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  • Articles  (88)
  • pollution  (56)
  • cadmium  (33)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (88)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (88)
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  • Articles  (88)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulating a Polluting Firm Under Asymmetric Information (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 10 (1997), S. 267-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Laffont-Tirole model ; tax generation ; tax schemes ; pollution ; regulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reinterprets the Laffont-Tirole model of regulation under asymmetric information to cover the case of pollution control. The asymmetry of information concerns the firm's cost of lowering its pollution. The regulator has three objectives: Ensuring an efficient abatement level, generating 'green taxes' and securing the survival of the firm. We show that when optimal abatement is important relative to tax generation, the regulator cannot use the policy of offering the firm a set of linear tax schemes from which to choose. By contrast, this policy is optimal in the Laffont-Tirole model under certain not very restrictive assumptions. We proceed to establish a simple rule for when to shut-down inefficient types. In an example with specific functional forms, we derive the optimal tax function both analytically and graphically. We show the effect on the optimal tax system of a change in a technological parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026471117727
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desorption-complexation-dissolution characteristics of adsorbed cadmium from kaolin by chelators (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 86 (1996), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Kaolin ; cadmium ; nta ; edta ; egta ; dcyta ; zeta potential ; desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to provide a sound experimental background for the remediation of metal-contaminated soil by chelators, the desorption/complexation/dissolution characteristics of Cd from kaolin as a representative soil component by four chelators (NTA, EDTA, EGTA and DCyTA) have been investigated as a function of solution pH. For all chelating agents under examination, the ratio of Cd (desorbed from kaolin) to chelator was found to be 1:1. The chelation/dissolution of Cd was strongly dependent on the solution pH for NTA and EDTA. In the NTA system, 100% Cd dissolution occurred only at a pH = 8 and pH 〈 3.2; under weakly acidic conditions only 45% of the Cd on kaolin was dissolved due to readsorption of CdNTA- complex on kaolin. At a pH ≥ 10, Cd dissolution decreased, due to Cd hydroxide precipitation. Only 85% of the total Cd on kaolin desorbed under weakly acidic conditions in the EDTA system, indicating metal complex readsorption similar to that found in the Cd-NTA system. Zeta potential measurements showed that the surface charge of Cd-loaded kaolin became more negative after addition of EDTA and NTA with a shift in the pH at the point of zero charge to a lower value. As compared to the EDTA and NTA systems, DCyTA and EGTA complexed strongly with Cd (100% Cd dissolution) over a wide pH range (2.5–12.0). The zeta potential of kaolin did not change and no Cd readsorption was found after addition of EGTA and DCyTA. The capacity of the four chelators for removing Cd from kaolin was found to be in the order DCyTA 〉 EGTA 〉 EDTA 〉 NTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279144
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental Distribution in a Sedimentary Deposit on the Shelf Off the Tagus Estuary (Portugal) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 507-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: elemental composition ; fine sediments ; Tagus ; Atlantic shelf ; sediment transport ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Tagus estuary, located at the western Iberian coast in front of Lisbon is the largest one in Portugal, where it drains highly populated and industrialised regions. The amount of sediment transported by this river is so great that the submarine delta is one of the largest in the Iberian margin, very well defined and reaching the 70m isobath. The geochemical pattern of the muddy deposit off the Tagus river has been determined by elemental analyses of bulk surficial sediments, collected at the Portuguese margin adjacent to the Tagus estuary. Measurements were carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). Sediments were usually composed of fine particles (silts and clays) and were high in organic matter (measured as loss on ignition). Elemental concentrations for Zn and Pb clearly indicate an estuarine contamination probably associated with discharges from urban centers or due to the influence of the industries located downstream. Apparently the depletion on the Cu contents is caused by its release (soluble complexes) into the marine environment. Variations observed in the elemental distribution of the sediments off the Tagus with distance from the estuary seem to be dependent on the grain size distribution related to the dynamics of the sediment transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018355810082
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the mossSphagnum papillosum Lindle (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: moss ; cadmium ; chromium ; zinc ; bioindicators ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn bySphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bog water was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living and dead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake rates from single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competition between the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10−10 to 10−7 M). Metal uptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionized water (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organic matter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) or complexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potential of using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experiments are the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metal concentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators of environmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly and directly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404764
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404766
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The state of pollution levels of Karachi harbour and adjoining coastal water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pollution ; harbour ; coastal waters ; organic leading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study was carried out recently to determine the pollution level of waters in the Karachi harbour and adjoining backwaters. Nine locations were selected, four in the backwaters, two on the seaside, and three in the main navigable channel. Four of these locations were deliberately selected to coincide with those of a previous study conducted in 1982 by Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) so that the values for the concentration of different pollutants could be compared. Analysis was conducted for pH, bicarbonates, Total Solids, Volatile matter in Total Solids, Chlorides, Sulphates, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. The results indicate that the composition of sea water as far as the concentration of above constituents is concerned has not changed much since the time of the PCSIR study, viz 1982, except that the organic matter concentration has increased. The reasons for this increase in organic loading and its possible impact are discussed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407096
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface in the venice canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic ; metal ; residual inetal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques I ) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer, 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal Traps pennitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged, a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406865
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation and application of a fugacity model to explain the partitioning of contaminants in the St. Lawrence River valley (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pesticide ; PAH ; PCB ; pollution ; principal components analysis ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A fugacity-based model to explain the partitioning of contaminants in the environment is evaluated. Using emission inventories, air and water concentrations predicted by the model for the southwestern Québec region generally agree with field data for phenanthrene,α-HCH, lindane, and DDT. For pyrene, air concentrations are in agreement but water concentrations were in error by a factor of nearly 20. There is also a possibility for using the model to predict emissions from known air and water concentrations. The model was run over 120 times each for phenanthrene, HCB, and lindane while randomly varying the input parameters each time. A Principal Components Analysis and a partial correlation analysis indicate that certain input parameters are more important for some compounds than for others and that log K ow is the physical-chemical property of greatest importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407474
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring nitrogen pollution from sugarcane runoff using15N analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production area. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in15N/14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N ratios. FertilizerN draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L−1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ 15N value was +18.6±7.1‰ and the NO 3 − -δ 15N mean was +8.3±3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 − -δ 15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047046
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON (HCB, DDTs AND PCBs LEVELS IN CETACEANS STRANDED ALONG THE ITALIAN COASTS: AN OVERVIEW (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 45 (1997), S. 129-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: chlorinated hydrocarbons ; pollution ; cetaceans ; marine mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of HCB, DDTs and PCBs in the tissues andorgans of cetaceans ( Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Balaenoptera physalus, Steno bredanensis}, Grampus griseus} and Globicephala melaena) strandedalong the Italian coasts in the period 1987–1993 are reported. The values are compared between speciesand between specimens of the samespecies. Chlorinated hydrocarbon (CH) levels were found toincrease in relation to the quantity andtype of lipids in each tissue and organ. Differences inaccumulation encountered in the differentspecies are principally due to different feeding habitats.Remarkable differences found between malesand females of each species confirm that during gestation andlactation, females undergo disintoxication by passing much of their total burden of CHs to their young.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005786627533
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Blue Green Algal Bloom in the Nearshore Waters of Cukai Bay Facing the South China Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: aquaculture ; bloom ; coastal ; cyanophyta ; nutrient ; plankton ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since the early 1990's, large areas of mangrove forest along the nearshore waters of Cukai bay had been cleared to give way for the development of aquaculture activities, human settlement and setting up of new small scale fish processing industries. The Cukai bay, facing the South China Sea, has inflows from the Cukai river estuaries and other numerous small river tributaries. The water quality examined (April 1993 to March 1994) in the bay indicated that the ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus contents were high during the pre-wet monsoon (October 1993) with values of 28.2, 30.1 and 29.6 μg L-1, respectively. The source of nutrients in the estuary were from the newly established fish processing cottage industries, nearby fish culture activities, agro-based effluents (mainly fertilisers from surrounding paddy plantations), untreated human (from nearby villages) and animal wastes (from domestic cattle and goat farms) and siltation due to erosion from land development. The main bulk of the microplankton were comprised of diatoms, dinoflagellates, ciliophora and blue green algae. The blue green algae encountered were species of Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormodium and Trichodesmium while those of diatom were species of Asterionella, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Navicula and Nitzschia. Peak microplankton production in the water column occurred in October 1993, reaching a maximum value of 173 μg C L-1 d-1. This comprised primarily of the blue green alga, Trichodesmium thiebautii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006024203694
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura using indicator geostatistics (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; threshold ; geostatistics ; indicators ; kriging ; risk ; Swiss Jura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The probability that the concentrations of toxic substances in soil or other medium exceed tolerablemaxima at any unsampled place can be estimated by indicator geostatistics. The method is developed and used to estimate and map the risk of contamination by cadmium, copper and lead in the topsoil of a 14.5 km 2 region in the Swiss Jura. It combines both direct measurements of metal concentrations and thecalibration of a geological map, and it shows that the risk of toxicity is least on Argovian rocks. Two approaches are proposed to divide a region into safe' and 'hazardous' zones on the basis of probability maps. The first declares as contaminated all places where the risk of contamination exceeds a given threshold. The second approach first evaluates the financial costs that might result from a wrongdeclaration, after which the site is allocated to a class so as to minimize that cost. The risk of exposure for humans and animals is generally greater for contaminated agricultural land than for forest soil, and so land use is taken into account in both procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018505924603
