ALBERT

Note: Visualization of the seismic ambient noise spectrum / D.E. McNamara and R.I. Boaz Beamforming and polarisation analysis / M. Gal and A.M. Reading Physics of ambient noise generation by ocean waves / F. Ardhuin, L. Gualtieri and E. Stutzmann Theoretical foundations of noise interferometry / A. Fichtner and V.C. Tsai Overview of pre- and post-processing of ambient-noise correlations / M.H. Ritzwoller and L. Feng Locating velocity changes in elastic media with coda wave interferometry / R. Snieder, A. Duran and A. Obermann Applications with surface waves extracted from ambient seismic noise / N.M. Shapiro Body wave exploration / N. Nakata and K. Nishida Noise-based monitoring / C. Sens-Schonfelder and F. Brenguier Near-surface engineering / K. Hayashi

Note: Contents: Every country for itself? -- What slippery slope? -- The anatomy of globalism -- The West's globalist history -- Free trade and its discontents -- The mirage of sovereignty -- Citizens of nowhere, unite! -- A globalism for the people.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. The political process ; 3. Administrative efficiency ; 4. Competition among governments ; 5. Fiscal policy and redistribution ; 6. Fiscal coordination and incentives ; 7. Citizens and government ; 8. Checks, balances, and freedom ; 9. Acquiring and using knowledge ; 10. Ethnic conflict and secession ; 11. Data to the rescue? ; 12. Conclusion: rethinking decentralization.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2017 , Table of Contents I. Abstract II. Deutsche Zusammenfassung 0 Challenge 1 Introduction 1.1 The treeline ecotone 1.2 Stand structure drivers in the treeline ecotone 1.3 Climate change and recent treeline changes 1.4 Methods for treeline studies 1.4.1 Overview 1.4.2 Field-based treeline studies 1.4.3 Modelling treeline dynamics 1.5 Study Area 1.6 The Siberian treeline ecotone 1.7 Larix as study Species 1.8 Objectives of this thesis 1.9 Thesis outline 1.10 Contribution of the authors 1.10.1 Manuscript!- published 1.10.2 Manuscript II - submitted 1.10.3 Manuscript III-in preparation 1.10.4 Manuscript IV-submitted 2 Manuscript I Treeline dynamics in Siberia under changing climates as inferred from an individual-based model for Larix 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Reference sites 2.3.2 Description of the model LAVESI 2.3.3 The ODD-Protocol for LAVESI 2.3.4 Parameterization 2.3.5 Khatanga climate time-series 2.3.6 Sensitivity analysis 2.3.7 Model experiments 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Sensitivity analysis 2.4.2 Taymyr treeline application 2.4.3 Temperature experiments 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Assessment of LAVESI sensitivity 2.5.2 Larix stand simulation under the Taymyr Peninsula weather 2.5.3 Transient Larix response to hypothetical future temperature changes 2.5.4 Conclusions 2.6 Acknowledgements 3 Manuscript II Dissimilar responses of larch stands in northern Siberia to increasing temperatures - a field and simulation based study 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Field-based approach 3.3.3 Age analyses 3.3.4 Stand structure analyses 3.3.5 Seed analyses 3.3.6 Establishment history 3.3.7 Modelling approach 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Field data 3.4.2 Simulation study 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Data acquisition 3.5.2 Larch-stand patterns across the Siberian treeline ecotone 3.5.3 Warming causes densification in the forest-tundra 3.5.4 Intra-specific competition inhibits densification in the closed forest 3.5.5 Recruitment limitation decelerates densification and northward expansion ofthe single-tree tundra 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements 4 Manuscript III Spatial patterns and growth sensitivity of larch stands in the Taimyr Depression 