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  • Scanning electron microscopy  (159)
  • Springer  (159)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1975-1979  (77)
  • 1970-1974  (34)
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  • Springer  (159)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3)
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; Pattern Formation ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chemotaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopic observations ofDictyostelium discoideum cell masses during slug formation revealed two populations around the anterior tip; one group of cells resembled elongated aggregation stream cells and their orientation suggested that they move to the tip, whereas the other group of cells were isodiametric and showed no obvious orientation. In seeking further evidence for a role of differential cAMP chemotaxis in the orientation and movement of slug cells the anterior prestalk cells were compared to the posterior prespore cells in two chemotaxis tests. When a cell mass is placed on cAMP agar the prestalk cells exhibited better movement to cAMP sources but when the gradient was generated in a diffusion chamber the prestalk cells did not. This evidence suggested that the cells which are better able to generate a cAMP gradient might form part of the anterior zone of the slug.
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Xenopus embryo ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell shape ; Cilia formation ; Determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Xenopus embryos held inverted from the one cell stage show a partial reversal of the pattern of cleavage: the blastocoel forms towards the new upper pole, and the non-pigmented cells forming the blastocoel roof are smaller than normal endoderm cells. Two properties of the cells from inverted embryos have been studied: their capacity to form cilia when cultured for 48 h, normally a property of ectoderm cells; and their scanning electron microscopical appearance when isolated and cultured for shorter periods, which differs for normal ectoderm and endoderm cells. Groups of the upper, non-pigmented cells from inverted embryos do not form cilia in a longerterm culture, whereas groups of the lower, pigmented cells do. In contrast, the scanning electron microscopical appearance of the upper, non-pigmented cells of inverted embryos is more like that of normal ectoderm cells; the appearance of lower, pigmented cells is more like that of normal endoderm. Thus the determination to form cilia is not reversed by inversion, whereas the control of cell morphology is.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Mesoderm ; Gastrulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At the end of gastrulation, the lateral mesoderm of amphibian embryos migrates ventrally between the ectoderm and the endoderm. The present study is an examination of the morphology of the leading cells of the mesodermal sheet and of the substratum over which they move (the inner surface of the ectoderm). The cells of the leading edge of the mesoderm are generally round, with very short and narrow flattened projections in the forward direction. These projections do not have a “ruffled” morphology, regardless of whether fixation is carried out before or after the ectoderm and mesoderm are dissected away from the endoderm. The inner surface of the ectoderm is covered with fine (450–500A) filamentous extracellular material and the ectoderm cells sometimes extend cytoplasmic processes (approx. 0.1 μ wide) onto the leading surface of the mesoderm or onto adjacent ectoderm cells. These studies indicate that the morphology of cell migration in amphibians is closer to that seen inFundulus than to that characteristic of chick or mammalian cells.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Oxalosis ; Human bone ; Scanning electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction ; Oxalate titration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Postmortem scanning electron microscopy of human phalanges in a chronic uremic hemodialysis patient with hyperparathyroidism showed the presence of confluent abnormal rounded formations with a radial rosette-like crystalline pattern in the diaphysis as well as in the epiphyseal part of the bones. These fan-shaped configurations were found either as individual formations within bone trabeculae or as numerous aggregated crystalline deposits replacing large parts of the bone structure. The microdissected content of such large areas submitted to X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the predominant presence of calcium oxalate monohydrate or whewellite with some traces of hydroxyapatite. Oxalate titration analysis indicated the presence of 25% of oxalate, corresponding to 45% in weight of whewellite.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Epiphyseal chondrocytes ; Freezefracture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell processes ; Membrane particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11–0.15 μm diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95–180 Å diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
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  • 8
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    Planta 146 (1979), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cellulose ; Microfibrils ; Negative staining ; Nicotiana ; Protoplasts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the wall fibrils produced by tobacco protoplasts, using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with negative staining. It has been shown that the fibres seen in scanning electron microscopy correspond to aggregates of microfibrils. These aggregates are only visible where they are lifted clear of the protoplast surface. Negative staining of fixed protoplasts shows that the aggregation of microfibrils into the fibres visible in scanning electron microscopy is probably produced by air-drying. Gentle disruption of microfibrils produces both random broken fragments and bundles of short pieces of fibrillar material about 60 nm in length. This material is present in undisrupted young walls, but not in undisrupted older walls. The microfibrils in young walls seem much more fragile and liable to breakage than those in older walls. These results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of scanning electron microscope images and the mechanism of cellulose microfibril formation by higher plants.
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  • 9
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bandeiraea simplicifolia ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; α-Galactomannan-lectin ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an α-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this α-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fuligo septica ; Myxomycetes, mycetozoans ; Acellular slime molds ; True slime molds ; Spore germination ; Swarm cell morphogenesis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This report describes conditions under which spores of the acellular slime mold Fuligo septica underwent a very rapid, synchronous and complete (100%) germination followed by morphogenesis of motile, flagellated swarm cells from the released protoplasts. This developmental sequence was initiated immediately upon wetting the spores with a surfactant and was completed within 40–50 min in the absence of any exogenous nutrient other than sodium phosphate buffer. Oxygen was required for germination. The rate and percentage of germination diminished with increasing spore concentration suggesting the existence of an autoinhibitor. The morphological sequence of events in the differentiation process was examined by scanning electron microscopy.
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  • 11
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Paracoccus denitrificans ; Cell surface ; Outer membrane ; Lysozyme ; Scanning electron microscopy ; NaCl treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of water washing and NaCl treatment on the cell surface of P. denitrificans were studied. Both treatments caused a release of material from cells. Chemical studies showed that NaCl treatment released material containing components characteristic of outer membrane. This treatment also increased the susceptibility of the organism to lysozyme. Scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor the effects of water washing and NaCl treatment on the cell surface. Both treatments were shown to alter the appearance of the cell surface. The disruptive effects of these procedures were found to be dependent upon the age of the culture.
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  • 12
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    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; Mannan ; Plasma membranes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The β(1→3)glucanase of Basidiomycete QM 806 was used to prepare Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis protoplasts. Plasma membranes isolated from S. cerevisiae contained a small amount of mannose and traces of glucose and ribose. Randomly distributed α-mannan was detected by scanning electron microscopy at the surface of prefixed protoplasts using colloidal gold labelled with Concanavalin A as a marker. C. utilis protoplasts were also marked with anti-mannan antibodies. Again the distribution of mannan was random. This experiment indicated also that plasma membrane mannan has the same immunochemical determinants as cell wall mannan. It is hypothesized that mannan is mainly located in the outer layer of plasma membranes.
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  • 13
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    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Chlamydomonas ; Cell agglutination ; Cell fusion ; Flagella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed by which mating gametes of Chlamydomonas eugametos can be studied in the Scanning Electron Microscope. A detailed description of the mating process, from the initial flagellar agglutination until the release of free vis-à-vis pairs, is presented. Flagella appear to agglutinate at random points on their surface. This is followed by a rapid increase of the contact area such that they “line-up” tip to tip. Flagella always exhibit a typical position prior to cell fusion. After cell fusion the flagella of a pair separate rapidly while the female have shortened about 33%. In a vis-à-vis pair the plasma bridge has contracted. The observations are interpreted in terms of a specific reorganization of the sexuale aggregate.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida tropicalis ; Cell surface ; Hydrocarbon transport ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The surface structure of the hypdrocarbon-utilizing yeast Candida tropicalis was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM respectively). The sample preparation technique was based on a rapid cryofixation without any addition of cryoprotectants. In subsequently freeze-dried samples the surface structure was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Thin sections were prepared from freeze substituted samples. Both techniques revealed hair-like structures at the surface of hydrocarbon-grown cells. The hairy surface structure of the cells was less expressed in glucose-grown cells and it was absent completely after proteolytic digestion of the cells. When cells were incubated with hexadecane prior to cyryofixation a contrast-rich region occured in the hair fringe of thin sections as revealed by TEM. Since these structures were characteristic for hexadecane-grown cells and could not be detected in glucose-grown or proteasetreated cells it was concluded that they originate from hexadecane adhering to the cell surface and are functionally related to hexadecane transport. The structure of the surface and its relation to hydrocarbon transport are discussed in view of earlier results on the chemical composition of the surface layer of the cell wall.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Rat synaptic bodies ; Synaptic ribbon ; Extracellular material ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the synaptic bodies in the outer and inner plexiform layers of the rat retina was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The synaptic bodies in the outer plexiform layer are pear-shaped and their vitreal pole invaginated by processes from nerve cells. Their surfaces are covered with extracellular material, which is partly dissolved or redistributed during the fixation and rinsing procedure. The internal structure of the synaptic bodies is described. The synaptic bodies in the inner retinal plexiform layer are more difficult to identify with the scanning electron microscope. They are polyhedronal and also covered with extracellular material. The observations are discussed. The value of the application of two different preparation and analyzing methods, i. e. the scanning and the transmission electron microscopy, is stressed.