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sublethal effects of cadmium on arm regeneration in the burrowing brittlestar, Microphiopholis gracillima (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 115-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: sediment toxicity ; cadmium ; ophiuroidea ; regeneration ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: To assess the sublethal effects of sediment-bound cadmium on arm regeneration of Microphiopholis gracillima, a burrowing brittlestar, experiments were conducted to quantify the tissue and morphology of regenerating arms, the uptake of cadmium in various tissues and the effect M. gracillima had on the cadmium pools in muddy sediments. Regenerated arms of cadmium-exposed M. gracillima are thinner, with proportionally less soft and skeletal tissue and a greater number of developing ossicles than animals held in sediment without cadmium. Microphiopholis gracillima decreased pore water cadmium concentrations in muddy sediments. Uptake of cadmium in tissues dominated by the calcium carbonate endoskeleton was proportional to the measured sediment cadmium concentration, while concentrations in whole regenerating arms were more closely related to the pore water concentration. Both calcium and cadmium are accumulated in the early stages of arm regeneration with an apparent interaction which interferes with ossicle construction. Sediment-bound cadmium has a negative effect on the organism's recovery from sublethal tissue loss and, ultimately, its long-term survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119050
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  • 16
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    Environmental justice: A louisiana case study (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 9 (1996), S. 61-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: informed consent ; equity ; fairness ; Louisiana ; pollution ; racism ; radiation ; rights ; uranium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The paper begins with a brief analysis of the concepts of environmental justice and environmental racism and classism. The authors argue that pollution- and environment-related decision-making is prima facie wrong whenever it results in inequitable treatment of individuals on the basis of race or socio-economic status. The essay next surveys the history of the doctrine of free informed consent and argues that the consent of those affected is necessary for ensuring the fairness of decision-making for siting hazardous facilities. The paper also points out that equal opportunity to environmental protection and free informed consent are important rights. Finally, it presents a case study on the proposed uranium enrichment facility near Homer, Louisiana and argues that siting the plant would violate norms of distributive equity and free informed consent. It concludes that siting the facility is a case of environmental injustice and likely an example of environmental racism or classism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965670
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  • 17
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    Optimal pollution taxation in a Cournot duopoly (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 6 (1995), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Cournot duopoly ; Pigovian tax ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the optimal pollution tax in a competitive industry is equal to the marginal damage inflicted by the pollution. It has also been shown that the optimal pollution tax on a monopoly is less than the marginal damage. In this paper, I derive the optimal pollution tax for a Cournot duopoly. If firms have different production costs, the optimal tax rate may exceed the marginal damage. This is so because the tax may be an effective instrument for allocating production from the less to the more efficient firm. It is also shown that, if one firm has a positive most preferred pollution tax, the sum of consumer and producer surpluses will be declining in the tax at this level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691819
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  • 18
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    A Political Economy in an Ecological Web (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 11 (1998), S. 557-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: endangered species ; environmental policy ; pollution ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Behavior matters more to environmental policy than most people think. This paper illustrates why this point needs repeating in four ongoing policy debates in the United States – Children's health risk, ozone/particulate matter (PM), climate change, and endangered species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008280325604
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  • 19
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    ‘Dirty industries’: Patterns of change in industrial countries (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 467-491 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: green policy ; pollution ; relocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article concerns itself with the environmental role of heavily polluting industries since 1970, analysing its development in 11 basic industries, as well as electricity production and road transport, in 32 industrial countries. It argues for a green industrial policy, demonstrating that other mitigations of environmental pressure in industrial countries—end-of-pipe treatment, relocation to the Third World, structural change in the industrial sector and even environmentally oriented modernization—have so far been unable to solve the problems of ‘dirty industries’, although some approaches have shown (some) promise.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441762
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    An empirical analysis of air pollution emissions policy for the U.K. residential sector (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 8 (1996), S. 367-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: energy policy ; pollution ; resource conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an analysis of the U.K. government's air pollution emissions policy for the residential sector is undertaken. The analysis covers emissions arising from water and space heating, electric appliances and cooking appliances. Using an integrated economic-engineering model, the effects of the Energy Savings Trust and the imposition of Value Added Tax on residential fuel will be evaluated in terms of energy consumption and pollution emissions. It is found that the initial proposed policy was not sufficiently stringent to meet the government's environmental objectives, and that subsequent events have undermined the government's programme even further. Unless alternative policies are introduced, emissions from the residential sector will play an important role in jeopardizing the ability of the U.K. government to meet its international obligations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339083
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    Environmental policy instruments and imperfectly competitive international trade (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 7 (1996), S. 333-355 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environmental policy ; pollution ; strategic behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Policy makers, industrialists and environmentalists express concern that the imposition of tough environmental policies in some countries displaces production, and hence pollution, to countries which impose less tough environmental policies. Yet empirical studies of such impacts suggest they are small. However, these findings are derived from models in which international trade is modelled as being perfectly competitive. In this paper I model trade as imperfectly competitive with scope for strategic behavior by producers, in this case investment in capital. I show that the choice of environmental policy instrument can have a marked impact on the incentives for producers to act strategically, with environmental standards significantly reducing the incentives for strategic overinvestment relative to environmental taxes or no environmental policy at all. Whether welfare is higher using standards or taxes depends on whether producing countries are also significant consumers of the polluting product, and on whether all producing governments act to reduce emissions or only some subset of governments. To assess the quantitative significance of these theoretical results I conduct policy simulations on a calibrated model of the world fertilizer industry. These simulations show that the impact of environmental policy on strategic behaviour can be large.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369623
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    Pollution, abatement and balanced growth (1995)
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    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Endogenous growth ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of endogenous growth models with pollution often concentrates on steady state trajectories, under the assumption that the steady state is in some sense stable. In the present note we provide examples showing that this issue should be dealt with carefully. We use the Rebelo “Ak” model augmented with a stock of pollutants causing a negative externality. It is found that optimal growth is not necessarily balanced (contrary to the outcome of the standard Rebelo model). Moreover, the existence of the externality may affect long run optimal growth rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691906
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    Climate Change and Local Pollution Effects – An Integrated Approach (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 61-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; cost-benefit ; Hungary ; integrated assessment ; mitigation ; pollution ; discount rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Few studies on measures for mitigation of damage caused by man-made emissions to the environment have tried to consider all major effects. We illustrate the importance of an integrated approach by estimating costs and benefits of a proposed energy saving program for Hungary, originally designed to reduce CO2 emissions. The dominant benefit of implementing the program is likely to be reduced health damage from local pollutants. Also reduced costs of material damage and to a lesser extent vegetation damage contribute to make the net benefit considerable. Compared to the reduction in these local and regional effects, the benefits from reducing greenhouse gases are likely to be minor. Since local effects in general occur much earlier after measures have been implemented than effects of increased emissions of greenhouse gases, inclusion of local effects makes evaluation of climate policy less dependent on the choice of discount rate. In our opinion, similar results are likely for many measures originally designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases particularly in some areas in developing countries with high local pollution levels. Main uncertainties in the analysis, e.g. in the relationships between damage and pollution level, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009693719474
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    Pollution, food safety, and the distribution of knowledge (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 87-108 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: intracultural variation ; consensus analysis ; pollution ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human perceptions of the relationship between pollution and food safety are often haphazard and contradictory, based on a variety of sources of information. Recent media events concerning seafood and coastal pollution have generated concern that an otherwise healthy food— fish and shellfish—has become dangerous. We assess consumer knowledge about seafood safety and coastal pollution using several methods, including tests of cultural consensus. We find that consumers view seafood as far more threatened by pollution than scientific analysis suggests, due in part to their perceptions about the dynamics of the marine environment. Finding variation in perceptions within our population based on income and other factors, we explore the use of the cultural consensus approach in large and heterogeneous populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02167962
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    The United Kingdom national materials exposure programme (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2655-2660 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: materials ; buildings ; stone ; metal ; pollution ; decay ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1986, the National Materials Exposure Programme was set up within the United Kingdom to investigate the effects of acid deposition on buildings and building materials. Thirty sites were chosen, which represented a range of geographical and pollution climates. Each site met a minimum meteorological and pollution monitoring regime (including SO2, NO2). After four years, other sites were included (with less frequent data collection) and some sites removed. At each site, samples of 3 types of stone, mild steel, painted steel, Cu, Al and galvanised steel were exposed, with some of the stone sheltered from direct precipitation. Samples were removed periodically for analysis and dose-response relations derived for different materials. The empirical relationships derived are in the form of: decay rate=a [SO+] + b [H2] + c [rainfall] + d These dose response relations have been used to develop critical load maps for materials for the United Kingdom. Eight years of data have been collected, some for the UNECE task force programme. Laboratory tests using an Atmospheric Flow Chamber were also undertaken. Since the beginning of the programme addition materials have been exposed on some sites including mortars. A further set of eight sites has been used to assess the effects of ozone on a range of organic materials (for example polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, sealants). The paper presents up-to-date findings for the programme and confirms the dominance of dry deposition of sulphur dioxide as the main decay process for sensitive materials in areas of significant pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186235