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Study Area 4.3.2 Field data collection 4.3.3 Spatial point patterns 4.3.4 Dendrological approach 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Spatial patterns 4.4.2 Tree growth 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Spatial patterns 4.5.2 Tree chronology characteristics 4.6 Conclusion 5 Manuscript IV Patterns of larch stands under different disturbance regimes in the lower Kolyma River area (Russian Far East) 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Study area and field data collection 5.3.2 Site description 5.3.3 Dendrochronological approach 5.3.4 Statistical analyses 5.4 Results 5.4.1 General stand characteristics and age structure 5.4.2 Spatial patterns 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Fire related disturbances 5.5.2 Water-related disturbances: lake drainage, flooding, polygon development 5.5.3 Implications and conclusion 6 Synthesis and Discussion 6.1 Assessment of applied methods 6.1.1 Field-based observations: 6.1.2 Modelling 6.2 Overview of larch stand structures and spatial pattern on different spatial scales 6.2.1 Recent stand structures 6.2.2 Spatial Patterns 6.3 Stand structure drivers and treeline changes 6.3.1 Climate change 6.3.2 Disturbances 6.3.3 Autecology 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 Outlook 7 Appendix 7.1 Supplementary information for Manuscript I 7.2 Supplementary information for Manuscript II 7.2.1 Manuscript II: Appendix 1. Climatic information for the study region 7.2.2 Manuscript II: Appendix 2. Plot-specific values and krummholz appearance 7.2.3 Manuscript II: Appendix 3. Regression analysis for age data 7.2.4 Manuscript II: Appendix 4. Model description 7.3 Supplementary information for Manuscript III 7.4 Supplementary information for Manuscript IV 7.5 Supplementary information 8 References Danksagung Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Stand der Forschung 1.3 Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Grundlagen der physikalischen Geodäsie 2.1.1 Das Schwerefeld der Erde 2.1.2 Gravitationspotential - Kugelfunktionsentwicklung und Fehler 2.1.3 Ableitungen des Gravitationspotentials 2.1.4 Satellitengradiometrie 2.1.5 Zeiten 2.2 Ausgewählte Grundlagen der Statistik und digitalen SignalVerarbeitung 2.2.1 Deskriptive Statistik 2.2.2 Aspekte der digitalen Signalverarbeitung 2.2.3 Filterung 2.2.4 Spektralschätzung 2.3 Drehmatrizen, Eulerwinkel und Quaternionen 2.4 Methodische Grundlagen der Kreuzungspunktanalyse 2.4.1 Bestimmung von Kreuzungspunkten 2.4.2 Kreuzungspunktposition und Interpolationen 3 Die GOCE-Mission 3.1 Wahl des GOCE-Orbits 3.2 Gradiometer und Gravitationsgradienten 3.2.1 Gradiometeraufbau und Beschleunigungsmesser 3.2.2 Gravitationsgradienten aus Beschleunigungsdifferenzen 3.2.3 Einschränkungen und Fehler des Gradiometers 3.3 Weiteres Instrumentarium im GOCE-Satelliten 3.4 Koordinatensysteme und Transformationen 3.4.1 GOCE-relevante Koordinatensysteme 3.4.2 Transformationen zwischen Koordinatensystemen 3.5 Datenprodukte und deren Genauigkeiten 4 Genauigkeitsanforderungen an Datenprodukte und Rechenoperationen 4.1 Analyse der GOCE-Gravitationsgradienten 4.1.1 Gradienten und Fehler in Zeit- und Frequenzbereich 4.1.2 Vergleich der Gradienten mit globalen Gravitationsfeldmodellen 4.2 Abschätzung der Genauigkeit der Gravitationsgradienten 4.3 Bestimmung der Genauigkeitsanforderungen 5 Methodik zur Gradienten-Validierung in Kreuzungspunkten 5.1 Übersicht zum Ablauf der Validierung 5.2 Kreuzungspunktbestimmung 5.2.1 Ziele und Methodik 5.2.2 Beschreibung des Algorithmus und Implementierung 5.3 Interpolation der Beobachtungsgrößen 5.3.1 Interpolation der reduziert-dynamischen Positionen 5.3.2 Interpolation der finalen Kreuzungspunktpositionen 5.3.3 Interpolation weiterer Datenprodukte im