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  • Articles  (42)
  • sulfidation  (42)
  • Springer  (42)
  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (27)
  • 1980-1984  (15)
  • 1950-1954
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (42)
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  • Articles  (42)
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  • Springer  (42)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (42)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of zirconium-containing nickel-based alloys in a hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide environment (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-based alloys ; hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide ; hydride formation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The modes of degradation experienced by a Ni-15Cr and three Ni-15Cr-xZr alloys (where x=1, 5, or 10 wt. %) after exposure to a 1% H2S/H2 gas mixture at 1000° C have been examined, with particular reference to the morphological features. The addition of Zr at about the 1% level has been shown to have a beneficial effect, in terms of reduced weight gain relative to the Ni-15Cr control, explained by a thinner more protective external “CrS” scale, and a decreased tendency for “CrS” subscale formation (internal sulfidation). Zr additions beyond 1%, up to 5 and 10%, become increasingly detrimental principally on account of extensive internal “ZrHx” formation, associated with the selective attack of the increasing amounts ofNi5Zr in the alloy microstructures. The mode of action of Zr at about the 1% level in these alloys is considered in the light of earlier studies concerning the performance of similar alloys in O/S atmospheres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603988
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphologies of uniform adherent scales on binary alloys (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Oxidation ; sulfidation ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The various scale morphologies arising from the oxidation and sulfidation of binary alloys are summarized. The relationships between simple single-phase morphologies and more complex multiphase, multilayer cases are arranged diagrammatically by defining qualitatively the restrictions on the thermodynamic stabilities and transport properties of the oxidation products which result in increasing scale complexity. Factors which can cause the formation of nonuniform scales are considered briefly. Oxide and sulfide scales on binary alloys of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Al are discussed semiquantitatively in an attempt to identify the important properties which cause changes in oxidation rates and morphologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603743
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  • 3
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    Sulfidation of manganese in H2S-H2 atmospheres at temperatures between 1073 and 1273 K (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Manganese ; sulfidation ; α-MnS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation behavior of Mn in H2S-H2 atmospheres, $$10^{ - 8} \leqslant P_{S_2 } \leqslant 10^{ - 4} $$ atm, maintained at a total pressure of 1 atm was investigated at temperatures between 1073 and 1273 K. The reaction kinetics obeyed the parabolic rate law; the parabolic rate constant was proportional to $$P_{S_{_2 } }^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} $$ where n=6.1±0.3. A value of 21,000±2000 cal/mole was estimated for the activation energy of the growth of the sulfide scale under constant sulfur pressure. Polycrystalline columnar α-MnS scales were formed which exhibited texture with preferred (111) orientation. The parabolic rate constants at different sulfur pressures from this and previous investigations were used to evaluate the manganese self-diffusion coefficient in α-MnS at $$P_{S_{_2 } } $$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603836
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Observations on the effect of low sulfur activity on the oxidation of chromium-depleted zones in a stainless steel (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 371-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Chromium-depleted zones ; sulfidation ; stainless-steel oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Coupon specimens of 20% Cr-25% Ni-Nb-stabilized steel have been oxidized in an atmosphere of CO 2-2%CO-670 vppb COS at 0.1 MPa pressure for periods up to 500 hr at 1123 K. Standard specimens, annealed at 1203 K prior to testing, showed an enhancement of iron in the surface scale and a much increased propensity to spall compared with control tests in a sulfur-free atmosphere. The main purpose of the work was to examine the effect of sulfur on the ease of formation of a “healing” layer under duplex attack produced by depleting specimens in chromium by prior vacuum annealing. It is shown that although a chromium-rich layer had formed, extensive breakdown occurred in the sulphidizing atmosphere leading to continued internal oxidation. Sulfur was found to partition at the base of this attack and to be associated with a large concentration of nickel. Spaliation was also enhanced in the depleted specimens, the favored site being the interface between the spinel and outer iron-rich oxide of the duplex structure. Partitioning of both sulfur and carbon was observed at this interface in those regions of the specimen showing “healing” layer breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611350
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  • 5
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    Sulfidation properties of an Fe-26.6 at.% Cr alloy at temperatures of 973–1173 K in H2S-H2 atmospheres at sulfur Pressures 104–10−6 Pa (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 39-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Cr alloys ; reaction kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation is reported on the sulfidation properties of an Fe-26.6 at. % Cr alloy at 973, 1073, and 1173 K in H2S-H2 atmospheres at sulfur pressures 104⩾ $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ ⩾10−6 Pa. The sulfidation kinetics when plotted according to a parabolic relationship usually exhibited an early slow transient period before onset of parabolic kinetics. Scales contained up to three layers. A triplex (CrFe)Sx/(CrFe)3S4/-(FeCr)Sx scale was formed at high sulfur pressures (range I), a single-phase (FeCr)Sx or a duplex (CrFe)Sx/(FeCr)S scale at intermediate sulfur pressures (range II), and a single-phase (CrFe)Sx scale at low sulfur pressures (range III). These pressure ranges at 973 K were: range I ⩾ $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ = 10−2Pa, 10−2 〉 $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ (range II) ⩾ 10−5 Pa, and range III $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659466