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    ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM AND ZINC FROM DIFFUSE IMMISSION ON ACID SANDY SOILS, AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL COMPOSITION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131 μg g-1 zinc and 1.6 μg g-1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989 μg g-1 respectively 16.3 μg g-1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019297625144
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    Accumulation of cadmium and zinc from diffuse immission on acid sandy soils, as a function of soil composition (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131μg g−1 zinc and 1.6μg g−1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989μg g−1 respectively 16.3μg g−1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407193
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    The effect of cadmium on the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products at pH 8 (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 307-325 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ferrihydrite ; cadmium ; transformation ; crystallization ; wastewater solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ferrihydrite, prepared in the presence of 0 to 20 mole % Cd in the solution, was used to study the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products. The result showed that the presence of Cd strongly retards the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products, suppressing the formation of goethite and leading to a product which eventually consists entirely of hematite at pH 8 and at 70 °C. The fraction of hematite in the transformation products increased with increasing level of Cd in the system. When 9 mole % Cd was present, the transformation product consisted entirely of hematite. The chemical analysis and XRD data showed that Cd was incorporated into the lattice of iron oxides, Cd-hematite and Cd-goethite being formed. The mole % Cd which replaced iron in the iron oxides increased with increasing level of Cd in the system below 9 mole % Cd. Above this value, but below 20 mole % the mole % of Cd incorporated in the lattice of iron oxides was constant at about 2.9 mole %. The volume of the unit cell of Cd-goethite increased with increasing level of Cd in the system until the goethite production was entirely suppressed. The volume of the unit cell of Cd-hematite also increased with increasing level of Cd, below 9 mole % of Cd in the system. Above this value, it was constant. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed that the presence of Cd affected the morphology of hematite more than that of goethite. The goethite grew from ferrihydrite as acicular crystals independent of the amount of Cd in the system. The shape of hematite particles varied from irregular platelets with lower Cd level, to ellipsoids, with higher Cd level in the system, and it also suggested that Cd prevented the formation of goethite by hindering the dissolution of ferrihydrite rather than by interfering with nucleation and growth of goethite from solution. The rate of transformation was studied at pH 8, 50 °C and 70 °C. The transformations were first order reactions at both temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666266
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    Airborne lead pollution in Metropolitan Taipei (Republic of China) (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 375-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne lead determination ; pollution ; Taipei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To examine the spatial variation of airborne lead in Taipei, a field study was conducted during the summer and fall of 1991. Samples were collected 2–4 times daily at several sites for the determination of airborne lead. Results indicate that the average of air lead concentration of Taipei city is 0.70±0.39 μg/m3 and eighty-eight percent of particles are smaller than 10 pm. From high to low polluted area, the fine particle concentrations are 0.83, 0.51, 0.29 μg/m3 The lead concentration of particulates 〈 10 μm on 2nd, 7th, and 14th floors of a building are 0.75, 0.60, 0.55 μg/m3, and appears to be little difference among vertical dispersions. The air lead concentrations (da 〈 10 μm) on roadside, side walk and covered walk way from the vehicle emission source of a main road are 0.83, 0.78, 0.87 μg/m3 the highest is on the covered walk way. For lead concentrations (da 〈 10 μm) on the main street, side street and alley of an area are 0.34, 0.37, 0.35 μg/m3 the result indicates lead concentrations on these pathways are not significantly different.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666271
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    MONITORING NITROGEN POLLUTION FROM SUGARCANE RUNOFF USING 15N ANALYSIS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production areas. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in 15N14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO3 --N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 - -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ15N and NO 3 - -δ15N ratios. Fertilizer N draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 - -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L-1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ15N and NO 3 - -δ15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ15N value was +18.6 ± 7.1‰ and the NO 3 - -δ15N mean was +8.3 ± 3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 - -δ15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026483228623
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    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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    Accumulation of Cadmium, Chromium, and Zinc by the Moss Sphagnum Papillosum Lindle (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: moss ; cadmium ; chromium ; zinc ; bioindicators ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd,Cr, and Zn by Sphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bogwater was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living anddead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake ratesfrom single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competitionbetween the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10-10 to 10-7 M). Metaluptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionizedwater (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organicmatter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) orcomplexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potentialof using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experimentsare the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metalconcentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators ofenvironmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly anddirectly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.
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    Heavy metal contaminated soils in an old industrial area of Wales, Great Britain: Source identification through statistical data interpretation (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    INCREASED CADMIUM AVAILABILITY TO CROPS ON A SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026407720823
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    CADMIUM MOBILISATION UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ANAEROBIC TO AEROBIC TRANSITION IN A LANDFILL LEACHATE-POLLUTED AQUIFER (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 385-392 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; cadmium ; aquifer ; redox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.
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    Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage-sludge amended soil (1997)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
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    Elemental distribution in a sedimentary deposit on the shelf off the Tagus estuary (Portugal) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 507-514 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: elemental composition ; fine sediments ; Tagus ; Atlantic shelf ; sediment transport ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Tagus estuary, located at the western Iberian coast in front of Lisbon is the largest one in Portugal, where it drains highly populated and industrialised regions. The amount of sediment transported by this river is so great that the submarine delta is one of the largest in the Iberian margin, very well defined and reaching the 70m isobath. The geochemical pattern of the muddy deposit off the Tagus river has been determined by elemental analyses of bulk surficial sediments, collected at the Portuguese margin adjacent to the Tagus estuary. Measurements were carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). Sediments were usually composed of fine particles (silts and clays) and were high in organic matter (measured as loss on ignition). Elemental concentrations for Zn and Ph clearly indicate an estuarine contamination probably associated with discharges from urban centers or due to the influence of the industries located downstream. apparently the depletion on the Cu contents is caused by its release (soluble complexes) into the marine environment. Variations observed in the elemental distribution of the sediments of the Tagus with distance from the estuary seem to be dependent on the grain size distribution related to the dynamics of the sediment transport.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406890
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    The case for free market environmentalism (1995)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: free market ; coercion ; the common good ; pollution ; oversupply ; global warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Environmental Ethics is the ethics of how we humans are to relate to each other about the environment we live in. The best way to adjust inevitable differences among us in this respect is by private property. Each person takes the best care of what he owns, and ownership entails the free market, which enables people to make mutually advantageous trades with those who might use it even better. Public regulation, by contrast, becomes management in the interests of the regulators, or of special interests, such as lovers of rare species-not the people they're supposed to be serving.
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    Using isotopic tracers in lake sediments to assess atmospheric transport of lead in Eastern Canada (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 329-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; Ontario ; Quebec ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition of lead pollution in the environment provides information as to the source of emission. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio for Canadian industrial emissions (1.153±0.005) is significantly less than U.S. industrial emissions (1.213±0.008) making it possible to determine the relative contributions of emissions from both countries within Eastern North America by means of a simple isotopic mixing model. Profundal sediments in lakes chronicle contaminant inputs and are therefore useful monitors of environmental pollution. Surface sediment from 32 sediment cores across Quebec and Ontario, Canada were analyzed for 206Pb/207Pb to ascertain the relative proportions of Pb emission from Canada and the U.S.A. Data show that U.S. contributions to the total lead burden in surficial sediments across much of southern Quebec and Ontario are often in excess of 50%. Local sources were particularly important in the Eastern Township region of Quebec which lies 200 km south east of the city of Montreal. The results are discussed in relation to the major sources of industrial lead emissions in North America.
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    Seasonal Changes in Cystoseira Myrica and Phosphorus Input at Two Sites of the Red Sea Egyptian Coast (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cystoseira myrica ; Red Sea ; coral reefs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated phosphate concentrations at Safaga and Quseir, Red Sea, Egyptian coast, wererelated to some ecological and nutritional aspects of the macro-alga Cystoseira myrica during1985. The results obtained were compared with those recorded for a non-polluted control site atGhardaqa. Chemical analysis of surface seawater samples revealed that the concentrations of dissolvedphosphate at Safaga and Quseir were 3 and 20 times as much as that at Ghardaqa, respectively.The standing crop of C. myrica showed two peaks in spring and autumn. Maximum biomass yield(491 g m-2) and number of individuals (127 m-2) of C. myrica were recorded in the spring at theGhardaqa site. Quseir C. myrica samples contained significantly higher protein-N, total-N andtotal-P values but lower carbohydrate values than the Safaga and Ghardaqa samples (LSD at 1%level). Tissue N:P molar ratios for C. myrica, Laurencia papillosa and Ulva lactuca collected fromGhardaqa ranged from 68-98, compared to 30-59 for the same species collected at thephosphorus polluted sites at Safaga and Quseir. The carbon levels and the C:N ratios of C. myricaexhibited no significant variations in the three studied sites. However, the C:P ratios of Ghardaqaplants were significantly higher than those of Safaga and Quseir.
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    EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF A FUGACITY MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE PARTITIONING OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER VALLEY (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pesticide ; PAH ; PCB ; pollution ; principal components analysis ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A fugacity-based model to explain the partitioning of contaminants in the environment is evaluated. Using emission inventories, air and water concentrations predicted by the model for the southwestern Québec region generally agree with field data for phenanthrene, α-HCH, lindane, and DDT. For pyrene, air concentrations are in agreement but water concentrations were in error by a factor of nearly 20. There is also a possibility for using the model to predict emissions from known air and water concentrations. The model was run over 120 times each for phenanthrene, HCB, and lindane while randomly varying the input parameters each time. A Principal Components Analysis and a partial correlation analysis indicate that certain input parameters are more important for some compounds than for others and that log Kow is the physical-chemical property of greatest importance.