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 346-363 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Glomerulus ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Differenzierung der Podocyten wurde an Nieren 10 Tage alter Ratten raster-elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit durchstrahlungs-elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden verglichen. Die Podocytenfortsätze können danach auf dreierlei Wegen gebildet werden: 1. Spalten innerhalb des Cytoplasmas lassen bandartige Cytoplasmabrücken entstehen. Diese gliedern sich weiter auf, bis zahlreiche miteinander verzahnte Fortsätze derselben Zelle entstanden sind. 2. Vom Zellrand her werden dicke Fortsätze weit vorgeschoben, die kleinere Fortsätze bilden. Durch sie können Verzahnungen mit entfernten Deckzellen entstehen. Die kleinen Fortsätze können sich jedoch auch mit anderen Fortsätzen der eigenen Zelle verzahnen. 3. Fingerförmige Fortsätze benachbarter Zellen verzahnen sich während ihrer Entstehung miteinander. Trotz zahlreicher desmosomenartiger Haftstellen zwischen benachbarten Podocyten entwickeln sich ihre Fortsätze und deren Verzahnungen anscheinend weitgehend autonom und nur selten nach den vermuteten Regeln epithelialer Nachbarschaft (Typ 3). Die Befunde sprechen vielmehr dafür, daß durchflutete und wachsende Glomerulumkapillaren die Podocytendifferenzierung induzieren und die Orientierung der Fortsätze beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of the podocytes was studied by scanning electron microscopy on kidneys of 10 days old rats. The results were compared with transmission electron microscopic pictures from the same kidneys. There are three ways of forming processes by the podocytes: 1. Slits within the cytoplasm give rise to cytoplasmic bridges which further divide themselves and finally build up a meshwork of processes within a cell. 2. Thick and sometimes very long processes originate from the cell border. Their smaller branches may interdigitate with those of distant podocytes or with other processes out of the same cell. 3. Finger-like processes of neighbouring cells interdigitate as soon as they develop. In spite of numerous desmosomal structures between neighbouring podocytes the cell processes and their interdigitations develop mostly independently from each other and only seldom after the expected rules of epithelial vicinity (type 3). These findings are interpreted as indication that flooded and growing capillaries induce the differentiation of podocytes and that they influence the orientation of their processes.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Area postrema ; Peroxidase penetration ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy and the penetration of horseradish peroxidase, especially from the ventricular surface, has been utilized to determine the distinctive properties of the posterior portion of the area postrema. This part of the organ is characterized by a non-ciliated surface composed of flattened cells, which appear less permeable to cisternally injected peroxidase than the ciliated ependymal cells covering the anterior part of the area postrema. However, more diffuse and rapid penetration of peroxidase into the posterior region is achieved by way of the perivascular spaces which appear in direct communication with the CSF. No such filling is noted in the anterior area postrema. The posterior portion also contains cells which appear to be rapidly penetrated by horseradish peroxidase and which may be important as a sensing mechanism. The chief distinction of the anterior part of the area postrema appears to be the presence of vascular connections with the choroid plexus.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 82-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ventricles ; Choroid plexus ; Surface ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of ependymal cells bordering the brain ventricles, and that of the epithelial cells of choroid plexuses of the cat have been investigated by means of the scanning electron microscope. The ventricle walls are entirely covered with very long and numerous cilia and no regional differences have been observed regarding their number and disposition. Among the ciliated cells dome-shaped structures are present, possibly containing nervous elements. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle floor are mainly non ciliated but the surface thereof shows numerous small microvilli. Numerous round formations are present among these cells, their nature being difficult to interpret. Also present on the floor are small cells of triangular shape with long and tortuous protrusions, tentatively identified as small neurons. The choroid plexuses have a typical sinuous structure of long tortuous villi rich in cavities and convolutions. Details of the epithelial cells covering the plexus and their surface organization are also reported.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 147-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node (dog) ; Reticulum ; Pulp ; Ultraarchitecture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The perfused large mesenteric lymph node of the dog was observed under the scanning electron microscope. The lymph sinus contains reticulum cells which mostly are two-dimensionally formed stellate plates oriented in a uniform direction. Large round macrophages are loosely fixed by the reticulum cell processes. No intermediate type between both cells has been observed. Macrophages having a few long tentacle-like projections are densely covered by clubbed cytoplasmic processes. Smaller round cells, probably plasma cells and lymphocytes also remained in the sinus. The pulp of the node is built up by reticulum cells, much smaller than those in the sinus, and by densely packed round cells including a few macrophages. The trabeculae and the reticulum of the nodal parenchyme form a continuous structure.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 105-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Sheep (Ovis ammon aries, L.) ; Surface fine structure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Präparation von Schafspermien für die Beobachtung im Raster-Elektronenmikroskop wurden beigemengte Schleimstoffe durch zahlreiche Waschvorgänge mit schonender Zentrifugation und Behandlung mit Hyaluronidase weitgehend entfernt. Der Kopf des Spermium wird durch zwei bogenförmige Linien in drei Zonen unterteilt. In der vorderen Zone erhebt sich direkt hinter einem schmalen Randwulst symmetrisch die (dem apikalen Akrosomsegment entsprechende) apikale Sichel. Die äquatoriale Zone ist meist geringfügig über das Niveau der vorderen Zone erhaben; in ihrem medialen hinteren Bereich zeichnet sich ein lunulaähnlicher Bezirk mit granulierter Oberfläche ab. Die der hinteren Zone zugrundeliegende postnukleäre Scheide greift mit zahlreichen schmalen Fortsätzen in das äquatoriale Segment des Akrosoms; dazwischen gelegene Einsenkungen geben der Grenze beider Zonen ein sägezahnartiges Aussehen. Die Oberfläche der hinteren Zone weist viele grübchenförmige Einsenkungen auf. Caudal drückt sich der basale Gürtel in einem glatten bandförmigen Bereich aus. An der Kopfbasis umzieht der Ansatzwulst in ovalem Verlauf die Ansatzhöhle sowie die beiden hinteren Knöpfe. Am Schwanz des Spermium sind im Verbindungsstück zwei stärkere laterale Stranggruppen und zwischen ihnen zwei bzw. drei mediale gebänderte Stränge zu erkennen, die in der Tiefe der Ansatzhöhle aus dem Kapitulum entspringen. Das Mittelstück besitzt eine regelmäßige Schrägbänderung als Ausdruck seiner linksgewundenen mitochondrialen Tripelhelix; es schließt mit einem quergestellten Schlußring ab. Am Hauptstück sind neben einer queren Rippung drei längsverlaufende Wülste festzustellen, deren Stärke sich im Verlauf ändert. Das Endstück verjüngt sich in seinem Anfangsteil etwas; sein Durchmesser bleibt dann aber bis zum abgerundeten Schwanzende gleich.
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with the scanning electron microscopic appearance of sheep spermatozoa in comparison with details gained with the transmission electron microscope by earlier authors. The head of the spermatozoon is subdivided into three zones by two curved lines. In the anterior zone the apical sickle protrudes symmetrically behind a narrow marginal roll; the apical sickle corresponds to the apical segment of the acrosome. The equatorial zone is generally slightly elevated above the level of the anterior zone. In the medial posterior part of the equatorial zone a lunulalike area with granular surface is found. The posterior zone shows numerous small pitches; it corresponds to the post-nuclear sheath, which sends small processes into the equatorial segment of the acrosome. The surface view of this border between equatorial and posterior zone exhibits a saw-toothed appearance. A smooth tape-like area corresponds to the basal belt. At the base of the head an inserting-roll surrounds both posterior knobs and the implantation fossa. The connecting-piece of the sperm-tail consists of two lateral, and two or three, respectively, banded medial cords. These cords originate from the capitellum, which lies inside the implantation fossa. The middle-piece shows a periodical oblique pattern, which corresponds to the left-winded mitochondrial tripel-helix inside. The middle-piece reaches to a transverse terminal ring-like structure (annulus). The principal-piece shows periodically arranged transversal ribs as well as three longitudinal elevations. The latter are modified in the course of the principal-piece. The diameter of the end-piece decreases slightly in the anterior part; then it remains constant to the rounded tip.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Human ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural differences exhibited by the varigated ependymal lining of the near-term human fetal 4th ventricle. The central portion of the fourth ventricular floor, including the median sulcus is punctuated by numerous clumps of cilia. The density of cilia here is not as great as that described for other regions of the human cerebral ventricular system; accordingly, underlying substructure can be noted. There are distinct differences between ependymas that line the floor of the fourth ventricle with those of the adjacent area postrema. The latter region possesses not cilia, but instead exhibits a dense knap of microvilli. The ultra-architecture of the choroid plexus is relatively similar to that of other circumventricular organs with the exception that it possesses small isolated groups of cilia as well as microvilli. These findings are discussed with respect to the dynamics of local CSF movement and flow, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Fishes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory rosettes of Tarletonbeania crenularis are contained within paired membranous olfactory chambers opening to the exterior through a pair of nostrils. The margins of the anterior nostril form an infundibulum that may direct a current of water between the lamellae of the olfactory rosette and out of the posterior nostril as the fish swims through the water. The number of lamellae in a rosette is variable, and each consists of an olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, mucus cells and bipolar neurons. The olfactory surface for the most part is nonciliated and appears rugose in scanning electron micrographs. Receptor elements are located along the central axis of the rosette and on the surfaces of the distal margins of the lamellae.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment cells ; Retinal cell differentiation ; Retinal receptor cells ; Chicken ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The surface of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos and young chicks was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated, that pigment cells not only have fine processes on their retinal surface, but also to a considerable extent on their basal cell membrane. The occurrence of these processes was studied during differentiation of the retina. The appearance of these surface differentiations can no longer be interpreted solely as the result of membrane infoldings but to be mainly the result of membrane sprouting processes. The formation of processes on the retinal surface of pigment cells precedes that of the processes on the choroidal surface. The length of the mature processes on the apical surface is greater than the length of those on the basal surface. The appearance of the fine cell processes is correlated with the functions of pigment epithelium and with the differentiation of retinal receptor cells. This study illustrates that the technique of scanning electron microscopy is not limited to the examination of naturally occurring tissue surfaces, but can be extended to the investigation of tissue fractures.