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  • Physics  (479)
  • Fisheries
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • Humans
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (479)
  • Lagos, Nigeria
  • 2020-2022  (33)
  • 2010-2014  (2)
  • 1985-1989  (479)
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  • 1
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23216 | 19325 | 2018-03-17 12:51:36 | 23216 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This paper examines the importance of capacity building and training requirement for the benefit of fisheries and aquaculture extension in Nigeria. It involves the analysis of secondary data bothering on the management of agricultural extension in Nigeria over time vis-avis various agricultural development programmes in the past in which fisheries and aquaculture extension was apparently de-emphasized in favour of crop and livestock agriculture. It is therefore recommended as a way forward that a favorable reform in the Nigerian agricultural extension system will be a necessary avenue to put fisheries and aquaculture extension in proper perspective for effective service delivery which will be a good entry point to achieving the millennium development goals of combating hunger, extreme poverty and attainment of food security in Nigeria.
    Description: Includes:-7 refs.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Information Management ; Nigeria ; Extension services ; freshwater environment ; Technology transfer ; Training ; Education ; Sociological aspects
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 24 -34
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  • 2
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23222 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:52:04 | 23222 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The study examined the contribution of women to fisheries in Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria. The sample size of 80 respondents was selected through a purposive sampling in ten (10) fishing villages around Kainji Lake Basin. Instrument for data collection was semi- structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistic. The result showed that the women are mostly engaged in processing, marketing and financing. About 60 percent of the women interviewed are engaged in marketing and financing. Ten (10) percent of the respondents are engaged in financing. The low participation in financing is attributed to high amount of capital involved. It is recommended that women should be made to benefit more from rural development policies and programmes.
    Description: Includes:- 2 tables.;1 fig.;7 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Sociology ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; freshwater environment ; Women ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 66 - 71
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  • 3
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23226 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 14:51:17 | 23226 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The proximate composition and amino acids assay of smoked Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus were determined using standard procedures. The mean proximate composition of Oreochromis niloticus are 8.9% moisture, 16.00% lipids, 5.6% ash, 44.5% crude protein, 0.42% crude fiber and 24.9% NFE while Clarias gariepinus has 8.19% moisture, 15.55% lipids, 4.725 ash, 40.46% crude protein, 0.50% crude fiber and 30.58% NFE. There is therefore a nutrient variation between the 2 species of fish Oreochromis niloticus has higher crude protein, lipids, moisture and ash content than Clarias gariepinus.The amino acids profile shows that both fishes have 17 amino acids. Apart from Tryptophan, the following essential amino acids Histidine, Methionine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Valine and Phenylalanine are present in both fish. Oreochromis niloticus however has higher quantities of the essential amino acids except for Histidine than Clarias gariepinus
    Description: Includes:- 2 tables.;2 figs.;7 refs.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Clarias gariepinus ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; freshwater environment ; Amino acids ; Ash content ; Lipids ; Organic compounds ; Moisture ; Proteins
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 91 - 95
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  • 4
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23232 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:49:50 | 23232 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The food and feeding habits of Protopterus annectens of the River Rima and Goronyo Dam in North Western Nigeria was studied. A total of one hundred and eighteen (118) fish samples were collected from October, 2001 to September, 2002 and the stomach contents were analyzed using frequency of occurrence method. The feeding adaptation with respect to mouth and related structures, gill rakers and dentition were examined. The gut length and fish length indicated rectilinear positive relationship. The regression coefficient (b) and correlation coefficient (r) of GL TL relationships were highly significant (p〈0. 01). The main taxa of food substances found in the stomachs included substances of plant and animal origins, with overall frequency of 49. 1and 38.3% for the samples from River Rima and 27.2 and 60.3% for those from Goronyo Dam in the same order. The results of percentage occurrence of the food items in the dry season showed that animal substances in the juveniles (51.7%) and the adults (41.4%) were higher than the plant materials in the samples from the two water bodies. In the rainy season, the percentage occurrences of animal substances were higher in the adults (= 30cm) samples from Goronyo Dam than those samples from River Rima, while the same food items were absent in the juveniles (= 30cm) from the two water bodies. These feeding adaptive features indicate the roles of the species in their ecological niche and provide base line information that could be useful in satisfying their food requirement under culture condition. The diversity of food substances found in the stomach and their occurrence in the juveniles and adults varied with the water bodies and season.
    Description: Includes:- 5 tables.;19 refs.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Protopterus annectens ; Nigeria ; Rima R. ; Nigeria ; Goronyo Dam ; freshwater environment ; Feeding behaviour ; Feeding ; Food chains ; Food preferences
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 128-135
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  • 5
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23218 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:40:29 | 23218 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The paper reviews the various techniques of fish handling and processing in Lake Chad. Poor handling of fish catches on board coupled with the distant location of the fishing grounds and thick aquatic vegetation on the lake which hamper fast movement of catches to the processing centers are the bane of good quality fresh fish getting to the processors. The techniques adopted in processing and preservation are mainly smoking, char-burning and sun drying. Defects suffered by the processed products of the methods include high moisture content, heavy insect infestation, bacterial decomposition and fungal attack. Protection of catches from direct sunlight by spreading wet jutes over them will lower the rate of deterioration. Removal of the aquatic vegetation by appropriate authorities and canalization will ease movement of fish catches to the processing centers. More serious enlightenment of the processors on the adoption of the 'Chorkor' oven will reduce the problems presently facing cured fish. The use of rambo insecticide and other dangerous chemicals by the fish processors and marketers for the preservation of fish products before repackaging should be discouraged.
    Description: Includes:- 1 table.;43 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Fish handling ; Handling ; Processing fishery products ; Curing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 46 - 51
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  • 6
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23217 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:38:58 | 23217 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: A 7.0 meters Length Overall (LOA) flat bottom canoe similar to the one commonly used for fishing in Kainji lake, but with some modifications, was designed. The improvements/modifications over the local canoe include, an additional chine to reduce the flatness of the bottom which was absent in the local canoes commonly used. The canoe's light displacement (weight empty) was 0.48 Tonne, which was similar to local canoe of same size. The draft obtained was 0.13 M( 13cm), which is 36.9% of its depth (0.48 M). The capacity of the canoe was 1.304 tones. The water plane area (WPA) was 3.89 M2; WPA coefficient, and block coefficient were 0.83, and 0.82 respectively. The modification on the canoe resulted in provision of a canoe with the bottom shaped close to V-bottom to aid better performance on rough turbulent water such as the Kainji Lake, and increased life span of canoe and safety of fisher folk while aboard fishing.
    Description: Includes:- 1 table.;7 figs.;7 appendix
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Boats ; Design ; Fishing vessels
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 34 - 45
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  • 7
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23221 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:47:06 | 23221 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The paper examines the prospect and constraints of fisheries extension under the unification policy. It revealed certain barriers influencing its fullest utilization as well as fisher folks participation in extension programmes. Some of the barriers identified are related to inaccessibility, logistic support, improper aquaculture methodology, insufficient applied research in small scale fisheries, inability to convert research findings into positive results by small scale fisheries, inadequate number of fisheries research personnel within the existing research centers and institutes catering for the fishers sector, complexity of issues, lack of coordination and continuity in research and data deficiencies in small scale fisheries. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that, the effectiveness of the methods of identifying research needs by practitioners be assessed, the impact of the generated research results in reducing or solving field problems be ascertained, the constraints to diffusion of proven technologies from research being integrated into small scale fisheries be evaluated, the degree of effectiveness of extension delivery tools on .fishers technology adoption be ascertained, and lastly, adequate applied research in small scale fishery be emphasized.
    Description: Includes:-8 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Information Management ; Nigeria ; Extension services ; freshwater environment ; Technology transfer ; Education
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 62 - 65
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  • 8
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23224 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:56:36 | 23224 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Comparative study on the microbial load and proximate composition of fresh lean fish Labeo cubie and fresh fatty fish Synodontis membranaceus with their smoked products were carried out. The colony count of different parts was carried out on all the samples and the results show the highest microbial load on the gut of both the fresh lean fish and the fresh fatty fish. The smoked dried lean fish and the smoked dry fatty fish had lower microbial counts compared to their fresh samples because smoking reduces the microbial load on fish. Biochemical characterization carried out on all isolates confirmed Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The proximate composition show that water is the most affected nutrient during the hot smoking of both the fresh fish sample and the fresh fatty sample with a corresponding increase in protein content. There was a significant difference (p〈 0.05) in proximate composition of smoked product of fresh fatty fish and the fresh lean fish. The colony counts of different parts of the fish reveals that majority of the microorganisms is found in the guts followed by gills and the lowest in the skin this is the pattern in the two fresh fish but for smoked fish the gut is usually removed before smoking.
    Description: Includes:- 4tables;9 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Labeo coubie ; Synodontis membranaceus ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Microbial contamination ; Microbiological analysis ; Fishery products
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 80 - 85
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  • 9
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23238 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:18:15 | 23238 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Good handling of fish from the point of harvest to consumption is very essential and the quality of fish can only be maintained if only suitable containers are used in its processing, transportation, distribution and marketing. This study analyzed the different containers used by fishermen at lake Alau community in Konduga Local Government Area of Bomo State. The study was carried out in two prominent leading sites of lake Alau community which are kachalari and Abbari with the aid of questionnaires interview conducted with 50 randomly selected respondents fishermen. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The collected data were analyzed using the market cost of the various fish containers. The result shows that fish containers such as Metal basin, sacks, flat sacks and Metal trays have strong strength while Baskets, jerry cans and calabash have moderate strength the polythene bags, stationery and news print are very weak. Also baskets have the highest percentage of usage 20% while flat sacks, polythene bags and stationery have the highest percentage of 4%, which are the lowest. It can be concluded that, the different containers are afforded to fishermen but most of the containers are often kept dirty, which lead to poor hygiene, rough handling and invariably post-harvest losses and shortage in food supply. It can be recommended that, sheds should be provided at the landing sites to protect fresh fish the direct heat of the sun and enlightment of fishermen and traders on the minimum standard o fthe quality and hygiene for fish and fishery products.