Kreuzungspunkt 5.4 Vergleichskoordinatensystem 5.5 Transformation des Tensors der GOCE-Gravitationsgradienten 5.5.1 Rotation des GOCE-GGT (Einfügen modellbasierter Vij, Filterung) 5.5.2 Translation des Tensors der GOCE-Gravitationsgradienten 5.5.3 Transformation und Diskussion 5.6 Closed-Loop-Test 6 Analyse der Kreuzungspunktdifferenzen 6.1 Einleitung 6.2 Qualität des Gesamtdatensatzes 6.2.1 Statistische Parameter 6.2.2 Korrelationen und Abhängigkeiten 6.3 Regionale Untersuchungen 6.4 Lokale Artefakte mit zeitlich begrenztem Einfluss auf die Gradienten 6.5 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion 7 Gradiometerkonzepte zukünftiger Schwerefeld-Satellitenmissionen 7.1 Missionsplanung und bisherige Studien 7.2 Gradiometriekonzepte und Technologien 7.2.1 Feste Testmassen und deren Lagebestimmung sowie Lageregelung 7.2.2 Atominterferometrie auf Basis kalter Atome 7.3 Kombinierte Beobachtungskonzepte und Bestimmung dritter Ableitungen 7.4 Zusammenfassung 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Abkürzungsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Zielsetzung 1.2 Struktur 2 Grundlagen und Stand der Forschung 2.1 Mobile Mapping Systeme 2.1.1 Allgemeine Funktionsweise 2.1.2 Riegl VMX-250 2.1.3 Alternative Systeme 2.2 Punktwolken 2.2.1 Definition 2.2.2 Abgrenzung zu vermaschten Punkten 2.2.3 Speicherformate von Punktwolken 2.2.4 Visualisierungstechniken 2.2.5 Level Of Detail 2.3 Farbmodelle 2.3.1 Farbanpassung 2.4 Verteiltes Rechnen 2.5 Verdeckungsanalyse 2.6 Registrierung mehrerer Datensätze 2.7 Visualisierungssysteme 2.7.1 Standalone Point Cloud Viewer 2.7.2 Webbasierte Systeme 3 Effizienzbetrachtungen 3.1 Effiziente Verarbeitung von Massendaten durch Parallelisierung 3.1.1 Parallelisierungsformen 3.1.2 Umsetzung 3.1.3 Vergleich 3.2 Effiziente Datenstrukturen 3.2.1 Scanstreifen 3.2.2 Scanstreifenbasierte Pufferstrategie 3.2.3 Rasterdatenstruktur 3.2.4 Randproblematik und Caching 4 Modulare Verarbeitungskette f ̈ur Mobile Mapping Daten 4.1 Analyse der beteiligten Komponenten des Herstellerworkflows 4.2 Exemplarische modulare Verarbeitungskette 4.3 Vorverarbeitungsmodul 4.3.1 Vereinfachung 4.3.2 Zeitsegmentierung 4.3.3 Bestimmung von Punktattributen 4.4 Segmentierung und Klassifikation 4.4.1 Bodenextraktion 4.4.2 Objektsegmentierung 5 Sensordatenintegration: Kalibrierung der Kameraorientierung 5.1 Zeitstempelabweichung 5.2 Ansatz 5.3 Extraktion von Silhouetten 5.3.1 Extraktion von Silhouetten aus Kamerabildern 5.3.2 Extraktion von Silhouetten aus Laserscandaten 5.4 ICP-basierte Identifikation der Korrespondenzen 5.4.1 Beschränkung der Scanpunktbildsilhouette 5.4.2 Gruppierung der Scanpunktdaten 5.4.3 ICP unter Berücksichtigung der Punktnormalen 5.5 Bestimmung der Kameraparameter mittels Rückwärtsschnitt 5.5.1 Wahl der Stichprobe 5.5.2 Anzahl an Iterationen 5.5.3 Bewertung der gefundenen Modelle 5.6 Ergebnisse 5.7 Verbesserungspotential und Probleme 5.7.1 Laufzeiten 5.7.2 Robustheit des Verfahrens und Qualität der Ergebnisse 6 Farbbestimmung 6.1 Farbextraktion 6.2 Verdeckungsanalyse 6.2.1 Geometrische Verdeckungsanalyse 6.2.2 Ballbasierter Tiefenpuffer 6.2.3 Ergebnisse 6.2.4 Nicht erfasste und dynamische Objekte 6.3 Farbanpassung 6.3.1 Einfärbesituationen benachbarter Scanpunkte 6.3.2 Objektweise Farbanpassung 6.3.3 IDP-Interpolierte radiometrische Helligkeitsanpassung von Bodenpunkten 6.3.4 Radiometrische Helligkeits- und Sättigungsanpassung von Objektpunkten 6.4 Farbsynthese 6.4.1 Histogrammbasierte Farbinterpolation 6.4.2 Ergebnis 7 Aus Punktwolken abgeleitete Modelle 7.1 3D Modelle 7.1.1 Identifikation planarer Bereiche 7.1.2 Nachbearbeitung der erstellten Texturen 7.1.3 Effiziente Verwaltung von Texturen 7.1.4 Erhöhung der Speichereffizienz 7.1.5 Level of Detail 7.2 2D Modelle 7.2.1 Trackjektorienabschnitte 7.2.2 Ermittlung relevanter Ebenen 7.2.3 