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  • 6
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    Sulfidation properties of austenitic Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Al alloys under low sulfur vapor pressure (8 Pa) in the temperature range 873–1173 K (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn ; Fe-Mn-Al alloys ; scaling mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation properties of austenitic Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Al alloys containing small amounts of carbon have been characterized with respect to the sulfidation kinetics, scale morphological development, structures, and composition of the sulfide phases. The alloys contained 21–40 wt. % Mn and 2.5–8 wt.% Al. The sulfide phase was monosulfide of manganese and iron containing the other metallic elements in solid solution. Two regimes of sulfidation categorized by slow and fast reaction rates were exhibited by all alloys when sulfidized in sulfur vapor at $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ = 8 Pa and over the temperature range 873–1173 K. In the slow regime, a compact duplex α-Mn(Fe)S/Fe(Mn)S scale evolved by a classical parabolic law associated with metal diffusion in scale. A porous microcrystalline mixed scale of the above sulfides evolved in the regime of rapid sulfidation by quasilinear kinetics associated with sulfur ingress through the porous scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659596
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  • 7
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    Reactivity of Ni20Cr30Al metallic felts with S2 (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; metallic felts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of Ni20Cr30Al metallic felts with sulfur was investigated between 680 and 920°C at S2 pressures over the range 2×10−2 to 18×10−2 torr. Two principal steps were observed in the sulfidation process, each one leading to a parabolic law. First, solid-state diffusion occurs in each fiber of the material; Ni3S2 is formed and reacts with Ni, giving a liquid solution. Second, when a continuous layer of liquid is formed around each fiber, the maximal S2 pressure at the solid sulfide-liquid sulfide interface is the Ni-Ni3S2 vapor pressure. Hence, the sulfidation rate is reduced and no pressure law is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01072909
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Kinetics of copper sulfidation at temperatures 570–1123 K (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 305-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper ; sulfidation ; mechanism ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of copper sulfidation have been studied as a function of temperature (570–1120 K) by the use of the modified Wagner's pellet method. It has been found that sulfidation follows a parabolic rate law with different activation energies in the low- and high-temperature ranges: $$k_{p}^{'} = 10.2 exp - (70 \pm 4)[kJ/mole]/RT (570 - 780 K)$$ and $$k_{p}^{'} = 1.69 \times 10^{ - 3} exp - (13 \pm 1.0)[kJ/mole]/RT (780 - 1120 K)$$ Using thermodynamic data as well as interfacial chemical potentials and ionic conductivity, the parabolic rate constants of sulfidation of copper have been calculated with good agreement with experimental results. Parabolic rate constants of sulfidation have been used to calculate average self-diffusion coefficients of copper in Cu2S, the temperature dependence of which is as follows: $$\bar D_{Cu} = 8.76 \times 10^{ - 4} exp - (22.4 \pm 1)[kJ/mole]/RT$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01072911
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  • 9
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    Cation vacancy concentrations in ferrous sulfide containing chromium and manganese (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: FeS ; sulfidation ; impurity effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A gravimetric technique was used to measure the cation vacancy concentration in pure ferrous sulfide and in ferrous sulfide containing small amounts of chromium or manganese. Measurements were made over a wide range of sulfur pressures, defined by H2/H2S mixtures, at 500, 600, and 700°C (723, 823, and 923 K). Chromium was found to increase the defect concentration by an amount consistent with the Wagner-Hauffe model pertaining to aliovalent cations. Also in accord with this model, manganese did not measurably affect the cation vacancy concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659187
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  • 10
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    A study of the mechanism of internal sulfidation-internal oxidation during hot corrosion of Ni-base alloys (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 253-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Hot corrosion ; sulfidation ; Ni-base alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The hot corrosion of wrought Ni-16Cr-2Nb was studied at temperatures of 910–1020°C using an autoradiography technique. The autoradiographic pictures of the deposits of Na2SO4 enriched with35Sshow that sulfur diffuses along the grain boundaries of the alloy preferentially, where it forms metallic sulfides. The sulfides are then oxidized; sulfur atoms are released, forming new sulfides at the grain boundaries or dissolving in grains and migrating inward by volume diffusion. These results provide new evidence for the sulfidationoxidation mechanism of hot corrosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659270
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  • 11