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anuran larvae ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ultimobranchial (UB) gland cells from Rana temporaria larvae 48 h after hatching until the completion of metamorphosis is described. A single UB cell type is present, believed to be the characteristic C cell, in which secretory granules are first detectable in 8 day post-hatching larvae. These secretory granules show an intimate association with lipid droplets. Unusual membranous and crystalloid inclusions, which may represent yolk platelets, are found in UB glands of very small larvae. The significance of a range of UB organelles is discussed and some scanning electron micrographs presented. This report is believed to be the first published ultrastructural and scanning electron microscope study of larval anuran UB glands.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 389-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Human fetus ; Modifications during development ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural organization of the human fetal choroid plexus was assessed with scanning electron microscopy. The membranous modifications of choroidal ependymal cells differ remarkably between 11 and 20 weeks of intrauterine development and suggest a variable functional capacity at different times of ontogenesis. Based upon existing data coupled with the ultra-architectural organization of cilia, clavate and linear microvilli are seen with scanning electron microscopy, a multiple functional role is hypothesized for choroidal ependymal cells.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 151-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Fishes ; Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within the epithelium of the head gut of the sword-tail (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel) there are three types of taste buds that can be identified with certainty in the scanning electron microscope. The breathing valves, which are situated behind the mouth region, bear relatively high epidermal papillae in which type I taste buds can be found. The middle region of the head gut is mostly occupied by low epidermal papillae containing type II taste buds. Type III taste buds are present within the metabranchial head gut; they never rise above the normal level of the epithelium. Taste buds of each type show two kinds of receptor villi within their receptor areas: tall villi (about 1,5×0,5 μm) and small villi (about 0.5×0.2 μm). A few tall villi belonging to solitary chemosensory cells are situated between the superficial epithelial cells of the tongue. In addition, the surface of the epidermal cells shows a delicate microridge system.—It is postulated that the taste buds of different types serve different functions: Taste buds within epidermal papillae may act both as chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors. Taste buds that never rise above the normal level of the epithelium perhaps act predominantly as chemoreceptors.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 457-465 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pecten oculi ; Pigeon ; Surface ; Function ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A scanning electron microscopic study of the pecten reveals the rib-like character of the pectinal folds, the nature of their connections with the base and bridge of the pecten as well as the presence of interconnections between the bundles of superficial collagenous fibres. It has been suggested that the pecten may have a mechanical significance, namely protection of the retina from the excessive movements of the vitreous humour. The relationship between the superficial membrane of the folds which is continuous, the intercellular spaces and the process of diffussion has also been discussed.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Retina ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed retinae of chick embryos and chicks of the first week after hatching were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. The matrix cells of the retina proliferate up to the beginning of the second week. The migrating cells are oriented in cell cords. This columnar organization prevails up to the development of the plexiform layers formed as a consequence of the outgrowth of the dendritic and axonal cell processes. Special attention was paid to the differentiation of the ganglion, bipolar and receptor cells, and the radial fibers (Müller cells). Two main morphological patterns are significant for the organization of the retina during neurogenesis: a) the cell to cell contacts of migrating cells and b) the spatial arrangement of Müller cells which could provide guidelines for migration of neuronal elements.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoblasts ; Collagen orientation ; Parietal bone ; Rat, Rhesus monkey ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone was removed from the calvaria of anaesthetized 70 g rats or freshly killed young monkeys and the fibrous periosteum dissected off the inner, formative surface under 0.15 M cacodylate buffer. The bone and undisturbed osteoblasts were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in the same buffer for 24 to 48 hours, critical point dried and coated with evaporated carbon and gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fields of osteoblasts were photographed and chosen cells dissected off the osteoid using a tungsten needle. The control of the dissection was made possible by the use of a system of real-time stereo TV-speed SEM. The fields were rephotographed and the orientations of the osteoblasts were compared with that of the underlying collagen fibres. 62% of all osteoblasts lay with their long axes within 15° of the collagen fibre orientation below and 80% within 30°. Montages of large areas of osteoblasts were also made, and then compared with ones of the same area after the cells had been stripped off on adhesive tape. In general, the orientation of the collagen tended to be the same as the cell that formed it. Collagen fibres below cells at the periphery of a domain sometimes had the orientation of the cells in the adjacent patch. It is not possible to determine whether the cells controlled the orientation of the collagen, or vice versa, from this experiment, but other SEM evidence suggests that the collagen orientation in hard tissue matrices depends on the freedom of cells to move with respect to the matrix surface.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Predentine ; Dentine ; Calcification ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A scanning electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the surface structure of dentinogenically active odontoblasts. Thin pieces of rat incisors were fixed, rapidly frozen, freezedried at -70° C and fractured to expose new surfaces prior to examination in the SEM. Differences in the appearance of odontoblastic cell surfaces were seen, with the most extensive ridge formations at the distal part of the sides of the odontoblasts. The predentine area displayed a spongy structure which contrasted to the compact appearance of dentine. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies at the light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic levels.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 399-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Frog ; Alveolar epithelium ; Mucus layer ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the inner architecture of the frog lung. In some specimens the alveolar surface mucus layer was removed to permit the examination of underlying features. The inner surface of the frog's lung is covered by a layer of microvilli belonging to only one type of epithelial cells. The boundaries of these epithelial cells are demarcated by small ridges. Different degrees of lung expansion cause variations of the surface topography. The morphology of certain surface features is examined in detail. Several methods of drying the specimens are compared.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 329-341 
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    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Boar, bull, ram ; Surface ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La morphologie comparée des spermatozoïdes éjaculés de Verrat, Taureau et Bélier a été étudiée au microscope à balayage. Le sperme lavé est fixé dans le glutaraldéhyde ou le mélange acide picrique-formaldéhyde-glutaraldéhyde. Les échantillons sont le plus souvent désséchés par la méthode du point critique (Fréon) sur un filtre et aussi dans l'air sur une lamelle de verre. La tête des spermatozoïdes de ces trois espèces présente la même forme en pagaie aplatie formée de trois régions principales: les deux segments, antérieur, entouré d'un épaississement marginal, et équatorial de l'acrosome et la région postacrosomique. La plupart des differentiations de la lame postacrosomique décrites en microscopie électronique à transmission sont visibles à travers la membrane plasmique, particulièrement après dessication à l'air. La morphologie superficielle du cou et des différentes parties du flagelle est aussi observable. Des différences spécifiques sont mises en évidence: chez le verrat seulement, par exemple, la surface de l'acrosome apparaît granuleuse, et aucune bordure antérieure dentelée de la lame postacrosomique n'est visible. La microscopie à balayage permet d'observer les grands traits et de fins détails de la morphologie superficielle d'un échantillon de sperme et aussi d'étudier les effects de traitements sur des spermatozoïdes (congélation, extraction de l'acrosome).
    Notes: Summary The comparative ultrastructure of ejaculated boar, bull and ram spermatozoa is studied by scanning electron microscopy. After washing, the spermatozoa are fixed in glutaraldehyde or in picric acid-formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture. Samples are prepared either by critical point drying (Freon) on Millipore filters or by air drying on glass cover slips. In all the species studied, three regions may be distinguished in the paddle-shaped head of the sperm: an anterior segment (surrounded by the marginal thickening) and an equatorial segment constituting together the acrosome, and the postacrosomal region. Most of the feature of the postacrosomal lamina described in transmission electron microscopy are visible through the plasma membrane, particularly after air drying. The surface morphology of the neck and of the different segments of the flagellum is also evident. Some species differences are encountered, e.g. rough surface of acrosome and absence of serrations in postacrosomal lamina of boar spermatozoa only. The techniques employed result in good general morphology and fine resolution of surface detail of the sperm samples; they also permit analysis of spermatozoa treated by freezing or submitted to acrosomal extraction.
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ, human ; Acervuli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Electron probe microanalysis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Untreated, decalcified and trypsinized acervuli from human pineal bodies were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscope as well as by electron probe microanalysis. The mulberry-like acervuli are composed of a various number of spherical lobes (135–800 μm) between which clustered groups of globuli (4–14 urn in diameter) are observed. The acervular lobes are very probably formed by an aggregation of these globuli. Small round particles 125–500 Å in diameter are observed on the surface of the pineal concretions. These are not influenced by either decalcification or trypsin treatment. The acervular mineral corresponds morphologically to hydroxyapatite. The electron probe microanalysis reveals the existence of calcium and phosphorus as main components of the acervuli. Small quantities of magnesium and strontium were also detected.
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 493-504 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Acinar cells ; Cell surface ; Dissociation ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex. Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 307-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Third ventricle ; Mature monkeys ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Ependyma
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 585-589 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) ; Pineal organ ; Photoreceptor cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Bild des Pinealorgans vonSalmo gairdneri kann man drei verschiedene Außengliedtypen der Photorezeptoren unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Ultrastrukturkonzepte von Rüdeberg (1969) und Bergmann (1971) diskutiert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studien erleichtern die anatomische Klassifizierung von pinealen Sinneszellen aufgrund ihrer Außengliedform.