    Description: Includes:- 4 tables;6 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management ; Nigeria ; Alau L. ; freshwater environment ; Containers ; Fishery products
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: application/pdf
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    Format: 179 - 183
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  • 10
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23241 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:26:11 | 23241 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Cephalic abnormality in nine mating groups involving Clarias gariepinus with cephalic abnormality, non Cephalic and Maiduguri origin were investigated to determine the level and the genetic basis of the occurrences and its aquaculture implication. The highest mean percentage survival in a Cephalic crossed with non cephalic group was 68.6% whereas the last mean percentage survival was 25.7% in the group of Maiduguri cross with Maiduguri parent. Cephalic abnormality was observed in the crosses with both female and male cephalic with a total frequency ranging from 0 % to 70.8. %. The least number of cephalic abnormality was 18.5% which involved a cross of non cephalic with cephalic, and the highest was 70.8%. This level of cephalic abnormality shows that the defect was hereditary. This result implies that, the genetic factor is a major contributor in the feature of cephalic abnormality in Clarias gariepinus.
    Description: Includes:-1 table.;3 appendixes.;11 refs.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Clarias gariepinus ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Diseases ; Deformation ; Fish culture ; Genetics ; Abnormalities ; Genetic abnormalities
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 199 - 208
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  • 11
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23242 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 12:34:41 | 23242 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Kainji Lake is a man-made Lake and is impounded in 1968 to generate hydroelectric power. The Lake also offers opportunities for developmental projects like Fisheries and Irrigation. Lake Kainji receives organic waste through husbandry operations in which the cattle defecate into and around the bank of the Lake. Other sources of pollution include runoff from farms, bathing and washings in the Lake. Surrounding villages e.g. Tarda and Musawa used the Lake as source of raw drinking water and also for other domestic purposes. Bacteriological quality of fish and water from the Lake is carried out as well as that of cow dung by using primary isolation media and biochemical analysis. Physico-chemical parameters of water from the Lake is also determined. Total viable bacteria count and total coliform count of the water range from 3.4 x 104 to 03.8x 106 Cfu/ml and 1.4 x 103to 2.1 x 105Cfu/ml respectively. Cow dung has total coliform count of 6.9 x 105 while fish gills has total coliform count of 1.6x103cfu/g. Bacteria species such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Aeromanas hydrophila, and shigella species were found in the water body. Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Salmonella species were found in the fish samples. Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Shigella species and Salmonella species were isolated from cow dung. Physicochemical Parameters such as DO, BOD and N03-N range from 4. 7 to 5.2mg/l, 0.2 to 0.9mg/1 and 7.0 to 9.3 mg/l respectively. This result shows that Kainji Lake is an intermediately polluted water. It is therefore necessary that cow dung used for fertilization of fish ponds should be screened for pathogens before use. It is also recommended that pollution of surface water bodies through human activities should be discourage by legislation on water pollution.
    Description: Includes:- 6 tables.;14 refs.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Pollution ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; freshwater environment ; Bacteriology ; Water quality ; Environmental effects ; Pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 209 - 218
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  • 12
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23249 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 14:29:19 | 23249 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Ten specimens of African cuttlefish, Sepia bertheloti, from the coastal waters off Qua Iboe River, Southeast Nigeria, were analyzed for the relationship between the concentration of the elements and the size of the species. Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique was employed to determine the elemental composition of the species. Eleven elements were identified in the body of cuttlefish. These were Chlorine, Strontium, Potassium, Calcium, Bromine, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Nickel and Selenium of these elements, the concentration of calcium, potassium. Copper and strontium had a positive correlation with the weight, while the concentrations of manganese, nickel, chlorine, iron were negatively correlated with their weights. However, only manganese had a significantly negative correlation (p〈0. 05). Bromine and zinc had no correlation with the weights of the species. There also existed a significant positive correlation between Ca and K, Se and Ni, Cu, Br and Zn and St and K. We conclude that African cuttlefish, irrespective of size is a rich source of nutritional elements and is especially recommended for pregnant women and for all age groups.
    Description: Includes:- 2 figs.;9 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Sepia bertheloti ; ASE ; Nigeria ; Gulf of Guinea ; Nigeria ; Qua Iboe R. ; freshwater environment ; marine environment ; Nutritional requirements ; Potassium ; Nutrition
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 245 - 249
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  • 13
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23246 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 12:43:59 | 23246 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This study set out to investigate the participation of women in fisheries in some fishing communities in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto state. It succeeded in establishing the fact that women are active though to some extent in fisheries in this area. This is as a result of the prevailing socio-cultural, as well as religious set up which revolves round task sharing. It however highlighted the fact that women's contribution in the fisheries sub-sector is necessary to improve their livelihood and by so doing, to directly help households.
    Description: Includes:- 8 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Sociology ; Nigeria ; Sokoto ; freshwater environment ; Women ; Fisheries ; Fishery resources
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 233 - 235
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  • 14
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23253 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 14:37:19 | 23253 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Chlorpyrifos-ethyl with its mode of action was evaluated in laboratory studies to determine its 96-h acute toxicity, using juveniles of Clarias gariepinus. The fish was exposed in glass aquaria to 0.64~cmg/l, 0.80mg/l, 0.96mg/l, 1.12mg/1 and 1. 28mg/1. The test substance was found to have lethal effects on fish as they changed fish behaviour and caused death. The 96-hLC50 value for C. gariepinus was estimated as 0.92mgl-1. Observations of be bavioural and mophlogical responses were used as indicators of sublethal toxicity. The behavioural toxicology bioassay may be valuable in comparing and predicting the mode of action of new or unknown toxicants in this and other fish species.
    Description: Includes:- 1 table.;1 fig.;2 plates.;38 refs
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Pollution ; Clarias gariepinus ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Toxicity ; Toxicants ; Pollution ; Lethal effects
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 264 - 272
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  • 15
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23260 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 14:50:35 | 23260 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Scientists and researchers agree that developmental projects should have impact on the targeted groups. In this context a review was made on the indigenous knowledge system in fishery with a view to elucidating the indispensability of the system due to the increasing acceptance globally. The importance of the system and the factors militating against it where shown. The relationship between fisheries science and the fisher's knowledge was also discussed. Some indigenous practices as well as equipment used by different people were cited. It was concluded that local knowledge of the environment and resources used, as well as the society within which the resultant goods and benefits are distributed is fundamental to the continuity of sound community based management practices. Recommendation was made for research to be conducted in every facet of fishery traditional system with a view to fusing the two; the indigenous and scientific to complement each another.
    Description: Includes:- 23 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Information Management ; Nigeria ; Information Sources ; Indigenous knowledge ; freshwater environment ; Fishery management ; Stock assessment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 330 - 335
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  • 16
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23259 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 14:49:05 | 23259 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) were experimented in Lake Kainji using worn out automobile lyres and cement blocks for a period of 12 weeks. Six tyres and blocks were tied together separately in 3 replicates and randomly suspended in the lake at a depth of 2 metre and 50 meter interval. After 8 weeks of suspension, a fleet of gillnets with 76mm mesh size and hung at E-value 0.5 were zigzag set across the suspended FADs for 12 fishing periods with 13 hrs soak time (~c1.0268.D.) per period The trial showed that the cement block FADs attracted more fish (70% of the total fish caught) belonging to 6 different species. The lyres FADs attracted only 3 species of fish constituting some 30% of the total fish caught Citharinus citharus dominated the catch of the block FADs constituting 52.3% of the total catch, while Oreochromis niloticus was 46.4% of the tyre FADs. The Horizontal Enhanced Fishing Zone (EFZ) was found to be between 5 to 12 metres from the location of the FADs. There was significant different (P〈0.05) in the catches of the two FADs.
    Description: Includes:-14 refs,;1 table,;3 figs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; freshwater environment ; Fishing gear ; Gear construction ; Gear materials ; Gear research
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 324 - 329
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  • 17
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23278 | 19325 | 2018-03-28 15:52:01 | 23278 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Studies on the effects of two fishing baits on the catch composition of Malian Traps in Lake Kainji were monitored. The Traps were set at Monia fishing village in the southern basin of the Lake Baited with boiled yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and fresh palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis) and were inspected twice daily for seven weeks. The fishes caught comprised of nine (9) species belonging to four (4) families. The result of analysis of variance of the biomass as well as number and percentages of fishes caught in the traps by the baits showed there was no significant difference (P〉0.05). However, both baits showed better efficiency for Tilapia zilli, Oreochromis niloticus and Hemichromis fasciatus than other species caught but trap baited with fresh palm fruit had better efficiency for Distichodus restratus and Alestes nurse. There was wide range between the minimum and the maximum size of species caught, which showed the efficiency of the traps capturing small size, juveniles and the adult of large fish species due to small mesh size (1'') net cover of the trap. Recommendations were made for better performance and profitable fishing of Malian traps.
    Description: Includes:- 4 tables.;11 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; Malian trap ; freshwater environment ; Fishing ; Bait ; Trap fishing
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  • 18
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    Fisheries Society of Nigeria | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23004 | 19325 | 2018-03-05 09:27:38 | 23004 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-12
    Description: The paper which is a key note address, examined the concept of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), June 1992 as it relates to fisheries and land based tourism. The significance of fisheries to the world economy and the trends in global fisheries production are highlighted. The world production is put at 130.8 million tonnes, while production in Nigeria is put at 408.9 tonnes. The relationship between fisheries and ecotourism are discussed. Advantages in co-developiong fisheries and ecotourism are highligthed.
    Description: Includes:- 6 tables.;5 figs.;11 refs.
    Keywords: Conservation ; Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Ecotourism ; freshwater environment ; marine environment ; Fishery management ; Marine parks ; Sanctuaries ; Tourism ; Recreation ; Conservation ; Fishery development ; Nature conservation
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  • 19
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23228 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 14:56:29 | 23228 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Lake Njuwa has a historical and cultural heritage and has been a veritable source of livelihood to the people of Yola town on the South-western side, and Rugange village on the North-eastern side of the lake. Many Rivers and streams flow into the Lake. From the South Western side River Chouchi and Mayo Chudde; from the South Eastern side by numerous streams such as Mayel Lumo, Mayel Kalwa, Mandare streams and many other small streams (about five) drain into Njuwa Lake. The major contributor to the Lake is a "neck" in the North Eastern side of the Lake which emanates from Benue River. When River Benue is full especially when Lagdo spill gates are open in September, the neck allows water from the back-flow of Benue to enter the Lake and with it comes the recruitment of the Lake's fish species diversity Preliminary investigation revealed that Njuwa Lake despite its numerous environmental problems which sometimes leads to its complete drying, has very ideal limnological parameters for fish production. Njuwa was reported to be 17.5km2 (17500m2) before the construction of Lagdo dam on River Benue on the Nigeria-Cameroon boarder by the Cameroonian Authorities and the numerous irrigation projects around the Lake and River Benue. As at December 1981 however, aerial photos showed that it had shrunk to 3.5 km (3,500m2). As at November 2004, it has completely dried up. It was reported that cars could actually drive through on the dry bed of the Lake. The average depth of the Lake is around 0.5 meters and the water is very turbid. Farming around the Lake has triggered a higher level of deposit into the flood water which serves as silting material for the Lake. This is in addition to farm chemicals run off from the rain fed and irrigated crop, increasing the nutrient supply to lake's water thereby leading to accelerated eutrophication with it adverse consequences. Fish species diversity is also very high from on site report. Therefore the lake offers a unique potential for both artisanal fishing and fisheries tourism through the resuscitation of the cultural fishing festival despite the environmental degradation that it has suffered over the years. In view of the great prospects of the Njuwa Lake basin, if properly developed for its multidimensional benefits to the local economy in tourism job creation, food security, livelihood diversity and environmental improvement, the development of the lake basin on a holistic basis is highly recommended. The process should capture and involve the interest of all stakeholders around the Lake.
