ALBERT

Description: Males of Eledone cirrhosa grow to a size little over 600 g and normally have well-developed, and presumably active, reproductive organs from about 200 g upwards. Total weight of the genital bag is well correlated with total body weight (r= 0·906). Growth of the testis precedes that of the spermatophoric sac, and the size of neither of these reproductive components is predictable from body weight. The sizes of these organs and the estimated number and length of stored spermatophores are given for 100 g intervals of total body weight. No evidence was obtained for a seasonal trend in male maturity.

Description: We present chemical data on magmatically heterogeneous pyroclastic deposits of late Quaternary age erupted from zoned magma systems underlying Tenerife (Canary Islands), Sao Miguel and Faial (Azores), and Vesuvius. The most fractionated magmas present at each centre are respectively Na-rich phonolite, trachyte, and K-rich phonolite. Within any one deposit, chemical variation is either accompanied by changes in the phenocryst assemblage (petrographic zonation) or is largely manifested in trace element abundances, unaccompanied by any petrographic change (occult zonation). Zoning is analogous to that in calc-alkaline systems where the most fractionated products are high-silica rhyolites. When a range of magma types are considered, a correlation emerges between roofward depletion of trace elements (especially REE) in the zoned system and compatability of those same trace elements in the accessory phenocryst phases present. Thus, allanite- or chevkinite-bearing rhyolitic systems are light-REE depleted roofwards, the sphene-bearing Tenerife system is middle-REE depleted roofwards, the melanite-bearing Vesuvius system is heavy-REE depleted roofwards, while the Azores systems, which lack these phases, display roofward REE enrichment. Therefore, the behaviour of trace elements may in each case be explained by fractionation of observed phenocryst assemblages. The resemblance between features of zoned magma systems and published work on the dynamic consequences of cooling saturated aqueous solutions prompts us to suggest that sidewall crystallization and consequent boundary-layer uprise to form a capping layer at top of the system may be a plausible mechanism for the generation of both petrographic and occult zonation. Reverse zoning occurs among the first-erupted tephra of some deposits, demonstrating that the most highly differentiated magma available is not always the first to be tapped during an eruption from a zoned system.

Description: Changes in the relative size of the ovary, oviducal glands and eggs are described for Eledone cirrhosa captured from the North Sea off Aberdeen over a 3 year period (N = 488). The analysis is based only on freshly caught animals, excluding those held in aquarium conditions (〉 5 days). Ovary enlargement and egg size estimates are used as indices of sexual maturity. Between 0–15% and 18–95% of total body weight is contributed by the ovary. Maximum egg length in the ovary ranges up to 7 mm. On these criteria, sexual maturation typically occurs at body sizes between 400–1000 g although some animals of 1000–1200 g are found showing no evidence of ovary enlargement. The majority of the monthly sample is always immature but maturation can apparently occur at almost any time of the year. Increase in mean ovary index and mean values for egg size are strongly seasonal and indicate a peak incidence of sexual maturity over 2–3 months in the July-September period. Spawning is presumed to follow within 1 month. Estimates of the fecundity of the females, based on the egg sample from the ovary, range from 2·2 × 103 to 55 × 10 3 eggs with a mean of 11 × 10 3 and a mode of 7·5 × 10 3 eggs.

Description: Female Eledone cirrhosa held in aquarium conditions for periods of time of five daysand over show relatively enlarged ovary sizes. Values for ovary index considerably exceed thoseof freshly caught animals and the incidence of the final stage of maturity, in which eggs pack the oviducts, is greater. A comparison of maturity indices for fresh and aquarium males was inconclusive. The range of factors associated with aquarium conditions is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that studies of cephalopod reproductive maturation must distinguish fresh and aquarium animals. Introduction External factors effective in inducing sexual maturation in cephalopods have been suggested several times. The influence of the absence of light has been implicated since the experiments of Wells & Wells (1959) showed that blinded Octopus vulgar is matured precociously. An effect of short day length in stimulating the optic glands of Sepia has been found by Defretin & Richard (1967) and Richard (1967) but this is not clearly the case for Octopus (Buckley, 1977). Octopuses kept in aquarium conditions for lengthy periods are said to have larger relative gonad sizes than those fresh from the sea (Wells & Wells, 1975). One of the factors associated with aquarium conditions is often a degree of starvation, and this circumstance alone is held to be a factor in inducing precocious sexual maturation in Eledone (Mangold & Boucher-Rodoni, 1973). In the course of recent studies on the growth and reproduction of Eledone cirrhosa from the North Sea (Boyle & Knobloch, 1982,1983,1984) animals which had remained in aquarium conditions for 5 days or over were separated from the analysis.

Description: A new species of a monogenean Isancistrum subulatae (Gyrodactylidae) has been discovered on the arms and tentacles of the cephalopod mollusc Alloteuthis subulata at Plymouth and I. loliginis, on the gills of the same host, has been re-discovered for the first time since its original description in 1912. I. subulatae, like other gyrodactylids, is viviparous, and has been shown by experiments to transfer to new hosts by contagion. In nature such transfers probably take place during copulation of the hosts and since the parasite may occur in numbers of several thousands per host, it may thereby constitute a venereal disease.

Description: The growth of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa has been studied in a population from the North Sea off Aberdeen. Data are presented for the growth of individuals isolated in aquarium conditions; the growth of size classes in thefieldpopulation; and preliminary information on the growth relationships of gonad, somatic, cardiac and brain components of the body. At 15 °C Eledone cirrhosa is capable of growing from 10 to 1000 g in 270 days. From octopuses which feed readily in captivity, weight specific growth rates of up to about 3–5 % day-1 for animals of 100 g body weight are recorded, falling to a maximum of about 1–5 % day-1 at body sizes above 500 g. Females stop growing when sexually mature, but in the sample captured they were consistently larger than males, a feature which may account for the 7:1 bias towards the incidence of females. On a wet-weight basis, the mean food incorporation into growth is 37 % of the food ingested, which is 49% of the gross weight of crabs killed. Field data for 1978/79 suggest that animals recruited to the population at the beginning of the year grew steadily until December, overwintered without growing, then grew rapidly for several months in the subsequent year before disappearing from the samples. The estimated average age of those animals and by implication, the life span, is 20 months.

Description: The ommastrephid squids are large active animals occurring in most of the world's oceans. Luminous organs or bioluminescence have been observed only in members of the subfamily Sthenoteuthinae, containing the genera Ornithoteuthis, Symplectoteuthis (= Eucleoteuthis), Hyaloteuthis, Ommastrephes and Dosidicus. The light organs of Ommastrephes pteropus are small sub-spherical bodies randomly distributed over the ventral surface of the mantle, head, arms and tentacles (Roper, 1963) and are aggregated dorsally to form a large luminous patch (Clarke, 1965). Relatively little is known about the organs, capabilities and biochemistry of luminescence in cephalopods (Harvey, 1952; Herring, in Press), and the size of the light organ and availability of O. pteropus provide an unusual opportunity for such studies. Although among the molluscs the luminescent systems of the gastropod Latia and the bivalve Pholas have been partially characterized (Shimomura & Johnson, 1968; Henry, Isambert & Michelson, 1970, 1973) the only cephalopod system which has been investigated to date is that of the enoploteuthid Watasenia scintillans (Goto et al., 1974; Inoue et al., 1975). This investigation examines the anatomy and biochemistry of the dorsal light organ of O. pteropus, which differs markedly in these respects from the brachial organs of Watasenia.

Description: Squids (teuthoids) fall into two distinct groups according to their density in sea water. Squids of one group are considerably denser than sea water and must swim to stop sinking; squids in the other group are nearly neutrally buoyant. Analyses show that in almost all the neutrally buoyant squids large amounts of ammonium are present. This ammonium is not uniformly distributed throughout the body but is mostly confined to special tissues where its concentration can approach half molar. The locations of such tissues differ according to the species and developmental stage of the squid. It is clear that the ammonium-rich solution are almost isosmotic with sea water but of lower density and they are present in sufficient volume to provide the main buoyancy mechanism of these squids. A variety of evidence is given which suggests that squids in no less than 12 of the 26 families achieve near-neutral buoyancy in this way and that 14 families contain squids appreciably denser than sea water [at least one family contains both types of squid]. Some of the ammonium-rich squids are extremely abundant in the oceans.

Description: The effect of medium dissolved-oxygen tension on the molar growth yield, respiration and cytochrome content of Beneckea natriegens in chemostat culture (D 0·37 hr-1) was examined. The molar growth yield (Y), the specific rate of oxygen (qo2) and glucose consumption, and the specific rate of carbon dioxide evolution were independent of the dissolved-oxygen tension above a critical value (〈 2 mmHg). However, the potential respiration rate increased with reduction in the dissolved-oxygen tension at values of the dissolved-oxygen tension well above the critical value. Changes in the cytochrome content occurred at dissolved-oxygen tensions well above the critical value. An increase in cytochrome c relative to cytochrome b was observed as the dissolved-oxygen tension was decreased. Reduction of the dissolved-oxygen tension to less than 1 mmHg caused a switch to fermentative metabolism shown by the apparent rise in Y o2 and decrease in the molar growth yield from glucose. At this point the potential respiration rate (q o2) increased to its highest value, while the cytochrome pattern reverted to that observed at dissolved-oxygen tensions above 96 mmHg. There appeared to be no correlation between cytochrome content, potential q o2, in situ q o2, and cyanide sensitivity of the organism at various dissolved-oxygen tensions.

Description: The planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) was cultured under two different light intensities and in continuous darkness. High light intensity (HLI = 4oo-soo einsteins/m2/s) resulted in a longer lifespan, a greater number of chambers formed, and a larger final shell size compared with individuals cultured under low light intensity (LLI = 20-50 einsteins/m2/s) or in continuous darkness. Shell growth rates were unaffected by increasing light intensity, but gametogenesis was delayed. Continuous darkness induced a rapid onset of gametogenesis in organisms with shell lengths larger than 250 m. Feeding frequency had a greater effect on growth and reproduction than light intensity under conditions of LLI and HLI, but continuous darkness had an overriding effect on growth and reproduction owing to the rapid onset of gametogenesis which terminated the life of the mother cell. Our previous data indicated that the longevity of G. sacculifer was dependent on feeding frequency, and that G. sacculifer cultured under LLI had a lifespan of approximately 2-4 weeks. Present results suggest that the lifespan can vary from a minimum of 8 days for organisms fed daily in continuous darkness to a maximum of 54 days for organisms fed once every 7 days and maintained in HLI. It is concluded that individual G. sacculifer attain a shell size greater than 6oo ,urn only if they maintain their position in the euphotic zone. Prolonged existence below the euphotic zone would result in premature death or gametogenesis following stunted shell growth.