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    Effect of Nb on the high-temperature sulfidation behavior of cobalt (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 209-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; duplex scale ; heterophasic inner layer ; NbS2 ; CoNb2S4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation behavior of Co-Nb alloys containing up to 30wt.% Nb was studied in sulfur vapor at a pressure of 0.01 atm in the temperature range of 600–700°C. Increasing niobium content decreased the sulfidation rate, following the parabolic rate law. An activation energy of 25.6 kcal/mole was obtained for Co-10Nb, Co-20Nb, and Co-25Nb, while a value of 20.5 kcal/mole was found for Co-30Nb. All were two-phase alloys, consisting of solid solution α-Co and the intermetallic compound, NbCo3. The two-phase alloys formed a rather thick outer layer of cobalt sulfides and a heterophasic inner layer that was complex. The inner layer always contained the mixed sulfide CoNb2S4 which, depending on the alloy composition, coexisted with cobalt sulfide, NbS2, and / or NbCo3 particles. Short-time sulfidations showed that the solid solution initially sulfidized rapidly to form nodules of cobalt sulfide, whereas the NbCo3 phase formed a thin protective layer of NbS2. The nodules grew laterally until they coalesced into the continuous, outer thick layer, while the NbS2 completely or partially reacted with the cobalt sulfide to form CoNb2S4. Platinum markers were always found at the interface between the inner and outer scales, the location of the original metal surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00846687
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  • 12
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    Influence of solid-state CaS-CaO-CaSO4 deposits on corrosion of high-temperature alloys in simulated FBC environments (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 325-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; nickel-base alloys ; iron-base alloys ; fluidized-bed combustion ; deposit-related attack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This study addresses questions concerning the likelihood of sulfidation attack of heat-exchanger alloys beneath deposits of sulfur-sorbent material in fluidized-bed combustors. Alloy specimens were exposed at 900°C in calcium sulfate-calcium oxide and calcium sulfide-calcium oxide mixtures, in environments in which the oxygen partial pressures were fixed at values corresponding to the equilibrium values for each solids mixture, using controlled ratios of CO and CO2. The only source of sulfur in these systems was the calcium sulfate or sulfide. Sulfidation attack of nickel-base alloys occurred in both mixtures, the calcium sulfide-calcium oxide mixture being the more aggressive. Iron-base alloys were less susceptible to attack, although susceptibility increased with increasing nickel content. FeCrAlY-type alloys were resistant to attack. Comparison with corrosion behavior under conditions in which the oxygen and sulfur partial pressures were the same as those used here, but in which the sulfur source was in the gas phase, indicates that the form of the sulfidation attack is similar but that its progress is much slower under solid deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00846692
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  • 13
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    Influence of Zr or Hf additions to Fe-23Cr-5Al on the protectiveness of preformed Al2O3 scales against sulfidation (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 391-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Al2O3 scale ; protectiveness ; Fe-Cr-Al alloy ; sulfidation ; H2-H2S ; Zr addition ; Hf addition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An Fe-23Cr-5Al alloy and those containing 0.17 w/o Zr or 0.12 w/o Hf were oxidized to form α-Al2O3 scales in a flow of pure O2 at 1300 K for specified periods up to 400 ks, and subsequently sulfidized at 1200 K in an H2 −10% H2S atmosphere without intermittent cooling. The protectiveness of the preformed scale was evaluated by the protection time after which a remarkable mass gain takes place owing to the rapid growth of sulfides. In general, the protection time increases as the scale thickens. Both additives increase the protection time to some degree by forming more structurally perfect scales. However, ZrO2 particles on or near the outer surface of the scale on the Zr-containing alloy provide sites for sulfide formation. The scales formed on the grain boundaries of the Hf-containing alloy are ridged. The tops of the ridges are associated with cracks, which provide preferential sites for sulfide growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665446
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  • 14
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    Corrosion in SO2 of pure and preoxidized copper at high temperature (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 221-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper ; sulfur dioxide ; sulfidation ; oxidation ; dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A kinetics and morphological study of the reaction of pure SO2 with copper over the temperature range 500–950°C showed that only Cu2S formed despite the fact that thermodynamic ally its formation is not expected. Alternatively, the formation of Cu2O, expected from the Cu-O-S diagram did not occur during sulfidation; however, its evaporation was observed in an atmosphere of pure SO2 at high temperature. Thus copper differs from others metals such as nickel or cobalt by its low reactivity with SO2 compared to the oxidation reaction; therefore, it was possible to follow the beginning of sulfidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603833
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  • 15
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    Protection of Fe-Cr-Al alloys in sulfidizing environments by means of an α-Al2O3 scale (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr-Al alloys ; sulfidation ; diffusion ; corrosion protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfur corrosion behavior of ferritic Fe-22.2Cr-5.5Al and Fe-10.2Cr-5.1Al (wt.%) alloys was studied in sulfur vapor and in a 10%H 2 S -H 2 (vol. %) atmosphere at 900°C after preoxidation of the alloys at 1000°C in oxygen to form an α-Al 2 O 3 scale. The immunity time before onset of sulfidation attack to form a layered scale containing chromium and iron sulfides was dependent upon the α-Al 2 O 3 scale thickness and the nature of the sulfidizing atmosphere. In pure sulfur at low vapor pressure, $$P_{S_2 }$$ =8.1×10 −5 atm, the sulfide scale initially developed by the diffusion of metal cations through the α-Al 2 O 3 barrier. On the other hand, the sulfide was nucleated and grew beneath the Al 2 O 3 barrier when the alloys were exposed in the H 2 S -H 2 atmosphere at $$P_{S_2 }$$ =1.5×10 −5 atm. It was possible to demonstate by calculations from a gas-oxide-metal model for sulfur adsorption and diffusion in the solid phases that the types of initial sulfidation attack in these atmospheres were determined by sulfur threshold concentrations at the alloy-oxide and oxide-gas interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00742114
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  • 16
