, few studies have analyzed the sedimentary record of these climatic events in turbidite-rich continental margin successions. In order to test the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques (factor and cluster analysis) in palaeonvironmental and palaeoclimatic research on turbiditic successions, the lowermost Eocene Solondota section, which accumulated on the North Iberian continental margin, was studied. A prominent negative carbon isotope excursion from Solondota was correlated with the Ypresian (early Eocene) hyperthermal event J, also known as C24n.2rH1. High-resolution sedimentological, geochemical (stable isotopes, major and trace elements) and mineralogical (bulk and clay mineralogy) data show that multivariate statistical analysis helps to manage large-sized quantitative datasets objectively, avoiding arbitrary choice of representative elements and identifying environmental factors (virtual variables) that may not be evident otherwise. Variations in major and minor elements from hemipelagic carbonates across the Solondota carbon isotope excursion suggest a temporarily more humid continental climate, which caused increased terrigenous material input into the marine environment. The finer grained fraction boosted hemipelagic carbonate dilution, whereas the coarser grained sediment was transported by temporarily more frequent and voluminous turbidity currents. Thus, the results from the Solondota carbon isotope excursion revealed similarities with deep marine records of other early Eocene minor hyperthermal events. This demonstrates the validity of deep-marine turbiditic successions for providing reliable sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical records of global palaeoclimatic significance, complementing the information obtained from other sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the generally expanded nature of turbiditic successions can potentially provide palaeoclimatic information at very high resolution, enriching, and perhaps improving, the commonly condensed and sometimes discontinuous record of hemipelagic- only successions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 881-904
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Retrospective short-term forecasting experiment in Italy based on the occurrence of strong (fore) shocks (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-15
    Description: In a recent work we computed the relative frequencies with which strong shocks (4.0≤Mw〈5.0), widely felt by the population were followed in the same area by potentially destructive main shocks (Mw≥5.0) in Italy. Assuming the stationarity of the seismic release properties, such frequencies can be tentatively used to estimate the probabilities of potentially destructive shocks after the occurrence of future strong shocks. This allows us to set up an alarm-based forecasting hypothesis related to strong foreshocks occurrence. Such hypothesis is tested retrospectively on the data of a homogenized seismic catalogue of the Italian area against a purely random hypothesis that simply forecasts the target main shocks proportionally to the space-time fraction occupied by the alarms. We compute the latter fraction in two ways a) as the ratio between the average time covered by the alarms in each area and the total duration of the forecasting experiment (60 years) and b) as the same ratio but weighted by the past frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in each area. In both cases the overall retrospective performance of our forecasting algorithm is definitely better than the random case. Considering an alarm duration of three months, the algorithm retrospectively forecasts more than 70% of all shocks with Mw5.5 occurred in Italy from 1960 to 2019 with a total space-time fraction covered by the alarms of the order of 2%. Considering the same space-time coverage, the algorithm is also able to retrospectively forecasts more than 40% of the first main shocks with Mw5.5 of the seismic sequences occurred in the same time interval. Given the good reliability of our results, the forecasting algorithm is set and ready to be tested also prospectively, in parallel to other ongoing procedures operating on the Italian territory.
    Description: This paper benefitted from funding provided by the European Union within the ambit of the H2020 project RISE (No. 821115), which in particular fully financed the PhD grant of one of the authors (E.B.).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1192–1206
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake interaction ; Statistical seismology ; forecasting, ; prediction ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    A minimum time control problem for aerobic degradation processes in biocell composting plants (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We introduce a mathematical model for the composting process in biocells. The model includes several phenomena, like the aerobic biodegradation of the soluble substrate by means of a bacterial population, the hydrolysis of insoluble substrate, and the biomass decay. We investigate the best strategies to reduce substrate components in minimal time by controlling the effects of cell oxygen concentration on the degradation phenomenon. It is shown that singular controls are not optimal for this model and the optimal control time profiles are of bang or bang-bang type. The occurrence of switching curves is discussed. In the case of a bang-bang control we prove that optimal control profiles have a unique switching time and the corresponding switching curve is determined.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1251-1266
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Thermal structure of a vanishing subduction system. An example of seismically-derived crustal temperature along the Italian peninsula (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: The active tectonic processes in convergent margins confer a high degree of complexity to the crust. Determining the thermal structure is, therefore, key to better elucidate the nature of those processes. In order to reconstruct the thermal structure of the crust beneath the Italian peninsula, we combine the most recent and accurate shear-wave velocity model that is currently available with thermodynamic modelling, assuming a global average crustal composition with no lateral variations. Our model, presented in terms of Moho temperature and crustal thermal gradients, shows a very good agreement with the known thermal anomalies associated with the backarc spreading related to the Apennine subduction. Importantly, we envisage a new anomalous region of high Moho temperatures in NW Italy (T 〉 800 degrees C at 30 km), at the transition between the Alps and Apennine orogens. The lowest temperatures of our model, corresponding to geothermal gradients 〈 19 degrees C km(-1), are obtained in the still active but slow-convergent portion of the northern Apennine. Moho temperatures increase moving southwards along the Apennine chain, an observation that is coherent with the evidence of ceasing subduction and consequent rebalancing of the depressed isotherms along the slab. Our results suggest that a thermal structure in different tectonic settings can be inferred with acceptable uncertainties based on absolute seismic velocity models. In this sense, our approach can be extended to any other region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 239–247
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Aseismic transient driving the swarm-like seismic sequence in the Pollino range, Southern Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: ectonic earthquake swarms challenge our understanding of earthquake processes since it is difficult to link observations to the underlying physical mechanisms and to assess the hazard they pose. Transient forcing is thought to initiate and drive the spatio-temporal release of energy during swarms. The nature of the transient forcing may vary across sequences and range from aseismic creeping or transient slip to diffusion of pore pressure pulses to fluid redistribution and migration within the seismogenic crust. Distinguishing between such forcing mechanisms may be critical to reduce epistemic uncertainties in the assessment of hazard due to seismic swarms, because it can provide information on the frequency–magnitude distribution of the earthquakes (often deviating from the assumed Gutenberg–Richter relation) and on the expected source parameters influencing the ground motion (for example the stress drop). Here we study the ongoing Pollino range (Southern Italy) seismic swarm, a long-lasting seismic sequence with more than five thousand events recorded and located since October 2010. The two largest shocks (magnitude M w = 4.2 and M w = 5.1) are among the largest earthquakes ever recorded in an area which represents a seismic gap in the Italian historical earthquake catalogue. We investigate the geometrical, mechanical and statistical characteristics of the largest earthquakes and of the entire swarm. We calculate the focal mechanisms of the M l 〉 3 events in the sequence and the transfer of Coulomb stress on nearby known faults and analyse the statistics of the earthquake catalogue. We find that only 25 per cent of the earthquakes in the sequence can be explained as aftershocks, and the remaining 75 per cent may be attributed to a transient forcing. The b-values change in time throughout the sequence, with low b-values correlated with the period of highest rate of activity and with the occurrence of the largest shock. In the light of recent studies on the palaeoseismic and historical activity in the Pollino area, we identify two scenarios consistent with the observations and our analysis: This and past seismic swarms may have been ‘passive’ features, with small fault patches failing on largely locked faults, or may have been accompanied by an ‘active’, largely aseismic, release of a large portion of the accumulated tectonic strain. Those scenarios have very different implications for the seismic hazard of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1553–1567
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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