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    CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY IN SUBMERGED PLANT HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA (l.f.) ROYLE (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioassay ; cadmium ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity in relation tochlorophyll, protein, cysteine contents and in vivo nitrate reductaseactivity were studied under controlled conditions in Hydrillaverticillata, a submerged commonly occurring macrophyte. Plants weresubjected to six different concentrations of Cd ranging from 1.0 to 25.0 µM for 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. Tissue Cd concentration was maximum (13.71 µmoles/g dw) at 25 µM background concentration. At this concentration, a decrease of approximately 79 and 72% was found in chlorophyll and protein content. In vivo nitrate reductase activity was stimulated at 1.0 µM; however, the activity gradually declined beyond this concentration. Exposure to various cadmium concentrations resulted in an increase in cysteine content of the plant.
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    Tropical Coastal Organisms as Qualitative Indicators of Mercury and Organomercury for Sustainable Use of Living Resources (1999)
    Springer
    Environment, development and sustainability 1 (1999), S. 135-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2975
    Keywords: Biomonitoring ; bioindicator ; India ; macrobenthos ; mercury and organomercury ; pollution ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Organisms sensitive to ambient environment are used as bioindicators in monitoring pollution. The present investigation is designed to measure the extent of mercury and organomercury levels in selective biota of different trophic levels inhabiting in the coastal environment of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve, eastern part of India. The primary objective of this work is to provide baseline data for future environmental quality programme and to ascertain the suitability of these organisms to be used as bioindicator species of pollution. The seagrass (Porterasia coarctata), macrobenthos (polychaetes, gastropods and bivalve molluscs) and pelagic finfishes were collected from sites of different physiochemical characteristics. Concentration of total mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique (CVAAS) using a Perkin-Elmer 2380 AAS equipped with MHS 10. Both mercury and organomercury levels showed considerable interspecific and regional variations which reflected the feeding strategy of these animals and also the location of stations. The bivalve molluscs showed a high degree of organ-specificity in accumulation which might be attributed to the ion exchange activity of mucous membrane covering gill and mantle. Mercury levels in various compartments did not reveal any regular temporal variations but showed a slight increase in the late monsoon months indicating the apparent influence of river run-off and reduction in salinity in the ambient medium. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended in order to clarify the present trend and to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.
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    The slider turtle as an environmental sentinel: multiple tissue assays using flow cytometric analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 5-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Trachemys scripta ; flow cytometry ; biomarkers ; sentinel ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We used flow cytometry (FCM) to conduct a multiple-tissue assay on slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) inhabiting radioactive seepage basins. Duplicate samples of blood, heart, spleen and kidney were analysed on two different cytometers (Leitz MPV and Coulter Profile II), each employing distinct staining protocols (DAPI and PI, respectively). Both DAPI and PI assays of spleen cells demonstrated significantly greater variation in DNA content for the basin turtles than for ‘control’ animals from nearby, uncontaminated sites. Basin turtles also exhibited significant cell-cycle effects for blood and spleen, again revealed by both assays. These corroborative findings demonstrate the consistency and repeatability of FCM assays in environmental monitoring and identify the particularly sensitive nature of turtle blood and spleen to mutagenic agents. Our survey complements previous FCM studies on sliders from contaminated sites and thereby underscores the species' potential as a sentinel for biomarker assays.
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    Changes in uptake of calcium caused by phytotoxicity of cadmium in Salvinia molesta (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 9-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; calcium ; phyotoxicity ; Salvinia molesta ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effect of Ca on the uptake of Cd by root and leaves of Salvinia molesta was investigated at different time intervals and under different photoperiods. For detailed study on uptake and interaction, 15Ca and 109Cd were used and it was found that there was a higher uptake of 45Ca in the root and leaves at 48 h and a concurrent reduction in 109Cd content at 48 h suggesting alterations in Ca functions due to the phytotoxicity of Cd. Ultrastructural changes due to cadmium toxicity included swirling of thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts as well as detachment of the tips of trichomes from the leaf.
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    Effects of Cadmium on Parental Behaviour in Free-Living Willow Ptarmigan Hens (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; pollution ; parental behaviour ; chick survival ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have shown that elevated levels of Cd may negatively affect the behaviour of birds and mammals. However, these experiments were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and results from free-living populations have not been available. By using osmotic minipumps implanted subcutaneously in free-living willow ptarmigan hens, the effects of Cd contamination on parental behaviour were studied. When CdCl 2 (83.2 mg Cd/l) was administered, an increase in the Cd content in the liver and kidneys was achieved that was comparable to normal field levels. After hatching, the hens were followed by radio telemetry and parental behaviour was recorded when the broods were flushed. Chick survival up to 8–9 days was recorded. Cd-contaminated hens showed less distraction display and flew longer when flushed compared with control hens, although not significantly so. The Cd-contaminated hens had significantly lower chick survival than control hens.
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    Accumulation and Distribution of Cadmium in Willow Ptarmigan (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 457-465 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; accumulation ; long-range pollution ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) were studied in willow ptarmigan from a mountainous area in Central Norway. The highest concentrations were found in the kidneys. The liver also accumulated substantial amounts, but heart and breast muscles had low concentrations. There was a significant correlation between the Cd content and age in all tissues. The liver and kidneys showed a rapid increase in Cd content during the ptarmigan's first autumn and winter, but the accumulation seemed to level off when the bird passed its first year of life. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found among all four tissues, the strongest being between liver and kidneys, and the weakest between heart muscle and breast muscle. The ratio of cadmium in liver to cadmium in kidney was less than 1, which indicates a chronic low-level exposure situation. This ratio varied among seasons, being significantly higher in winter/spring than in summer/autumn. In general, the Cd content in the kidneys was approximately 7–10 times that of the liver. Breast muscle had a very low Cd content when the concentration of cadmium in the kidney was less than 75–80 mg kg-1 of Cd, but the content increased markedly when the kidney contained more Cd than this.
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    Technical Note: Using an Experimental Manipulation of Contaminants in Intertidal Sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: manipulative experiment ; heavy metal ; pollution ; soft-sediment ; benthic animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Manipulative experiments in the field are important tools, for improving understanding of disturbances, such as contaminants, causing environmental impacts. We tested a method to create patches of increased concentrations of metals in intertidal sediments. The method produced persistent concentrations of metals, which were as large as those observed in contaminated areas and it appears to be applicable in different habitats. The utility of this technique as a tool to improve predictions about environmental effects needs to be evaluated by repeated experimentation.
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    Temporal Changes in Cadmium, Thallium, and Vanadium Mobility in Soil and Phytoavailability under Field Conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioavailability ; bush bean ; cadmium ; contamination ; heavy metal ; industrial waste ; mobility ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; sandy soil ; Savannah River Site ; soil ; thallium ; vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted over a 30 mo period to examine movement of Cd, Tl, and V through the profile of a Coastal Plain soil (Typic Kandiudult) and the availability of these trace metals to bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. The metals were applied to field plots as dissolved salts and mixed into the surface 7.5 cm. The greatest concentration of all three metals was observed in the surface soils, with a steep decrease occurring down to the 7.5 to 15 cm depth. Thallium was the most mobile of the three metals; approximately 15% of the applied Tl and 〈3% of the applied Cd and V moved below the surface 7.5-cm region during the 30-mo experiment. Extractable concentrations of all three metals in the surface soils decreased significantly (P ≤0.05) during the initial 18 mo after treatment. No further decrease occurred between 18 and 30 mo. The presence of Al- and Fe-oxides and small amounts of clay minerals and organic matter in this highly-weathered, low cation-exchange soil were likely responsible for the retention of the trace metals. Bioavailability, as measured by concentrations and total amounts of metals in root and aboveground tissues of plants, did not change significantly between 18 and 30 mo. These data suggest that bioavailability of Cd, Tl, and V decreased over time as a result of transformation of these elements into unavailable forms and not to leaching. These changes in bioavailability occurred soon after application, becoming negligible after 18 mo.
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    Invertebrates in Woodlands Polluted by Heavy Metals – – An Evaluation Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 17-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aranaea ; Carabidae ; CCA ; Diplopoda ; heavy metal ; invertebrates ; Opiliones ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ground running invertebrates were sampled by pitfall trapping in woodlands with high and low aerial pollution by heavy metals. Principal component analysis calculated for the environmental variables showed degree of metal contamination to be the most important difference between the sites. Calculation of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for different groups of animals e.g. Diplopoda, Opiliones, Aranaea and Carabidae was carried out and produced plots which can be interpreted with respect to the pollution effect. The effect of different environmental factors on individual species or subgroups delimited by size, breeding season, diet etc. was determined. Species associating with or disassociating from high pollution levels can be identified. No clear patterns were shown when examining size or breeding season in Carabids in relation to pollution. The highly polluted woods near the main pollution source at Avonmouth are lacking in lycosid spiders, the vacant niche may be filled by a large species of ground running agelenid which may be more adaptable in habits than the lycosids. CCA plots of both Aranaea and all species pooled together show a triangular shape. This is interpreted as representing a small number of species able to adapt to high pollution levels and a larger potential number found at ’clean' sites.