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    Sulfidation behavior of austeno-ferritic steels (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 103-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: duplex steels ; sulfidation ; kinetics ; transport processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two austeno-ferritic stainless steels were sulfidized at temperatures of 783, 873, and 963 K under sulfur pressures in the range 4×10−12 to 3×10−5 atm. In all cases a triplex scale developed, consisting of an outermost layer of (Fe, Cr)1−xS, an intermediate layer of FeCr2S4, and an innermost layer of porous (Cr, Fe)1−xS containing particles of Mo2S3. Parabolic kinetics were observed except at the lowest temperature where one of the steels reacted according to irregular kinetics. The Mo2S3 particles in the innermost layer acted as inert markers, imaging the former positions of the steels' ferrite phase in which Mo is enriched. The lamellar microstructure of the steel was thus reproduced in the innermost sulfide layer. The positions of the Mo2S3 particles together with the porosity of the inner layer are taken to imply inward sulfur transport through this layer and outward metal transport through all three layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00741466
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  • 17
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    Sulfidation of manganese in sulfur vapor at low pressure and temperatures between 873 and 1273 K (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: manganese ; sulfidation ; grain orientation ; α-MnS ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out on the sulfidation kinetics of manganese plates by thermogravimetry in pure sulfur vapor at low pressures, 4.5×10−5〈 pS2 (atm)〈7.2×10−4, at temperatures between 973 and 1173 K. The reaction kinetics were parabolic and the sulfidation rate constant at 1073 K was proportional to $$p_{S_2 }^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} $$ where n = 6.4±0.8. The activation energy for the sulfidation reaction at $$p_{S_2 } = 8.1x10^{ - 5} $$ atm was 25,000±3000 cal·mol−1. The α-MnS developed a preferred orientation texture, and grain growth was observed even though the metal exhibited no preferred orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656838
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  • 18
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    Effect of yttrium on the sulfidation behavior of Ni-Cr-Al alloys at 700°C (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; yttrium ; duplex-sulfide scales ; lamellar sulfides ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation of Ni-10Cr-5Al, Ni-20Cr-5Al, and Ni-50Cr-5Al, and of the same alloys containing 1% Y, was studied in 0.1 atm sulfur vapor at 700°C. The sulfidation process followed linear kinetics for all the alloys except Ni-50Cr-5Al-1Y, and possibly Ni-50Cr-5Al, which followed the parabolic law. The reaction rates decreased with increasing chromium content in alloys without yttrium, and the addition of yttrium reduced the rates by at least a factor of two for the alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr and by an order of magnitude for Ni-50Cr-5Al. Alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr (with and without yttrium) formed duplex scales consisting of an outer layer of NiS1.03 and an inner lamellar layer of a very fine mixture of Cr2S3 and A12O3 in a matrix of NiS1.03. The two alloys containing 50% Cr formed only a compact layer of Cr2S3, which was brittle and spalled during cooling. The lamellae in the duplex scales were parallel to the specimen surface and bent around corners. The lamellae were thicker than those on Ni-Al binary alloys. The lamellae were also thicker in scales on the 20% Cr alloy than on the 10% Cr alloy. The presence of yttrium refined the lamellae and increased the lamellae density near the scale/metal interface in the 10% alloy, but in the 20% Cr alloy the lammellae were thicker and more closely spaced. Platinum markers were found in the inner portion of the exterior NiS1.03 layer close to the lamellar zone. A counter-current diffusion mechanism is proposed involving outward cation diffusion and inward sulfur diffusion, although diffusion was not rate controlling for alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr. Auger analysis of scales formed on Ni-50Cr-1Y showed an even distribution of yttrium throughout the layer of Cr2S3, suggesting that some yttrium dissolved in the sulfide. The reduced sulfidation rate of samples containing yttrium is explained by the possible dissolution of yttrium as a donor. The presence of Y4+ would then decrease the concentration of interstitial chromium ions in the N-type layer of Cr2S3, which would decrease the reaction rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807994
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  • 19
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    Transport properties of sulfide scales and sulfidation of metals and alloys (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 107-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: defects ; diffusion in sulfides and oxides ; sulfidation ; oxidation of metals and alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Defect and transport properties of metal sulfides are discussed, showing the differences from and similarities with oxide systems. The sulfidation kinetics and mechanism of metals and alloys are compared with oxidation processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659899
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    A thermogravimetric investigation of the Fe-Ni-S system from 700 to 900°C (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 123-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Ni alloys ; phase diagram ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thermogravimetric method employing H2-H2S-Ar gas mixtures was used to measure the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of the Fe-Ni-S system. The equilibrium sulfur pressures in the ternary monosulfide phase and an adjacent two-phase region were measured between 700 to 900°C. Isothermal sections at 700, 750, 800, and 850°C are constructed as well as stability diagrams for the same temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00667054
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  • 21