    Notes: Summary The outer segments of pineal photoreceptor cells ofSalmo gairdneri were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron micrographs showed three different types of outer segments. These results are discussed with respect to the ultrastructural concepts of Rüdeberg (1969) and Bergmann (1971). Scanning electron microscopy permits better anatomical classification of pineal photoreceptor cells according to the form of their outer segments.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ductus cochlearis ; Lizard ; Sensory hair cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sensory hair cells of the ventral 2/3 of the papilla basilaris of Gekko gecko are divided into anterior (pre-axial) and posterior (post-axial) portions by a mid-axial gap or hiatus where there are no hair cells. There is no separation of the hair cells in the dorsal third of the papilla. There are three tectorial membrane modifications: an attached thickened membrane covering the pre-axial hair cells, sallets covering the post-axial hair cells, and an attached filamentous membrane covering the dorsal hair cells. The number of hair cells is greatest ventrally and decreases dorsally. There are approximately 2000 to 2100 hair cells. The kinocilia of the hair cells of the anterior halves of both the pre- and the post-axial vertical hair-cell rows are oriented posteriorly, while the kinocilia of the posterior halves are oriented anteriorly. The kinocilia of the hair cells of the dorsal third of the papilla are mostly oriented posteriorly. Thus, kinocilial orientation of the ventral 2/3 of the papilla is doubly bidirectional, and the dorsal 1/3, largely unidirectional.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 83-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sharpey fibre bone ; Collagen orientation ; Mineralization ; Mammals ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sharpey fibre bone specimens from cranial sutures and muscle attachment sites of rhesus monkeys and rats, and tooth sockets of several mammals (man, rhesus monkey and rat specimens mainly) were fixed, and either dried by critical point drying or freeze drying, or made anorganic with 1,2 ethane diamine or sodium hypochlorite, washed and airdried. The bone was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The packing density of the extrinsic fibres affected their cross sectional shape, the well separated fibres being the most uniform. Long parallel rows and groups of extrinsic fibres were observed. The fibre units that made up the Sharpey fibre bundles were sometimes distinct and mineralized as units. Mineralization was generally similar to the varied patterns encountered in root cementum. The diameters of the extrinsic fibres were similar at all sites and in all species; those in socket bone differed little from those in cementum. The intrinsic fibre orientation, although constant over fairly large areas, showed no consistent relation to the direction of entry of the extrinsic fibres. We would like to thank Mrs. E. Bailey and Mr. P. S. Reynolds for technical assistance.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bovine subcommissural organ ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bovine subcommissural organ was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The most prominent finding was the existence of protruded and dilated endings of the ependymal cells. The majority of these cells were ciliated with two or more cilia; only a few unciliated cells were seen. Some pore-like structures were also seen on the surface. From the functional point of view, the most interesting finding was an amorphous heterogeneous material on the subcommissural ependyma. Especially in the caudal part of the organ this material accumulated in abundance. No real filamentous structures such as Reissner's fibre could be seen, however, it was assumed that the heterogeneous material corresponds to this formation. No supraependymal neurones were demonstrated.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Cerebral cortex ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Fixed cerebral vesicles of mouse foetuses were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. This method provides a study of the three dimensional developmental features of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium up to the formation of the early cortex plate. Matrix cells are a cell population of homogeneous shape, however, mitotic cells are easily identified by their spherical form. The external surface of the brain is formed by the closely packed end feet of these cells covered by a basal membrane. The formation of the cortical plate is the result of a continuous cell migration in columnar arrangement towards the pia. Glioependymal cells extend along the whole brain wall and most likely provide guidance for the migrating cell cords. The formation of the so-called migratory zone is a consequence of the growth of the basal and the horizontal prolongations of emigrating cells. The significance of the cell to cell contacts for the neuronal migration processes is discussed.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tissue culture cells ; Mycoplasma ; Light microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Morphometry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The host-parasite relationship of HeLa M cells artificially infected with a bovine species of Mycoplasma was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The use of morphometry to quantitate some of the findings was explored. The parasites were seen in locations extracellular to the cell surface. The detection of small numbers of organisms by light microscopy was well demonstrated by use of the fluorescent antibody technique. Scanning electron microscopy proved to be an excellent method for revealing the surface details of cell-parasite morphology. Ultra-thin sections showed that the parasites are aligned mostly parallel to the plasma membrane of the host cell but separated by a gap of 10 nm. Morphometry indicated an average of 69 organisms per cell surface occupying 1.7% of the surface area. An increase of 26% in diameter of the HeLa cells, possibly as a result of infection, was observed.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axons ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Neurones, afferent ; Nerve regeneration ; Spinal nerve roots
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    Notes: Summary Rat dorsal spinal nerve roots were cut and the tip on the ganglionic side of the cut was examined by scanning electron microscopy at 0, 7, 20 and 48 h after operation. Seven hours after cutting, free axonal sprouts had started to protrude from the cut end of the nerve. After 20 h the free sprouts were more profuse than at 7 h but were smaller and had a rougher surface. At both 7 and 20 h many of the sprouts consisted of a stalk 2–7 μm in diameter with a bulbous end 5–20 μm in diameter. A few branching sprouts were seen. At 48 h the sprouts were shrunken with a deeply furrowed surface. The significance of the surface structure of the sprouts is discussed.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymal epithelium ; Castration ; Androgen-substitution ; Japanese monkey ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The caput epididymidis from castrated and androgen-supplemented, castrated Japanese monkeys was observed with the scanning electron microscope. The experimental findings were compared with the normal structures in control animals. The epididymal lumen of control animals was lined by a tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium possessing long, slender stereocilia which were densely arranged in a tuft-like form. After castration, the epididymal epithelium was decreased in height to one-fifth of controls. The stereocilia were also considerably reduced in length and in number, resulting in a flattened epithelial surface with polygonal boundaries. Frequent projection of a long, single cilium from an epithelial cell into the lumen was also a prominent feature in the epididymal ducts of the castrated animals. Administration of testosterone to the castrated animals resulted in almost complete recovery of the epididymal epithelium as well as regeneration of the stereocilia which regained a tuft-like arrangement.
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 379-385 
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    Keywords: Compound eye ; Musca domestica ; Ommatidium ; Distal retinula ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Corneal lens ; Corneal pigment cell ; Pseudocone ; Semper cell ; Basement membrane
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal aspect of the housefly ommatidium was surveyed by the scanning electron microscope. Attention was directed to the somal eminence of the superior central cell and the lens to large pigment cell junction. The underside of each lens facet exhibits six hexagonally arranged incisures. Into each of these indentations are fitted several large pigment cells. This hexagonal indentation appears to be a tenacious anchorage. Two corneal pigment cells laterally encircle the pseudocone and at their proximal extension they enclose the Semper cells and neck of the retinula. The somal eminence of the superior central cell is about 10 μm from the base of the corneal pigment cell enclosure. Micrographs were used to construct a diagram of the ommatidium above the basement membrane. Suggestions are made as to the functional correlates of the observed ommatidial structures.
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chitons ; Receptors ; Shell surface ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The shells of the chitons Lepidochitona cinereus, Sypharochiton pelliserpentis, Amaurochiton glaucus and Onithochiton neglectus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In all species the surface terminations of the megalaesthete and micraesthete organs could be identified lying flush with the shell surface, as well as, lenses of the shell eyes in O. neglectus. Periostracal debris and encrusting diatoms were a usual feature of the shell surfaces. The micraesthete subsidiary caps normally appear featureless, but the megalaesthete apical caps sometimes appear to be perforated. The reasons for this perforate appearance are discussed and it is concluded that it provides no evidence for the normal passage of substances out of or into the megalaesthete.
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  • 46
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    Keywords: Hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region Bufo bufo (L.) ; Portal vessels ; Methyl-methacrylate casts ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of the toad Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) was studied by means of light- and scanning electron microscopy. Special attention was given to the portal vascular system of the median eminence and the pars distalis. Course and arrangement of these vessels are described.
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 377-385 
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    Keywords: Globiferous pedicellariae ; Psammechinus miliaris ; Microvilli ; Chemoreceptor ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The globiferous pedicellariae of Psammechinus miliaris are described. Two fixation methods giving minimal distortion and rapid tissue hardening were adapted for soft tissue preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The pedicellarial valves are covered by a microvillous epithelium. The outer valve epithelial microvilli overlying red spherulocytes in the epidermis are characterized by a filament matrix radiating out from each microvillus. These microvilli may function in epidermal absorption of organic solutes. The inner valve microvilli are more densely packed and the filament matrix is absent. Ciliation is confined to the inner valve surface where the cilia are concentrated to form a distal sensory pad and sensory hillock. Behavioural evidence suggests a chemo- and mechanosensory role for the inner valve surface.
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kupffer cell ; Endothelial cell ; Sinusoid ; Liver ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of Kupffer cells in the rat liver has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are both significantly different and clearly distinct from endothelial cells. Kupffer cells have neither pores (and/or “sieve plates”) nor fenestrations, all of which are present in endothelial cells. They possess a stellate shape, and only indirectly, with slender and irregular evaginations, contribute to the lining of the sinusoidal wall. Furthermore, the luminal surface in some areas contains a large population of short microvilli, microplicae and invaginations. These elements form a kind of microlabyrinth which may correspond to the “worm-like” structures described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, transition forms between endothelial and Kupffer cells were never found. On the contrary, considering the highly fenestrated nature of the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells may, by ameboid movements, easily cross the overlapping barrier of the sinusoid and protrude into the lumen. Thus, acting as activated macrophages, the Kupffer cells might function to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the tissues of the liver through the fragile and highly fenestrated endothelium. Finally, the topographical reconstruction of the sinusoid by correlated SEM and TEM studies demonstrates that Kupffer cells, with their protruding cytoplasm and ability to extend into the lumen of the sinusoid, may actually change the caliber of the vessel, and thus function as a “sphincter” which causes a temporary arrest of the blood flow when the diameter of the sinusoidal lumen is reduced.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junctions ; Appendicularia (Oikopleura dioica) ; Connective tissue fibrils ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Critical point dried and fractured appendicularia of the species Oikopleura dioica have been examined in the scanning electron microscope. The dorsal nerve cord with ganglion cells and peripheral nerve fibres could easily be observed. Thick peripheral nerve fibres leave the nerve cord as bilateral pairs at constant intervals along the tail. Most of these fibres branch from the naked nerve cord, but some evidently originate in ganglion perikarya bulging out from the nerve cord itself. These paired peripheral nerves always have elaborate end-arborizations on the medial surface of the lateral muscle cells. They are accordingly interpreted as motor axons. Some thinner peripheral nerve fibres originate at irregular intervals from both the nerve cord and the ganglion cells. Due to the numerous extracellular fibrils that connect the bilateral layers of the epidermal fins and the muscle cells to each other, these thin nerve fibres can seldom be traced to their termination. A few ones can, however, be traced ventrally between the notochord and the muscle cells and seem to end in singular bulb-like expansions. Clusters of synaptic vesicles are present in transmission electron micrographs of such nerves, and they are accordingly believed to carry efferent impulses. The extracellular fibrils are arranged in a highly ordered pattern with thick bundles crossing the gap between the structures to be interconnected and with numerous radiating insertions on the surface of the tissues.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Bone ; Cell culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Embryonic and young rat bone cells have been grown in culture and examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared with cells fixed in situ and taken directly from the animal, the cultured osteoblastic cells were smoother, flatter and more extensive and showed tighter intercellular contacts. Some matrix is formed in culture and undergoes at least partial mineralization as judged by the accumulation of Ca and P measured by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Findings concerning the morphology of the collagen arrangement were indecisive. Some superficial cells, free of surrounding matrix, resembled osteocytes in normal in vivo bone. This may indicate that a proportion of the extracellular matrix produced by the cultured cells failed to polymerise into recognizable bone matrix, and that osteocytic morphology is not dependent upon the physical characteristics of the bone matrix.