Description: Terms, dimensions and ratios for statolith description are defined. The form of the calcareousstatoliths in the Teuthoidea, Sepiodea and Octopoda is described by reference to Loligo forbesi, Sepia officinalis and Eledone cirrosa. While statoliths change in form and size during the growth of a cephalopod, the adult form is often characteristic for a species, despite some variation. Description of statoliths is important in studies of the fossil remains of cephalopods lacking calcareous shells, and will probably become important in the taxonomy of living species, in food analysis of cephalopod predators and in the study of deep sea deposits.

Description: Five hundred and twenty-eight specimens of Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, from landings in Horta, Faial, Azores, during the year 1 March 1980 to 28 February 1981, were tudied; 59·3 % were males, 40·7 % females. Of the males 80·2 % were sexually mature, of the females 91·6 %, both sexes showing the highest degree of maturity in spring and he lowest in autumn. The mean dorsal mantle length of the mature males was 56·5 cm, or females 33·5 cm. A weight-length relationship was calculated. he stomachs of 622 specimens were sampled, of which 306 contained food. The prey omponents were studied qualitatively. The main prey was fish (82·0%), of which 0·5 % were horse mackerel, Trachurus picturatus, this being the most important food rganism. Preliminary results of statolith readings are given.

Description: Little work on vertical distribution of cephalopods was possible before the development, in the 1960s, of sophisticated opening-closing devices usable on midwater trawls such as the 10 ft Isaacs Kidd trawl (IKMT; Foxton, 1963; Aron et al. 1964) and the series of rectangular midwater trawls developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (previously the National Institute of Oceanography) (Clarke, 1969 a; Baker et al. 1973). These developments have resulted in three papers on vertical distribution of cephalopods in the North Atlantic (Clarke, 1969 ft; Gibbs & Roper, 1970; Clarke & Lu, 1974) and one for the Mediterranean (Roper, 1972). The present paper describes the vertical distribution of cephalopods caught at 40° N 20° W, 53° N 20° W and 60° N 20° W in the North Atlantic based upon day and night series of horizontal hauls between the surface and 2000 m using the RMT combination net (Baker et al. 1973).

Description: The present work is part of an analysis of catches made with rectangular midwater trawls (RMTs) in the North Atlantic at about 20°W and at 60°N, 53°N, 40°N (all in Lu & Clarke, 1975), 30°N (Clarke & Lu, 1974), 18°N and 11°N (Lu & Clarke, 1975). The collections were made for the ecological programme of the National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, England (now part of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences).

Description: This is one of a series of four papers dealing with vertical distribution of cephalopods in the North Eastern Atlantic at six stations near 20° W and at about 10° intervals from 60°N to 11° N (Clarke & Lu, 1974, 1975 a; Lu & Clarke, 1975). The present study is based upon a series of hauls made at discrete horizons between o and 2000 m with opening-closing nets during both daylight and darkness. The collections were made for the ecological programme of the National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, Surrey, England (now part of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences).

Description: Symbiotic luminous bacteria have been described in, and cultured from, a number of species offish and cephalopod. Indeed only in these two groups are extracellular luminous bacteria believed to be utilized as a source of light (see Buchner (1965) and Herring (1978) for references). Despite several earlier investigations of such symbioses in cephalopods the bacteria in these animals have not been adequately identified, nor has the extent of their role been clarified. The ultrastructural relationships between bacteria and the tissues of the squid accessory nidamental gland have been investigated in the non-luminous species Loligo pealei (Lesueur) (Bloodgood, 1977) and Sepia officinalis L. (Van den Branden et al. 1979) but no comparative work on luminous species has been undertaken apart from that on Heteroteuthis dispar (Rüppell), whose photophore does not contain typical luminous bacteria (Dilly & Herring, 1978; cf. Leisman, Cohn & Nealson, 1980). The order Sepioidea contains five families, among which are the two families Sepiolidae and Spirulidae. Though the presence of luminous bacteria is known in some sepiolids (as well as in certain loliginids (order Teuthoidea)) some doubt remains about the source of light in the photophore of Spirula spirula Hoyle. The steady luminescence of this species has prompted speculation that bacteria may be involved (Harvey, 1952). In this paper we compare the anatomy and ultrastructure of the photophores of both Sepiola and Spirula in order to clarify some of these problems.

Description: This is the first detailed analysis of cephalopod beaks from the stomach of a northern bottlenosed whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770). The digestive action of many predators barely affects the chitinous beaks of cephalopods and some cetaceans accumulate the beaks in considerable numbers in their stomachs. The present beaks are clean and unbroken. Identification of cephalopod beaks from stomachs of predators such as sperm whales (see Clarke, 1977), seals (Clarke & Trillmich, 1980) and albatrosses (Clarke, Croxall & Prince, 1980) throws considerable light on the biology and relative ecological importance of the species of cephalopods concerned as well as providing useful information on the diet of the predators.

Description: Cephalopod statoliths are paired calcareous stones which lie in cavities, the statocysts, within the skull. They have a form which, though variable, shows promise as a source of criteria for taxonomic and evolutionary studies. As a preliminary to more detailed studies, Clarke (1978) published a description of the form of a generalized teuthoid statolith, coined nomenclature for the various parts and gave a very brief survey of variation of statoliths within the living Cephalopoda. This nomenclature was used in a detailed description of fossilized teuthoid statoliths by Clarke & Fitch (1979). Here, descriptions of the statoliths of the living species Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913), Gonatopsis borealis Sasaki, 1923, Gonatopsis (Boreoteuthis) makko Okutani & Nemoto, 1964 and Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein, 1818) are given and the fossil Berryteuthis species described in outline by Clarke & Fitch (1979) is compared with B. magister. A statistical analysis of measurements of the statoliths of these five species has been made and the results are presented. This forms the first part of a general description of teuthoid statoliths and similar studies on the Ommastrephidae and the Loliginidae are in preparation.

Description: Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.

Description: The steady motion of a liquid drop in another liquid of comparable density and viscosity is studied theoretically. Both inside and outside the drop, the Reynolds number is taken to be large enough for boundary-layer theory to hold, but small enough for surface tension to keep the drop nearly spherical. Surface-active impurities are assumed absent. We investigate the boundary layers associated with the inviscid first approximation to the flow, which is shown to be Hill's spherical vortex inside, and potential flow outside. The boundary layers are shown to perturb the velocity field only slightly at high Reynolds numbers, and to obey linear equations which are used to find first and second approximations to the drag coefficient and the rate of internal circulation.

Description: The concentration of radiocarbon (14C) differs between ocean and atmosphere. Radiocarbon determinations from samples which obtained their 14C in the marine environment therefore need a marine-specific calibration curve and cannot be calibrated directly against the atmospheric-based IntCal20 curve. This paper presents Marine20, an update to the internationally agreed marine radiocarbon age calibration curve that provides a non-polar global-average marine record of radiocarbon from 0–55 cal kBP and serves as a baseline for regional oceanic variation. Marine20 is intended for calibration of marine radiocarbon samples from non-polar regions; it is not suitable for calibration in polar regions where variability in sea ice extent, ocean upwelling and air-sea gas exchange may have caused larger changes to concentrations of marine radiocarbon. The Marine20 curve is based upon 500 simulations with an ocean/atmosphere/biosphere box-model of the global carbon cycle that has been forced by posterior realizations of our Northern Hemispheric atmospheric IntCal20 14C curve and reconstructed changes in CO2 obtained from ice core data. These forcings enable us to incorporate carbon cycle dynamics and temporal changes in the atmospheric 14C level. The box-model simulations of the global-average marine radiocarbon reservoir age are similar to those of a more complex three-dimensional ocean general circulation model. However, simplicity and speed of the box model allow us to use a Monte Carlo approach to rigorously propagate the uncertainty in both the historic concentration of atmospheric 14C and other key parameters of the carbon cycle through to our final Marine20 calibration curve. This robust propagation of uncertainty is fundamental to providing reliable precision for the radiocarbon age calibration of marine based samples. We make a first step towards deconvolving the contributions of different processes to the total uncertainty; discuss the main differences of Marine20 from the previous age calibration curve Marine13; and identify the limitations of our approach together with key areas for further work. The updated values for ΔR, the regional marine radiocarbon reservoir age corrections required to calibrate against Marine20, can be found at the data base http://calib.org/marine/.

Description: The present volume gives the observed physical and chemical data obtained by R. V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean during her cruise 1964/65. The tables are based on the computations made by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Washington. In addition to the normally communicated data, the tables contain four chemical parameters: alkalinity, ammonia, fluoride, and calcium.

Description: In this paper the sections for temperature and salinity are presented, which were obtained during the cruise of R. V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean (1964/65). The hydrographic observations in the Arabian Sea, had the aim to provide information on the influence of the NE-monsoon on the distribution of salinity and temperature off the east coast of Africa and off the west coast of India. Special attention was given to the spreading of highly saline water from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The track of the expedition was layed out according to these plans and is presented in figure 1. The data were collected by means of hydrographic casts with newly developed water bottles, and by means of "in-situ" measurements with the "bathysonde", an instrument for the continuous recording of electrical conductivity, temperature and pressure. This paper only deals with the data of the casts which are presented in a special publication together with the chemical data. The hydrographic conditions off the east coast of Africa are characterised by a rather complicated distribution of salinity within the first 1000 m of depth with several intermediate maxima and minima (hydrographic sections III-IX). This is due to the spreading of highly saline water mainly from the Red Sea, which can be traced southwards at least as far as 4° N (figure 9). Similar complicated conditions were found off the west coast of India (sections XI-XVI). Here the cause can be traced back to watermasses from the Persian Gulf. In depths below 2 000 m the TS-relation is virtually the same at both sides of the Arabian Sea.