    Description: Includes:- 1 table.;1 fig.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Nigeria ; Njuwa L. ; freshwater environment ; Fishery development ; Water conservation ; Fishery management
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23231 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:06:24 | 23231 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The food and feeding habits of Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis caught in River Rima and Goronyo Dam in North western Nigeria were investigated A total of four hundred and fifty four (454) fish samples were collected on monthly basis from October, 2001 to September, 2002 are examined for feeding adaptations and gizzard content. The mouth is terminal in studied species. Two types of teeth were identified viz; cardiform and molariform. The gill rakers were 0.09~c 0.04cm in length with 0.010~ccm interspacing. The compartment of gut included gizzard-like stomach. The gut length and fish length (GL-TL) indicated rectilinear positive relationship. The regression coefficient (b) and correlation coefficient (r) of the gut length fish length relationships were significant (p〈 0.05). The main taxa of food items identified included substances of plant and animal origins, with overall percentage occurrence of 69.8 and 20.7% for samples from River Rima and 59.1 and 20. 0% for those from Goronyo Dam in the same order. During the dry season, the frequency occurrence of plant substances were higher in the juveniles (〈30cm, TL) 70.9% and adults (=30cm, TL) 64.7% in River Rima than the values obtained in samples from Goronyo Dam. Their occurrences in Goronyo Dam were fairly higher in the adults (62.9%) than in the juveniles (53.6%) during the same season. The results of this study showed higher occurrence of plant materials in juveniles than in the adults from the two water bodies during the rainy season. Contrary to this, low frequency occurrence of substances of animal in the juvenile samples from River Rima (15.2%) and Goronyo Dam (17.1%) were obtained in adult samples, the occurrence of animal substances were more than those of plants from the two seasons and water body. The feeding adaptive features revealed the ecological roles of the fish species that could be useful in satisfying their food requirements in culture systems and for teaching and further research.
    Description: Includes:- 5 tables.;19 refs.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis ; Nigeria ; Rim R. ; Nigeria ; Goronyo Dam ; freshwater environment ; Feeding behaviour ; Feeding ; Food preferences
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23236 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:14:46 | 23236 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The potentials of some medicinal plants that enhance fertility in animals were highlighted. Though, these medicinal plants can be used for other purposes but this paper focused on the fertility potential of the plants on animals. Some of the plants such as date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), wild yam (Discorea villosa) and Focus capensis had been discovered to enhance fertility in rats, monkey and poultry. Therefore if these medicinal plants could work on rats and poultry for fertility enhancement, the plants could as well be tried on fish so as to enhance the fecundity and sperm production in female and male brooders which will eventually lead to increase in fish seeds production. However, research is on going on the use of some medicinal plants to enhance fecundity and sperm production in male and female brooders in order to increase fingerlings production which would subsequently lead to increase in fish production.
    Description: Includes:- 1 table.;12 plates.;22 refs.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Fertility ; Aquatic plants
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23244 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 12:38:25 | 23244 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Socio-cultural impact of tourism has become a veritable tool for fisheries development in Nigeria. Little wonders that Nigeria who has a great potential in tourism and rich cultural heritage and notable festivals attracts tourist not only in Nigeria but other parts of the World are not fully explored. Among many other popular festivals is the Niger Delta holds the Ikwere, Kalabari and Obirika festivals, to celebrate the water head dress that imitate the heads of fish or water birds. Many communities, including those in north, have a version of the harvest festival. Also in the north, the Argungu fishing festival occasion takes place in Argungu, in Birnin Kebbi State, during February and dates back to the 16th century. During the festival, hundreds of local men and boys enter the water armed with large fish net scoops, and the competition is to catch the biggest fish. With a population of almost 140 million people comprising of over 250 ethnic groups, Nigeria is a blend of exciting socio-cultural diversity that has produced a land of un parallel opportunities for fisheries development.
    Description: Includes:- 11 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Law ; Sociology ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Sociological aspects ; Tourism ; Fishing ; Recreation
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23248 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 12:51:59 | 23248 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Length weight relationship and its parameters are requiring in practical assessment of stocks of aquatic species. The exponent b describes the growth condition of the species in question. If the value of b is 3 around 3, the fish is said to exhibit isometric growth if the value of b is less or greater than 3 the species is said to exhibit isometric growth if the value of b is less or greater than 3 the species as exhibiting both isometric and allometric conditions. Such conclusions are erroneous and misrepresentation of scientific facts. They stem from the use of inappropriate methods in estimation of the LW parameters and the authors? lack of understanding of the biological theory behind the growth conditions. To correct these erroneous presentations, the paper highlights the appropriate approach for the estimation of the LWR parameter. Large sample size. Wide size range and appropriate statistical tools are essential ingredients for accurate estimation of the LW parameters. The paper also elucidates on the concept of isometric and allometric growth in fishes and other invertebrates. A minimum of one year time scale of data collection in order to capture all the size ranges, from the young of the year to the oldest individual in the population, so as to reflect the ontogenetic growth performance of the aquatic species, have been proposed
    Description: Includes:- 4 tables.;15 refs.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Ethmalosa fimbriata ; Cirrhinus reba ; Rhinomugil corsula ; Micropogonias furnieri ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Length ; Length-weight relationships ; Body size ; Body weight ; Growth
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23251 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 14:33:27 | 23251 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: A total of eighty nine samples comprising 45 B. bayad and 44 M.rume from River. Rima were subjected to evaluation of rigor-mortis occurrence and dissolution; Total weight and total length of the species were measured using electric top loading balance (16000gm) and measuring board, respectively. Stop watch and calibrated thermometer were used for recording time and temperature to determine rigor mortis duration and temperature effect. The results showed that the duration from capture to dissolution of rigor was higher in M.rume than B. bayad, despite the fact that temperature ranges were similar. Factors such as size distribution and level of exhaustion might have contributed to the variations. In the light of the above, it is recommended that factors resulting to rapid exhaustion of B. bayad be looked into with a view to lowering it and subsequent elongation of the rigor period.
    Description: Includes:- 2 tables.;10 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Bagrus bayad macropterus ; Mormyrus rume ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Fish spoilage ; Quality control
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23247 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 12:49:34 | 23247 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Studies on the relationship between the rainfall, water levels and floods in Asa Dam Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria was carried out for twelve months to determine the impact of these parameters on the supply of fish species from this dam to Ilorin and environ. Maximum rainfall (26.14 cm) was in September. The range values of rainfall recorded during this research was zero (November / February) to 26.14 cm (September). Water levels were lowest in April (11.40 m) and highest in September (12.80 cm). Increased water levels commenced from May (11.90 m) to October (12.60 m). The flooding of the dam began as from August when the dam spillway began to overflow. Assessment of fish catch from six fishermen around the lake showed significant increase in the fish supply at the dry season when water levels were low than the wet season (P 〈 0.05). Rainfall and water levels were negatively correlated.
    Description: Includes:- 1 table.;1 fig.;14 refs.
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Asa L. ; freshwater environment ; Rainfall ; Water levels ; Flooding ; Fish catch statistics
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23256 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 14:42:01 | 23256 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: The highlights of the Fisheries Assessment Survey conducted at Yamama Lake in Kebbi State, North-western Nigeria in 2005 is presented. There were 17 fish species found in fishermen's landings during the survey period. About 25 fishermen were found using undersized nets to catch the juveniles of these species. Fishing pressure was found to be very high. The lake is 900 m in length and 195 m wide giving a surface area of about 18 hectares. For an optimum catch, about 4 fishermen ought to have engaged in full time fishing activities if the fisheries of the lake are to be managed on a sustainable basis. However, a surplus of over 100 fishermen was recorded actively fishing during the period of the assessment. All these have a depleting effect on the abundance and sizes offish caught from the lake. A community based fisheries management system, which establishes a participatory involvement of fishermen in the conservation and rational exploitation of fisheries resources for the well being of the stakeholders is recommended for the Lake.
    Description: Includes:- 3 tables,;1 fig,;4 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Yamama L. ; freshwater environment ; Stock assessment ; Catch statistics ; Catch/effort ; Fishermen ; Fishermen statistics ; Fishery statistics
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23220 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:43:43 | 23220 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Fish species assemblage in the lower Benue River was assessed by collecting samples in 5 established sample stations within Benue state. Some physical and chemical parameters were also assessed. The mean values of the parameters recorded include; Temperature 24~?C, pH = 7.09, Alkalinity (Cac03) = (37 mg/l) Amonia (NH3) = (37.9 mg/I), C02= (9.5mg/I), Chloride (Nacl) = (12.8mg/I), Total hardness = (11mg/I), Dissolved oxygen (Do) = (11 mg/I), and Turbidity = (45cm). Forty eight (48) fish species belonging to 32 genera in 18 families were recorded. It was observed that the family Bagridae had the highest number of species (7, 15%) Mormyridae, Characidae and Mochokidae followed with 5 species (10.63%) each. Cyprinidae, Clariidae and Cichlidae had 8.51% with 4 species each. Citharinidae formed 6.38% with 3 species, while schilbeidae formed 4.25% (2 species). All other families had only one species recorded in it (2. 12%). Bagridae and clariidae dominated in station 1, while the family Mochokidae showed dominance in station 5. Family Ariidae, Gymnarchidae and Centropomidae were rare in the lower Benue River. There were no significant differences in the abundance of the fish species caught in the different stations. Among the stations also, the l1umber of fish caught during the seasons did not differ (p〈0. 05). These physical and chemical factors did not significantly affect occurrence and even distribution offish in the study.