Ergebnis 8 Visualisierung von Mobile Mapping Daten 8.1 3D Visualisierung 8.1.1 Visualisierung via Web-App 8.1.2 Performante Client-Server Kommunikation und Serialisierung 8.1.3 Scheduling der LOD-Daten 8.1.4 GUI Responsiveness 8.1.5 Navigation und Nutzerinteraktion 8.2 2D Visualisierung 8.2.1 Parallax Scrolling Visualisierung via Android-App 8.2.2 Beleuchtungsmodell 8.2.3 Ergebnis und Ausblick 9 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick 9.1 Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation, research questions and overview 1.1.1 Rainfall estimation at high spatial and temporal resolution 1.1.2 Precipitation estimation with cars 1.1.3 Motion estimation from in-situ sensor data 1.2 Outline 2 Basics 2.1 Precipitation 2.1.1 Resolution, accuracy and precision of precipitation measurements 2.1.2 In-situ point measurements of precipitation by rain gauges 2.1.3 Weather radar 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 2.2.1 Modeling sensor networks 2.2.2 Sensor network algorithms and protocols 2.3 Statistics 2.3.1 Basics and notation 2.3.2 Regression 2.3.3 Stochastic processes 2.3.4 Stochastic filtering and the Kalman filter 2.3.5 Geostatistics 2.4 Interpolation methods 2.4.1 Inverse-Distance-Weighted 2.4.2 Ordinary kriging 2.4.3 Regression kriging 2.4.4 Cross-validation for performance assessment 2.5 Optical flow 2.5.1 Optical flow intensity conservation 2.5.2 Gradient-based optical flow 2.5.3 Probabilistic optical flow 3 Related Work 3.1 Quantitative precipitation estimation from rain gauges, weather radar and other data sources 3.1.1 Precipitation estimation with weather radar 3.1.2 Precipitation estimation by interpolation of rain gauges measurements 3.1.3 Geostatistical merging of radar and rain gauge data 3.1.4 Motion-based methods used in nowcasting 3.1.5 New data sources for precipitation estimation 3.2 Decentralized estimation with geosensor networks 3.2.1 Estimation of spatio-temporal field properties with GSN 3.2.2 Object-tracking with GSN 4 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 4.1 Time-window approach for estimation 4.1.1 Estimation of field motion 4.1.2 Weather radar upsampling 4.1.3 Variogram estimation 4.2 Estimation methods 4.2.1 Spatial rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.2 Space-time symmetric rain gauge interpolation method 4.2.3 Space-time asymmetric rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.4 Radar-rain gauge merging methods 4.2.5 Estimation methods solely based on radar 4.3 Summary 5 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation with car sensors 5.1 Car sensors 5.1.1 Wiper Frequency Sensor 5.1.2 Xanonex optical sensor 5.1.3 Other sensors investigated 5.1.4 Experimental setup and preprocessing 5.2 Theoretical considerations for the calibration of the W-R relationship in the field . 5.3 Dependency between car speed, windscreen angle and sensor readings 5.3.1 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.2 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.3 Xanonex optical sensor 5.4 Summary 6 Methodology for motion estimation with a geosensor network 6.1 Algorithm overview 6.2 Network and field model 6.3 Gradient constraint estimation in the network 6.3.1 Gradient constraint estimation from irregular data 6.3.2 Requirements on node stationarity and sampling synchronicity 6.3.3 Estimation of partial derivative error 6.3.4 Gradient constraint selection and derivation of gradient constraint error 6.4 Temporal coherence: Kalman filter for recursive motion estimation 6.4.1 Estimation of process noise Q 6.4.2 Estimation of measurement noise R 6.4.3 Difference to common Kalman filtering problems 6.5 Algorithm protocol 6.6 Algorithm complexity 6.6.1 Communication complexity 6.6.2 Load balance 6.6.3 Computational complexity of partial derivative estimation 6.6.4 