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    Pollutant Exchange at the Water/Sediment Interface in the Venice Canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic metal ; residual metal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice. Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques: 1) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer; 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal. Traps permitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence. This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface. The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water. Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged; a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
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    Seasonal changes inCystoseira myrica and phosphorus input at two sites of the Red Sea Egyptian Coast (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cystoseira myrica ; Red Sea ; coral reefs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated phosphate concentrations at Safaga and Quseir, Red Sea, Egyptian coast, were related to some ecological and nutritional aspects of the macro-algaCystoseira myrica during 1985. The results obtained were compared with those recorded for a non-polluted control site at Ghardaqa. Chemical analysis of surface seawater samples revealed that the concentrations of dissolved phosphate at Safaga and Quseir were 3 and 20 times as much as that at Ghardaqa, respectively. The standing crop ofC. myrica showed two peaks in spring and autumn. Maximum biomass yield (491 g m−2) and number of individuals (127 m−2) ofC. myrica were recorded in the spring at the Ghardaqa site. QuseirC. myrica samples contained significantly higher protein-N, total-N and total-P values but lower carbohydrate values than the Safaga and Ghardaqa samples (LSD at 1% level). Tissue N:P molar ratios forC. myrica, Laurencia papillosa andUlva lactuca collected from Ghardaqa ranged from 68–98, compared to 30–59 for the same species collected at the phosphorus polluted sites at Safaga and Quseir. The carbon levels and the C:N ratios ofC. myrica exhibited no significant variations in the three studied sites. However, the C:P ratios of Ghardaqa plants were significantly higher than those of Safaga and Quseir.
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    THE STATE OF POLLUTION LEVELS OF KARACHI HARBOUR AND ADJOINING COASTAL WATER (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 98-107 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pollution ; harbour ; coastal waters ; organic leading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study was carried out recently to determine the pollution level of waters in the Karachi harbour and adjoining backwaters. Nine locations were selected, four in the backwaters, two on the seaside, and three in the main navigable channel. Four of these locations were deliberately selected to coincide with those of a previous study conducted in 1982 by Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) so that the values for the concentration of different pollutants could be compared. Analysis was conducted for pH, bicarbonates, Total Solids, Volatile matter in Total Solids, Chlorides, Sulphates, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. The results indicate that the composition of sea water as far as the concentration of above constituents is concerned has not changed much since the time of the PCSIR study, viz 1982, except that the organic matter concentration has increased. The reasons for this increase in organic loading and its possible impact are discussed in this paper.
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    Cadmium mobilisation under conditions simulating anaerobic to aerobic transition in a landfill leachate-polluted aquifer (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 385-392 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; cadmium ; aquifer ; redox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.
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    Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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    Biological Indicators of Marine Environmental Health: Meiofauna – A Neglected Benthic Component? (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 54 (1999), S. 47-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological indicators ; environmental monitoring ; meiofauna ; pollution ; valued ecosystem components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the use of meiofauna (benthic metazoa 45 to 500 μm in size) as biological indicators for monitoring marine environmental health. To date, this abundant and ubiquitous group of invertebrates has been largely neglected in applied sampling programmes; instead, emphasis has been placed upon more conspicuous biological components such as seagrass, macrofauna and epiphytes. In an attempt to redress this balance, this paper sets out three objectives: (1) to explain the reasons for selecting biological response indicators from across the whole spectrum of phylogenetic organisation, (2) to summarise those aspects of meiofaunal life-history and demography that render this group suitable for monitoring anthropogenic pollution and disturbance, (3) to suggest how to optimise the inclusion of meiofauna in monitoring programmes so that they provide maximum information for management purposes. To achieve these objectives the environmental impact assessment framework of Ward and Jacoby (1992) is adopted as a matrix into which the relevant components of meiofaunal ecology are fitted. Using this matrix, meiofauna are shown to have advantages that include their sessile habit, high species diversity, short generation time, direct benthic development and ubiquitous distribution. Disadvantages include their small size, high level of spatial and temporal variability, the potential cost of sample processing and the limited taxonomic literature accessible to non-specialist workers. The paper concludes with a discussion of sampling strategies and methods of analysis that may be used to efficiently incorporate meiofauna as biological response indices into environmental monitoring. Emphasis is placed on cost-effective techniques such as taxonomic minimalism.
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    Accumulation of Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb from artificially contaminated soil by Bacopa Monnieri (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; Bacopa Monnieri ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The metal accumulation potential of Bacopa monnieri L. was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions. This study was carried out in mixed metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn) condition and repeated exposures in artificial contaminated soil. The growing shoots were planted in garden subsoil containing 3, 16, 32, 64, 160 μM each of the above metals. After 8 weeks, plants were refeeded to three times higher concentrations of each metal than initially used to assess the maximum accumulating potential of the metals. The accumulation of the metals by the root and shoot was concentration and duration dependent. The metal accumulation was considerably higher in the fine root than in the shoot and showed the following order : Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. The plants showed high tolerance to the metals as no visible phytotoxic symptom was produced after 8 weeks. However, as a result of combined metal toxicity, chlorophyll content was reduced by 62% after 12 weeks. The highest metal concentration was lethal to the plant at 16 weeks. In view of their high tolerance, the plants of B. monnieri may be considered for the amelioration of industrially-polluted wetlands experiencing regular flushing of wastewaters.
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    Three Species of Genus Pinus Suitable as Bioindicators of Polluted Environment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 413-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adaptive changes ; bioindicators ; environmental pollution ; Genus Pinus ; pollution ; pollen grains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The long-term study objective was to determine the suitability of selected species of genus Pinus (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus mugo) for use as bioindicators of environmental pollution. In these experiments a new methodology of evaluation of mitotic abnormalities was established and its potential for common use tested. The study confirmed three species of genus Pinus as suitable bioindicators. The results also indicate that trees may show adaptive changes in response to severe pollution stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004984121831
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    Redistribution of Mercury from Contaminated Lake Sediments of Clear Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 77-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aquatic ; Clear Lake ; mercury ; mining ; pollution ; sediments ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mining operations conducted at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine at Clear Lake, California, from 1872–1957, together with acid mine drainage since abandonment, deposited ca. 100 metric tons of mercury (Hg) in the sediments of Clear Lake. In 1992 Hg in surficial sediments (up to 183 mg kg-1 total Hg and 15.9 μg kg-1 methyl Hg) exhibited a classic point source distribution with maximum concentrations adjacent to the mine. However, the ratio of methyl:total Hg in sediments increased with distance from the mine, suggesting either differential transport of methyl Hg or a non-linear relationship between sediment inorganic Hg concentrations and methylation. Water exhibited an even more gradual decline in total Hg concentrations with distance from the mine, in both unfiltered bottom water (max. ca. 70 ng L-1) and filtered surface water (max. ca. 7 ng L-1). In comparison with other studies, Clear Lake exhibits high total Hg in sediment and water, yet relatively low methyl Hg concentrations. Our findings indicate a non-linearity between total and methyl Hg concentrations in sediments. The ratio of methyl:inorganic Hg is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher in the water column than in the sediments, making the methyl fraction much more available for down-gradient transport away from the mine. Particulate Hg comprises ca. 33–94% of the total Hg and ca. 25–78% of the methyl Hg in the water column. Geothermal springs do not appear to represent a significant source of Hg to Clear Lake. The present pattern of Hg distribution in Clear Lake shows that water column transport plays some role in the lake-wide contamination of methyl Hg, but high methylation at relatively low inorganic Hg concentrations cannot be ruled out. No quantitative estimate of the area of sediments requiring remediation is possible from these descriptive data alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004980026183
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    Foliage Age and Pollution Alter Content of Phenolic Compounds and Chemical Elements in Pinus nigra Needles (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 363-377 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: element ; needle age ; phenolics ; Pinus nigra ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Changes of phenolics and chemical elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co)] content in needles of black pine ( Pinus nigra) as dependent on age of needles (5–6 classes) and pollution were examined. The content of ortho-diphenols (o-dPh) and total phenols (TPh) was significantly higher at a polluted site than at a control one. It increased with age of needles at both sites. At the polluted site contents of N, K, Mg in black pine needles were lower and of Fe, Ni and F were higher than at the control site. An increase of content with age of needles at both sites was detected for Ca, Fe, B and F, and a decrease for N, P, K, Cu and Ni. The content of elements in different age classes of needles is connected with their mobility. The content of phenolics is negatively correlated with main nutrients and positively with some toxic elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005009214988
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    Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Processes in the Temara Aquifer in Northwestern Morocco (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 323-337 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: agricultural activities ; groundwater quality ; hydrogeochemistry ; ionic ratios ; pollution ; pumping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater of the Temara aquifer were studied by means of piezometric mapping and determination of the ionic composition of the groundwater. In general, the agricultural activity is intense in the area, with water being pumped from numerous wells. Two aquifer formations can be distinguished which, over a wide area, are separated by layers of low permeability. The increased salinity at some points of the coastal zone is probably linked to the combined action of the washing out of Miocene marls, dissolution of carbonate rocks, agricultural pollution and seawater intrusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005167223071
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    Changes in Phytoavailability and Concentration of Cadmium in Soil Following Long Term Salix Cropping (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 171-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; plant uptake ; soil ; Salix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium concentrations in Salix (willow) shoots are generally high and Salix can therefore potentially remove significant amounts of Cd from soil. The aim of this study was to investigate how long-term Salix cultivation had affected total and plant available Cd concentrations in agricultural soil. The study was made in 8 to 30 yr old plantations. Soil profiles down to 65 cm depth were sampled and conditions within the plantations were compared to those in nearby reference areas. When consideration was given to certain pH differences, concentrations of exchangeable Cd throughout the soil profiles were significantly lower in the Salix stands than in the reference areas. However, the effect on concentrations of total Cd was negligible. The yield levels proved not to be optimal and Cd concentrations in shoots were lower than average in the investigated stands. Data on exchangeable Cd show that uptake occurs throughout the soil profile and the Cd pool involved is thus large. These facts may explain why total concentrations were only slightly influenced. The conclusion reached was that Salix cultivation reduces the amount of plant-available Cd in the soil. However, more investigations are needed to evaluate how this effect can be optimized by choice of clone and other management measures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005050005459
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    Effects of lead (PaCl2) on photosynthesis and respiration of the bladder wrack, Fucus vesiculosus, in relation to different salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 549-565 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dark respiration ; Fucus vesiculosus ; Fucus vesiculosus ; lead photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; pollution ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic and respiratoric capacity of Fucus vesiculosus grown at three different levels of salinity (4.5, 8 and 20‰) was studied in the presence of different concentrations of lead (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg PbCl2 L−1). The studies were performed by using a light-pipette, which has a precisely defined light source of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm). The photosynthetic and respiratoric capacity of the algae were measured when exposed to light pulses with increasing irradiance and after 24 hr in seawater with the addition of lead. The results indicate that the photosynthetic capacity of F. visiculosus from 20‰ is more sensitive to lead compared to those from 8 and 4.5‰. The photosynthetic capacity was reduced by 69% at 30 mg PbCl2 L−1 compared to the control alga. The photosynthetic capacity of F. vesiculosus from 8 and 4.5‰ was reduced by 38 and 15%. The respiratoric capacity of F. vesiculosus from 20‰ was reduced by 41% at 30 mg PbCl2 L−1. However, the respiratoric capacity of the algae from 4.5‰ increased by 55% at the same concentration of PbCl2. The results indicate that lead showed inhibitory effects on photosynthesis but a stimulatory effect on respiration of F. versiculosus grown at low levels of salinity.