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    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit gametes ; Cryofractography ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Zona pellucida
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit ova fertilized in vitro were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing and critical-point drying methods and were also embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of a region of interaction between sperm and zona pellucida with scanning electron microscopy reveals the latter to be composed of a complex network of fibers interspersed with numerous pores. Transmission electron microscopy of the same region reveals a “typical” homogeneous composition of the zona pellucida. Ultrastructural observations of thin sections passing through the region of sperm-egg interactions or through other regions of the ovum or its investments reveals very little methodological distortion of the various intracellular organelles or matrix. Application of the procedures described provides not only an elucidation of surface detail but also reveals intracellular cytoplasmic information about the same specimen during in vitro fertilization.
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    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 449-465 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Cell surface ; Cell shape ; Calcitonin ; Parathyroid extract ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonate rat endocranial osteoblasts were cultured on their bone surfaces in control medium (CC) or medium to which either parathyroid extract (PTE) or calcitonin (CT) had been added for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h. Some were cultured for 24 h in CC, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CT or PTE medium; or for 24 h in PTE, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CC or CT; or 24 h in CT and 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in CC. The dorsal ruffling of the cells in CC was found to be suppressed by later culturing with PTE and the disoriented cells reorganized to form arrays of parallel cells. The effects of PTE were also reversed by CC or CT: the osteoblasts in the second culture (CC) lost elongation and order, and proceeded through a proliferative phase before exhibiting the ruffling form similar to a single CC 24 h culture. PTE-cultured osteoblasts showed an increase in cell overlap and contact so that a more competent barrier was formed separating the bone from the medium. In control or CT medium, however, intercellular gaps were greater than in vivo.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 534-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Isolated nerve fibres ; Neurokeratin ; Nodes of Ranvier ; Demyelination ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of normal myelinated nerve fibres prepared in different ways for scanning electron microscopy has been studied and compared with the surface features of similar fibres undergoing retrograde changes. Nodes of Ranvier, paranodal specializations, artefactual fractures of the myelin, and the endoneurial collagen sheaths are described. A regular pattern of elevations, usually with a pitted or depressed surface seen on normal myelinated fibres after certain preparative procedures are thought to be artefacts produced during preparation and to be related to the neurokeratin network. Alterations in the surface structure of fibres central to long-standing nerve transections include irregular protuberances, serial surface corrugations and large swellings, all associated with demyelination. Fibres that have undergone retrograde degeneration consist of endoneurial tubes with focal swellings occupied by macrophages or myelin debris, together with fine unmyelinated and small myelinated regenerating axons. Strict centrifugal progression of myelination of regenerating axons was not observed.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 336-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organ ; Sea trout ; Morphogenesis ; Ecological adaptations ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy has been employed to study the central axis and laminae of the olfactory rosette in adult sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta L.) caught in the River Umeälven when they were homing from sea.—Both flat sides of the primary laminae are secondarily folded all over their surface. In one organ there are about 200 secondary laminae usually arranged in longitudinal, parallel ridges crossing the surface of the primary laminae. Initially they are covered with sensory epithelium, but as the folds grow they become covered with an increasing area of indifferent ciliar epithelium with bushes of cilia separated by microvilli cells and goblet cells. Parts of the central axis and primary laminae have a nonciliar indifferent epithelium. The sensory epithelium has irregularly arranged cilia. Like those of the indifferent epithelium they have uniform thickness and granulated surface. The function of laminae, secretion and cilia is discussed.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Olfactory receptors ; Fish ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen sich mehrere, morphologisch unterschiedliche Rezeptoren in der Regio olfactoria des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus) unterscheiden. Dabei muß vorläufig offen bleiben, ob den morphologischen Varianten entsprechende funktionelle Unterschiede zuzuordnen sind. Auf den Lamellen der Riechrosette sind Sinneszellareale und in ihnen Flimmerzellgruppierungen zu beobachten. Die wechselnde Dichte der verschiedenen Rezeptoren in einzelnen Sinneszellarealen wird betont. Die Befunde werden zu Riechtheorien und zu der Frage in Beziehung gesetzt, ob es eine räumliche Zuordnung von Zonen des Riechepithels zu bestimmten Anteilen des Bulbus olfactorius gibt.
    Notes: Summary Investigations by scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the existence of several morphologically different types of olfactory receptors in Carassius auratus. The structural differences, however, do not allow a definite classification of sensory cells into functionally different elements. The olfactory organ has a central axis with lamellae emerging at both sides of it. On these lamellae sensory areas with densely packed receptor cells and with groups of ciliated cells exist. The terminals of the receptor cells show a great polymorphism of their surface. The morphologically different receptor cells are not equally distributed over the olfactory organ but differ from each other in quantity and density. The morphological results are discussed in relation to olfactory theories and in relation to the question whether there are topographical projections between the peripheral olfactory organ and the Bulbus olfactorius.
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 515-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Carotid body ; Cat ; Corrosion casting technique ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den arteriennahen, peripheren Bereichen des Glomus caroticum der Katze wurden arteriovenöse Verbindungen nachgewiesen, die ihrem Charakter nach unterschiedlich sind. Es ist allerdings noch nicht zu entscheiden, ob derartige Anastomosen regelmäßig vorkommen und wie sie funktionieren. Die beschriebenen Gefäßverbindungen konnten lichtmikroskopisch anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und mit Hilfe einer weiterentwickelten Korrosionstechnik im Rasterelektronenmikroskop dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary In artery surrounding areas in the periphery of the carotid body of the cat we found arteriovenous anastomoses differing in respect to their character. So far, it is not yet to decide the frequency of their occurrence and their functional significance. The anastomoses were demonstrated by light microscopy of serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy with a more developed corrosion casting technique.
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Internal surfaces ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The scanning electron microscope has been used to investigate the surfaces of epidermis, hair follicles, fat cells, glands and blood vessels in sections of human skin. The appearances of structures associated with these surfaces have been described. The results demonstrate that this new instrument can become an important tool in the investigation of surface changes that might accompany the application of loads (extensive, compressive or torsional), or physiological or pathological abnormalities.
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensorysur face ; Tentacles ; Sea anemones ; Corals ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Examination of the sensory surface of the tentacles of sea anemones and corals prepared by the Freon critical-point method has revealed three primary structures: ciliary cones consisting of a cilium surrounded by a cluster of shorter stereocilia, single long cilia, and microvilli. The ciliary cones occur on, and the single cilia and microvilli occur both on and between, the nematocyst- and spirocyst-bearing regions of the tentacles. The similarity of the anthozoan ciliary cones to the ciliary sensory structures in the lateral line, and the auditory and vestibular organs of vertebrates is noted and the possible functional significance of the coelenterate structures is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 467-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Islets ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The surfaces of isolated pancreatic islet cells were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Islets were isolated from the pancreas of Wistar rats by collagenase treatment and were incubated either in glucose-free medium or in 300 mg% glucose for one hour. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the media of both control and experimental preparations was assayed. Islets were then transferred to 4% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, and prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell masses average 200 μ in diameter. Alpha cells appear pyramidal in shape, are about 8 μ in diameter and appear in groups. Beta cells are round or oval in shape and have an average diameter of 10 μ. Glucose stimulation raised the IRI value tenfold and increased the number of blebs and other surface irregularities per unit area of beta cell surface. Comparison with transmission electron micrographs suggests that the blebs are related to the process of emiocytosis.
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney (rat) ; Uriniferous tubule ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of luminal surface of clearly identified portions of uriniferous tubules has been studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate some controversies concerning the topography of certain surface formations. The results show a characteristic pattern of the luminal surface in the region of Henle's loop, which was assumed by previous authors, to belong to the collecting tubule. Furthermore it is demonstrated that no cilia are present within the terminal portion of the collecting tubules.