Computational complexity of motion estimation 6.7 Summary 7 Results 7.1 Precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 7.1.1 Study area and data basis 7.1.2 Performance assessment via cross-validation 7.1.3 Exploratory and visual data analysis 7.1.4 Radar estimation and rain gauge cross-validation results 7.1.5 Summary 7.2 Precipitation intensity estimation with cars 7.2.1 Study area and data basis 7.2.2 Selection of the reference method 7.2.3 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.4 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.5 Xanonex optical rain sensor 7.2.6 Results of experiments on the VW rain track 7.2.7 Summary 7.3 Motion estimation with a geosensor network 7.3.1 Study Area, sensor network and deployment strategies 7.3.2 Error measures 7.3.3 Setting the filter parameters 7.3.4 Results - simulated field 7.3.5 Results - radar field 7.3.6 Summary 8 Summary and discussion of the research hypotheses 8.1 Discussion of research hypotheses 1 and 2: 1-min precipitation intensity estimation 8.2 Discussion of research hypothesis 3: precipitation estimation with cars 8.3 Discussion of research hypothesis 4: decentralized motion estimation 8.4 Outlook 9 Appendix 9.1 Discussion on the 'frozen field' distance function 9.2 Executable Kalman filter equations for the motion estimation algorithm 9.3 Controllability and Observability of the Kalman filter for motion estimation List of Figures List of Tables References

Note: Contents: Einleitung: Über Wissen vom Wasserwissen ; Wissen über Wasser ; Wasser in der Werbung – Inszenierungen, Konstruktionen und Probleme ; Trinkwasser als Lifestyleprodukt – Images von Trinkwasser in Werbung und Gesellschaft ; Wasser – zwischen Alltagsgetränk und Lifestyle-Produkt ; Mediendiskurse über Trinkwasser

Note: 1. Einführung 2. Grundlagen der Röntgenspektroskopie 2.1 Analytische Leistungsfähigkeit 2.2 Röntgenstrahlung und deren Wechselwirkung 2.2.1 Anteile eines Röntgenspektrums 2.2.2 Intensität der charakteristischen Strahlung 2.2.3 Nomenklatur der Röntgenlinien 2.2.4 Wechselwirkung der Röntgenstrahlung mit Materie 2.2.5 Erfassung der Röntgenspektren 2.3 Die Entwicklung der Röntgenspektroskopie 2.4 Durchführung einer Analyse 2.4.1 Analysenverfahren 2.4.2 Ablauf einer Analyse 3 Probenpräparation 3.1 Ziele der Probenpräparation 3.2 Präparationstechniken 3.2.1 Präparationstechniken für feste Proben 3.2.2 Ausdringtiefe 3.2.3 Kontaminationen 3.2.4 Homogenität 3.3 Präparation kompakter und homogener Materialien 3.3.1 Metalle 3.3.2 Gläser 3.4 Kleinteilige Materialien 3.4.1 Mahlen von kleinteiligen Materialien 3.4.2 Aufbereitung der Messprobe durch Schüttung 3.4.3 Aufbereitung der Messprobe durch Pressen 3.4.4 Aufbereitung der Messprobe durch Schmelzaufschluss 3.5 Flüssige Proben 3.5.1 Direkte Messung von Flüssigkeiten 3.5.2 Spezielle Aufbereitungsprozeduren für flüssige Proben 3.6 Biologische Materialien 3.7 Stäube und Aerosole 4. Gerätetypen für die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse 4.1 Genereller Aufbau eines Röntgenspektrometers 4.2 Vergleich von wellenlängen- und energiedispersiven Gerätesystemen 4.2.1 Spektrenerfassung 4.2.2 Auflösung 4.2.3 Zählratenverträglichkeit 4.2.4 Lichtstärke 4.2.5 Spektrenartefakte 4.2.6 Mechanischer Aufwand und Betriebskosten 4.3 Geräteklassen 4.3.1 Handheld-Geräte 4.3.2 Transportable Geräte 4.3.3 Energiedispersive Spektrometer 4.3.4 Wellenlängendispersive Spektrometer 4.3.5 Sonderformen von Röntgenspektrometern