Description: The present investigatioh concerns itself with two problems: First it is investigated with the aid of the hydrographic data available until medio 1965 from the Indian Ocean, whether due to the varying actions of the monsoons a large scale seasonal shift in the distribution of the isohalines occurs at the level of intermediate salinity maxima ( depth range about from 300 to 800 m). Furthermore it is investigated by means of two theoretical models whether advection or horizontal mixing dominates in the large scale distribution of the salinity in the Arabian Sea. In the treatment of the first problem, distribution charts for the water from the Read Sea and the Persian Gulf were made with the aid of the core layer method for both monsoon periods. The core layer of Red Sea water lies at about 600 to 800 m depth. The watermasses from the Persian Gulf sink from 200 to 500 m while moving from north to south. In both seasons the observable limit of extension lies at about 3° N. Seasonal variations occur apparently only in the northern part of the basin and at its margins. The observed distribution of salinity shows at all levels (300, 400, 500, and 600 m) an east-west pattern (fig. 7 to 10). In no case a tongue form appears in the isohalines. The observed distribution is satisfactorily interpreted by means of a model which considers only horizontal mixing and the natural boundary conditions (Dirichlets problem for the rectangle). A further model which includes advective terms does not corroborate the observations. The investigations lead to the conclusion that the existing stationary distribution of salinity in the central part of the Arabian Sea is maintained essentially by large scale mixing processes. Further theoretical considerations, which are based upon observations at the 800 m level, suggest that the distribution of salinity at the margins of the basin strongly influences the salinity of the inner part. A change in the marginal distribution on the other hand, may be caused by means of horizontal movements of relatively small width. In further investigations on the circulation of the Arabian Sea one has therefore to consider especially the processes at the margins of the basin.

Description: Although vertical velocities are very small, they are of great importance with regard to chemical and biological processes in the sea. A study of the circulation phenomena of down- and upward moving watet masses is not possible experimentally. Therefore, the vertical velocities were determined by means of a theoretical model using empirical data obtained by R. V. "Meteor" in the Arabian Sea, during the period of tbe NE-monsoon 1964/65. Based upon the observed data for the density the physical topography of the sea level was calculated by means of the dynamic method. The wind registrations during the hydrographic stations of R. V. "Meteor" show a very constant wind distribution of the NE-monsoon. The data of wind distribution, shapes of sea level and pycnocline were used in a simple two dimensional two layer model with two constant densities and two constant vertical eddy coefficients. The main results are presented in horizontal charts for four levels from O to 300 m for the African and for the Indian coast (plate 6 and 7). The charts show alternative strips of weak upward and downward movements parallel to the coast. The width of the strips varies from 30 to 80 km. There are three areas of intensified vertical velocities: south of the island of Socotra (profile III), south of the equator near the coast of Mombasa (profile VIII), and southerly from Karachi (profile XV). These results of stripwise distribution of upward and downward velocities are compared for one case with the distribution of particulate carbon, which shows a similar alternative distribution of minimum and maximum values (plate 8). Maximum velocities of 2 · 10-4 cm/sec occur in profile XV, in the layers between 100 and 200 m. On the other profiles velocities are less than 10-5 cm/sec. In all cases it was found that the vertical velocities reach a maximum well below the pycnocline, in order to decrease in either direction.

Description: During the expedition of R.V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean the following data were observed on a section from 58° E, 3° S to 58 ° E, 2° N during the end of january 1965: Temperature and salinity by hydrographic casts as well as by continuous registrations with the bathysonde. In addition, observations of several chemical parameters, and measurements of the meridional and zonal current distribution down to 250 m depth were obtained. The results indicate no evidence of an eastward directed equatorial undercurrent towards the end of january 1965: On the contrary, we find relatively strong westward directed currents. Chemical data corroborate this fact as there is no similarity with the distribution of oxygen or phosphate on transequatorial sections from the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean. A weak eastward directed component of current at 3° S indicates the appearance of the equatorial counter-current. The bathysonde-registrations indicate the existence of at least two characteristic watermasses: Water from the Arabian Sea between 50 to 100 m depth and water from the Red Sea at 700 to 800 m depth.

Description: The Red Sea has a special place among the adjacent seas of the world. High evaporation, exclusion of its deep water from contact with the Indian Ocean proper and complete absence of continental drainage may result special conditions of the chemistry of the Red Sea. This paper aims to describe and to explain the peculiarity of the hydrochemical situation. The influence of the topography, of the inflow and outflow through the straights of Bab el Mandeb, of the evaporation, of the stability of the water layers, and of the circulation will be studied. An attempt is made to estimate the apparent oxygen ultilisation in order to obtain an indication of the biological activity. A further attempt is made toward the quantitative estimation of the circulation of the nutrients and also to obtain some information about transport, dissolution, and precipitation of calcium carbonate. The basis of these investigations are mainly observations of R. V. "Meteor" during the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1964/65.

Description: After almost exclusive use in oceanographic research, the R. V. "Meteor" conducted tests in fall 1967 in the Baltic Sea which were devoted to an important problem in ship building research. In order to check the transfer of model test results to prototype conditions, which has become somewhat uncertain in view of the increase in size and speed of modern vessels, a model family of this ship had been tested at scales of 1: 25, 1 : 19 and 1 : 13 .7 5, and full scale tests were to complete the series. The most important measurements included resistance, propeller thrust and propeller power demand. Furthermore, the nomial wake in the absence of the propeller and the effective wake in front of the working propeller, the velocity distribution in the boundary layer at one point of the hull at least and the behaviour of the ship during manoeuvering with and without propeller have been investigated. The most difficult task consisted of the determination of the resistance as a function of speed, because the ship could not be driven by propeller for these tests, but had to be moved, similar to a model on a towing carriage, by a known force exerted above the water surface. Following the historical example of the resistance tests on the ferry boat "Lucy Ashton", the "Meteor" was supplied with 3 jets, which, with a maximum thrust of about 10 Mp at 12 OOO PS, produced a forward speed of 12 kn (Fig. 1, i., 3). The jet thrust was measured by strain gauges on the diagonals in the supporting frame of each jet (Fig. 3). Measurements of thrust and torque of the propeller were also obtained from strain gauges on the propeller shaft (Fig. 7). Wake measurements were performed with pitot tubes and a total head tube fixed on a rake (Fig. 4) which could be turned by 180° on the stem tube. Boundary layer measurements were obtained by two Prandtl tubes which could be moved sideways at the hull (Fig. 6). Rudder forces were indicated by a three component balance on the rudder shaft. Ott current meters and Prandtl tubes, calibrated on the mile distance, gave the ship speed. All measurements were performed electronically with analog and digital registration. The results obtained so far are remarkably accurate. Plotting the resistance values in the system of the model family indicates, that the ITTC 1957 line, presently in use as an extrapolator for frictional resistance, has too small a slope (Fig. 11 ). The total efficiency of model and prototype is about equal (Fig. 14), and the thrust deduction fraction does not seem to depend on the scale either. For the law of the wall of the boundary layer, the values K = 0.41 and C = 5.0 from recent laboratory tests are supported (Fig. 15). The evaluation of all results will probably be finished by the end of 1968.

Description: Some current meter data obtained from a mooring at 2450 m water depth near the continental slope off Portugal are presented. The mean currents at five levels with observations are northward. Mean speeds in the core of the Mediterranean Water exceed speeds at shallower levels by 2 to 3 cm/sec, indicating advection connected to this specific water mass. The current variability is dominated by semi-diurnal tidal components. Normal mode analysis reveals a predominant mode of order 2, representing 48% of the total kinetic tidal energy. Results for the barotropic tidal component are in good agreement with earlier predictions for this area. The motion at higher frequencies ω in the internal gravity wave band can be well described by a ω-2 power law for the energy density spectrum. This result is consistent with earlier observations in other parts of the ocean.

Description: Continuous temperature and salinity profiles from the NE-Atlantic frequently show a double-maxima straucture within the depth range of the Mediterranean outflow. Two explanations for this special thermohaline stratification con be found in literature: a) The density of the outflow is varied by different outflow channels with unequal mixing properties. b) In the Strait of Gibraltar two different outflowing water types are produced by tidal currents. in both cases the different water masses spread in different density levels in the Atlantic. Data presented here indicate that the bimodal straucture must be caused primarily by tidal currents at the source. Two-layered outflowing Mediterranean water was observed even before a splitting of the under-current in the Gulf of Cádiz takes place. The variability of the double-maxima can be explained by varying outflow rates in the source region rather than by a steady influence of the bottom topography.

Description: Data on the N2O contents of marine air and sea water from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean are presented. The N2O content of marine air is rather constant. The data are in accordance with earlier measurements. The sea water down to depths greater than 1,000 meters is considerably supersaturated with N2O with respect to air. Supersaturation values obtained from surface water allow the conclusion that part of the North Atlantic acts as a net source of atmospheric N2O.

Description: The expedition "Auftrieb '72" was conducted in the NW African Upwelling Region off the Banc d' Arguin and included two geological profiles off Cap Blanc and off Villa Cisneros. R.V. "Meteor" and R.V. "Planet", the research plane "Canberra" and the tourist vessel M.S. "Regina Maris" participated in the expedition. Several components added up to a coordinated programme of different disciplines: Current meter moorings, large-scale oceanography and intensive studies of frontal zones were the task of R.V. "Planet". Medium-scale oceanography, chemistry and various disciplines of marine biology were performed with R.V. "Meteor", while the airplane and M.S. "Regina Maris" supplied background oceanographic information for the whole programme. The work done with R.V. "Meteor" is reported here. lt has been organised in three sections: Cruise section I. Nutrient dynamics in upwelling water bodies, in continuation of the work done during the "Roßbreiten-Expedition 1970". Cruise section II. Circulation in an upwelling system, including direct measurements of the vertical velocity; mixing processes in an upwelling system. Cruise section III. Sediment and benthos in areas of strong and weak upwelling. The approach to the study of these processes varied according to the problem. During cruise section I a number of drift experiments similar to the experiment conducted during the "Roßbreiten-Expedition 1970" was performed, consisting of a regular station programme at a freely drifting buoy which served for marking a patch of upwelling water. Cruise section II consisted of repeated sections in the vicinity of the vertical current meters and the current meter moorings. Cruise section III concentrated on two profiles perpendicular to the coast off Cap Blanc and Villa Cisneros.