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 499-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibroblast ; Human ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Aggregation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different stages during aggregation of diploid human skin fibroblasts have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. As a result of aggregation, fibroblasts form a complex tissue configuration. Numerous intercellular junctions can be observed, while the cells remain polygonal and do not develop an organised intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell division occurs only rarely. After aggregation, signs of progressive auto-digestion develop. Adhesion to a substrate results in outgrowth of the cells and monolayer formation, even when extensive cell damage had occurred. The morphology of fibroblasts in aggregates and in the monolayers, from which they were derived, is compared and the contribution of the aggregate system to the study of fibroblast behavior is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal glomerulus (Rat) ; Endothelial cells ; Blood capillaries ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat kidney was perfused with saline and glutaraldehyde, treated with Murakami's tannin-osmium impregnation method, ethanol-freeze cracked and dried by the critical point method. Gold-palladium evaporated specimens were observed in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The glomerular filtration membrane, fractured in different planes was observed with the following results: 1. Adjacent pedicles originate from different podocytes. No interpedicular bridges of apparent cytoplasmic nature could be found. 2. The basement membrane, in grazing fractures shows a horizontally layered architecture. 3. The attenuated endothelial sheet (lamina fenestrata) is divided into compartments, which we suggest should be called “areolae fenestratae”, by cytoplasmic crests radiating from the nucleated portion of the endothelial cell. A crest also occurs along the cell margin, which contacts a similar crest at the margin of the adjacent cell. 4. The pores in the areolae fenestratae are variable in size (30−150 nm diameter). A knob-like projection from the apparently naked basement membrane is found in a portion of the pores. 5. Numerous microvilli may occur on the endothelium. Some of them anastomose and fuse with one another to form a net whose meshes appear identical with the endothelial pores. Domes and shelves formed of a fenestrated cytoplasmic sheet also occur above the ordinary level of the endothelial lining. A hypothesis implicating microvilli in partial renewal of the endothelial sheet is proposed. This study was assisted by Mr. K. Adachi of the SEM Laboratory at the Niigata University School of Medicine.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The luminal surface features and Junctional complexes from developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system have been studied by high-voltage electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Developing blood vessels exhibit three types of luminal projections; marginal folds or ridges at Junctional complexes, ridges not at Junctional complexes and microvilli. Both types of ridges are associated with troughs or depressions in the luminal surface of the endothelial cell. Those ridges not associated with Junctional complexes take part in the production of enclosed tunnels in the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Fusion of the external leaflets of Junctional complexes between adjacent endothelial cells occurred, initially, near the luminal surface of the blood vessel with other small fusion sites forming in the direction of the basal lamina secondarily. Further fusion activity to produce the zonula occludens type junction appeared to spread outwards from the smaller fusion sites.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Sheep ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep demonstrates areas of ciliated ependymal cells at the dorsal and middle third. The cilia of the dorsal portion of the ventricle have biconcave discs that are attached to each cilium by a slender stalk. The lower third and floor of the ventricular wall, as well as the pineal recess, are largely covered by ependymal cells that possess numerous microvilli with only a few isolated cilia scattered along cell surfaces. The infundibular recess is papillated with apical blebs of the ependymal cells that project into the lumen of the recess. Measurements of these surface elements indicate an average diameter of 0.28 μ for cilia, 0.10 μ for microvilli and 0.50 μ for the apical blebs of the infundibular recess. The functional significance of the regional differences in surface structures is discussed in relation to cerebrospinal fluid movement, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Histology ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 235-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost yolk sac ; Pericardial sac ; Chloride cell ; Osmoregulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le microscope électronique à balayage montre l'existence d'un réseau complexe de microcrêtes à la surface de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata. Cette étude permet également de préciser la localisation, l'aspect et la répartition des «cellules à chlorure» et de proposer un schéma tridimensionel de l'organisation infrastructurale de la paroi de la vésicule vitelline. Un choc osmotique détermine rapidement un mouvement d'étalement des cellules épithéliales sur la surface apicale libre des «cellules à chlorure». La signification de ces résultats est discutée en rapport avec le problème de l'osmorégulation embryonnaire chez les Poissons, en particulier chez les Cyprinodontes vivipares de la famille des Poeciliidae.
    Notes: Summary A complex network of microridges is revealed by scanning electron microscopical examination of the yolk sac and embryonic pericardial sac surface of Poecilia reticulata. This study also specifies the localization, aspect and distribution of “the chloride cells”. A tridimensional diagram of the ultrastructural organization of the yolk sac wall is suggested. Osmotic stress quickly induces an overlapping of adjacent epithelial cells on the free apical surface of the “chloride cells”. These findings are discussed in relation to the problem of embryonic osmoregulation in fishes and especially in viviparous Poeciliids.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 451-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pigment epithelium ; Photoreceptors ; Rana catesbiana ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retina and pigment epithelium of the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Fixed-dehydrated tissues were critical point dried with CO2, then cracked in the plane of the long axis of the photoreceptors. The cellular layers of the retina and the lateral surfaces of pigment epithelial cells were visualized. The four major types of frog photoreceptor were identified: red rod, green rod, single cone, and double cone. Cone myoids were observed to be contracted in light-adapted retinas and elongated in more dark adapted retinas.
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Articular cartilage ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Samples of articular cartilage from four different human joints were obtained at surgery. Serial scanning electron micrographs taken at a magnification of 1000× were used to reconstruct an 0.25 mm2 area of articular surface. Within these given areas both normal and degenerated portions were seen. This study supports the concept that the surface morphology of articular cartilage varies from joint to joint and from area to area within a joint. This information should be useful for the interpretation of light and electron micrographs, as well as histochemical and biochemical data.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated cells ; Mucous membranes ; Trachea ; Heat exposure ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The mucociliary system of the respiratory tract is easily influenced by temperature — and humidity variations in the surrounding air. A series of functional in vitro experiments on heat-exposed rabbit trachea has been performed. The present investigation deals with the corresponding morphological changes of tracheal surface structures after exposure to temperatures between 40°C and 50°C and at a constant humidity of approximately 90 per cent. The following pathological findings were observed at a temperature of 42°C: 1. Fusion of cilia in their distal ends after 20–45 min., 2. appearance of submembranous vesicles without visible matrix after 45–165 min., 3. disappearance of vesicles and a definite deterioration of ciliary structures after 165 min.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Saccus vasculosus ; Rainbow trout ; Osmoregulation ; Infundibular recess ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Injection of a saccus vasculosus homogenate from sea water adapted rainbow trout into the third brain ventricle of fresh-water rainbow trout increased the survival time of the latter in sea water of high salinity. This indicated an active role of saccus vasculosus in osmoregulation. Autoradiographic analysis of brains from injected fish that had received a saccus vasculosus homogenate from sea water adapted specimens, in which the coronet cells of saccus vasculosus had previously been labelled with 3H-glucoseamine, revealed actual incorporation of labelled material into brain cells, especially in the hypothalamic region. The intracellular distribution of labelled material in the coronet cells of rainbow trout labelled with 3H-glucoseamine strongly indicates that such material represents a secretory product; it is therefore probable that the observed incorporation of label into brain cells of injected fish actually reflects normal processing of material secreted from the coronet cells. In the scanning electron microscope, the inside wall of the third brain ventricle of the rainbow trout was in many areas found to be covered with cilia. These apparently serve to keep liquor in circulation. The observation, both in injected and control animals, of free globules among these cilia supports the idea of an intra-ventricular transport of detached coronet cell material to the infundibular recess, as indicated by the autoradiographic analysis.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Sinusoids ; Kupffer cells ; Spaces of Disse ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner surface of sinusoids and adjacent hepatocytes have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. The endothelial cells lining the sinusoids show large numbers of fenestrations which vary greatly in size and arrangement. Some are very small (0.1 μm) and arranged in clusters; others that are much larger (∼1.0 μm) are subdivided by slender strands of cytoplasm. At sites where the larger fenestrae are present it is evident that the endothelial lining of the sinusoid is double. This may represent a kind of structural assurance against complete breakdown of what seems to be a very thin and fragile endothelial wall. Junctions between adjacent endothelial cells have not been found in these preparations. The open continuity of the sinusoid is occasionally interrupted by slender extensions of cells morphologically distinct from the thin fenestrated endothelial cells. These possess a characteristically textured surface and are thought to represent stellate Kupffer cells. The SEM images describe the subendothelial Spaces of Disse as being larger and as having more extensive ramifications than is generally evident from transmission micrographs. The space, limited on one side by the hepatocyte with numerous microvilli and on the other by endothelial cells, appears actually to be only part of an extensive labyrinth of intercellular channels. These connect the more discrete Spaces of Disse and extend into the narrower spaces between the hepatocytes. The total effect of this system is to expose the greater part of the liver cell surface to the blood filtrate. Microvilli populate the hepatocyte surfaces except for narrow margins which border the bile canaliculi. Whether their presence coincides with the adsorbing surfaces and their absence with secreting surfaces can be decided best by experimental studies.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 301-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle ; Ovulation ; Cytoplasmic granules ; Papilloma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes of rabbit germinal epithelium at different times after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Surface cells far from follicles did not show any consistent changes after HCG. However, germinal cells on growing follicles increased in size, while their microvilli successively decreased in length and number and eventually disappeared. At six hours after HCG, the cells over the apex showed protruding blebs and vesicles. Pour hours later the surface cells at the base had increased from about 7 to 12 μ in diameter and the contours of intracellular round structures were just visible. Half-way up to the apex the surface cells were still larger and contained several prominent intracellular round structures. At the apex the cells were collapsed and occasionally missing just before rupture. As regards the interpretation of these findings and their relation to the mechanism of ovulation, much remains to be done. However, since distinct and consistent changes characteristic of the later stages before rupture were found, the scanning electron microscope appears to be a valuable and convenient tool to evaluate the effect of different substances or procedures on the ovulatory process.