    Description: Includes:-4 tables.;10 refs.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Lower Benue R. ; freshwater environment ; Population dynamics ; Check lists ; Species diversity ; Finfish fisheries
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23219 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:41:52 | 23219 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Oreochromis niloticus fish-in-cake were made to improve its food value as well as create new menu. Fried fish-in-cake was 66.2% appealing in its colour, taste, texture and odour to assessors than the 64% rating for baked fish-in-cake.
    Description: Includes:- 2 tables.;11 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Fishery products ; Processed fishery products ; Fish utilization
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23223 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 13:54:52 | 23223 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Synodontis membranaceus was subjected to fermentation for a period of one month with varying concentration of ginger (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and 20% salt as spices to produce a paste. It was buried underground at 34 +-3~?C and analyzed for proximate composition, pH, microbial load, and organoleptic properties at the beginning and end of the fermentation. Results show steady increase in nutrients such as crude fat, ash, and NFE (nitrogen free extract) but decrease in crude fiber. There were fluctuations in the crude protein of the fermented samples, an evidence of fermentation. There was an increase in the microbial load of the different treatments and a slight decrease in the moisture content. The organoleptic analysis also showed preference for taste, aroma, and overall acceptability for 20% ginger and a significant difference (p〈 0.05) was observed in the taste scores for salt only and 20% ginger.
    Description: Includes:- 5 tables.;31 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Synodontis membranaceus ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Fermentation ; Fermented products
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23237 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:16:31 | 23237 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Fish marketing and distribution in New-Bussa market was studied weekly for three months (August -October, 2005). The result showed that the major fish species common in New-Bussa fish market are Clarias,Citharinus,Mormyrus,Bagrus,Alestes, Synondontis,Lates, Chrysicthyes, Tilapia, Hydrocynus and Clarotes. The business of catching, marketing and distribution of fish is controlled by young men and women of the age bracket of 14-40 years old. Over 15 different ethnic groups from 14 states in Nigeria and Ghana, Chad, Benin Republic, Mali are involved in fish marketing and distribution business in New-Bussa. The indigenous ethnic groups are Gungawa, Busawa, Kambari, and Nupe, they formed 65% of the ethnic groups found in New-Bussa. The remaining ethnic groups are migrants. Women dominated the trading and processing of fish.
    Description: Includes:- 4 tables.;7 figs.;5 refs
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management ; Nigeria ; New Bussa ; freshwater environment ; Marketing ; Market research ; Fish
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23235 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:11:53 | 23235 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Content of fishery in agricultural activities of rural women was carried out in Kukawa L.G.A of Borno State. A total of 96 respondents were randomly interviewed with the aid of structured questionnaire and data presented with descriptive statistical tools. In addition to reproductive role in marriage, women are actively involve in agriculture for economic benefit, but weak socio-economic variables need to be strengthen for improve productivity and economic benefit. Fishery (10%) has a low content in the agricultural activities of rural women which is dominated by crop farming and agricultural processing. Poor annual financial return of N19, 585.33 on average as reward for long period of 8 hours on average put in agriculture is discouraging. Diversification into fish marketing and process provides avenues for viable daily income to the women in the area. Identified constraints are extension delivery, financial poverty, farm land, technological input and infrastructure. Opportunities to empower rural agricultural women include social capital formation, co-operative group, access to fertile farm land, pro-active extension information dissemination as well as participation in government programmes like on-going fadama and agricultural credit schemes.
    Description: Includes:- 3 tables.;14 refs.
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Fisheries ; Sociology ; Nigeria ; Kukawa ; freshwater environment ; Women ; Socioeconomic aspects
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23245 | 19325 | 2018-03-25 12:41:19 | 23245 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: One of the greatest challenges in Nigerian rural development process particularly in the fishing communities, which are often isolated and vulnerable, is to address the constraints that exclude people from full participation in the management of their financial resources. Majority of fishers dwell along the margins of Lakes, Rivers and Creeks and mostly operate without dependable financial resources, business loans or a safe place to keep their savings. This, to a greater extent, inhibits their growth and expansion to the realization of formalized entrepreneur's status that constitutes a set-back to the sector and the National economy at large. However the recent economic transformations in the country pursue microfinance not only as a poverty alleviation tool but also as a sound and viable business. This paper reviewed the concept of microfinance, its implementation, roles, constraints etc. to serve as a guide for adoption and utilization amongst the artisanal fisher folks with the view to increasing their general well-being on a sustainable basis.
    Description: Includes:- 1 fig.;8 refs.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Artisanal fishing ; Financial institutions ; Financial resources ; Financing ; Financial management ; Fishery economics
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    Federal Ministry of Information | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/17218 | 4230 | 2020-09-07 18:22:22 | 17218 | National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Uganda
    Publication Date: 2021-07-11
    Description: Lales niloticus, the Nile perch, supports an economically important gillnet fishery in Lake Chad where it contributes from 35 to 45 per cent by weight of commercial landings at Malamfatori on the North-Western shore of the Lake. The present study examin s changes in the size distribution of Lates niloticus and variation in its catch rate expressed as catch kg/lOO m2 net/night fishing from the inshore to about 20-mile offshore waters of the lake at Malamfatori. Some meristic and morphometric characters of the fish have also been examined as a contribution to its racial characteristics.
    Keywords: Fisheries
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    Type: monograph
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: Fisheries newsletter
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Marine sciences ; Fisheries literature
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 30pp.
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: Fisheries newsletter
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Marine sciences ; Fisheries literature
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 34pp.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pseudo first-order rate constants for the solvolytic displacement of benzyl bromide in 100% ethanol and in 80 and 60% aqueous ethanol (v/v) are reported. The effect of adding poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PEG dithiols and diamines to the solvolytic solutions has been studied. The solvolytic rates are mildly retarded on adding PEG, MW 950, or PEG dimercaptoacetate, MW 548 or 748 (at a concentration of about 8% of the polymer) to reactions in absolute ethanol. In 80% ethanol, however, a rate acceleration by the polymers was observed, with the thiols exhibiting the largest effects. PEG di(3-mercaptopropionate) reacts slightly faster than the PEG dimercaptoacetates, but liberated acid affects the former's reaction. Three molecular weights of primary diamines structurally derived from propylene oxide-capped PEG were evaluated and found to increase solvolytic rates of benzyl bromide significantly. Kinetic evaluation and comparisons with reactions containing equivalent amine groups per gram in an appropriate model (ethanolamine) revealed that the polymer's amine groups are actively involved nucleophilically. Grunwald-Winstein plots and second-order rate constants revealed that the polymeric diamines caused the benzyl bromide to undergo polymer-assisted displacement in all solvent compositions. Since it was noted that the second-order rates increased as the PEG amine molecular weight increased, it appears that the PEG framework may be assisting the reaction.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1057-1061 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with several different bases in dimethylformamide solution yields dehydrofluorinated products with conjugated polyene structures. The extent of elimination can be controlled by varying the amount of added base. The structural properties of dehydrofluorinated materials depend on the base used. Polymer films cast from DMF solution exhibit electronic conductivity upon iodine doping; the conductivity is also a function of the base used.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1119-1124 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For calculating the ratio of the intrinsic viscosities of branched and linear polymers of the same molecular weight, [η]B/[η]L, a new theory taking into account the excluded volume effect is presented. By using the modified Flory equation, the excluded volume effect of branched polymers is predicted with the aid of the first-order perturbation theory. The linear expansion factor αs is converted to the hydrodynamic expansion factor αη by using the Kurata-Yamakawa theory. Our calculated results, i.e., [η]B/[η]L and 〈s2〉B/〈s2〉L, agree well with experiment for various type branched polymers, i.e., randomly branched and comb-shaped polymers of poly(vinyl acetate).