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    Studies of the mechanism of reaction of nickel with SO2 (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel ; SO2 ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of nickel with SO2 has been studied. The composition and morphology of the scale formed in sulfur dioxide (1.013×105 Pa) at 600°C and the transport phenomena occurring in the growing scale have been investigated. The experimental methods consisted of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The transport phenomena have been studied by the marker method and with the use of a35S radioisotope. The scale was composed of a NiO and Ni3S2 mixture and grew by the outward diffusion of nickel and inward transport of SO2 molecules through the discontinuities of the scale. It has been shown that outward transport of sulfur originating from grains of sulfide occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751797
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  • 22
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    Protective behavior of alumina scales in sulfidizing atmospheres (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 333-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Aluminized steels ; corrosion ; sulfidation ; protection ; oxide scales ; sulfur diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-17Cr steel was aluminized (three different pack-cementation treatments were used) and then oxidized before exposure to a sulfidizing (H 2/10%H2S) atmosphere. When the oxidation time is sufficiently high (≥30 min), the corrosion remains nil for a period termed the immunity time. The corrosion initiates by sulfur diffusion through the alumina scale, which had been formed previously. A diffusion model was established: the sulfur diffusion coefficient in the oxide depends on the oxidation duration and on the aliminizing treatment. Its activation energy was calculated to be 353 kJ and was constant regardless of the prior cementation treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659275
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  • 23
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    A solid-state EMF study of the Fe-S-O and Co-S-O ternary systems (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 329-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-S-O ; Co-S-O ; oxidation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The equilibrium oxygen potentials of the two-phase equilibria Fe3O4/Fe1−xS, Co1−xS/Co3S4, Co3S4/CoS2, Co1−xS/CoO, and CoO/CoSO4 were measured as a function of temperature. A solid-state emf technique using calcia-stabilized zirconia (CSZ) solid electrolyte was used. These equilibria were studied atP SO2≃1 atm; the equilibrium Co1−xS/CoO was also studied atP SO2≃0.1 atm. Two emf cell designs were used for the measurements atP SO2≃1 atm andP SO2≃1 and 0.1 atm, respectively. The homogeneity range of FeS in equilibrium with Fe3O4 and that of Co1−xS in equilibrium with CoO at ∼ 1073 K andP SO2≃1 atm were measured by electron microprobe analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659004
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  • 24
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    Manganese sulfidation in H2S-H2 mixtures in the temperature range 673–1223 K (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 273-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: manganese ; sulfidation ; morphology ; texture ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Pure manganese was sulfidized in H2S−H2 mixtures at temperatures between 673 and 1223 K, under a sulfur partial pressure in the range 2.2 × 10−5−3.4 Pa. The large temperature range investigated must be partitioned into three domains, in which kinetics, sulfide scale morphology, and texture are strongly linked. In the higher-temperature domain, experimental results were in accordance with literature data concerning manganese sulfidation carried out in pure sulfur vapor, with respect to parabolic kinetics and the morphological point of view. In the lower-temperature domain, kinetics were linear for the major duration of an experiment. They began with a period of decreasing rate, followed by a period of a few hours during which no weight gain was detected. Scale texture and morphology were unusual in this environment. Between these two domains, an intermediate one was observed wherein some characteristics of the two previous ones were mixed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659002
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  • 25
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    Kinetics and mechanism of the sulfidation of Fe-Mo alloys (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 341-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Mo alloys ; sulfidation ; two-phase alloys ; duplex scales ; MoS2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Iron-molybdenum alloys containing up to 40 wt.% molybdenum were exposed to sulfur vapor at a partial pressure of 0.01 atm at temperatures of 600–900°C. Sulfidation kinetics were measured over periods of up to 8 hr using a quartz-spring thermogravimetric method. The sulfidation kinetics of all alloys studied obeyed the parabolic rate law. The sulfidation rate of iron was found to be reduced by factors of 60 at 900°C and 120 at 600°C by the addition of 40 wt.% molybdenum. Duplex sulfide scales formed on all alloys at all temperatures, the scales consisting of an inner layer of mostly MoS2 and an outer layer of FeS. Platinum markers were located at the interface between the outer and inner scales, showing that outward iron diffusion and inward sulfur diffusion through the inner layer occurred. The improved sulfidation resistance was attributed to the formation of the MoS2, which acted as a partially protective barrier to the diffusion of the reacting species. Sulfidation activation energies were found to range from 24.3 to 28.5 kcal mole for the alloys compared to 20.6 kcal/mole, for pure iron. The rate-controlling step was outward iron diffusion through the outer iron sulfide layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666462
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  • 26
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    High-temperature sulfidation of Mo-50 Wt.% Re (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 453-478 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Mo-50Re ; sulfidation ; x-phase ; MoS2 sulfur interstitials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Mo-50Re was sulfidized over the range of 1000–1100°C in sulfur vapor at pressures of 10−4 and 10−2 atm. The reaction kinetics followed the parabolic rate law with an activation energy of 55.4 kcal/mole for $$p_{S_2 } = 10^{ - 4} $$ and 48.2 kcal/mole for $$p_{S_2 } = 10^{ - 2} $$ atm. The pressure dependence varied between +1/4 to +1/6 for the slope of a plot of log Kp vs log $$p_{S_2 } $$ . Analysis of the diffusional processes occurring in both the scale and the alloy substrate gave an expression for the ratio of the thickness of the scale and of the χ-phase as a function of the corresponding rate constants for the growth of each layer. Finally, the conditions required for the formation of the χ-phase layer between the outer scale and the alloy substrate were obtained in terms of the ratio between the diffusion coefficients of the two metals in the intermetallic compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666467