Description: Temperature data are presented which were obtained by means of a towed thermistor cable during the expedition "Auftrieb '72" in the immediate vicinity of the continental slope within the NW African upwelling region. While most of the data have been sampled on the offshore side of the upwelling front, the front is crossed on a few occasions, and some data cover the area of the upwelling coastal jet. They reveal a very deep homogeneous surface ]ayer within the coastal jet, indicative for increased turbulent mixing. These conclusions from the temperature sections are confirmed by the temperature and salinity data from CTD casts made in the same area at the same time. In spite of the complicated hydrography of the area and the large number of water masses involved, the existence of a zone of increased turbulent mixing within the jet is indicated in the data.

Description: During "Meteor" cruise 23 in spring 1971 intensive investigations of the Mediterranean outflow in the Gulf of Cádiz were carried out. In order to give a budget of the inflow and outflow numerous CTD-stations were taken. The observations also included six moored current meter arrays deployed in the known outflow channels. The considerations given here are based mainly on three hydrographic sections, current meter records averaged over one month, and geological observations from the bed forms beneath the Mediterranean undercurrent. The results show that the outflow essentially is determined by the bathymetry of the area. At least four separate outflow channels could be confirmed. The volumentric transport rates of three of them were calculated. These channels are the northerly near shelf branch (0.40 · 106 m3 sec-1), the main branch (1.39 · 106 m3 sec-1 in southwesterly direction, and an intermediate branch (0.24 · 106 m3 sec-l) found between both. In a static box model the progressive mixing of 0.95 · 106 m3 sec-1 pure Mediterranean Water with 1.97 · 106 m3 sec-1 North Atlantic Central Water is demonstrated.

Description: Oceanographic measurements by groups from the Federal Republic of Germany contributed mainly to the C-Scale Experiment (centered at 9° N, 23° W) and the Equatoria1 Experiment. In this paper the data are presented that were obtained from the moorings F 1 and F 2 in the C-area. After a short discussion of instrument problems, data processing and statistical analysis, the data are presented graphically as time series, progressive vector diagrams, frequency distributions and spectra of horizontal kinetic energy and of temperature variance.

Description: The results of measurements on currents and stratification obtained by FRV "Anton Dohrn" during the GATE-Equatorial Experiment are presented in graphical form. Remarks on data processing arid errors involved are made accordingly.

Description: We report, numerically and in graphical form, measured tritium concentrations from five hydrographic stations in the North Atlantic. Fairly homogeneous concentrations are observed in a surface layer typically 400 m deep. In the thermocline, concentrations decrease steadily down to the a σθ = 27.3 density horizon, and are more variable further down. The tritium in the lower part of the thermocline originates from the Subarctic Intermediate Water and the Mediterranean Water. There is a relative tritium maximum associated with the Mediterranean Water on the easternmost station of the section. In the deep water (σθ 〉 27.8), concentrations east of the Midatlantic Ridge are close to the limit of detection down to 2500 m, and undetectable further down, while west of the ridge tritium is found throughout the water column. The deep water tritium is associated with the deep-water advective cores of Arctic origin. The present tritium data can serve as northern boundary values in attempts to use tritium in studies of the North Atlantic main thermocline dynamics. The present data together with data from the literature point to a general division of the North Atlantic main thermocline into two layers separated by an isopycnal surface near σθ = 27.3.

Description: The distribution of 210Pb and 210Po in dissolved ( 〈 0.4-micron) and particulate (〉 0.4-micron) phases has been measured at ten stations occupied during cruise 32 of F. S. "Meteor" in the tropical and eastern North Atlantic. Both radionuclides occur principally in the dissolved phase. Unsupported 210Pb activities, maintained by flux from the atmosphere, are present in the surface mixed layer and penetrate into the thermocline to depths of about 500 m. Dissolved 210Po is ordinarily present in the mixed layer at less than equilibrium concentrations, suggesting rapid biological removal of this nuclide. Particulate matter is enriched in 210Po, with 210Po/210Pb activity ratios greater than 1.0, similar to those reported for phytoplankton. At depths of 100-300m, 210Po maxima occur, and unsupported 210Po is frequently present, an observation that suggests rapid re-cycling within the thermocline. Comparison of the 210Pb distributions with those reported for 226Ra at nearby GEOSECS stations confirms the widespread existence of a 210Pb/226Ra disequilibrium in the deep sea. Close to the bottom, profiles of 210Pb and 226Ra usually diverge, and 210Pb concentrations frequently decrease with depth, suggesting a sink for 210Pb near the seafloor. Particulate 210Pb concentrations ordinarily show little systematic variation with depth. At depths greater than 1,000 m, dissolved 210Po activities are, on the average, less than those of 210Pb by 12 % . A corresponding 210Po enrichment in the particulate phase is found.

Description: Pelagic tar has been collected daily on a transsect from off Prtugal to south of the Canary Islands in January/February 1975. A new neuston sampler was used which may be towed at speeds between 7 and 10 knots (DERENBACH & EHRHARDT 1975). A total of 22 samples was taken. Dimensions of tar balls ranged from potatoe-size to small specks approximately 1 mm in diameter. Concentrations were found to vary between 20.5 and 0.007 mg/m2, except for one instance of an extremely high tar concentration of 2270 mg/m2. 49 GC analyses were made. 61% showed bimodal peak distributions characteristic of crude oil sludges. The composition of tar balls was independent of their size suggesting diffusion controlled degradation.

Description: During the international "Overflow-Expedition" 1973 on R.V. "Meteor" oxygen concentrations in surface layers were measured in order to determine the oxygen gradients within the First two meters and to add some informations to the mechanisms of oxygen exchange at the air-sea interface. These investigations may be interesting also with regard to long-term-observations of the oxygen distribution in the Atlantic, especially the problem of the A.O.U. (apparent oxygen utilization) determination. To measure oxygen gradients a special sampler was built which is able to take water samples each 20 cm of the First 2 meters. These data were supplemented by further samples down to 150 m, taken by conventional water samplers, from which samples were also taken to measure N2/02-relations. By comparing these relations with theoretical relations in air-saturated water the influence of biological production and consumption on the oxygen contents in water could be estimated. A simple glass apparatus was built to extract gas from the water samples, and hereafter the N2/02-relations were determined by mass spectrometry. Most distributions of the oxygen anomaly show a negative oxygen balance which varies largely, probably due to strong mixing processes in the Iceland-Färö ridge area. The distribution of surface oxygen saturation values are of two different types. The values of the stations 260, 262 and 270 stem from mixed water and show homogeneous supersaturations, as can be found instantly when whitecaps appear. The values of 9 other stations are from water, sampled during calm periods which has been mixed and supersaturated before. They show a decreasing oxygen saturation towards the sea surface and often undersaturation in the upper decimeters up to 98% and even 91%. So at the air-sea interface even less initial oxygen saturation than 100% can be found after supersaturation during heavy weather periods.

Description: Records of currents and temperature on the upper edge of the continental slope off Sierra Leone show a significant energy peak between 0.3 and 2 cph in the bottom near layer. The fluctuations of temperature and velocity are interpreted as internal waves over a critical bottom slope. Since they seem to receive their energy mainly from the barotropic tide, the phenomenon is of interest in the dissipation cascade of tidal waves. The high frequency current amplitudes are occasionally strong enough to affect sediment deposition and related benthic processes. Inspection of current meter records from other regions of the NW-African continental slope reveal the similar effect of intensified bottom current fluctuations.

Description: A new technique for the harmonic analysis of current observations is described. lt consists in applying a linear band pass filter which separates the various species and removes the contribution of non-tidal effects at intertidal frequencies. The tidal constituents are then evaluated through the method of least squares. In spite of the narrowness of the fitter, only three days of data are lost through the filtering procedure and the only requirement on the data is that the time interval between samples be an integer fraction of one day. This technique is illustrated through the analysis of a few French current observations from the English Channel within the framework of INOUT. The characteristics of the main tidal constituents are given.

Description: 14C concentrations, as weil as 13C, hydrographic and nutrient data are reported for 5 hydrographic stations that form a transatlantic section near 40° N ("Meteor" cruise no. 23, 1971). Precision (for 14C ± 0.3% or better) and comparability with literature data are specified. A planned intercomparison with the US GEOSECS program within the Newfoundland Basin deep water failed because of variability of water characteristics. The observed 14C values decrease from about Δ 14C = + 80‰ at the surface to -70‰ at 2000 m depth. Deeper down, the values west of the Midatlantic Ridge remain similar, whereas those east of the ridge decrease further, to about -110‰. It is shown that bomb-14C is prominent down to about 1500 m depth. Beyond this depth the bomb 14C component is small and is negligible in the eastern basin below 2800 m. On the basis of the 14C-tritium correlation, the distribution of natural 14C below about 1500 m depth is derived from the observations. In the deep and bottom water east of the ridge the 14C-salinity relationship seemingly is non-linear. Contrary to expectation, the 14C concentration in the bottom water is not lower than found on an US GEOSECS station near 10° N. Apparently, lateral concentration differences in the Northeast Atlantic bottom water as well as nonlinearity of the 14C-salinity relationship at 40°N do not exceed 10‰ in Δ 14C.