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1163-1173 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of crosslinked polydiacetylenes and its two-component interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) was carried out utilizing its polar and flexible substituent groups. Polydiacetylenes were crosslinked by the formation of allophanate linkages utilizing urethane groups in the substituent groups of the polydiacetylenes. Elemental analysis, DSC, TMA, solvent resistance, and IR spectra are presented as evidence for the formation of crosslinked polydiacetylenes. IPNs of polydiacetylenes and an epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) were synthesized by using simultaneous and sequential methods of synthesis. A study of phase morphology of the simultaneous and sequential IPNs was carried out using electron microscopy, TMA, and DSC.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1493-1503 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The final network structure of epoxy polymers cured with a crosslinking agent is strongly connected with the type and amount of the curing agent and conditions. Concerning the morphology of this network, it has been reported that cured epoxies are two-phase systems, containing roughly spherical floccules arranged in a matrix resembling the constituent phases. In this paper and by using an epoxy-polymer cured with different amounts (i.e., different than the stoichiometric one) of a curing agent, strong indications of their network-structure heterogeneity have been disclosed. For this study, two different experimental techniques, such as dynamic mechanical measurements and DSC tests have been utilised. It was found that cured epoxy-polymers consist of two extreme regions, with low and high crosslink densities, whose volume fractions have been estimated by using a mechanical model applicable for two-phase systems.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2063-2071 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by an ascorbic acid-peroxodisulfate redox system was studied in an aqueous solution at 35°C in the presence of air. Molecular oxygen was found to have no effect on the polymerization reaction. An increase in ionic strength slightly increased the rate. The overall rate of polymerization, Rp, showed a square dependence on [monomer] and a half-order dependence on [peroxodisulfate]. A first-order dependence on [ascorbic acid] at low concentrations (〈3.0 × 10-3 mol L-1) followed by a decrease in Rp at higher concentrations of ascorbic acid (〉3.0 × 10-3 mol L-1) was also noted. Rp remained unchanged up to 40°C and showed a decline thereafter. Addition of catalytic amounts of cupric ions decreased the rate whereas ferric ions were found to increase the rate. Added sulfuric acid in the range (6.0-50.0) × 10-5 mol L-1 decreased the Rp.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2327-2331 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 43
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2341-2359 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Esters of cyanoacetic acid are a novel class of epoxy curing agents. The model reaction between ethyl cyanoacetate (ECA) and phenyl glycidylether (PGE) yielded a cyano-spiro-dilactone under conditions similar to the resin cure. The structure of the spiro compound resulting from 2 ECA and 2 PGE was elucidated by MS, IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR techniques. Ammonia is split off from 1 ECA and acts in statu nascendi as a satellite hardener. An overall model reaction equation for the cyanoacetyl cure is proposed. The cure of bisphenol A-diglycidylether (BADGE) with ECA and with neopentylglycol-biscyanoacetate (NPGCA) is described over a wide range of the molar ratio. Clear and tough solids are obtained with a glass transition temperature up to 130°C. Cyanoacetates are latent hardeners requiring a curing initiator. Since N-4-chlorophenyl N′-dimethylurea is a latent initiator, liquid “one-shot” systems can be formulated that are stable at room temperature and harden quickly above 120°C. Heat aging properties of cured specimens are reported. A series of novel liquid, resinous, and crystalline cyanoacetates and their potential as curing agents are described.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2425-2439 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glow-discharge plasma polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane was carried out on the cellulose acetate substrate in the presence of iodine crystal and the effect of I2 doping on liquid permeability such as water, cyclohexane, alcohol homologues, and a water-alcohol mixture was investigated. It was found that I2-doped poly(siloxane) (PHMS-I2) membrane exhibited larger water permeability than nondoped (PHMS) membrane with anomalous pressure dependence (fourth power with pressure gradient). The permeability of alcohol homologues of PHMS membrane increased with increasing the molecular size and the hydrophobicity, whereas that of PHMS-I2 membrane decreased significantly. The presence of a small amount of hemoglobin also increased the water permeability of both membranes. From the results of flow tests of various kinds of fluid it was assumed that these membranes permeate the liquid predominantly by solution-diffusion mechanism.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2461-2479 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper further investigates imide formation in amidation reactions involving Bischloride A2 and suitably selected mono- and difunctional analogues on the one hand, and primary aromatic mono- and diamines on the other. It also investigates the reaction of these acid chlorides with secondary mono- and diamines. If, say, N,N′ dimethyl p-phenylene diamine and hydroquinone dioxyacetyl chloride or bischloride A2 were to react quantitatively, then a linear unbranched polyamide would be expected to be the result which, in the absence of any hydrogen remaining at the amide link, would no longer present a site for further electrophilic attack on the part of the exceptionally reactive aroxyacetyl chloride. There also arises the possibility that a monoamine such as aniline could conceivably act as a difunctional reagent in the presence of aroxyacetyl chlorides. In the event of this reaction proceeding quantitatively one would expect to obtain a linear polyimide in which each imide-nitrogen atom carries a phenyl group. In carrying out the experimental preparative work which is required to elucidate these points we used both monofunctional reactants as model compounds and difunctional reactants in order to assess the polymeric resultants. The products were characterized by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR spectroscopy, TLC, and Tg determinations. The conclusions drawn on the basis of the experimental work provided a satisfactory interpretation of the complex reactions which occur during the polyamidation of bischloride A2. They also point to interesting possibilities for the use of difunctional aroxyacetyl chlorides as modifying comonomers in minor amounts in the preparation of copolyaramides with reduced crystallinity. Such copolyaramides would be expected to have better solubility in common solvents and to be more easily processable than the rather specialized and extremely high-melting polyaramides currently commercially available and could therefore extend the range of useful applications for this class of polymers.The experimental section is preceded by an introduction which briefly reviews the “state of the art,” especially as far as bischloride A2-based polyamidation reactions are concerned. It is followed by a discussion of the results, by the conclusions, and a brief summary.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 183-192 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relative availabilities of accessible O(2)H, O(3)H, and O(6)H in the cellulose of developing cotton fibers were measured by conducting a reaction to a low degree of substitution under mild conditions in an aqueous medium. Raw cotton fibers from unopened bolls and from mature, opened bolls were studied. Correction was made for the presence of a β-1,3-glucan that was detected by substitution at the abundant O(4)H of this polysaccharide. The order of decreasing availability of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was O(2)H 〉 O(6)H 〉 〉 O(3)H. Results indicate that cellulose in the secondary wall of the cotton fiber is laid down with a high degree of order and that this order decreases with opening of the boll.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 261-261 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 279-289 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the previous paper, some ω-(1-imidazolyl) and ω-[4(5)-imidazolyl]alkanoic acids were synthesized and grafted onto poly(vinylamine). These water soluble catalysts of varying apolarity contain both hydrophobic and electrostatic binding sites for neutral and charged substrates. The influence of side chain length, percent graft, and the substitution in the imidazole ring are described. The grafts possessing the longer side chains and lesser apolar weight were more efficient catalysts than the grafts containing numerous short side chains and greater apolar weight. These grafts exhibited slower rates than poly[4(5)-vinylimidazole].
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 319-325 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The affinity chromatographic characteristics of some chemically modified copolymers based on glycidyl methacrylate have been evaluated. The copolymers were modified by means of reaction of suitable ligands with epoxy groups. Purification of pencillin acylase was carried out using these matrices as the stationary phase in the chromatographic column. Effect of the nature of the ligands and pH on the binding and desorption efficiency of the enzyme was evaluated.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 351-357 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The IR laser-induced degradations of liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) vapor and of hexamethyldisiloxane vapor have been studied in order to determine whether the high temperature thermal properties of the dimethylsiloxane unit is best represented by Si—O bond rearrangement (the conventional pyrolysis mechanism) or Si—C bond cleavage (the thermodynamic reaction pathway). The volatile products of these pulsed laser experiments with various viscosities of PDMS are methane, ethane, ethylene, and hydrogen. These results are consistent with Si—C bond cleavage to form methyl radicals, which can then recombine to form ethane or abstract a hydrogen atom from a matrix molecule to form methane. The presence of ethylene and hydrogen can be explained by the decomposition of hot ethane molecules. No evidence of Si—O bond cleavage was observed. Reaction temperatures are estimated with computer modeling using heat capacity data.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 343-349 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of poly(sec-amyl methacrylate) is studied by simultaneous thermogravimetry-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. The TG curve has four distinct breaks and a plateau. Results of the identification of the evolved gas at the individual breaks by GC-MS techniques lead to the conclusion that these breaks correspond to the individual processes in the decomposition mechanism like that of poly(tert-butyl methacrylate): the first break, the depolymerization initiated at the unsaturated chain ends; the second break, the depolymerization initiated at the saturated chain ends; the third break, the ester decomposition; the plateau, the inhibition of decomposition by the formation of poly(methacrylic anhydride); the fourth break, the decomposition of poly(methacrylic anhydride). The extent of ester decomposition is related to the substituent constants based on Hammett equation. The ester decomposition product is separated into three pentene isomers by pyrolysis-gas chromatography: trans-2-pentene, cis-2-pentene, and 1-pentene. As raising decomposition temperature, the composition ratio of trans-2-pentene decreases and becomes constant above 620 K, and the composition ratios of cis-2-pentene and 1-pentene increase and also become constant above 620 K. These results are accounted for by mobility of atoms included in the substituent at forming a ring transition state.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 389-397 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of metal phthalocyanine tetraamines in curing epoxy resins to form high-temperature-resistant matrix polymers for composites has been reported earlier. The effect of adding carboxy-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) elastomer is now described; preliminary measurements of tensile, flexural, and short-beam shear strengths, dynamic moduli, resin content, and moisture absorption are presented, and the results of dynamic thermogravimetric analyses are given. In addition to their high char yield (86-87.5% at 800°C in a nitrogen atmosphere) and limiting oxygen index (48.3-50.3), the laminates showed good mechanical properties.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 507-515 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The surface aspects of plasma polymers derived from ferrocene, dimethylaminomethylferrocene, and vinylferrocene were studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical applications. From a consideration of the ESCA peak area ratios it is apparent that ferrocene and vinylferrocene maintain a carbon-to-iron ratio characteristic of the “monomer”, whereas dimethylaminomethylferrocene plasma polymer is richer in iron than its monomer.