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  • 27
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    Kinetics and mechanisms of the oxidation of chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 73-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; mixed oxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of pure chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures was studied as a function of gas composition at 900°C. Oxidation kinetics were measured using a thermogravimetric apparatus, and the oxidation products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Chromia scales formed when the H2O/H2S ratio was about 10 or greater. Scales that comprised a mixture of Cr2O3 and chromium sulfides formed when the H2O/H2S ratio was about 3, even though Cr2O3 was the thermodynamically stable phase under these conditions; i.e., a kinetic boundary exists for pure chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures. The transition from chromia scale formation to the formation of scales containing both oxide and sulfide with a change in gas composition (decrease in the H2O/H2S ratio) is associated with an inhibition of the overgrowth of growing, metastable sulfide nuclei by the thermodynamically stable Cr2O2 phase. Presulfidation experiments confirmed that metastable chromium sulfide can continue to grow after H2O is added to the gas phase when the H2O/H2S ratio in the gas phase is less than a critical value at the temperature of interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666472
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  • 28
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    Effect of 1 wt.% yttrium addition on high-temperature sulfidation behavior of Fe-15Cr-4Al alloy (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 127-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Kinetics ; yttrium addition ; sulfidation ; sulfides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract High-temperature sulfidation studies have been carried out on Fe-15Cr-4Al with and without 1% Y in the temperature range 700–1000°C in an H 2-H2 S environment over the sulfur pressure range of 10 −9−10−3 atm. Two-layered and three-layered sulfide scales were observed in both alloys at low and high sulfur pressures, respectively. The pegging phenomenon, similar to that occurring in high-temperature oxidation, across the innermost layer and substrate was observed in the case of the yttrium-containing alloy. Yttrium was found to be associated with aluminum and chromium sulfides. The role of yttrium was more evident at low than at high sulfur pressures and was found to reduce the parabolic rate constants by a factor of about one-half to one-seventh, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656703
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  • 29
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    High-temperature sulfidation of Fe-Mn alloys (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 65-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Mn alloys ; sulfidation ; sulfides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The complete range of binary Fe-Mn alloys were sulfidized in pure sulfur vapor (1 atm) at 700–1000°C. It was found that the corrosion kinetics could be divided into four groups, depending upon the alloy concentration. The first group, up to 11 w/o Mn, had a constant corrosion rate. The second group, up to about 63 w/o Mn, had an exponentially decreasing rate of corrosion with increasing manganese content. In the third group, about 63–80 w/o Mn alloys, the corrosion rate did not follow the parabolic law. The corrosion rates became constant above 80 w/o Mn. These corrosion kinetics were explained by considering the scale structure and alloy substrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00604104
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  • 30
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    Penetration of sulfur through preformed protective oxide scales (1983)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 19 (1983), S. 37-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; penetration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermodynamic assessment of sulfur penetration through otherwise protective scales such as Cr2O3, Al2O3 has been carried out for Co-Cr- and Co-Cr-Al-base alloys. Limiting conditions for sulfide formation following gas molecular transport and solution-diffusion transport have been established and the results partially confirmed by experiments carried out on Co-10Cr, Co-25Cr, and Co-10Cr-5Al alloys in sulfurous atmospheres. The results show that molecular transport of sulfurous gas species through the growing oxide scale definitely occurs. It was not possible to confirm or disprove the solutiondiffusion mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656229
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  • 31
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    The corrosion of chromium and nickel-chromium alloys in oxygen-sulfur-carbon gases at 800°C (1983)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 20 (1983), S. 111-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Oxidation ; sulfidation ; scale structures ; cation diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The simultaneous oxidation and sulfidation of Cr, Ni-10Cr, Ni-20Cr, and Ni-30Cr was studied at 800°C in three gases falling within the Cr2O3 stability field of the Cr-S-O system. The sulfur partial pressure remained constant at 1×10−6 atm, whereas the oxygen partial pressure varied from 5×1021 to 5×10−20 atm, and the carbon activity varied from 0.108 to 0.416. Reaction kinetics were measured, and the reaction products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive analysis. Reaction rates decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure and decreased with increasing chromium content of the alloys. Sulfides always formed along with Cr2O3, even though the gases fell within the oxide stability field. No carburization was observed even though carbon activities were sufficiently high to form carbides. The reaction mechanisms are discussed, and the absence of carburization is analyzed on the basis of a three-dimensional stability diagram.