Description: The grazing of different copepodite stages of Calanus finmarchicus on natural phytoplankton populations was measured at different times of day and night during the Fladen Ground Experiment (FLEX), from the end of May to the beginning of June 1976, at the central position of the "FLEX box" (58° 55' 00" N, 0° 32' 05" E), on board of the R.V. "Meteor". A big difference between nocturnal and diurnal food intake was found, particularly for the stages V & IV, which at night ingest 4 to 10 times more than during daytime. The maximal daily food intake (24 hours), taking into account the different feeding rates at the different times of the day and expressed as percent of own carbon weight, was found to be 31 %, 83 %, 115 % and 148 % for the copepodite stages V, IV, III, II and I together, respectively, with an initial feeding threshold at about 50-60 µg C · l-1. The total grazing for the upper 40 m depth layer was calculated for each sampling time; a very pronounced grazing rhythm was found, due to the higher ingestion rates at night combined with the vertical migrations. Maximal night ingestions were 100-200 mg C/m2/hour at the end of May to 300-400 mg C/m2/hour at the beginning of June, compared with 1-20 mg C/m2/hour at midday. Making a balance of the positive influence of particulate primary production and the negative influence of grazing on the stock of particulate carbon, we could show that the main cause of the decline of the phytoplankton bloom in this period was Calanus grazing. Other zooplankton activities, namely respiration, production and faecal pellets excretion as measured by four other authors are in balance with our results of ingestion.

Description: "Auftrieb 75" was a joint cruise of R.V. "Meteor" and R.R.S. "Discovery" performed in the area 21-26° N off the northwest African coast during January-March, 1975. Current meter observations from six moorings and CTD/STD observations from three repeatedly covered sections of the cruise are analysed in order to describe the distribution of the water masses and its variability with the changes in the current system. The Canary Current is seen to pass through the northwestern corner of the expedition area, carrying with it a geostrophic eddy with a period in excess of 30 days. The eddy is probably another example of the type generally found in the open ocean circulation. Further south, offshore currents display large variations in strength and direction with a typical time scale of 10-14 days which are believed to reflect largescale mixing processes along the boundary of the Canary Current and the poleward flow of the coastal region, involving North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) and South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). The coastal upwelling undercurrent has been observed along the shelf edge but undergoes large variations in response to the wind and to variations in the horizontal divergence of the offshore currents. On the shelf the circulation responds to the local longshore wind to some extent but is also strongly affected by variations of the currents at the shelf edge. The distribution of water masses at intermediate depth ( 100-800 m) is analysed quantitatively based on the assumption that mixing between NACW and SACW is effective along surfaces of constant density only. lt is shown that most intense mixing occurs at about 22-23° N and is still very important further south. At 25-26° N SACW has been absorbed into the surrounding NACW water mass to a high degree, even in the undercurrent. Isolated bodies of water are found in the southern part of the expedition area, some of which are carried north in the undercurrent. The large variability in the water mass distribution at the source level of the upwelling probably has important consequences for the variations in the efficiency of biological production of the upwelling region.

Description: The main objectives of the Fladen Ground Experiment (FLEX) 1976 were an investigation of the dynamics of the mixed layer and the development of the spring plankton bloom. A quantitative consideration of individual chemical parameters (nutrients, particulate nitrogen and phosphorus) showed it to be advantageous to divide the water column into several layers which are separated from one another by measured temperature gradients. Measurements of particulate matter (phosphorus and nitrogen) revealed two plankton blooms at the central station. The first one (21.4.-14.5.76) was much more extensive than the second one, since the limiting thermocline was at a depth of about 60 m. Silicate was consumed most rapidly during this bloom and almost completely exhausted. The second bloom (19.-30.5.76) produced concentrations of particulate matter which were almost as high as the first one but were limited in only a few meters' water depth by a secondary thermocline, which prevented an influx of nutrients. Nitrate was completely exhausted during the second bloom. A high degree of nutrient depletion in the mixed layer from 24.4.-29.4. and from 22.5.-27.5.76 make these periods appear well-suited for determination of uptake rates. These periods are characterized. by a parallel course of concentration curves in the upper water layers for all nutrients except ammonium, and by the absence of !arge short-term fluctuations. Thus, disturbances due to hydrodynamic effects were minimal. The effects of tidal changes were minimized by using daily averages of the various concentrations. However, from 9.5.-13.5.7 6 in the upper layer a relatively strong and rapid increase was observed in the concentrations of all nutrients, which can probably only be explained by hydrodynamic influences. The nitrogen and phosphorus budgets can only be approximately balanced without considering dissolved organic matter. The strong decrease in dissolved inorganic nutrients during the first plankton bloom is almost comple,tely compensated by the increase in particulate matter. Not considering hydrodynamic influences, deficits after the plankton bloom could be explained by the fact that dissolved organic substances, as weil as sedimentaty matter and zooplankton, either were not considered at all, or at least not quantitatively. The time periods from 2.-7.4. and from 21.4.-14.5.76 show no strong short-term fluctuations in the nitrogen and phosphorus budgets and appear most suitable for calculations of mass fluxes, uptake and production rates, since biological-chemical processes seem to be dominant over hydrodynamic ones during these periods.

Description: The monthly mean meteorologically induced circulation of the North Sea for the period 15 March to 15 April 1976 (JONSDAP '76 INOUT period) is computed using two numerical models. One has a fine grid resolution, is two-dimensional, comprehensively non-linear and covers the North Sea. The other has a coarser grid resolution, is three-dimensional, and linear except for the inclusion of quadratic bottom friction. The depth variation of the two horizontal components of current in this model is accomplished using an expansion of time and horizontally dependent coefficients and depth dependent functions. The three-dimensional modelling technique presented here is sufficiently flexible to allow an arbitraty space and time variation of vertical eddy viscosity, although still retaining a continuous representation of current in the vertical, and allowing for variable bottom topography. Preliminary results presented here for the meteorologically induced circulation of the North Sea during JONSDAP '76 agree weil with present knowledge of the circulation of the North Sea. Comparing surface and bottom currents computed with the 3 D shelf model, it is evident that the windinduced flow varies considerably in both magnitude and direction between sea surface and sea bottom. The distribution of depth mean current computed with the 3 D shelf model over the North Sea is nearly identical to that computed with the 2 D North Sea model. This is particularly encouraging since the 3 D shelf model does not contain the advective terms, which are present in the 2 D model, and has a coarser resolution.

Description: The ecology of the lower marine fungi, namely the thraustochytrids, in the Fladen Ground area (FLEX box) and other parts of the North Sea was studied during 5 cruises in 1975 and 1976. The number of fungi/liter and the number of species showed seasonal fluctuations in the surface water samples from all the stations. A high number was found in September 1976 and a low number in March 1976. These numbers, however, revealed no seasonal fluctuations in the underlying sediments. In both the surface waters and the sediments, a consistently low number of fungi was recorded for certain stations and a high number of fungi for others, the reason for this being unknown. The sediments revealed a very high number of fungi/liter. Observations on the distribution of various species are presented. Certain species occurred more frequently at some stations than at others; certain species occurred more in the water column, e. g. Ulkenia minuta, and still others in the sediments, e. g. Thraustochytrium multirudimentale.

Description: In the framework of the Fladen Ground Experiment 1976, zooplankton samples were taken during the phytoplankton spring bloom in April-May and after the bloom in June. The plankton was collected with two samplers, a towed multiple high-speed sampler and a newly developed swing net for local sampling. The results of both methods are compared. The mean number and dry weight per m3 are given for the common species, as weil as the density of fecal pellets. The calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus formed 63 %, resp. 90 % of the biomass. The population composition, distribution, dry weight/length relationship and productivity of this species is studied in more detail. The high abundance of fecal pellets, eggs and young stages during the spring bloom indicate a high zooplankton activity in this period. The low density of these indicators and the apparent descent of the older Calanus stages to deep water layers in June signify the dependency of the zooplankton activity on the phytoplankton density. The estimated daily production of Calanus during the phytoplankton bloom was 20 mgC/m2. The significance of the seasonal vertical migration and the role of zooplankton in the northern North Sea ecosystem is discussed. lt is concluded that the Zooplankton could have checked the low algal density in May-June after the spring bloom, but it is far from certain that it stopped the phytoplankton outburst at the end of April and early May.

Description: During the culmination of the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Fladen Ground area in April-Mai 1976, gross primary production was between 1500 and 2000 mg particulate C m-2 day-1, at a crop density (mainly diatoms of the genus Chaetoceros) of about 1500-3500 mg C m-2. Estimates of the C : chlorophyll a ratio in living cells were much lower than those reported in the literature, possibly because part of what is measured as "chlorophyll a" by the common fluorometric method is associated with particles that are not reported as cells. Most of the dark 14C fixation during the bloom's climax was due to abiotic processes. Excretion of 14C-labeled carbohydrates did not account for a significant fraction of the total photosynthetic rate. The low crop after the bloom period, in June, corresponded with nutrient depletion of the euphotic zone. The low photosynthetic efficiency in June may have been a gross underestimate. The presence of relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll derivatives signifies that the algal crop was consumed by heterotrophs, but at a lower rate in April/May than during the June cruise when particularly high molar ratios of phaeophorbide a and phaeophytin a relative to chlorophyll a were found. The high respiratory rate relative to autotrophic production in June manifested itself also in high dark 14C fixation values. The high concentration of phaeophorbide a in the upper 40 m and its scarcity below this depth during the spring bloom climax in April/May implies that copepod grazing at that time took place principally in the euphotic zone. The remarkably high concentration of chlorophyllide a in the surface layer during the bloom period indicates that the part of the crop that was destroyed by the grazers while eating was occasionally as high as the part that was actually ingested.

Description: During the Fladen Ground Experiment (FLEX, March 26-June 6, 1976) quantitative investigations of herbivorous zooplankton were performed. For that purpose 1785 water samples (5 or 10 l) were taken with a rosette sampler at the central station (pos. 58° 55' N, 0° 32' E) from nine to ten standard depths and filtered through 30 µm gauze filters. The development of the most important Zooplankton groups at the central Station is presented in depth-integrated time series (0-100 m) of individuals per m2. The number of individuals of Calanus finmarchicus was converted to biomass (dry weight). At the end of the sampling at the central station the standing stock of Calanus finmarchicus showed about 18 g dry weight per m2. Numerical values for the time lags between different plankton groups are calculated with the aid of the cross-correlation function. The time lag between the diatom ad copepod egg peaks is only up to 2.75 days; that between diatoms and the larvae of bottom invertegrates is 5 days. Between the copepod eggs and the maximum number of nauplii (N I-N VI) there is a time lag of 10.75 days. Another 10.25 days lie between the maximum numbers of nauplii and copepodites (C I-C VI). Considering the depth-integrated time series of the abundance of Calanus finmarchicus copepodites, a succession of the Stages seems to exist. Nevertheless, numerical values for the time lags between the different developmental stages cannot be calculated unambiguously by the cross-correlation technique. This is probably caused by extreme simultaneous fluctuations, especially of the numbers of all stages of Calanus finmarchicus in the last phase of the sampling at the central station.