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 21-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell surface ; Dinoflagellata ; Gonyaulax ; Theca ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The theca of Gonyaulax polyedra has been studied by light- and scanning electron microscopy. 1. The plates of “old” cells have growth rims in a regular pattern. 2. The growth rims overlap the margins of the adjacent plates. From this observation a rule of plate overlap can be deduced for the whole theca. 3. The degree of sculpture seems to correspond with the age of the plate. 4. For ecdysis, the armour opens along a line, that follows the borders of definite plates. 5. On the surface of the “naked” protoplast the borders of the abandoned plates are indicated by ridges, which are interpreted to be remnants of the sutures, i.e. joined membranes of neighbouring pellicular alveoles. 6. “Naked” cells divide by constriction. 7. During division of armoured cells, the theca ruptures. The line, along which the plates of the ancestral skeleton separate (fission line), is indicated by differences in the degree of sculpture of “old” and “new” plates.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 125-141 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ductus cochlearis ; Lizard (Skink) ; Sensory hair cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The papilla basilaris of scincid lizards is relatively long, slightly curved or bowed, and characteristically has an apical terminal expansion. A limbus-attached tectorial membrane is present but is apparently not continuous with the tectorial material covering the hair cells of the papilla. The hair cells of the apical expansion are covered by a thick spongy mass of tectorial material, while the hair cells above (dorsal to) the apical region are covered by thickened tectorial material that is in the form of uniquely sculptured, twisted or folded drape-like masses (sallets). The surface of the basal (dorsal) quarter of the papilla is unusual in that it is concave rather than convex. The expanded terminals of the hair cell kinocilia are also unusual in being arrowhead-shaped. Kinocilial orientation of the non-apical papillary hair cells is simply bidirectional; the hair cells on each side of the papillary axial midline are oriented toward the midline. Kinocilial orientation of the hair cells of the apical expansion is more complex with the peripheral neural and abneural rows both being abneurally directed, and the central rows being at first neural in orientation, but becoming abneurally oriented as the apical tip is approached. At the apical tip region, most all hair cells are abneurally oriented.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 29-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Capacitation ; Uterus ; Acrosome Reaction ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of rabbit spermatozoa, fixed in situ (female reproductive tract) and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by critical point drying, was studied for as many as 36 hours post coitum. The findings demonstrate that 1) spermatozoa in the reproductive tract following coitus exist as a heterogenous, morphological population and 2) with time, shifts within this population from one predominant morphology to another take place. In the fresh ejaculate, most spermatozoa have intact surfaces free of membranous disruptions. With time, a process of labilization (denudation) of the membranes covering the acrosomal region occurs in a progressively larger proportion of spermatozoa. The labilization originates by a process of vesiculation and/or vacuolation and leads to the appearance of a series of small fenestrations or perforations of the surface membranes. The perforations coalesce, and gradually larger areas of the surface membranes are eroded such that by 15 hours post coitum, the outer acrosomal membrane, as well as other acrosomal areas, are to varying degrees, directly exposed to the uterine milieu. Secretory granules, picked up by cilia and transferred to the spermatozoa become localized over the acrosomal region shortly after coitus. The possible significance of these time-dependent, morphological events with the phenomena of capacitation and the “true” and “false” acrosome reactions are discussed.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 411-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Laminae ; Arthropod ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of etched pyramids of decapod crustacean cuticles with the scanning electron microscope indicates that laminae are continuous around the angles of the pyramids. This observation is in direct contrast to the result expected on Bouligand's (1965, 1971) hypothesis and suggests that laminae may be real structures.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Uroloncha domestica (Aves, Passeriformes) ; Photoreceptor-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4–11 μm in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular organ ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ of Rana temporaria shows that it has the aspect of an uneven crest-like structure consisting of numerous tightly-packed bulbs which protrude into the cavity of the third ventricle. From the comparison with transmission electron micrographs it is concluded that these bulbs are the ventricular end-bulbs of the dendrites of the nerve cells of the paraventricular organ. At its apical part, the typical aspect of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ sharply contrasts with the surrounding ependymal surface which is covered with numerous cilia.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 425-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Crystalline lens ; Microphthalmos
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    Notes: Summary The surface features of cortical fibers from lenses of normal adult rats and microphthalmic rats of the Browman strain have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the normal lenses, superficial cortical fibers follow a straight course from inner to outer pole whereas the deeper cortical fibers, while straight near the poles, pursue an undulating or zig-zag course at and near the equator. Almost all of the fibers are hexagonal in cross section and all fibers throughout their entire length are bound by interdigitating processes at each corner of the hexagon to corners of two adjacent fibers. Some fibers are also affixed by a single row of ball and socket junctions located on their broad outer and inner surfaces. Lens fibers from Browman rats display both minor and major abnormalities. These included segmentation, formation of incisures and lateral protrusions, corrugation and villous-like alteration of the broad fiber surface and development of parallel ridges on broad surfaces in a basket-weave pattern.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Haplochromis burtoni ; Photoreceptor cells ; Light-adaption, dark-adaption ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The photoreceptor layer in the retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Three types of receptors were identified: rods, single-cones and double-cones. The three-dimensional arrangement of these photoreceptors is described in the light- and dark-adapted retina. The surface of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells displays fine vertical fissures which give rise to slender processes. These so called calycal processes which are of different lengths in rods and cones, surround the beginning of the smooth-surfaced outer segment. The myoid, the contractile part of the receptor, which is located beneath the ellipsoid, was examined in the single-cones of the dark-adapted retina. It is a slender structure with surface infoldings. The myoid, studied by transmission electron microscopy, contains bundles of parallel myofilaments, which are thought to be contractile.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 525-534 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Insects ; Innervation ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the salivary gland of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) has been investigated with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy of methylene blue stained glands reveals the presence of a dual innervation arising from the ventral nerve cord and the stomodeal nervous system; the principal innervation is that from the ventral nerve cord which passes to the gland via the reservoir ducts. Branches of these nerves form a plexus on the acinar surface, the axons of which exhibit swelling at irregular intervals. The presence of this surface plexus and the axonal swellings was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy both in normal glands and in those in which the basal lamina had been removed by means of an HCl-collagenase digestion method. No acinar plexus was seen to be formed by branches of the stomatogastric nerve that were associated with the gland. However, other branches of this nerve were clearly connected with a complex network of multipolar neurones on the surfaces of the anterior regions of both salivary reservoirs.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 95-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephric nephron ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rabbitembryo ; Wolffian body
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    Notes: Summary The luminal surface ultrastructure of the mature mesonephric nephron in 18 day rabbit embryos was studied in order to classify the nephron segments and to compare them with their metanephric counterparts. The proximal tubule has two slightly different segments. Its brush-bordered cells, with lateral ridges and basal microvilli (revealed in disjoined cells) exhibit structural principles similar to those of metanephric cells. The short distal tubule, starting with an abrupt border, cannot be subdivided. Its surface differs from one specimen to the next; the various cellular patterns are regarded as different functional states rather than evidence of a true cellular heterogeneity. Cells with leaf-like meandering borders correspond to similar metanephric cells favoring a paracellular transport mechanism. The collecting tubule shares common features with the metanephric collecting duct in spite of its different origin. Among principal cells, clearly demarcated by marginal microvillous rows and studded with sparse apical microvilli, non-ciliated and strongly bulging intercalated cells occur in small numbers. The latter have exaggerated, sometimes branched microvilli, and occasional microplicae. In the Wolffian duct, which has no metanephric counterpart, the single cilia dominate the picture of a homogeneous cell population. Apical globular protrusions of the tubular epithelia, which have been depicted in almost every paper on the mesonephros, are all fixation artefacts that can only be avoided by properly perfusing the living embryo.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 409-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rete testis ; Human ; Histophysiology ; Chordae retis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human rete testis was examined with regard to 1) the number and distribution of entrances of seminiferous tubules, 2) the light microscopic topography and 3) details of the passages as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a newborn 1474 entrances were counted, approximately 50 % entering from the right and 50 % from the left of the central long axis. Three major subdivisions of the rete were distinguished and described: a septal (or interlobular) part represented by tubuli recti, a tunical (or mediastinal) part which is a true network of channels, and an extratesticular part characterized by dilatations (up to 3 mm wide) which we have called bullae retis. In SEM, cylindrical strands running from wall to wall in the tunical and extratesticular rete spaces are a prominent feature. We have called these chordae retis. They are covered by epithelium and are 5–40 μm wide and 15 to more than 100 μm long. They contain a peculiar tissue consisting of central myoid cells in a fibroelastic matrix. The smaller chordae are avascular. In the light of these findings the rete is interpreted as a highly complex myoelastic sponge. Its function is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 539-548 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog skin ; Respiratory capillaries ; Capillary networks ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of Rana esculenta L. were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy with particular reference to the subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries. Due to the fact that arteries and veins lie in the deeper layers of the stratum spongiosum of the corium, the respiratory vessels form a morphologically homogeneous network. Functionally, however, this network is subdivided into small areas with a centripetal direction of blood flow. The deep capillary net, situated at the base of the stratum compactum of the corium, is not so dense as the respiratory network and does not directly communicate with it. Alveolar glands of the skin have no effect on the distribution of capillaries in the two networks.