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 569-573 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 591-593 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 761-786 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: More than a hundred propylene polymerizations were carried out with the CW catalyst (our particular MgCl2/ethylbenzoate/p-cresol/AlEt3/TiCl4 supported high mileage catalyst). Highest I.I. index (% yield of boiling heptane insoluble product) of 96.2 ± 0.9 was obtained at [Ti] = 2.4 × 10-4 M, A/T (amount of AlEt3 with 0.33 equivalent of methyl-p-toluate to amount of Ti in the catalyst) = 167 at 50°C. The I.I. values became lower when any one of these variables was changed. The I.I. values did not change with time of polymerization, indicating that both stereospecific and nonstereospecific sites were produced at the same time and polymerized monomers during the course of a polymerization. Estimates of maximum active site concentrations, [Ti*]0,Because of the complexity of the catalyst system, the active sites are designated as follows: [Ti*], active sites of all kinds at a given time; [Ti*]0 active sites of all kinds at time zero; [Ti1*], active sites of the first kind formed initially upon activation; [Ti2], active sites of the second kind, which were transformed from the former, and are responsible for olefin polymerization after the initial phase of rapid decay of activity; [Ti*]i, stereospecific active sites; [Ti*]a, nonstereospecific active sites, and [Ti*]t = [Ti*]i + [Ti*]a Similarly, the subscripts 1 and 2 for the various rate constants refer to active sites Ti1* and Ti2*, respectively. Finally [Ti] is the concentration of total titanium in the amount of catalyst used. [Ti-P] is the titanium polymer bond concentration as determined by 14CO tagging; [Ti-P] (1 h) and [Ti-P] (48 h) are the values obtained with indicated time of contact of 14CO with the polymerization mixture in the obsence of monomer. were obtained from a variation of vn-1 versus t-1. The values of [Ti*]0.i and [Ti*]0,a for the stereospecific and nonstereospecific sites, respectively, are in excellent agreement with those values of [MPB]0 (metal polymer bond concentrations at t = 0) determined earlier by radiotagging with tritiated methanol. The rate of formation of [Ti*]1 (the initial active site) is first order with respect to [Ti] and [A] with an activation energy of 12 kcal mol-1 where [A] is the AlEt3 concentration. The rate constants of propagation at 50°C are kp,i ∼ 160M-1s-1 and kp,a ∼ 11M-1s-1. The activation energy for the stereospecific propagation is about 4.1 kcal mol-1. At 50°C the rate of polymerization decreases according to second order kinetics suggesting bimolecular processes which transform one-half to one-fourth of the Ti1* site to Ti2* types depending upon experimental conditions, while the remainder decay to inactive species. The values of kt1 lie between 19 and 61M-1s-1. These processes are more complicated at 70°C involving two consecutive reactions; at low [A], the data fits better with first order decay kinetics. Comparison of the [Ti2*] values and the values of [Ti-P] obtained by 14CO tagging suggests that CO reacts primarily with the Ti2* sites and very little with the initially formed Ti1* sites. The Ti2* sites are slightly less active than the Ti1* sites having kp2,i ∼ 86M-1s-1 and kp2,a ∼ 7M-1s-1 at 50°C.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 829-841 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metal powders were incorporated into various elastomers and the mixtures were subjected to intense shearing in air or a nitrogen atmosphere. The molecular weight after shearing was still relatively high, however; greater than 100 kg/mol. The elastomer was then dissolved and centrifuged to remove the metal particles and the solution was analyzed for reaction products. A strongly ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing species was formed by shearing a styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR) with iron powder. The concentration increased with the concentration of iron powder in the mixture and the extent of shearing, and it was greater after shearing in a nitrogen atmosphere. These results are attributed to the direct reaction of macromolecular radicals, formed by shearing, with iron powder to yield an iron-polymer compound. Natural rubber (cis-polyisoprene), which absorbed 100-200 μg of iron per gram of polymer, was about as reactive as SBR. Polybutadiene was less reactive, and an ethylene-propylene copolymer did not react with or solubilize a significant amount of iron. Zinc was, in general, solubilized to a somewhat lesser degree than iron, whereas aluminum powder appeared to undergo virtually no reaction with sheared elastomers. The maximum extent of reaction (solubilization) was of the order of one metal atom per final polymer molecule, which was consistent with the proposed mechanism. Moreover, an analogous reaction took place between simple organic radicals and iron particles in suspension.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1505-1515 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The major features of polymerization induction periods for acrylic acid inhibited with phenothiazine and p-methoxyphenol have been characterized at 100°C, including duration of the induction periods, and rates of inhibitor disappearance, molecular oxygen absorption, and peroxide formation. Surprisingly, thermally produced radicals react more rapidly with phenothiazine than with oxygen since there is no detectable oxygen absorption or peroxide for mation during phenothiazine-induced induction periods. Thus, phenothiazine has been used to estimate the thermal rate of radical formation. Phenothiazine's effectiveness as an inhibitor is not directly affected by oxygen, although it does undergo oxygen-promoted, noninhibition-related side reactions. p-Methoxyphenol, on the other hand, depends entirely on the presence of oxygen to function as an inhibitor. Compared with equivalent concentrations of p-methoxyphenol, induction periods obtained with phenothiazine are very long, and the rate of inhibitor disappearance is slower by at least an order of magnitude. The characteristics of p-methoxyphenol inhibition reflect a greater radical flux deriving from the significant rates of oligomeric peroxide formation and decomposition which we measured during p-methoxyphenol-induced induction periods at 100°C. MEHQ is an effective inhibitor at ambient temperatures in part because of the greater stability of the peroxides at these lower temperatures.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1569-1577 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential thermal behavior of holo- and hemicelluloses obtained from rice straw and bagasse were investigated. Degradation was found to be of first order reaction. The activation energy values and the rate constants were calculated from the kinetic of weight loss. Hemicellulose was found to be less stable than holocellulose, and the stability of the samples was arranged in the order, rice straw holo- 〉 bagasse holo- 〉 rice straw hemi- 〉 bagasse hemicellulose. Degradation of rice straw (holo- as well as hemicellulose) was performed via two exothermic processes, whereas bagasse hemicellulose combustion was completed through three exothermic processes. The magnitude and the shape of the exotherms depend, mainly, on the chemical composition of the sample.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of Fourier transform (FT) two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of the composite of bis[N,N-di(2,3-epoxypropyl)-4-aminophenyl] methane (TGMDA) and the curing agent bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone (DDS) is discussed. The combination of 2D-J resolved and homonuclear (proton) shift correlated experiments permits the complex proton spectrum due to the glycidylamine moiety to be completely elucidated. The potential utility of this in the study of the aging of prepreg is briefly discussed.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1771-1785 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of saturated liquid densities and ethylene solubilities in ethylene - polyethylene systems up to 26.1 MPa and 493.1 K were obtained using a new variable-volume static cell after a careful investigation of the influence of inhibitors of polymerization of ethylene under experimental conditions.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1917-1929 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) was carried out in bulk at 70°C ± 1°C using 0.2% benzoyl peroxide as initiator in nitrogen atmosphere. Number average molecular weight (Mn) of the copolymers was determined by dynamic osmometry. Intrinsic viscosity [η] of HEMA-BMA copolymers was evaluated at 35°C in dimethyl formamide. These copolymers were also characterized by infrared spectroscopy and density measurements. Cohesive energy densities (CED) of these polymers were determined by observing their swelling behavior in different solvents. It was found that a decrease in alkyl methacrylate content resulted in an increase in the CED values of the copolymers.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1893-1906 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH) and poly(2-chloroethyl vinyl ether) (PCEVE) with various reagents were investigated using phase transfer catalyst (PTC) such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB), 18-crown-6 (CR6), and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DCHC) is a solid - liquid two-phase system. Although the reactions of these polymers hardly occurred without PTC in nonpolar solvents such as toluene and diglyme under mild conditions, the addition of PTC caused the reactions to proceed smoothly under the same conditions. In addition, the reactions of PECH and PCEVE with a strong base such as potassium hydroxide proceeded selectively through β-elimination reaction to produce the polymers with pendant vinyl groups. These results suggested this method is useful for the syntheses of functional polymers. On the other hand, it turned out that quaternary ammonium salts such as TBAB have higher catalytic activity than crown ethers such as CRG and DCHE in these reactions. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of quaternary ammonium salts was strongly influenced by their chain length and the structure of the polymers.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1963-1972 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: p-Vinylphenylsulfonylnitromethane (3) was synthesized by the reaction of sodium p-styrenesulfinate with nitromethane. Free radical copolymerizations of 3 with styrene and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone provided soluble copolymers. Conversions of RCH2X (X = Br, OAc) with the copolymers as reagents proceeded in a different manner from the corresponding lowmolecular-weight compound, phenylsulfonylnitromethane, to afford RCOOH in addition to the expected RCH2CH2NO2 and RCH2COOH; no nitriles were formed.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2005-2016 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics for the cycloaddition of dichlorocarbene to cis-1,4-polybutadiene (BR) have been examined for aqueous and solid sodium hydroxide-chloroform mixtures containing 350 molecular weight α-methyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) (Carbowax 350) as a phase transfer catalyst. This study describes the influence of reaction variables on rate and the partitioning of dichlorocarbene between dichlorocyclopropanation and hydrolysis. The results are consistent with a kinetic model derived for the case where mass transfer is not rate limiting. However, this does not apply at high conversions where mass transfer control occurs due to large increases in viscosity. Higher BR concentrations can be achieved by replacing chloroform with methylene chloride containing stoichiometric amounts of chloroform. This mass action effect causes more favorable partitioning toward cyclopropanation; otherwise, chloroform and methylene chloride behave similarly as solvents. Water is an essential component in this reaction because it greatly increases the ability of the catalyst to extract sodium hydroxide into the organic phase.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2043-2061 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new series of polyhalogenated, principally polybrominated polyamides have been prepared either by polymerization in a melt-phase process at high temperature or by a low-temperature solution process. The polymers were obtained from perchloroterephthaloyl-, perbromoterephthaloyl-, and 2,5-dibrometerephthaloyl dichlorides and tetrabromophthalic anhydride with aromatic and aliphatic diamines. They were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosities, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and flame-resistance testing.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2089-2098 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal and radical-induced polymerizations of 9-anthrylmethyl acrylate (I), 9-anthrylmethyl methacrylate (II), 1′-(9-anthryl)ethyl acrylate (III), and 1′-(9-anthryl)ethyl methacrylate (IV) have been studied. It was found that the radical-induced polymerization takes place for the methacrylates only, while thermal polymerization leads to polymers for both types of monomers and takes place by Diels-Alder cycloaddition in the case of acrylates, and by both normal enchainment and Diels-Alder cycloaddition in the case of methacrylates.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2117-2134 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homogeneous Ziegler-Natta systems for the ethylene polymerization, deriving from R2R2′M complexes (R = cyclopentadienyl; R′ = alkyl, aryl; M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and oligomeric oxoalane compounds, were studied. Further results concerning the methyl aluminoxane synthesis and the related chemistry are reported. On the basis of spectroscopic data a delocalized electronic structure could be inferred for these compounds. Results from polymerization experiments showed that the highest productivities are obtained only by oxoalane cocatalysts having a high degree of oligomerization. The catalytic activity of the systems under investigation was strongly affected also by changing both the σ-alkyl and the π-cyclo-pentadienyl ligands. Furthermore, it was found that in the presence of methyl aluminoxane, the homoleptic σ-alkyl derivatives of IVB transition metals, such as Zr(CH2C6H5)4, are also able to polymerize ethylene with a fairly high productivity. Active species containing Zr—O—Al bonds have been postulated.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2177-2195 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyamides were synthesized at -60°, -40°, -20°, and 0°C from sebacyl bisketene and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine in either acetone or methylene chloride. At the lower reaction temperatures oligomers predominated in solution but at 0°C the product was crosslinked. The polyamides were subjected to m-cresol extraction at elevated temperatures for up to 14 days. The m-cresol soluble and insoluble fractions were characterized by weight, infrared spectroscopy, dilute solution viscosity, and gel permeation chromatography. Infrared analysis of the soluble and insoluble portions showed the degree of branching of the polyamide, identified the branching point at the secondary amide proton position, and gave an indication of the degree of branching required before insoluble products resulted. Dilute solution viscosity and gel permeation chromatography were used to demonstrate the existence of low molecular weight (Mw) oligomer species in the soluble portion. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments revealed that polyamides synthesized below their glass transition temperature would not crystallize which resulted in abnormal thermal characteristics. Annealing at elevated temperatures allowed crystallization to occur and the expected thermal character to develop.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2225-2232 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions of methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylic acid (AA), sodium acrylamidostearate (NaAAS), and water were investigated. MMA, AA, and NaAAS could be terpolymerized in these microemulsions. For a composition of 54% MMA, 34% AA, 2% NaAAS, and 10% H2O, polymers of high molecular weights of about 1,000,000 were obtained between 3.5 to 24% polymer conversion. The system became a transparent gel when conversion exceeded 36%. Transparent solid terpolymer containing water up to 16% were also obtained after fully polymerizations of certain compositions.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2279-2281 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixing and curing experiments with suspensions of boron in hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) have been performed. In kneading experiments on a plastograph very high viscous masses with bad curing properties were obtained. The experiments indicated that HTPB is attached with its OH groups to acidic impurities on the surface of the boron powder. By adding a basic substance, such as octadecyl amine, mixing and curing were undertaken with much less difficulty.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2305-2317 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The products of the reaction between MgO and polypropylene-glycol adipates of different acid values and water contents were analyzed for the water generated and the magnesium reacted into the resin by means of Karl Fischer titration and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The results conclusively show that both basic and neutral salts are present in the products. The ratio of the amounts of basic and neutral salts present in the mixture, rB/N, could also be calculated from the results. It was found that as R, the moles of MgO added per mole of acid groups, is increased both the amount of oxide reacted and rB/N increase while these are relatively unaffected by the water content of the resin. The minimum value of R at which basic salt exists in the reaction products was found to increase with decreasing acid value. It is proposed that diffusional effects account for these observations as well as those reported in literature.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2447-2459 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Procedures for the synthesis of polyacetylene ([CH]x) with Mn (number average molecular weight) from 400 to about 106 have been developed. This probably represents the largest range of molecular weight (MW) obtainable for a given monomer by a single initiator system. The catalyst residue level in [CH]x can be significantly reduced by acidic-methanol purification. The very low MW polymer L-[CH]x (polyacetylenes with Mn 400-500), has the same cis crystal structure as the higher MW polymers but is less ordered along the c-axis. It is isomerized to the trans material with apparently a more compact unit cell than high MW polymers. There is annealing of crystallite which increases the longitudinal order during thermal isomerization. This process occurs more readily and with lower activation energy in L-[CH]x than for polymers with higher MW. Isomerization of high MW polymers tends to trap cis units which can result in degradation as evidenced by the formation of sp3 carbon vibrations in IR spectra. This is true even for L-[CH]x after prolonged heating. The results render credence to the proposal based on anamalous resonance Raman scattering profile that there can be very short trans segments in thermally isomerized trans-[CH]x.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interfacial reaction between a liquid polyfunctional aromatic isocyanate and a diol was studied using infrared spectroscopy to follow the reduction in concentration of the isocyanate group. It was shown that the product polyurethane formed a gel layer around dispersed isocyanate droplets which were swollen by the diol but not by the isocyanate. A model for the process is suggested based on the reaction occuring at the interface of a diminishing droplet surface. It is suggested that the reaction is controlled by the reaction kinetic parameters and the mass transfer by diffusion of the diol through the product layer. Quantitative evaluation is based on steady and nonsteady state diffusion theories.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 63-67 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic polymerization of bicyclo ortho ester, 1-phenyl-4-ethyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, was carried out with Lewis acids and cation sources to obtain the polyether containing ester group in the side chain. It was found that boron trifluoride etherate was the most active initiator in the Lewis acids. Magnesium perchlorate and triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate, which have lower nucleophilic counter ions, initiated effectively the polymerization of bicyclo ortho ester.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 87-106 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Plasma polymerization of tetra fluoroethylene (TFE), perfluoro-2-butyl-tetrahydrofuran (PFBTHF), ethylene, and styrene were investigated in various combinations of monomer flow rates and discharge wattages for the substrate temperature range of -50 to 80°C. The polymer deposition rates can be generally expressed by k0 = Ae-bt, where k0 is the specific deposition rate given by k0 = (deposition rate)/(mass flow rate of monomer), A is the preexponential factor representing the extrapolated value of k0 at zero absolute temperature, and b is the temperature-dependence coefficient. It was found that the value of b is not dependent on the condensibility of monomer but depends largely on the group of monomer; that is, perfluorocarbons versus hydrocarbons. The values of A are dependent on domains of plasma polymerization. In the energy deficient region A is given by A = α(W/FM)n, where α is the proportionality constant, W is discharge wattage, FM is the mass flow rate, and n is close to unity. In the monomer deficient region A becomes a constant. The kinetic equation is discussed in view of the bicyclic rapid step-growth polymerization mechanisms.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 119-123 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the hexakis (arylisocyano)chromium(0)-CCl4 system has been studied for a number of derivatives in which both chlorine and methyl groups have been introduced into the benzene ring. It has been found that single substituents in the benzene ring, irrespective of position, have little effect on the activity of the system other than that which can be explained by the electronic effects of these substituents. However, where steric overcrowding occurs it has been shown that the rate of initiation is reduced considerably. This confirms the established mechanism of initiation for this type of derivative.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 411-427 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Laser-initiated polymerization of cyclohexene oxide in the presence of maleic anhydride was investigated. The influences of solvents laser irradiation time and the monomer feed ratio on the polymer yield and composition were evaluated. The rate of polymerization increased with an increase in the molar concentration of maleic anhydride in the monomer feed. Short irradiation times of 1-3 min duration gave very high yield of epoxy polymer (〉80% conversion). Infrared spectral studies of the polymer product indicated the formation of polyether linkage at lower levels of conversion and an adduct of polyether and maleic anhydride at higher polymer conversions. The quantitative chemical analyses results also showed similar results. The results indicated that the polymerization was initiated by the excited charge transfer complex between the electron donor, cyclohexane oxide, and the electron acceptor-maleic anhydride. In the initial stages of polymerization, cyclohexene oxide undergoes a cationic polymerization in the presence of the radical anion of maleic anhydride. Laser-initiated polymerization of cyclohexene oxide/maleic anhydride is several hundred times more efficient than UV-initiated polymerization, as measured by the energy absorbed by the polymer system.
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  • 79
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ring-opening copolymerization of alkylene carbonate with cyclic acid anhydride was found to be initiated by carbon black containing potassium carboxylate (COOK) groups to give an alternating polymer, i.e., polyester. The polyester was propagated from COOK groups and effectively grafted from carbon black surface: e.g., the grafting ratio of polyester from ethylene carbonate (EC) and phthalic anhydride (PAn) went up to over 100%. On the other hand, the initiating activity of alkali metal carboxylate groups increased, depending on the alkali metal countercation, in the following order: COOLi 〈 COONa 〈 COOK 〈 COORb 〈 COOCs. This order was in agreement with that of increasing electropositivity of the counteraction. The activation energy of the copolymerization of EC with PAn was determined to be 26.3 kcal/mol. The rate of the copolymerization was accelerated in an aprotic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, the effect of solvent and polymerization temperature on the grafting ratio of polyester was investigated.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 535-548 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate has been shown to be a feasible preparative route to ionomeric sulfonated polystyrene. The properties of these copolymers are reported elsewhere. The copolymerization rate was found to be dramatically enhanced when compared to that for the emulsion copolymerization of styrene under identical conditions. This copolymerization was studied in detail and two mechanisms were proposed to account for these rate differences. An increase in the number of polymerizing particles in the copolymerization with consequent rate enhancement was substantiated by electron microscopy. However, the data indicate that the rate differences cannot be fully accounted for by this effect. In addition, a gel effect is proposed as a second contributor to the enhanced rate. This gel effect is believed to result from the intermolecular association of the incorporated metal sulfonate units in the growing polymer particles. When a third monomer that plasticizes the ionic interactions is used the polymerization rate decreases. This supports the gel effect hypothesis.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1361-1367 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A sulfonium salt derived from tosyl chloride and N-methylimidazole was successfully used as an effective condensing agent for the preparation of high-molecular-weight aromatic polyesters by the direct polycondensation of aromatic dicarboxylic acids and bisphenols. Conditions for the formation of the sulfonium salt and of the reaction of the salt with dicarboxylic acids favorable for the polycondensation were examined. Thermal property of a polymer was investigated in terms of random sequences of monomer in the polymer backbone. Preparation of a polyamide and a polyesteramide was attempted with limited success.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1383-1393 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(dicyanoacetylene) (PDCA) has been synthesized and characterized. The pristine polymer has EPR g-value, linewidth, unpaired spin concentration, spin - spin relaxation time (T2), and room temperature dc conductivity (σRT) very similar to those of pristine cis-polyacetylene (PA), but shorter spin - lattice relaxation time (T1). Saturation doping with iodine has little effect on most EPR characteristics of the polymer except for a slight increase in T1. The doped PDCA has σRT value of only 5 X 10-9 (Ω cm)-1, indicating either low carrier concentration and/or carrier mobility. Partial cyclization of the nitrile groups by heating at 400°C of PDCA produces l-PDCA with significant increases in unpaired spin concentration and σRT but marginal effects on other properties. Saturation doping of l-PDCA with iodine increases σRT to 7 × 10-3 (Ω cm)-1 without appreciable changes in EPR characteristics. The dopants in both polymers can be removed by evacuation indicating only weak charge transfer interactions. The possible stereoelectronic contribution toward the property differences between the PDCA polymers and PA are discussed.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1445-1454 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Plasma polymerizations of bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (BDMAMVS), bis(dimethylamino) methylvinylsilane (BDMAMVS), and trimethylsilyldimethylamine (TMSDMA) were investigated by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and ESCA. Polymer deposition was fairly faster in the BDMAMVS and TMSDMA systems than in the BDMAMS system, indicating that vinyl and methyl substituents contribute to polymer formation, whereas hydrogen substituents disturb the polymer formation. IR and ESCA spectra for these polymers showed that some dependence of the polymers formed in the chemical composition on the nature of the monomers. A part of methylamino groups in these monomers were oxidized to give amido and amine oxide groups. BDMAMVS and TMSDMA yielded polymers with few fragmentations of methylamino groups, whereas the polymers formed from BDMAMS had no methylamino groups.