Description: The third phase of the cooperative data collection program JONSDAP begun in 1970 by the countries bordering on the North Sea was planned to include for the first time biological and chemical measurements in 1976, as well as physical ones. Intensive measurement programs were performed, one concentrating on the currents flowing into and out of the open boarders of the North Sea (INOUT) for 40 days in March/ April and one in which the dependence of the spring plankton bloom on the vertical temperature structure was studied in the Fladen Ground area for 100 days from March to June (FLEX). Around 90 % of the planned program with moored systems and 75 % of the measurements from moving ships were able to be carried out successfully. The large quantities of data required the establishment of two data centers. The current data were collected in Liege, all data from the FLEX box in Hamburg. A cooperative JONSDAP format was agreed on for the exchange of data. Graphic presentations of the data have been compiled in the two-volume Draft FLEX/IN OUT Atlas and distributed to all JONSDAP '76 participants, one of the main purposes of which being the facilitation of interdisciplinary evaluations, now that the intradisciplinary data processing has almost been completed - as presented in this volume.

Description: Measurements of nutrients and the elements phosphorus and nitrogen from the central station in FLEX '76 were used to calculate mass fluxes and budgets for these elements in defined time and depth intervals. The intervals were defined using hydrodynamic and biological criteria. Within these periods rates of increase and decrease were calculated for nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, particulate nitrogen and phosphorus. These rates were also calculated for the layer above and below the main thermocline. The element budget was balanced within some of the defined intervals. This was possible by only considering biological, chemical, and vertical physical interactions at the central station. At the beginning of the phytoplankton bloom we found fluxes with a maximum of 28 ngat · l-1 · d-1 for phosphorus and 590 ngat · l-1 · d-1 for nitrogen. Interaction diagrams are shown for mass fluxes for three periods during the plankton bloom.

Description: Since both German research vessels „Meteor" played a major role in G. Dietrich's work, it seemed appropriate to present his bibliography in this series. An assessment of his scientific achievements was given at an earlier date (H. U. ROLL 1973: In memoriam GüNTER DIETRICH 1911-1972. - ,,Meteor" Forsch.­ Ergebn. A, No. 12: V-X).

Description: Vertical velocity spectra can be determined by three different indirect methods: Following isopycnal surface displacements, following isothermal surface displacements, or calculating water particle displacements from temperature time series at fixed pressure levels, with the mean vertical temperature gradient used for the conversion factor. This third method is the easiest to perform. Data from GATE 1974, obtained by CTD profiling onboard R. V. "Meteor" and by temperature measurements on moorings, are used to check whether the three methods are equivalent. lt is shown that autospectra do not differ significantly within the 95 % confidence intervals, and either method can be applied. This does not infer an equivalence with respect to the actual data points since individual events were found in the low-passed time series with deviations occurring between displacement curves obtained by the different methods. These events were apparently due to the advection of another water mass.

Description: The research programmes of the German groups in JASIN 1978 are summarized, comprising projects that concern the planetary boundary layer, the radiation budget, the oceanic mixed layer and thermocline and the trace element exchange. Lists of the participating scientists and technicians are included. Brief descriptions of the field activities on board the three ships and the aircraft are given, including maps and stations lists.

Description: Biological, hydrographical and chemical parameters were analysed from surface survey maps, drogue experiments and tracks in the region between Cap Blanc and Cap Timiris off NW Africa between January and March 1972 during the "Meteor"­ Expedition "Auftrieb '72". The chemical data measured included the nutrients: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, silicate and phosphate as well as oxygen, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen. In the area under investigation three different watermasses could be defined by nutrient content and salinity: namely "South Atlantic Central Water" (SACW), "Old Surface Water" and water from the Banc d' Arguin ("Bankwater"). The nutrient content and salinity of the fresh upwelled water at the surface showed that it consisted mainly of SACW that had always been mixed with one of the other watermasses. Mixing between Bankwater and SACW probably takes place close to the seabed on the shelf edge where cells of Bankwater were found several times. The surface survey maps show active upwelling only on the onshore ends of shelfedge canyons. This spatial heterogenity together with the discontinuities in the upwelling processes might explain the fact that no processes with time could be followed during buoyed parachute drogue experiments. The atomic ratio of nutrient uptake was found to be about N: Si: P = 15: 12 : 1 for the first few days of phytoplankton uptake in fresh upwelled water. From a comparison of the original concentration of the nutrients in fresh upwelled water and the calculated uptake, it follows that silicate might pose as a limiting factor after some days. Two sets of data from drogue experiments indicate that biological oxygen production as estimated from nitrate uptake, is sufficient to explain the oxygen input to fresh upwelled water. Thus physical solution of oxygen from the air appears to be slight.

Description: During the International ICES Expedition "Overflow '73" a total of 174 samples from 18 stations were collected by R. V. "Meteor" in the waters of the Iceland-Faroe Ridge area. They were filtered on board ship (through 0.4 µm "Nuclepore" filters), then stored in 500 cm3 quartz bottles (at -20°C) and analyzed in air-filtered laboratories on land for zinc and cadmium by means of the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry technique and copper and iron by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The overall averages of 1.9 µg Zn l-1, 0.07 µg Cd l-1, 0.5 µg Cu l-1 and 0.9 µg Fe l-1 are in good agreement with recent "baseline" studies of open-ocean waters. The mixture of low salinity water masses from the North Iceland Shelf/Arctic Intermediate Waters seem to maintain distinctly lower concentration of Cd, Cu and Fe than the waters from the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea where quite similar mean values are found. There is only little evidence for the assumption that overflow events on the ridge are influencing the concentrations of dissolved metals in the near-bottom layers.

Description: This paper presents a compilation of the data sets obtained by CTDs and profiling current meters on board the ships "Meteor" and "Planet" during GATE in the B- and C-Scale Areas (7°-10 °N, 22°-25°W, June 17 to September 24, 1974). The bulk of the CTD data is displayed in the form of isopleths. Selected sets of profiles, outlining special phenomena observed, and profiles of the mean and standard deviation of temperature and salinity are given additionally. Besides examples of actual current profiles, isopleths of the 25 hour mean current components, and isopleths of the vertical shear are presented. The mean current components and their standard deviations are also displayed. Time series presented are suitable for comparison with moored current measurements. The presentation of the data is preceded by a summary of the editing procedures and by a discussion of the data quality.

Description: A first survey of the entire temperature data base from the central station is presented. The development and the changes of the sea surface temperature, the thermocline, and the heat content due to meteorological forces, are described.

Description: A description is given of part of the data on residual currents which were obtained during the INOUT phase of JONSDAP '76. This current measuring programme was the result of a concerted effort of North Sea bordering countries and was aimed at a better understanding of residual water movements in the North Sea. One of the first results of INOUT is the possibility to compare estimates of simultaneously occurrmg inflow/outflow through several North Sea boundary sections. It appears that major inflow/outfow occurs in the neighbourhood of the Norwegian Trench. Estimates for other boundaries are significantly lower. Matching the objectives of INOUT several charts are presented showing measured residual water movements under influence of some "persistent" winds that is to say, during situations with spatial homogeneous windfields not changing too rapidly in time. Under such conditions it is possible to identify residual current systems. However, as can be expected, in cases of spatially inhomogeneous winds and/or winds changing rapidly in time it is harder to interpret the current measurements. In those cases it is necessary to use mathematical North Sea models with the proper wind field input. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) took care that these windfields were stored on magnetic tape during INOUT for this purpose.

Description: Recordings were made of the voltage differences between the ends of two submarine cables crossing the Pentland Firth; the recordings covered the period from February to October 1976 and thus included the period of the JONSDAP '76 oceanographic experiment in the North Sea. The noise level on these recordings was found to be greater than for similar recordings on cables crossing the Dover Strait and the North Channel of the Irish Sea; reasons for this increased noise level are discussed. Tidal analyses of the recordings were made for six discrete sets of recordings, each of 29 days duration; these analyses produced consistent results for the five major semi-diurnal constituents, namely N2, V2, M2, S2 and K2. However, an examination of the propagation of the M2 tidal constituent in this region showed that the phase of M2, as calculated from the cable recordings, did not obviously aeeord with the ove1·all pattern of propagation of that constituent. Tentatively it was concluded that cable measurements represent the integrated effect of flow over an area surrounding the Pentland Firth where this flow varies widely in both phase and direction. A calibration coefficient for the cable, relating voltage to flow, was calculated by equating the annual variation in the amplitude of the M2 constituent (measured by the cable) with the annual variation in the conduetivity of sea water in the region. The residual component of cable voltage was compared with residual components of (a) the sea surface elevation at Wick and (b) currents derived from current meter measurements at a nearby location in the North Sea; also with wind recordings at Wick. These comparisons indicated that there was neither a significant wind-driven flow through the Pentland Firth, nor a seasonally varying residual flow. It is suggested that a significant component of both the residual flow (as measured by the cables and by the current meters) and the residual elevations at Wick is associated with the propagation of "external surges" into this region.

Description: A simple model is used to simulate the dynamics of phytoplankton and phosphate from April 19 to May 16 during the Fladen Ground Experiment. The model describes the development of vertical profiles in time. lt allows changes of phytoplankton standing stock by turbulent diffusion, sinking of cells, primary production, respiration, mortality and grazing, and changes of phosphate concentration by turbulent diffusion, nutrient uptake and remineralization. The model is used as a means of checking the consistency of the biological assumptions made with the observed phosphate concentration, phytoplankton cell counts and primary production. Local turbulent diffusion coefficients, underwater light climate and Zooplankton standing stock in terms of total copepods are given quantities, the former from a physical upper layer model, the latter two from data. Simulations show that if phytoplankton standing stock and primary production are reproduced fairly well, then phosphate is still too high and vice versa. lt appears that the conversion factor expressing the amount of phosphate necessary to produce l g carbon is crucial. Relating this ratio to the observed decrease of phosphate and the primary production the simulation reproduces the exponential growth phase weil but fails for the rest. This indicates the need of a variable conversion factor in the model, depending on the status of the bloom. lt can be shown that turbulent diffusion is indispensable for the development of the spring bloom. Further it is shown that as a consequence of the assumptions made about two thirds of primary production are taken up by zooplankton. An estimate of potential grazing of copepods shows that copepods starve or have other food sources than living phytoplankton.