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    Desorption of Cadmium(II) from Artificially Contaminated Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 100 (1997), S. 181-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated sediments ; cadmium ; desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The desorption kinetics of cadmium from natural sediments was investigated. Three sediment samples from Maryland water bodies were artificially contaminated with Cd(II) and subsequently exposed to a wide range of chemical conditions in batch reactors. Dissolved Cd(II) was monitored. The highest desorption rates and extents were observed at low pH and high concentrations of CaCl2 and EDTA (a strong Cd chelator), with reduced rates at higher pH. Nearly all of the desorption occurred within the first 30 minutes of exposure. Adsorption of Cd(II) was greatest, and desorption slowest on the sediments with the lowest sand content. A simple desorption model was developed assuming proton competition with cadmium. This model was fit to experimental data at different pH using a non-linear, least-squares analysis to obtain rate constants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018392022843
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    Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Metals at Three Sites Near the Great Lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 423-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particles ; air pollution ; arsenic ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; precipitation ; selenium ; vanadium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in precipitation and on airborne particles were measured at three Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) monitoring stations on Lakes Superior, Michigan and Erie during 1993 and 1994. These data were used to estimate annual wet and dry deposition fluxes at these sites. In most cases, both wet and dry deposition make an important contribution to the total atmospheric flux of trace metals. Total (wet + dry) annual loadings of Zn and Cr are higher at the Lake Erie site than at the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior sites. Atmospheric loadings of the other metals are similar at all three sites. Wet deposition of metals is more closely related to precipitation amount than to the concentration of metals in the precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are controlled by the concentration of trace metals on large particles. Total particle mass concentrations are higher during the summer and fall at the Lake Erie site, however no seasonal trends in total particle mass at the other sites or trace metals at any of the sites were detected. The total atmospheric loadings calculated in this work are in agreement with other estimates of metals deposition to the Great Lakes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004905832617
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    Ecogeochemical Investigation: Stream Water Quality as an Indicator of Pollution in the Border Areas of Finland, Norway and Russia (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; fallout ; joint ecogeochemical project ; pollution ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Geological Surveys of Finland and Norway, and the Central Kola Expedition, Russia, carried out an environmental geochemical mapping project, including investigation of stream water quality. The project was carried out in 1992–1993 in the border areas of Finland, Norway and Russia, covering an area of 12 000 km2, to determine the impacts of smelting industries at Nikel and Zapoljarnij. Stream water was one of eight different indicators providing an estimation of the degree and distribution of contamination in the study area. Contamination of surface water was assessed by analyses of 44 samples, 41 variables were measured on each sample. Indicators of human activities in surface waters are NO3, K, electrical conductivity (EC), SO4, Na, Cl and acidification indicated by alkalinity and pH. On the coast Na and Cl contents are also affected by marine salts. The results show considerably higher contents of K, Ca, Mg, SO4, Na, heavy metals and EC in the samples close to Nikel and Zapoljarnij smelters than those sites more distant from the polluting sources. Especially chemical effects of high emissions of Ni, Cu and SO2 on stream water quality from Nikel and Zapoljarnij smelters are clearly seen near the sources of emissions.
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    Effects of Cadmium-Spiked Sediment on Cadmium Accumulation and Bioturbation by Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia bilineata (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 277-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioturbation ; cadmium ; Hexagenia ; mayfly ; spiked sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We assessed accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineata as indicators of exposure to Cd-spiked sediment in a 21-d test. Surficial sediments (top 5 cm) from Pool 7 of the Upper Mississippi River were spiked with Cd to concentrations of 3, 7, and 15 μg Cd g-1 dry weight. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three Cd-spiked sediment treatments plus an unspiked sediment control (1 μg Cd g-1 dry weight), and 10 nymphs in each of six replicates per treatment. Nymphs accumulated Cd during the 21-d exposure; mean concentrations varied from 0.22 to 6.24 μg g-1 dry weight, and tissue concentrations were correlated with Cd concentration in unfiltered test water (r = 0.93, P 〈0.01) and test sediment (r = 0.93, P 〈0.01). The effect of Cd on bioturbation by nymphs, as indicated by turbidity, differed significantly among treatments (P = 0.045) and over time within treatments (P = 0.01). Turbidity progressively decreased as Cd concentration in the sediment increased, up to 7 μg g-1; however, turbidity in the 15 μg g-1 treatment (our greatest exposure concentration) did not differ significantly from the control. Concentrations of Cd in unfiltered, overlying test water increased significantly within treatments during the test, indicating that nymphs mobilized sediment-associated Cd into the overlying water, presumably through burrowing and respiratory activities.
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    A Study of the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Precipitation Sulphate in Eastern Newfoundland (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 405-420 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; oxygen isotopes ; pollution ; precipitation ; sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The properties of stable oxygen isotopes make them useful for studying processes involved in the atmospheric oxidation of sulphur compounds. Experimental work in the 1980s reported that the formation of primary combustion sulphates by high temperature oxidation of SO2(g) to SO4 leads to δ18OSO4 values between +40 and +45‰. This study reports sulphate oxygen isotopic compositions from precipitation events collected at two sites in eastern Newfoundland. Values as high as +41.7‰ were measured in natural precipitation samples collected near a small oil-fired power plant located on the campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's. These values are higher by 16‰ than any previously reported for precipitation in the literature and in conjunction with other chemical data implicate the power plant as the pollution source. Values from the second site (Seal Cove) were similar to previously reported ranges for precipitation, despite its proximity to a much larger oil-fired, thermal generating station, suggesting that different oxidation mechanisms were dominant there. Oxygen isotopic compositions of precipitation sulphates can be an important complementary tool to other isotopic, trace metal and meteorological analysis in the tracing of sources of atmospheric sulphur compounds.
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    Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 201-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; fly Ash ; lead ; metal solubility ; soil amendments ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH 〈 pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.
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    Adsorption of Cadmium by Indian Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; cadmium ; Freundlich ; isotherm ; Langmuir ; linear ; Indian soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption behaviour of cadmium (Cd) in soils is an important process which exerts a major influence on its uptake by plant roots. Thirteen soils from various parts of India (tropical region), their pH ranging from 4.2 to 8.4, were subjected to Cd treatment at various concentrations (1 to 100 μg ml-1) and equilibrated at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). The Cd adsorbed by each soil was calculated as the difference between the amount of Cd present in the solution initially and that remaining after equilibration. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity of the soils for Cd increased with an increase in the pH or alkalinity of the soils. The rate of adsorption was, however, found to decrease with increased pH. All the 13 soils used in this study followed linear and Freundlich adsorption isotherms with highly significant positive correlations (r). The neutral and alkaline soils also followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the adsorption maxima being lowest for the neutral soil and highest for the alkaline soil. The adsorption data, in general, indicated that Cd was in a fixed form at higher pH levels. The results are generally similar to those of the temperate regions; however, Cd adsorption capacity of tropical vertisols was comparatively higher than those of temperate vertisols.