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  • 32
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    Sulfidation mechanism of an Fe-26.6 at.% Cr alloy at temperatures 973–1173 K in H2S-H2 atmospheres at sulfur pressures 104–10−6 Pa (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Cr alloys ; reaction mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation has been carried out to establish the sulfidation mechanism of an Fe-26.6 at. % Cr alloy at 973, 1073, and 1173 K in H2S-H2 atmospheres at sulfur pressures 104 ⩾ $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659467
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  • 33
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    Studies on the mechanism of high temperature corrosion of cobalt in SO2 atmospheres with the use of18O and35S isotopes (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 22 (1984), S. 101-115 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; transport ; tracer ; autoradiographs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The composition and morphology of scales formed on cobalt in sulfur dioxide atmospheres (1.013 × 105 Pa) at 850 and 900°C and transport phenomena occurring in the growing scales have been investigated. The transport phenomena have been studied by the marker method and with the use of SO2 labeled with the oxygen isotope18O and sulfur isotope35S. The scales were composed of sulfide and oxide mixtures and grew due to the outward diffusion of cobalt and inward transport of SO2 molecules through the discontinuities in the scale. These molecules, as well as the oxidant originating from the dissociation of the outer scale layer, take part in the formation of the inner scale layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656899
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  • 34
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    Sulfidation behavior of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys at 700°C (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 22 (1984), S. 45-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-Cr-Mo alloys ; sulfidation ; scale structures ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of molybdenum additions 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt. %, on the sulfidation behavior of Ni-20Cr, and the effect of chromium additions, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%, on the sulfidation of Ni-20Mo were studied in pure sulfur vapor at 700°C. In general, the alloys followed a linear or near-linear rate law, the sulfidation rate of Ni-20Mo being slightly less than that of Ni-20Cr. The alloys having the lowest ternary addition, e.g., Ni-Cr-5Mo and Ni-20Mo-5Cr. exhibited the most rapid reaction rates. The highest alloying additions of 20 wt.% had no appreciable benefit on reaction rates. Scale structures were complex but generally consisted of several layers. The outer layer was always NiS1.03, although both binaries formed Ni3S2 within the NiS1.03. An inner layer of Cr3S4 existed in which there was considerable dissolved molybdenum. A thin, intermediate layer of Cr2S3 generally formed between the Cr3S4 and the outer nickel sulfide. An innermost layer of MoS2 formed on all alloys containing more than 10 wt. % Mo, and a second phase of Mo2S3 formed within the MoS2 on Ni-20Mo. Although the scales changed with alloy composition, no significant changes in reaction rate were observed. Notable differences in both scale structure and reaction kinetics between this study and previous studies were apparent. The differences and possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
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    Sulfidation properties of Fe-Al alloys at 1173 K in H2S-H2 atmospheres (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 53-75 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Al alloys ; sulfidation ; reaction mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation kinetics and morphological development of reaction products are reported for Fe-9 and 18 at.% Al alloys exposed at 1173 K to H2S-H2 atmospheres at sulfur pressures in the range 10−1−103 Pa. The Fe-9 Al alloy sulfidized parabolically at $${\text{P}}_{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}} } = 10^{ - 1} $$ Pa giving rise to a duplex scale composed of an outer Al-doped FeS layer and an inner FeS + FeAl2S4 lamellar layer and to an internal sulfidation zone containing Al2S3 precipitates. The Fe-18 Al alloy which was sulfidized at $$10^2 {\text{Pa}} \geqslant {\text{P}}_{S_2 } \geqslant 10$$ .
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  • 36
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    Corrosion of nickel with small alloy additions of Si, Fe, and Mn in SO2+O2/SO3 at 700°C (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 217-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel alloys ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; grain-boundary segregation ; corrosion mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of nickel with alloy additions of Si, Fe, and/or Mn up to 4 wt% has been studied in SO 2+O2/SO3 at 700°C. All alloy additions greatly improve the corrosion resistance of nickel in oxygen-rich atmospheres (O2 with about 4% SO2); the best improvements are achieved with Si, Fe+Si, and Fe+Mn+Si additions. High-purity nickel corrodes rapidly under these conditions; the scale then consists of NiO+Ni3S2, and the sulfide forms a three-dimensional network along the grain boundaries of the NiO grains and serves as the diffusion path for rapid outward migration of nickel. From studies of the microstructure and distribution of the alloying elements in the protective scales, it is proposed that the alloying additions exert their beneficial effects by accumulating/segregating at the grain boundaries of NiO (e.g., as silicates) and thereby influence the wetting characteristics and disrupt the sulfide network.
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    The effect of preoxidation on the corrosion of some superalloys in coal char (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 307-325 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Preoxidation ; sulfidation ; coal char ; chromia films ; alumina films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Preoxidation of several chromia-forming and of several alumina-forming alloys at temperatures ranging from 982 to 1260°C in either water-saturated argon or in air was performed prior to corrosion in coal char. Chromia films offered no protection to subsequent sulfidation in char. The chromia films were adherent but permitted rapid inward penetration of sulfur and outward penetration of cations to form extensive sulfides. Alumina films offered protection for much longer times than did chromia films, but localized cracking and/or spalling of the alumina permitted rapid attack at the exposed areas. The addition of yttrium as either a metallic element or as an oxide dispersion improved the mechanical stability of the films and prolonged the period of protectiveness. Alumina films would provide an excellent protective barrier, if thick crack-free films could be grown at reasonable temperatures. The low growth rates at very high temperatures and the susceptibility of alumina films to crack and spall during thermal cycling suggest that preoxidation will not offer adequate corrosion resistance for alloys exposed to char in goal gasifiers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751802
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  • 38
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    Oxidation-sulfidation behavior of Ni aluminide in oxygen-sulfur mixed-gas atmospheres (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 53-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Oxidation ; sulfidation ; nickel aluminide ; rate constant ; thermogravimetric tests ; scale analysis ; depth profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation-sulfidation studies were conducted on sheet samples of nickel aluminide, containing 23.5 at. % Al, 0.5 at. % Hf, and 0.2 at. % B in an annealed condition and after preoxidation treatments. Continuous weight-change measurements were made by a thermogravimetric technique in exposure atmospheres of air, a low- $$p_{O_2 } $$ gas mixture, and low- $$p_{O_2 } $$ gas mixtures with several levels of sulfur. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray, and electron microprobe analyses of the corrosion product scale layers were performed. The air-exposed specimens developed predominantly nickel oxide; the specimen exposed to a low- $$p_{O_2 } $$ .