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chicken
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    Notes: Summary Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of “sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation”, displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 409-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface
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    Notes: Summary PtK2 cells were studied with scanning electron microscopy to record changes on the cell surface during mitosis and cytokinesis. During prophase, prometaphase and metaphase, the cells remain very flat with few microvilli on their surfaces. In anaphase cells, there is a marked increase in the number of microvilli, most of which are clumped over the separating chromosomes and polar regions of the mitotic spindle leaving the surface of the interzonal spindle region relatively smooth. Microvilli appear over the interzonal spindle region in telophase and the cells also increase in height. At the beginning of cleavage, the distribution of microvilli is roughly uniform over the surface but it becomes asymmetric at the completion of cleav-age when the daughter cells begin to spread. At this time most microvilli are over the daughter nuclei and the surfaces that border the former cleavage furrow. The regions of the daughter cells distal to the furrow are the first to spread and their surfaces have very few microvilli. When chromosome movement is inhibited by either Nocodazole or Taxol, microvilli formation is inhibited on the arrested cells. Nevertheless cell rounding still takes place in the normal time period. It is concluded from these observations that the signal for the onset of chromosome movement in anaphase is accompanied by a signal for the formation of microvilli. It is suggested that there is also a separate signal for the cell-rounding event in mitosis and that microvilli do not play a role in this contractile process.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephros ; Lamprey ; Renal corpuscle ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal corpuscle of the lamprey mesonephros was studied under the scanning electron microscope. Bowman's capsules with individual spaces are chockshaped sacs closely packed together along a medial artery. The lateral walls of the capsules are apposed to those of neighbouring capsules. Glomerular capillaries from the medial artery extend radially between the apposed walls of neighbouring Bowman's capsules. Bulgings of capillaries into the capsular space are associated with mesangial folds of the capsular epithelium. The transitional zone of the visceral layer with podocytes and the parietal layer of squamous epithelium is bounded by linearly arranged rod-shaped epithelial cells. Apertures of the urinary tubule are lined by cells equipped with a fascicle of cilia.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 375-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Skin ; Toad, frog ; Water flow ; Na transport ; Vasopressin ; Cytochalasin B ; Microfilaments ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morpho-functional study of the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on Na and water transport was made in amphibian epithelia. The functional studies confirmed the dissociation of the natriferic and hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin in toad urinary bladders exposed to CB and showed in addition that the block of the hydrosmotic effect was reversible and could still be induced in epithelia maximally stimulated with the hormone. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CB, per se, did not alter the apical surface of the bladders. An almost total loss of microvilli of granular cells was seen, however, if CB was associated with vasopressin and an osmotic gradient. The results suggest two points: a) the block of the hydrosmotic flow induced by CB is due to factors beyond the apical membrane; b) microfilaments may be important mechanochemical transducers in the chain of events leading to the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelial cell ; Exocrine gland ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By removing connective tissue components with enzymatic digestion followed by HCl-hydrolysis, myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the terminal portion in a variety of exocrine glands of the rat were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The profile of MECs varied considerably from gland to gland; MECs in the lactating mammary gland have a few long cytoplasmic processes in close contact with those of adjacent cells forming a continuous network around the terminal portion. Those of the exorbital lacrimal gland are stellate with many thin radiating processes with tapered ends that terminate freely. MECs in the sublingual gland are characterized by a number of broad and extensive cellular processes. MECs in the submandibular gland are similar in appearance to those of the exorbital lacrimal gland, but with more extensive cellular processes that form a more or less continuous network with those of the adjacent cells. No MECs were observed on the terminal portion of the parotid gland where the cells appear to be lodged on the intercalated duct. The relative surface area covered by MECs per terminal portion was also found to vary significantly, being 24% in the lactating mammary, 17% in the exorbital lacrimal, 48% in the sublingual, and 25% in the submandibular glands. The findings are discussed in relation to the physical properties of secretions in different glands.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Human ejaculate ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa from fertile and infertile human ejaculates were observed under the scanning electron microscope. A parallel study of sections was performed by transmission electron microscope. The normal head shows under the scanning electron microscope vesicular elevations in the region of the acrosome and a smooth and rigid appearance corresponding to the postnuclear cap whose occurrence is confirmed under the transmission electron microscope. Immediately anterior to this cap a shallow furrow transverses the head. Duplicated, unusually large or small and deformed heads are found under the scanning electron microscope. Most of these abnormal heads show no surface structure suggesting an acrosome. The neck and middle piece are occasionally, though frequently in abnormal spermatozoa, covered by a cytoplasmic droplet. Otherwise, the mitochondrial sheath is recognized under the scanning electron microscope as a beaded thickening in the middle piece. The lack of mitochondria is manifested by a smooth middle piece thinner than the principal portion. Transmission electron microscopy of sections reveals various types of anomalies in the number of cores, core filaments and mitochondria embedded in the cytoplasmic droplets. Abnormalities in the principal portion of the tail such as duplication, unusual thickness and length are shown under the scanning electron microscope. The investigation indicates that scanning electron microscopy is suited for the clinical as well as cytological examination of human ejaculate spermatozoa.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Movements ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Some properties of normal and stimulated peritoneal macrophages have been studied using light microscopy, cinemicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. No difference in the overall rate of translational movement was found between normal and stimulated cells. Macrophages were found to settle on glass by a process involving initial protrusion of very fine finger-like processes, followed by veils. Full extension occurred sooner in stimulated cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 647-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Classification of chorionic villi ; Fixed stromal cells ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in fixed stromal cells and Hofbauer cells were studied throughout pregnancy in different types of placental chorionic villi by scanning electron microscopy. In the mesenchymal villus the fixed stromal cells were characterized by thin cytoplasmic processes. Hofbauer cells exhibited blebs on their surface. Large sail-like processes with a crescent profile which surrounded well developed stromal channels and a small cell body typified the small reticulum cells of the immature intermediate villus. The Hofbauer cells here displayed blebs, microplicae and large lamellipodia. Short cytoplasmic expansions and a large cell body characterized the fibroblasts present inside the stem villus. Hofbauer cells were rare, having blebs or a few short lamellipodia. The mature intermediate villus contained small and large reticulum cells. The latter had a much larger cell body than the small ones and displayed a few short cytoplasmic processes partly delimiting narrow incomplete stromal channels. Occasional Hofbauer cells with small microplicae and/or blebs were present. The small reticulum cells and fibroblasts present in the terminal villus showed similar morphological features as above. However, the former exhibited less developed cytoplasmic extensions and therefore no stromal channels were observed. In the terminal villus, the morphology of the rare Hofbauer cells was similar to that found in the mature intermediate villus.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Mitochondria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As seen by scanning electron microscopy, the mitochondrial helix in the developing midpiece of mouse testicular spermatozoa is dextral in direction and consists of spherical mitochondrial units arranged in an orderly array of four units per gyre: three appearing in face view and a fourth hidden from view at the back of the gyre. As the spermatozoa mature, the dextral helix is transformed into a sinistral helix. Its constituent spherical mitochondria either change direction abruptly without changing shape; or having first become semilunar or diamond-shaped, they change direction gradually. Mitochondrial division follows the change in helical pitch producing a double sinistral helix. The spherical (or semilunar/diamond-shaped) mitochondria presumably elongate to form the units of the mature midpiece.
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 585-591 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder, toad ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Hypertonicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coincident with an increase in the water permeability of toad urinary bladder induced by serosal hypertonicity, a transformation of the ridge-like surface structures of the granular cells into individual microvillous structures occurs. This study was initiated to establish whether the transformation is mediated by the cytoskeletal network and, thus, can be prevented by disruption of microtubulemicrofilament function with colchicine or cytochalasin B (CB). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the characteristic branching ridges on granular cells of control bladder incubated with colchicine or CB. In contrast, transformation of ridges to discrete microvilli was observed in experimental bladders exposed to serosal hypertonicity alone or in combination with either colchicine or CB. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying hypertonicity-induced surface changes which are associated with increased water permeability does not involve either microtubules or microfilaments.
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal body ; Freeze-fracturing ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Wistar rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Heart ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Thin sections ; Freeze-fracturing ; Macaca fuscata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mitochondria in monkey myocardial cells was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thin sections and freeze-fracturing. Mitochondria with well-developed cristae were distributed around the nucleus, between the myofibrils and beneath the sarcolemma. Those clustered near the the poles of the nucleus were generally spherical in shape. Interfibrillar mitochondia were arranged in longitudinal rows between the myofibrils, were elongated and usually about the same length as a sarcomere. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria varied in size and shape, being rod-like, spherical, polygonal or horseshoe-like. There were usually two profiles of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in each section of sarcomere, although sometimes one or three occurred, and they were typically oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils. These morphological differences among mitochondria could reflect functional and/or mechanical properties in the various cellular locations.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 647-654 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mast cells ; Regeneration ; Exocytosis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell-surface morphology of regenerating mast cells was followed over a period of 48 h after histamine release. Control cells (not stimulated to secrete) were characterized by anastomosing folds of membrane of equal depth and width. During exocytosis these folds disappeared and were replaced by deep cup-shaped flaps of membrane evident in cells incubated for 10 min. During the first hours of regeneration these flaps fused mutually or with the plasma membrane. This activity suggests membrane retrieval, maybe specifically recycling the granule-type patches of membrane. Membrane-fusion activity was observed to some degree also after extended incubation. After 48 h of incubation the regeneration process was still not completed, as indicated by the fact that holes leading to intracellular cavities could still be found.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Third ventricle ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.
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  • 100
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 501-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Eye ; Dolphins ; Whales ; Irido-corned angle ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the structure and distribution of encapsulated corpuscles (corpuscles of Rochon-Duvigneaud) in the irido-corneal (anterior chamber) angle in 42 adult eyes from nine species of odontocete cetaceans representing each of the five families in this group indicates a diversity of form and function. The corpuscles occur as single features or multiple groupings with each species having a distinct pattern. No definite phylogenic or environmental patterns were seen although sometimes there were similarities among related genera. The neural structure of the angle suggests that these receptors probably respond to a variety of stimuli including intraocular pressure, vitreous displacements, external muscular force applied to the sclera and cornea, and changes in the volume of the massive iris/choroid vascular system.
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