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    Cadmium Regulated Nitrate Reductase Activity in Hydrilla Verticillata (1.f.) Royle (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Hydrilla verticillata ; cadmium ; nitrate reductase activity ; protein synthesis inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of nitrate reductase activity and the level of some metabolites as an in vivo test system for cadmium toxicity in submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations ranging from 0.01-80 μM affected nitrate reductase activity in a differential way. It had stimulatory effect up to 1.0 μM Cd, while higher concentrations inhibited the enzyme activity significantly. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide inhibited Cd-stimulated nitrate reductase activity during in vivo and in vitro assays. However, the effect of Cd on NR activity under in vitro assay was more pronounced. Although low Cd exposures had no effect, higher metal exposures augmented nitrate uptake. This Cd-induced NO3 - uptake did not result in recovery of inhibited enzyme activity in vivo. It appears that nitrate reductase activity is more sensitive to Cd toxicity than the eventual products of nitrate assimilation such as total organic nitrogen and soluble proteins. There was a differential response of chlorophyll levels to Cd; lower concentrations enhanced the pigment level while higher ones reduced it. Cadmium exposure always enhanced the levels of carotenoids. Results showed that nitrate reductase activity could serve as an useful bioassay for Cd contamination using H. verticillata.
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    Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in the Pediatric Age Group (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 661-665 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; environmental contamination ; lead ; serum ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead additives in automotive fuel, smog from a nearby industrial center warranted an investigation on cadmium and lead in Manisa, a city of tabacco processing. Hundred and one children were screened in view of lead and cadmium exposure. In 23 children between the ages of 0–2 years the mean (±SEM) serum lead level was 7.15 ± 0.10 μg/dl, in 28 between the ages of 3–6 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl and in 50 between the ages of 7–15 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences. Serum cadmium levels in the same groups of children was 0.066 ± 0.008 ng/ml, 0.078 ± 0.008 ng/ml 0.088 ± 0.006 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in cadmium levels between the age groups of 0–2 years and 7–15 years was significant (p〈0.038). This significant increase in blood cadmium level is also shown by simple linear regression analysis: Cadmium (ng/ml) = 0.049 + 0.005 (age), and p〈0.0001, F Ratio = 50.578, coefficient of correlation = 0.581. Our study revealed that lead is not a serious environmental contaminant for children, yet; however, the increasing trend seen in exposure to cadmium warrants serious consideration and urgant preventive measures.
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    Cadmium Uptake by Cowpea and Mungbean as Affected by Cd and P Application (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 163-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; dry matter yield ; concentration ; uptake ; Cd XP interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A green house experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of cadmium (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 mg P kg-1 soil) on dry matter yield of cowpea and mungbean, and tissue concentration and uptake of cadmium (Cd) and Phosphorus (P). Application of Cd to soil decreased the dry matter yield of both the crops significantly at each level of applied P. Phosphorus application, on the other hand, increased the dry matter yield of both crops significantly at each level of Cd additions to the soil. Cadmium concentration in plant tissue and uptake of Cd by plants increased markedly with the increasing rates of Cd in the soil. The magnitude of increase in tissue Cd concentration, however, was higher in the absence than in the presence of added P. Consequently, the concentration of Cd in plants decreased with increasing levels of P application to the soil. This decrease in tissue Cd concentration with increasing P supply in the soil was mainly attributed to increased dry matter yield of crops. The concentration of P in cowpea and mungbean tissue increased while the uptake of P by these crops decreased markedly with increasing levels of Cd in the soil, irrespective of the rates of P applied.
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    Observation and Confirmation of Foliar Ozone Symptoms of Native Plant Species of Switzerland and Southern Spain (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; pollution ; Switzerland ; Spain ; native species ; symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Tropospheric ozone is considered as the major pollutant of concern to the health and productivity of forests in the eastern United States and has more recently become of increasing concern within the forests of southern Europe. Recent observations have clearly demonstrated foliar injury symptoms to be occurring on many tree and native plant species within remote forested areas. Several plant genera (and a few species within genera) found in both the forests of Switzerland and the southern coastal region of Spain exhibit field symptoms typical of ambient ozone exposures. Ozone exposures for many species have been conducted under controlled CSTR conditions and within open-top chambers within the study areas. Results have confirmed that the O3-like foliar symptoms as observed under natural forest and open grown conditions for many native tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in Spain and Switzerland are caused by exposures to ambient O3.
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    Difference in Needle Length - a New and Objective Indicator of Pollution Impact on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fluctuating asymmetry ; pollution ; Kola peninsula ; tree age ; branching order ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Needle fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was studied south of the Severonikel nickel-copper smelter in the Kola Peninsula, Russia. We measured the difference in length of two needles of the same pair, and calculated FA as the ratio between this difference and the average length of the two needles of this pair. Needle FA did not depend on tree age, distance from the nearest neighbour or branch position within the crown, but increased with an increase in branching order. Needles originating in different years (1993-1997) demonstrated among-year variation in FA, which, however, was not related to annual fluctuations in SO2 emission by the smelter. FA increased with decreasing distance from the smelter, and in the sites proximate to the smelter FA was double that found at the most distant (background) sites. The increase in FA was primarily due to an increased difference in the length of the two needles, and this difference may serve as a practicable indicator of pollution-induced stress in Scots pine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005213917615
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    Measured Soil Water Concentrations of Cadmium and Zinc in Plant Pots and Estimated Leaching Outflows from Contaminated Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; contaminated soils ; leaching ; soil extracts ; solute species ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc were measured in plant pots with 15 contaminated soils which differed in origin, texture, pH (5.1 – 7.8) and concentrations of cadmium (0.2 – 17 mg Cd kg-1) and zinc (36 – 1300 mg Zn kg-1). The soil waters contained total concentrations of 0.5 to 17 µg Cd L-1 and 9 to 3600 µg Zn L-1, which were dominated by free metal ions as measured by an ion exchange-resin method. Annual leaching outflows were estimated from soil water concentrations to be 0.5 – 17 g Cd ha-1 y-1 and 9 – 3600 g Zn ha-1 y-1 per 100 mm of net percolation, corresponding to 0.1% per year of the total soil content of cadmium and zinc. The measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc did not correlate linearly with the corresponding soil concentrations but correlated fairly well with concentrations measured in Ca(NO3)2 extracts of the soils and with soil water concentrations estimated from soil concentrations and pH. Such concentration estimates may be useful for estimating amounts of cadmium and zinc being leached from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004964200904
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  • 77
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    Dry Weight Deposition in Polluted Onondaga Lake, New York, U.S.A. (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 389-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: calcium carbonate ; deposition rate ; downward flux ; dry weight ; pollution ; suspended solids ; sediment trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Short and long-term trends in dry weight deposition rates are documented for polluted Onondaga Lake, NY, based on analyses of sediment trap collections made below the epilimnion at a single deep-water location in ten years over the 1980–1992 period using cylindrical traps. Additionally, comparisons of dry weight rates obtained with two different diameter (4.0 and 7.6 cm) traps of the same aspect ratio (6), at four different depths below the epilimnion, and from the lake's two basins, in 1993, are presented to establish the representativeness of the long-term data. The near equivalence of fluxes determined with the different size traps and cumulative deposition rates measured over the range of deployment depths, and the minor differences in flux observed for the two basins, supports the representativeness of long-term data in quantifying deposition rates for the pelagic zone of the lake. Short-term variations in downward flux have been common in the lake over the period of monitoring. The summer-average dry weight deposition rate decreased systematically (by about 45%) following the closure (in 1986) of a soda ash facility that caused enhanced rates of calcium carbonate deposition; from an average of 23.2 to 12.8 g m-2 d-1. These dry weight deposition rates are high compared to values reported in the literature for other lakes, and are responsible for the lake's high rate of net sedimentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004916003946
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  • 78
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    The Effect of Refure Incinerator Fumes on the Lead and Cadmium Content of Experimentally Exposed Corcicolous Lichens (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; cadmium ; incineration ; lead ; lichens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nine corticolous lichens have been used to detect the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) given off by a municipal solid waste incinerator. This bioindication study involved lichens gathered from unpolluted sites around Grenoble (Isère, France) to three conditions: the first batch was set up down wind of the waste incinerator fumes, the second one was set up in the ambient atmosphere of the plant, and the third was kept in a non polluted place. After one month of exposure, the batches were compared. The lichens from the first and second batches did not show any appreciable thallus change. Pb and Cd concentrations have shown that lichens accumulate heavy metals in variable ways according to the species and to the conditions of pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004965131303
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  • 79
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    Acidification of Freshwater Wetlands: Combined Effects of Non-Airborne Sulfur Pollution and Desiccation (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sulfur ; sulfate ; desiccation ; acidification ; nutrients ; water quality ; pollution ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In recent decades, SO4 2- concentrations have increased in groundwater and surface water of freshwater wetlands. For many minerotrophic peatlands, S originating from SO4 2--polluted groundwater and surface water is a more significant source of SO4 2- than the actual atmospheric deposition of S compounds. Lowered groundwater tables in wetlands, as a result of either natural or anthropogenic desiccation, may cause acidification because of concomitant geochemical oxidation processes. The impact of the enhanced availability of reduced S compounds, due to preceding SO4 2- pollution, on these processes was tested in a mesocosm experiment, using soil cores including vegetation from a mesotrophic wet meadow. The soils had been maintained in waterlogged condition for seven months, using two environmentally relevant SO4 2- concentrations (2 and 4 mmol L-1). The groundwater table was reduced in two successive steps: 10 cm below soil surface, and complete desiccation. Control pretreated soils did not show a decrease in soil pH during desiccation, due to adequate buffering by bicarbonate. However, both SO4 2--pretreated groups showed a significant drop in pH (from 6.5 to 4.5) caused by additional sulfide oxidation, leading to high SO4 2- concentrations (10 and 16 mmol L-1, respectively). Cation exchange and acidification-related solubilization processes induced the mobiliztation of base cations and potentially phytotoxic metals like Al. Nutrient concentrations in soil moisture were influenced strongly by SO4 2- pretreatment, showing distinct patterns for P, N and K. Therefore, S polluted groundwater and surface water may severely increase the sensitivity of wetlands to desiccation. The results are discussed in relation to wetland management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005083526455