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  • 39
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    Properties of protective oxide scales containing cerium on Incoloy 800H in oxidizing and sulfidizing environments. I. Constant-extension-rate study of mechanical properties (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: constant-extension-rate tests ; Incoloy 800H ; sulfidation ; oxidation ; sol-gel method ; cerium ; ceramic coatings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical properties of ceramic coatings containing cerium oxide, prepared by the sol-gel method and used to protect Incoloy 800H against aggressive environments, are reported. Deformation and cracking behavior in oxidizing and sulfidizing environments has been investigated by constant-extension-rate tests. Extension rates were between 9.3×10−6 and 3.7×10−7 sec−1 at 823 〈T〈973 K. Under these conditions, cerium oxide sol-gel-coated specimens do not show any failure at extensions of 1.0% or more, but in hydrogen, sulfide failure is found at lower extensions than in air.
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  • 40
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    The effect of preoxidation of some Ni, Fe, and Co-Base alloys on subsequent sulfidation at 982°C in sulfur vapor (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 433-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: preoxidation ; sulfidation ; chromia formers ; alumina formers ; spalling ; nickel-base alloys ; iron-base alloys ; cobalt-base alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of preoxidation was studied on the subsequent sulfidation in sulfur vapor at a pressure of 0.1 atm at 982°C on numerous iron, nickel, and cobalt-base alloys which were either chromia or alumina formers. In general, alumina films were much more protective than chromia films, but the efficacy of preoxidation in reducing sulfidation rates depended more upon perfection of the films and whether cracking and/or spatting occurred. Increasing oxidefilm thickness had a beneficial effect until either penetration of the films by sulfur or cracking occurred, after which sulfidation rates were sometimes greater than for nonpreoxidized samples. The enhanced sulfidation rates are attributed to sulfidation of a solute-depleted substrate, the solute having been selectively removed by oxide formation. One alloy, MA 956, containing 0.5 Y2O3 as fine dispersions which normally provide spatting resistance, still exhibited extensive cracking and spalling of the oxide and was not much better than alloys without dispersoids or reactive-metal additions. The use of preoxidation to reduce sulfidation rates is not viable under the extreme conditions used. Preoxidation is conceptually a good method for inhibiting sulfidation at lower temperatures and much lower sulfur pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659010
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature sulfidation behavior of Ni-Nb alloys (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 237-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; nickel-niobium ; multilayered scale ; NbS2 ; NiNb3S6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation properties of Ni-Nb alloys containing additions of niobium up to 40 wt.% have been studied at $$P_{S_2 } = 0.01$$ atm over the temperature range 550-700 °C. The sulfidation reactions followed the parabolic rate law; the sulfidation rates decreased with increasing amounts of niobium. An Arrhenius plot of the rate constants gave activation energies of 25.0+3.5 kcal/ mole. The scales formed on Ni-Nb alloys were multilayered, generally consisting of an outer layer of nickel sulfide ( NiS1+x and Ni3S2) and an inner complex layer of NiNb3S6 plus NbS2. The position of the original metal surface was notedy platinum-wire marker experiments to be the interface between the inner andouter layers. The location of the marker indicates that the outer layer, generally greater in thickness than the inner layer, grew by outward diffusion of the nickel cations, and the inner layer formed probably by the inward diffusion of sulfur. Neither preferential sulfidation nor internal sulfidation was observed. The development of the scale structures from the transient stage to steady state was also studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00846688
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Breakdown of chromium oxide scales in sulfur-containing environments at elevated temperatures (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 305-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; Fe-Cr-Ni alloys ; Nb addition ; Zn addition ; breakaway corrosion ; mixed-gas atmospheres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Structural Fe-Cr-Ni alloys may be rapidly degraded in oxygen-sulfur mixed-gas environments at elevated temperatures unless protective oxide scales can be formed and maintained. The breakaway corrosion process was examined in model alloys of Fe-25wt.% Cr-20wt.% Ni with and without Nb and Zr additions. Oxide scales were preformed in S-free environments and subsequently exposed to oxygen-sulfur mixed-gas atmospheres. Preformed scales were found to delay the onset of breakaway corrosion. The beneficial effects of refractory metal additions were achieved via formation of a barrier layer at the Cr2O3 alloy interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00846691
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