Description: The figures contain section data of S, t, total P, N03, chlorophyll a, total particulate P and total phytoplankton. The data indicate that primary production had started only along Norway, probably due to the high stability caused by the presence of water of Baltic origin. Three runs were made; differences between them are discussed in relation to results of current measurements.

Description: Tracking a balloon with a single ship-based theodolite, is a method which has been used for a long time to determine the wind profile over the sea. There are two main sources of error: (a) the incorrect estimate of the height of the balloon and (b) the pitch and roll motions of the ship. In this paper the effects of both errors are investigated. The ship's motion is simulated with use of a transformation from a fixed (earth) to a moving (ship) coordinate system. Some examples are presented to illustrate the magnitude of these effects.

Description: From 8 April to 4 May 1976 chemical changes in the marine environment and primary production were studied in the area of the northern North Sea (Fladen Ground). During most of the observation time, when the ship was keeping close to the central position, the influence of patchiness and advection by currents was relatively small. Under such favourable conditions it was possible to follow the temporal changes and processes in the water during the first phase of the spring phytoplankton bloom. After 19 April a distinct thermocline was established. At the same time the nutrient and C02 concentrations in the surface water began to decrease, due to the uptake by the growing phytoplankton. Before the start of the phytoplankton bloom the ratios (by atoms) were N : Si : P = 14 : 6.5 : 1.0. The ratios of nutrient and C02 uptake into the phytoplankton were ΔC : ΔN : ΔSi : ΔP = 120 : 19 : 9 : 1.0. During periods with high irradiance a remarkable diurnal rhythm of temperature and 02 concentration in the surface water could be observed. From the pH, temperature, salinity und alkalinity data the mean net primary production during the first 12 days of the phytoplankton bloom ( 19 April to 1 May) was calculated. lt was about 2.0 ± 0.4 gC · m-2 • d-1. The same result was obtained from the phosphate data.

Description: During the 1971 "Meteor" survey of the Mediterranean Outflow, seven current meter moorings were deployed and several hydrographic stations executed. The time series data from almost all the current meters revealed a solitary increase in temperature with an amplitude of ≃ 1 °C and a duration of 2-4 days. The present analysis of the event shows that it was due to a thickening of the Mediterranean Outflow and an increase in the volume transport. The origin of the event is traced to the source of the Outflow from where it propagated with a speed of 16 cm s-1. Coinciding with the time at which the event passed the Strait of Gibraltar, the cross channel water level difference revealed an anomalous variation of about 8-cm amplitude and 3-day duration. Through conversion the magnitude of this fluctuation is now shown to simply a significant increase in the Outflow volume transport. An investigation of the reigning meteorological conditions indicates that, simultaneously, an impulse of water in the Alboran Sea was transported westwards by the wind. Through a qualitative and quantitative approach, the atmospheric forcing of the Western Mediterranean is thus linked to a large variation in the Outflow structure.

Description: Measurements by CTDs (Multisonde, Bathysonde) and current profilers were carried out onboard the research vessels "Meteor" and "Planet" during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project (JASIN) in 1978. Data from these observations are presented in the form of mean distributions with their standard deviations, as time series and as profiles during the "multiship experiments". Selected time series of terms derived from the data are added: current shear, Vaisala frequency and Richardson Number. The text also contains information concerning instrument calibration and data processing.

Description: The three Federal German research vessels "Planet", "Meteor" and "Poseidon" participated in the Second Multiship Experiment during JASIN 1978 as stationary ships with CTD yo-yo profiling. The analysis is concerned mainly with the weakly stratified layer between the seasonal thermocline and the turbulent mixed layer. The thermoclinic structure of a front in that layer and its tidal/inertial displacement is described and is shown to be in accordance with current meter data from the H2 mooring. It is shown that the CTD yo-yos cannot be treated as pure time-series but that the movement of the ships relative to the seabed and relative to the front has to be taken into account. The method of isopycnic analysis was used to eliminate the effect of internal waves. Temporal coordinates can be converted to spatial coordinates allowing for the tidal/inertial movements. Thus high resolution sections through the front can be given. The thermohaline structure is described on density levels in the seasonal thermocline and in the weakly stratified layer above it.

Description: On a cruise from the eastern into the western Mediterranean Sea in November/December 1978 a total of 126 samples were collected from 8 vertical profiles and 7 coastal stations for trace metal analysis. The sampling, processing and analysis was performed under strict "clean room" conditions. The concentration of the open-sea samples are close to oceanic results gathered under similar conditions. The grand averages from all profiles ( ± st. dev. of the individual samples) of 0.40 ± 0.16 µg l-1 Zn, 17.4 ± 7.4 ng l-1 Cd, 0.21 ± 0.07 µg l-1 Cu, 0.21 ± 0.13 µg l-1 Mn and 0.25 ± 0.09 μg l-1 Fe indicate that a "metal problem" does not exist in the open Mediterranean. A biologically mediated depletion in surface waters or correlation with nutrients have not been observed under the conditions established on this cruise. This is probably due to low primary production and seasonal advection processes prevailing in this sea. The data for manganese show generally higher values in the surface layer (0-75 m) than in deep waters. This could evidently proved in the nearshore profile indicating a terrigenous source for manganese.

Description: We present field measurements of air-sea gas exchange by the radon deficit method that were carried out during JASIN 1978 (NE Atlantic) and FGGE 1979 (Equatorial Atlantic). Both experiments comprised repeated deficit measurements at mixed position over periods of days or longer, using a previously described precise and fast-acquisition, automatic radon measuring system. The deficit time series exhibit variations that only partly reflect the expected changes in gas transfer. By evaluating averages over each time series we deduce the following average gas transfer velocities (average wind velocity and water temperature in parentheses): JASIN phase 1: 1.6 ± 0.8 mid (at -6 mis, 13 °C) JASIN phase 2: 4.3 ± 1.2 mid (at -8 mis, 13 °C) FGGE: 1.2 ± 0.4 mid (at -5 mis, 28 °C) 0.9 ± 0.4 mid (at -7 mis, 28 °C) 1.5 ± 0.4 mid (at -7 mis, 28 °C) The large difference between the JASIN phase 2 and FGGE values despite quite similar average wind velocity becomes even larger when the values are corrected to a common temperature. Both values are, however, fully compatible with the range of gas transfer velocities observed in laboratory experiments and the conclusion is suggested that their difference is caused by the highly different wind variability in JASIN and FGGE. We conclude that in gas exchange parameterization it is not sufficient to consider wind velocity only. A comparison of our observations with laboratory results outlines the range of variation of air-sea gas transfer velocities with wind velocity and sea state. We also reformulate the radon deficit method, in the light of our observed deficit variations, to account explicitely for non-stationarity and horizontal inhomogeneity in the near-surface radon deficit layer (i.e., mixed-layer and upper thermocline). We show that neglection of non-stationarity and horizontal inhomogeneity in previous radon work introduces considerable uncertainty in deduced gas transfer velocities. We furthermore discuss the observational requirements that have to be met for an adequate exploitation of the radon deficit method, of which an observation area of minimum horizontal inhomogeneity and monitoring of the remaining inhomogeneities are thought to be the most stringent ones.

Description: In general the natural aerosol reacts very sensitively to the change of relative humidity. This behaviour could be observed from August to September during the Atlantic "Meteor" -Expedition 1965, but not during the periods January to May 1969 and July to August 1974. There are some reasons for the assumption that this is an effect of organic material in the surfaces of the particles. But we do not know if this is an effect of different seasons or of increasing pollution of the atmospheric aerosol.

Description: Data from two current meter moorings and thermosa�linograph records from the Scotia Sea are presented. Results from the first mooring site demonstrate the ex�change of Antarctic Bottom Water between the northern Scotia Sea and the Argentine Basin. The sec�ond current data set illustrates the permanent deep counter current on the continental rise of the southern Drake Passage. Surface temperature and salinity rec�ords describe the position of the Polar Front and the Weddell-Scotia-Confluence during early austral sum�mer 1980/81.

Description: During the 1965 Atlantic Expedition the R/V "Meteor" was stationed on the equator for several weeks. In order to obtain the vertical flux of heat and momentum vertical profiles of dry and wet bulb temperatures and of wind speed were measured. The water temperature, and the dry and wet bulb temperatures of aspirated psychrometers were taken by means of platinum resistance thermometers. The wind speeds were obtained by contact anemometers and small generator type anemometers. The instruments were mounted at heights between 1 m and 9 m at a meteorological buoy. Connected by floating cables the buoy lay 300 m away from the ship, free of its disturbances.

Description: The meteorological and aeronomical programs of the "Atlantic Expedition 1965 (IQSY)" of the research vessel "Meteor" (10.8.-16.12.1965) are described. Several ionospheric parameters were measured on two meridian sections (fig. 2) and an anchor station at the crossing of the geographic and geomagnetic equator (15.9.-11.10.1965). One part of the aerological programs was to investigate the pressure-, temperature-, humidity- and wind-field of the atmosphere up to 38 km height (349 ascents) and at the equator its daily variations (8 ascents per day at 4 days, 6 ascents per day at 11 days). A second program was concerned with the finestructure of the lower troposphere, especially in the system of the tradewind (146 ascents with special temperature- and humiditysondes up to 5000 m and 63 ascents with a three-channel-sonde from captive balloons (fig. 1) or kites up to 2000 m). All components of the energy-balance of the atmosphere were measured (fig. 3). The radiationbalance up to 25 km height was studied with 26 albedo-radiosondes (A) and 58 infraread-radiosondes (B). The extinction and the atmospheric water-vapour-content (C) was measured by an interference-filter actinograph which was fixed at the sun by a photo-electric follower. The radiation balance of the sea-surface.(D,E), the vertical fluxes of momentum and of sensitive and latent heat (F), and profiles of tritium were studied at the anchor-station with a floating buoy 300 m upwind of the ship. At the same time the diurnal variation of airtemperature at 140 m height was obtained by the three-channel-sonde. The radioactivity of air, rain and ocean water, the tritium content of air in two heights and of ocean water in different depths were measured during the whole expedition. Similar determinations were made of the concentration of C14. The content of C02 of the air was recorded, S02, N02 and NO were discontinuously measured. The electric field-strength up to 15 km heights was measured to evaluate the voltage between ionosphere and earth (25 radiosondes). Continuous records of the atmospheric electric field-strength were made on board the ship and during parts of the expedition additionally the ionconcentration and free electric charge was determined. By the weatherstation of "Meteor" routine meteorological observations were taken supplemented by hourly cloud photographs during daytime. In the region of the trade-wind and the intertropical convergence by aid of the ship's weather radar films and photographs of the horizontal and vertical structure of clouds and showers were made. The results of the investigations will be published in this series.