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  • 80
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    Effect of Calcium on the Soil Adsorption of Cadmium and Zinc in Some Spanish Sandy Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption isotherms ; cadmium ; calcium ; competition ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Castellón Plain is a natural area with an extension of 464 km2, situated in Castellón (eastern coast of Spain), with an important number of ceramic industries which generate waste waters containing cadmium and zinc. In this paper, equilibrium adsorption isotherms have been obtained to examine the behaviour of cadmium and zinc in three selected soils of Castellón Plain (Spain) by means of batch experiments. Both metals exhibit non-linear adsorption isotherms with adsorption maximum beyond the dissolved concentration range considered in this study. Statistical analysis showed that data fit slighty better to Freundlich linearization than that of Langmuir. Adsorption coefficients obtained from Freundlich approximation were calculated to evaluate the relative cadmium and zinc distribution between solution and studied soils obtaining coefficients ranging from 5200 to 5900 μg kg-1μg l-1 -n for cadmium and from 3500 to 43200 μg kg-1μg l-1 -n for zinc. The effects of salt concentration and calcium competition for adsorption sites were investigated providing different concentrations of CaCl2 in background solutions. Adsorption capacities of cadmium and zinc in the studied soils decreased when the salt concentration increased. A tenfold increase in calcium concentration reduced the cadmium adsorption capacity approximately by one third whereas the Ca2+ ion does not seem a significant competitor with Zn2+ for adsorption sites in soils with high organic matter content, where precipitation of zinc can be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004919807528
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  • 81
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    Toxic Effect of Certain Metals Mixture on Some Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Freshwater Algae (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 119-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: accumulation ; chlorophylls ; community structure ; indicator ; metals ; nile water algae ; pollution ; toxicity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effect of multi metals mixture which exist simultaneously in aquatic ecosystem on natural phytoplankton assemblages (green algae, blue-green algae and diatoms) was studied. For this purpose a laboratory scale unit was designed to evaluate the effect of continuous flow metals mixture in forms if triple and penta metals in Nile water algae. Clear changes in algal biomass in terms of chlorophyll a (chl a) took place when subjected to metals combination. The rise or decline in chl a was in relation with other algal pigments (chl b, chl c, carotenoides and phenophytin), protein and carbohydrate content of algal cells. Substantial changes in phytoplankton community structure was detected and the most tolerant group was blue-green algae followed by green algae while diatoms was the most sensitive group. The most dominant species in all cases were blue-green alga Oscillatoria mougeotii and green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. In addition clear changes in morphological shape was observed for tolerant species belonging to the three algal groups. Nile water algae has ability to remove and accumulate metals in the following order therefore Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Cr. In addition, phytoplankton has ability to recovered from the stress of metals when eliminated from the media and the recovered biomass was nearly equivalent to that before exposing to metals stress. The overall effect of metals mixture depending on the type and number of metals, the algal community structure and ratio between different morphological forms of algae (unicellular, colonial and filamentous).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005058607002
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  • 82
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    Retention of Metals in Agricultural Soils After Amending with MSW and MSW-Biosolids Compost (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005026131978
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    Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediments of the United ARAB Emirates Shoreline (Arabian Gulf) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; cobalt ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; organic carbon ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels and distributions of eight heavy metals in the sediments of four mangrove areas, namely Abu Dhabi, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Khor Khuwair along the shoreline of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) were investigated. The metal levels, expressed as μg g−1 as well as organic carbon (%) in different mangrove areas were scattered in the ranges: 3.12–6.94 for cadmium (mean 4.82), 5.70–14.0 for cobalt (mean 10.2), 8.28–18.9 for chromium (mean 11.9), 5.31–29.4 for copper (mean 7.21), 28.8–169 for manganese (mean 84.1), 14.8–109 for nickel (mean 36.4), 13.2–49.8 for lead (mean 28.1), 4.59–22.4 for zinc (mean 11.3), and ND-2.13 for organic carbon (mean 0.63%). Significant variations in the levels of these metals were considered due to: 1) organic carbon content; 2) presence of well developed mangrove forests; and 3) anthropogenic inputs such as discarded automobiles, transformers, batteries, tires and spilled crude oil, atmospheric fallout as well as waste-waters disposal. In addition recreational activities cause negative effects. Concentrations of manganese, nickel and lead were significantly higher than the other metals. The high concentrations of Mn and Ni were due to non-anthropogenic sources (the geological nature formations and the presence of high mountains of basic igneous rocks), whereas the high levels of lead were due to inputs from oil spills, discarded solid wastes such as automobiles, batteries and the prior high rate of petrol combustion lead. Significant relationships were observed between several couples of metals in different mangrove regions, as well as between a number of heavy metals and organic carbon, indicating that complexation with organic materials may play an important role in the distribution patterns of these metals. Metals and organic carbon analyses for different grain-size fractions showed higher levels in the finest fraction (〈63 μm) specially for manganese and copper. Except for lead, comparison of metal levels in mangrove sediments with those of the Arabian Gulf indicated that the mangrove sediments along U.A.E. shorelines contained similar concentrations as other Arabian Gulf regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005139020681
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    Environmental Policy, Tax Incidence, and the Cost of Public Funds (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 13 (1999), S. 187-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: cost of public funds ; double dividend ; environmental externalities ; pollution ; public abatement ; optimal taxation ; public goods ; tax incidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies under what conditions a ‘double dividend’ may occur in the sense that both environmental quality and employment rise. A simple static general equilibrium model is employed in which tax policy faces the dual task of internalising a negative environmental externality and raising revenue to finance public consumption. The model features a clearing labour market with both labour demand and supply and a fixed factor of production (e.g. capital). Hence, we can study tax incidence and its effect on employment, environmental quality, and the marginal cost of public funds. It is shown for the case of an upward sloping labour supply curve and less than full tax shifting by employers that a shift towards greener preferences cannot yield a double dividend, even if the fixed factor is important. However, if labour supply curve bends backwards, more environmental concern confers a double dividend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008258320732
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    Disutility of pollution and endogenous growth (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 6 (1995), S. 279-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Environment ; pollution ; endogenous growth ; pollution disutility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Endogenous growth is generally built on a positive externality hypothesis which is the opposite of a negative externality caused by pollution. We study a linear technology with simple assumption: an aggregate capital stock which represents a learning by doing effect and a pollution flow proportional to production. In this framework, we analyse the precise effects on growth of the disutility of pollution and its interaction with the utility of consumption in an economy without abatement technology. The decentralized equilibrium always leads to unlimited growth, but optimal growth is often limited (the negative effect of pollution dominating the positive effect of learning by doing). In this case, the optimal policy which leads the decentralized economy to follow the optimal growth path is to tax capital; in contrast with the optimal subsidy policy in an economy without pollution. When an abatement technology is introduced, the optimal solution can lead the economy to unlimited growth, whatever the form of the utility function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705982
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    ‘Dirty Industries’: Patterns of Change in Industrial Countries (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 467-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: green policy ; pollution ; relocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article concerns itself with the environmental role of heavily polluting industries since 1970, analysing its development in 11 basic industries, as well as electricity production and road transport, in 32 industrial countries. It argues for a green industrial policy, demonstrating that other mitigations of environmental pressure in industrial countries – end-of-pipe treatment, relocation to the Third World, structural change in the industrial sector and even environmentally oriented modernization – have so far been unable to solve the problems of ‘dirty industries’, although some approaches have shown (some) promise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026497608363
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    Consequences of Environmental Tax Reform for Unemployment and Welfare (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 12 (1998), S. 137-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: double dividend ; environmental quality ; fixed factor ; involuntary unemployment ; labour tax ; optimal taxation ; pollution ; tax reform ; triple dividend ; JEL classification: E60, H21, Q3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the welfare effects of environmental tax reform, i.e. raising environmental taxes and using the proceeds to reduce distortionary taxes on labour. The framework of analysis is a small open economy with involuntary unemployment due to a rigid consumer wage. Environmental tax reform boosts not only environmental quality but also employment if substitution between labour and resources is easy, the production share of the fixed factor is large, and the initial tax rates on resources and profits are small. If the initial tax system is sub-optimal with a negligible tax on resources, profits rise as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016040327622
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  • 88
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    Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 731-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; surface water ; pollution ; species ; metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476916
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