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1477-1491 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of the N-alkyl group of tertiary hindered amines on the photostabilization of polymers was studied. The photostabilizing effects of the tertiary amine derivatives of 4-benzoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (1a) in polypropylene were compared. All tertiary amine derivatives having α-H to hindered N showed higher effectiveness than 1a. Model liquid phase photoxidations were carried out by irradiating (UV-lamp) the solutions of tertiary hindered amines containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide as a photoinitiator. The tertiary hindered amines were oxidized more easily than corresponding parent hindered amine and converted to the parent amine, which was identified as its salt, resulting from the carboxylic acid produced from the N-alkyl group by oxidation. The thermal reaction of the tertiary hindered amines with tert-butyl hydroperoxide was also studied in the liquid phase. The tertiary hindered amines decomposed tert-butyl hydroperoxide more rapidly than the parent secondary hindered amine, and generated the parent amine. It was also found that the photostabilizing effects of tertiary hindered amines for polyolefins were higher than that of the parent secondary hindered amine.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1537-1549 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Macroreticular resins (RST) bearing polyethylenepolyamine side chain were prepared by the amination of the chloromethylated macroreticular styrene - divinylbenzene copolymer beads. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out in a water - organic solvent mixture containing hydroperoxide and RST. The polymerization of MMA proceeded smoothly in the presence of both hydroperoxide and RST. The presence of water was indispensable for this polymerization. 1,4-Dioxane hydroperoxide showed a high activity for the polymerization of MMA. The polymerization of MMA by this system was greatly affected by the structure of the resins. It was especially accelerated by using macroreticular resins with appropriate porosities.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1907-1916 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report a study of the conditions of the phosphorylation reaction for the preparation of aromatic polyamides using the Higashi reaction medium. For poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPD-T), the optimum conditions are: reaction temperature, 115°C; monomer concentration, C = 0.083 mol/L; and ratio of triphenyl phosphite (TPP) to monomer, 2.0. These optimum conditions produce PPD-T having ηinh = 6.2 dL/g. At temperatures of 120°C and above PPD-T precipitates from the reaction mixture, leading to lower molecular weights. At lower temperatures the reaction mixture gels, and the gel time decreases with increasing reaction temperature. However, polycondensation continues in the gel state. Monomer concentrations C = 0.10 mol/L and above produce precipitation and yield polyamides of lower molecular weight. For the preparation of poly(p-benzamide) (PBA), the optimum ratio of TPP to monomer is 0.6 for either p- aminobenzoic acid or N-4-(4′-aminobenzamido)benzoic acid. In the former case the inherent viscosity of polymer prepared at 115°C showed little dependence upon the concentration of the monomer. The highest value, ηinh = 1.8 dL/g, was obtained with C = 0.40 mol/L and a TPP/monomer ratio of 0.6. However, for the same TPP/monomer ratio, the monomer containing a preformed amide linkage, N-4-(4′-aminobenzamido)benzoic acid, gave PBA with ηinh = 4.6 dL/g when the monomer concentration is 0.33 mol/L. This is the highest value reported for PBA using the phosphorylation reaction. In A-A + B-B polycondensation, examples in which one of the monomers contained one or two preformed amide linkages produced polyamides having ηinh = 7.8 and 8.9 dL/g, respectively.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The emission properties of 1-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(9-phenanthryl)propane, Ph(CH2)3 DMA, and 1,3-di-(9-phenanthyrl)propane, Ph(CH2)3Ph, were studied in comparison with those of poly(9-vinylphenanthrene-co-p-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene). Ph(CH2)3DMA showed an intense intramolecular exciplex fluorescence in dioxane. Ph(CH2)3Ph did not exhibit a clear intramolecular excimer fluorescence. The quenching of the intramolecular exciplex by several electron acceptors was studied. As a result moderate electron acceptors, such as cyanobenzene, methyl benzoate, and acrylonitrile, selectively quenched the intramolecular exciplex, and in the case of cyanobenzene the subsequent formation of another fluorescent exciplex was observed. The results were discussed in terms of the reduction potentials of electron accepting quenchers.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The diphenyl chlorophosphate (DPCP)-promoted polycondensation reaction between aromatic dicarboxylic acids and bisphenols was largely improved by carrying out the reaction in the presence of lithium halides to give high molecular weight aromatic polyesters. Among the halides LiBr, which is capable of forming a complex with hexamethylphosphoramide, was most effective, suggesting that a similar complexation of DPCP with LiBr in pyridine facilitates the complete reaction of DPCP with carboxyl groups. The complex could selectively activate carboxyl groups of hydroxybenzoic acids to give high molecular weight copolyesters from several combinations of aromatic hydroxy acids. The reaction could also be adaptable to the copolycondensations of a mixture of the dicarboxylic acids, bisphenols, and hydroxybenzoic acids.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligomers of 4-vinylpyridine were prepared by reaction in vacuo of 4-vinylpyridine with lithio-4-ethylpyridine at -78°C, followed by reaction with CH3I(13CH3I) or CH3OH. The stereochemistry was studied by NMR and GC. Methylation and the addition of 4-vinylpyridine occurred in a stereochemically nonselective manner. The data also indicated that in contrast to the oligomerization of 2-vinylpyridine the stereoisomeric meso and racemic 4-pyridyl carbanions propagated with equal reaction rates. The stereochemistry was readily explained by an absence of coordination of the Li ion by the nitrogen of the penultimate pyridine ring observed in the corresponding oligomerization of 2-vinylpyridine.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Well defined BAB-type poly[styrene(ST)-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline(MeOz)] was prepared by the cationic polymerization of α,ω-p-toluenesulfonic acid ester-terminated PST (PST-BTs) as an initiator. Alkaline hydrolysis of this block copolymer was carried out under various reaction conditions to obtain BAB-type poly[ST-b-ethylene imine(EI)]. Morphologies of these block copolymer specimens cast from several solvents were observed by electron microscope. The results are discussed in some detail.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of copolymer latex particles with emulsifiers is governed to a great extent by the monomer composition of the particle surface. In this article it is demonstrated that for methylmethacrylate butylacrylate copolymer latexes this quantity, within certain limits, may be determined by XPS (ESCA) by a detailed analysis of the C(1s) line. It is shown that in this analysis secondary shifts in binding energy caused by the two carboxyl-oxygen atoms have to be taken into account, a fact that has been neglected in the literature so far.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 463-477 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymers that have crown ether groups as cation binding sites and cinnamic acid ester groups as photodimerizable groups were prepared by the cationic polymerizations of 2-vinyloxyethyl 4′-(2,3-benzo-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-2-cyclopentadecene)acrylate and 2-vinyloxyethyl 4′-(2,3-benzo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxa-2-cyclooctadecene)acrylate. When irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light the cinnamic acid ester groups of the polymers caused dimerization in dilute solution without the formation of insoluble materials. The irradiation was carried out in a dioxane solution and an aqueous solution in the presence and absence of salts. The effect of phototransformation of polymers on the cation binding properties was investigated by a method of picrate salts extraction. The binding ability of the phototransformed polymers for alkali and alkaline earth metal cations was higher than that of the native polymer. Furthermore the cation binding ability of the phototransformed polymers was less sensitive to temperature than that of the native polymer. The effect of the degree of photodimerization of the polymers and the concentration of KCl that exists during irradiation on the cation binding ability was also investigated.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sulfonated polystyrene (S-PS), which is of considerable scientific and technological interest, has been traditionally prepared by the sulfonation of preformed polystyrene. This report describes the preparation and properties of S-PS prepared by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate. S-PS prepared by copolymerization gave solubility, solution behavior and thermal characteristics that are consistent with an ionomeric structure. The solubility characteristics indicated some chain-to-chain sulfonate heterogeneity. Thermal analysis studies indicated that the glass transition does not increase with increasing sulfonate content. This is contrary to what has been observed for S-PS prepared by sulfonation and suggests that the S-PS prepared by copolymerization is fundamentally different in structure than S-PS prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 581-584 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 95
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 595-603 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New thermally stable polymers that contained benzimidazole and benzimidazobenzoisoquinoline fragments in polymer chains were synthesized by one-stage cyclopolycondensation of aromatic tetramines (3,3′, 4,4′-tetraminodiphenyl ether, 3,3′,4,4′-tetraminodiphenyl methane, 3,3′,4,4′-tetraminodiphenyl sylfone, and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine) with 1,4,5-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid 4:5-anhydride in polyphosphoric acid and with 1,4,5-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid 4:5-anhydride 1-phenyl ester. All polymers obtained were soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, 85% phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, methane sylfonic acid. Some were soluble in formic acid. Thermogravimetric analyses indicated that these polymers were stable up to 450-500°C in air. The polymers had good hydrolytic stability.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 635-648 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparative ESR study of low-temperature photolysis at 77 and 4.2 K of isotactic polypropylene, preoxidized under controlled conditions, and of 2.6.8 trimethylnonane-4-one as a model compound of the inchain PP ketones —CH2COCH2— is presented. The results show conclusively that the ESR spectra of low-temperature PP photolysis reported in the literature arise from the decomposition of tertiary hydroperoxides, whereas the contribution by the Norrish I photolytic cleavage of ketones is of minor importance; the relative efficiency of radical production at 77 K (λ ≥ 300 nm) by both types of photoactive compound has been measured by ESR and found to be about 15 times greater for the hydroperoxides. The mechanism of solid-state photolysis of PP hydroperoxides is dominated by the nearly complete decay of excited alkoxyls during the photolytic events that yield the chain end radicals —CH(CH3)CH2· by β scission (87.8%) and the inchain radicals —CH2C(CH3)CH2— by hydrogen abstraction (10.4%). The low yield of methyl radicals detected (1.8%) and their delayed appearance strongly suggest that these species are of secondary origin and that the decomposition of alkoxyls via C—CH3 scission is of negligible importance. From the ESR anisotropy of the deliberately prepared peroxyradicals —CH(CH3)CH2O2· and —CH2C(CH3)(O2)CH2— evidence of the misalignment of terminal chain segments following scission of alkoxyls at 77 K was obtained. An unexpected result of the measurements at 4.2 K is represented by the identification of a clear signal by H atoms: the H atoms apparently are not trapped in perprotiated matrices, even at 4.2 K, because of their unusually high reactivity toward the hydrogen abstraction assisted by tunneling effects.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 787-793 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly[S-(2-9′-acridinylethyl)-L-cysteine] (5) was synthesized by the N-carboxy anhydride procedure. It was converted to the trifluoroacetic acid salt (6), which was treated with LiTCNQ in methanol to give the TCNQ anion radical salt (7). 7 showed electrical conductivity of 10-8 S/cm at 295 K.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 801-811 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel poly(metal phthalocyanine)imide copolymers of high thermal stability have been synthesized using metal(II) 4,4′,4″,4‴-phthalocyanine tetraamine (metal = copper, cobalt, and nickel); diamines: p-phenylene diamine; 4.4′-methylene dianiline and 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene; and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride. Polymers with medium to high degree of polymerization can be prepared depending upon the metal phthalocyanine concentrations. Effects of temperature, order of addition, solvent type, and metal phthalocyanine concentrations were studied to ascertain the optimum conditions to obtain polymers having good thermal stability with a high degree of polymerization. These polymers had decomposition temperatures greater than 500°C both in air and in nitrogen atmospheres. Their anaerobic char yield at 800°C varied between 65-80%. These new copolymers have promising applications as heat resistant films, fibers, and varnishes.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 851-857 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dissolving pulp and its partially xanthated derivative were grafted with styrene, using either the Fe2+-K2S2O8 redox system of potassium persulfate alone as initiators. The conversion of styrene to both copolymer and homopolymer was found to be influenced by agitator speed. The effect of stirring was much more pronounced with the xanthated substrate in that a welldefined conversion maximum was observed at the same agitation speed for both total polymer and copolymer. Grafting onto dissolving pulp with the redox initiator also showed a maximum, but a maximum total polymer and maximum copolymer were located at different agitator speeds. Grafting of styrene onto dissolving pulp initiated by potassium persulfate was almost independent of stirring in the 0-910 rpm range.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 901-904 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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