Description: From 27 Janua1y to 23 June 1979 R. V. "Meteor" surveyed the central equatorial Atlantic on a section along 22° W from 3° N to 2° S. During the observation period, a hydrographic section down to 600 m was repeated ten times with a continuous "Howaldt-Bathysonde" CTD and a rosette sampler. The station distance was 10 to 15 nm. The water samples were used to recalibrate salinity and to determine oxygen, nutrients and chlorophyll a. An undulating CTD system ("Delphin") was towed on 11 sections. A profiling distance of one to two nautical miles and a profile depth of 90 m was obtained. Five current meter arrays were moored along 22° W between 3° N and 1° S from January to March 1979. In May and June two moorings were installed at 2° N and at the equator. On the buoys measurements of wind speed and direction were obtained. At 43 stations a wire-guided Aanderaa profiling current meter was successfully lowered. Drifting buoy experiments were repeated three times with clusters of 5 to 10 buoys. A fourth experiment took place in 1978 in the Gulf of Guinea. On the way from and to port XBT sections were carried out. The data sets obtained by these instruments are presented in this data report.

Description: During the IQSY-expedition of FS "Meteor" at the equatorial station water surface temperature was measured by a radiation thermometer. The error given by this method is estimated. The measured daily variation is in rather good agreement with that calculated for an ocean, which is mixed upto the surface.

Description: In the atmosphere the solar radiation will not only be scattered and be absorbed by the absorption bands of the atmospheric gases but will also be diminished by continuum-absorption in the spectral regions without selective absorption - the "windows" -. The cause of this continuum-absorption is still unknown; may be it is caused by the aerosol or the wings of far off absorption lines. During the Atlantische Expedition 1965 of the research vessel "Meteor" an optical equipment was used for spectral determination of the direct solar radiation and the scattered solar radiation reaching the detector from various parts of the sky. The continuum-absorption follows by comparing the measured radiation with the radiation calculated under the assumption that there is no continuumabsorption. First time air masses without continental aerosol were investigated.

Description: This is a description of a radiosonde equipment for measuring the air-pressure, temperature and humidity simultaneously and continuously. The radiosonde consists of 3 audio-frequency sinewave generators having frequencies proportional to the measured values of a dry-bulb and a wet-bulb resistance thermometer and a pair of aneroid chambers. After receiving the radiosonde signal the 3 audio-frequencies are separated by filters, connected to 3 frequency meters and finally recorded on a double function plotter or on other strip-chart recorders. This equipment has been used for meteorological measurements in the lower troposphere using captive balloons on the research vessel "Meteor" during the 1965 Atlantic Expedition. More than 100 vertical soundings have been recorded up to a maximum ceiling of 2OOO m. The weight of the radiosonde including batteries for 5 hours recording is 1.1 kg. The ambient temperature may be in a range from -28 °C to +60 °C. The accuracy of measurement for the temperatures is ±0.1 °C in a range of 25 °C, for the pressure it is better than ± 1 mb in a range of 300 mb. The resolution for measuring short time changes in smaller ranges is considerably greater.

Description: After a short survey of the ionospheric observations made during the expedition special experiments on and near the geomagnetic equator are described. Using the mobility of the ship together with the form of the antenna pattern the structure of the equatorial Es -layer (Esq) was investigated. It was shown that the Esq-layer contains a filamentary structure which is orientated along the magnetic field lines of the earth. Further polarisation experiments were made in order to investigate the attenuation or blanketing of either the ordinary or the extraordinary component of a magneto-ionic wave. This attenuation and blanketing of the components can be observed conveniently in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator since the polarisations of both components are linear in this region. Our measurements have shown that during daytime the directions of maximum suppression for the ordinary and the extraordinary component were not exactly perpendicular to each other but deviated from orthogonality by a small angle. This effect was interpreted as an influence of electron collisions on the polarization in the lower ionosphere. Finally a special 2 · F-propagation mode was found in performing these polarisation experiments. In this mode one hop: ground - ionosphere - ground is passed as an ordinary wave, the other as an extraordinary wave. Such a mode can exist only when a coupling between the two gyromagnetic waves is present. An example is shown in which the coupling is possibly caused by two different effects, namely 1. the gyromagnetic components are not perpendicular to each other in the lower ionosphere and 2. the filaments in the Esq-layer act as depolarizers.

Description: During the Atlantic Expedition "Meteor" 1965 the standard visibility was measured aboard with an AEG/FFM-Scattered Light Recorder. The working principle, technique and accuracy of this instrument is described. Furthermore some empirical results are discussed, e. g. the errors due to the disturbing influences of the ship and those caused by contamination of the lenses, The measured values are compared with estimated values of visibility by eyeobservation. For certain periods with uniform atmosphericconditions, hourly mean values of visibility have been correlated with air temperature, humidity and wind. The visibility shows a rather weak daily period for pure oceanic aerosol, whereas about 100 miles off the African coast the period appeared more pronounced. Interesting differences have been found in the relative changes of visibility for different origins of the aerosol. 'fhis results into a dependence of visibility on the wavelength of scattered radiation.

Description: Errors of wind speed measurements on buoys are mainly due to motions of the floating body. Additionally, the mast and/or the spars which carry the sensors, and special properties of the sensor itself, affect the accuracy of wind speed records. The error of these effects on: a) profile measurements; b) the determination of the vertical distribution of wind speed above water waves; c) spectral analysis and d) the eddy correlation n' w', is estimated by means of theoretical models, wind-tunnel results and observations from the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Description: During the 1965 Atlantic Expedition of the "Meteor" concentrations of various atmospheric trace gases were measured. The following gases were considered: carbon dioxide (C02), sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02), and nitric oxide (NO). The air whereof these components were measured was sucked in from a height of 14 m above the surface of the sea. The results allow conclusions upon the long term global increase of the atmospheric C02 content, the meridional distribution of the C02 on the Atlantic Ocean, and the dependance of its concentration upon the time of the day and the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Attempts at determining concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide of non-continental origin failed at large. Concentrations of N02, however, could succesfully be measured.

Description: A radiosonde is described for measuring the upward and downward fluxes of visible light in the atmosphere. Photoresistors are used as sensors, the optical center of the spectral range beeing at 0.55 µ. The results of these flux-measurements obtained during the Atlantic Expedition 1965 with the research vessel "Meteor" are presented. The datas have been divided into three groups according to the amount of cloudiness. In group a) ( small cloudiness) the extinction coefficient of the prevailing linear radiation is derived as a function of the height. Characteristics of airmasses of maritime or continental origin are shown. In group b) (cloud covered sky) microphysical quantities are determined from the radiative lapse rate in the clouds. The average radius of droplets is found to lie between 5.5 µ und 14.4 µ. The albedo of cloud surfaces varies between 25 % and 54 %, the transmission values are between 58 % and 73 %. One ascent through a Cirrus cloud of considerable vertical thickness is treated seperately. The observed distribution of extinction is compared with theoretical values in water clouds leading to the same order of magnitude. The relation between the albedo of the surface of the sea and the amount of cloudiness is discussed.

Description: During the Atlantic expedition potential gradient, small ion density and space charge density have been recorded. Laborious efforts have been taken for receiving an exact estimation of the reduction factor for the field measurements. The mean value of the potential gradient on the free Atlantic Ocean was 105 V/m. The mean daily course is in very good agreement with the results of the Carnegie Institution. Even records taken on individual days near the equator show this course. For the first time it has been attempted to correlate the potential gradient at sea and the voltage between ionosphere and earth measured over land. A narrow relation has been found in 10 cases of balloon ascents with radiosondes. A further remarkable result is, that the short periodical fluctuations of the air electric field at sea with periods of 2 to 20 minutes have amplitudes of the magnitude of the mean field strength and exist all over the oceans. Recordings of the space charge density show, that positively charged air parcels drift in the first hectometer of the air near the sea surface and produce the fluctuation of the potential gradient. A period analysis did not indicate a recognizable relation to the wind velocity up to now, although an effect of air turbulence must be involved. The concentration of small ions also has been measured occasionally. With this and mean values of the potential gradient the air earth curent density has been computed. With η+ = 310 cm-3, η_ = 220 cm-3 the air conductivity would be Λ = 1, 14 · 10-14 Ohm-1 m-1. These values are smaller than values of other authors by a factor of 2 or 3. Therefore the computed air earth current density is also smaller. The discrepancy could not be explained yet.

Description: Measurements of atmospheric radioactivity attached to aerosols are described. Fallout was collected in a vessel of large area. Emphasis was on separation of "wet" and "dry" samples. For strontium 90a ratio of "wet" to "dry" fallout of 5:1 has been found independent of latitude. The total fallout was smaller than comparable values from continents because of very small amounts of rainfall in the equatorial zone. In order to achieve consistency in the global balance a better knowledge not only of radioactivity but also of precipitation over the ocean is required. Fallout of Ra-D clearly shows the ITC as a barrier for the latitudinal movement of near sea-surface air masses. The concentration of short-lived emanation daughters shows large variations according to varying geographic conditions. A variation with time could not be explained. The specific activity of long-lived radioactive substances shows the expected effect of the ITC as well as a seasonal diminuation of average concentration, similar to that measured at Heidelberg.