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2018 , Table of Content I. Abstract II. Deutsche Zusammenfassung 0 Preface 1 Scientific Background 1.1 Paleoenvironmental changes since the gLGM in arid Central Asia and north-western High Asia 1.1.1 Paleoclimatic changes 1.1.2 Lake level fluctuations following climatic changes 1.1.3 Inferred terrestrial vegetation responses to environmental changes and possible human impact 1.2 The role of proxy records in tracing environmental changes 1.2.1 Archives and Proxies investigated in environmental studies in Central Asia 1.2.2 Limnological systems as environmental archives 1.2.3 The multiproxy approach as a tool to decipher environmental change 1.3 Study area 1.4 Material and Method Overview 1.4.1 Field based sampling 1.4.2 Outline of material and methods 1.5 Aim and objectives ofthis thesis 1.6 Thesis outline 1.7 Contribution of the authors 1.7.1 Manuscript I - published 1.7.2 Manuscript II - published 1.7.3 Manuscript III - published 1.7.4 Manuscript IV - in preparation 2 Manuscript I Climatic and limnological changes at Lake Karakul (Tajikistan) during the last ~29 cal ka 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study Area 2.4 Material and methods 2.4.1 Fieldwork 2.4.2 Laboratory analysis 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Age-depth relationship in core KK12-1 2.5.2 TIC, TOC, TOC/TN, δ18Ocarb and δ13CCarb 2.5.3 Grain-size distribution and results ofend-member modelling 2.5.4 XRF data 2.5.5 Ordination results of sediment parameters 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Paleoenvironmental indicators from sediment variables 2.6.2 Implications ofthe Lake Karakul sediment record 2.6.3 Linking lake internal development to climate change 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 Acknowledgements 2.9 Data availability 3 Manuscript II Aquatic macrophyte dynamics in Lake Karakul (Eastern Pamir) over the last 29 cal ka revealed by sedimentary ancient DNA and geochemical analyses of macrofossil remains 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Material and Methods 3.3.1 Sample acquisition and treatment 3.3.2 Genetic approach 3.3.3 Elemental isotopic analyses ofaquatic macrophyte remains 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Macrophyte records along lake depth transects in Lake Karakul 3.4.2 Submerged plant content 3.4.3 Ancient DNA analyses 3.4.4 C, N, δ13C and δ15N of Stuckenia cf. pamirica remains 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Assessment of aDNA and chemical aquatic macrophyte data as proxies for the macrophyte composition and the paleo-productivity 3.5.2 Changes of past submerged plant composition and productivity and potential drivers 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements 3.8 Data Availability 4 Manuscript III Radiocarbon and optical stimulated luminescence dating of sediments from Lake Karakul, Tajikistan 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Regional setting 4.4 Methods 4.4.1 Collection and correlation of cores 4.4.2 Radiocarbon dating 4.4.3 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating 4.4.4 Establishment ofage-depth model 4.4.5 Investigation of exposed lake sediments 4.5 Results 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Recovered sediments and correlation ofcores from Lake Karakul 4.6.2 Age-depth model, and assessment of radiocarbon and OSL age data 4.6.3 Significance ofexposed sediments at section KK13-S1 4.6.4 Implications ofthe chronological data 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 Acknowledgements 5 Manuscript IV Vegetation change in the Eastern Pamir Mountains inferred from Lake Karakul pollen spectra of the last 28 ka 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Study site 5.4 Material and Methods 5.4.1 Sediment cores and chronology 5.4.2 Pollen sample preparation and pollen analyses 5.4.3 Pollen data treatment 5.5 Results 5.5.1 Composite core (KK12-1/2; 27.6 cal ka BP to present) 5.5.2 Short core TAJ-Kar-08-lB 5.6 Discussion 5.6.1 Interpretation of pollen data 5.6.2 Terrestrial vegetation change in the Eastern Pamir Mountains in response to past climate change 5.7 Conclusions 5.8 Acknowledgements 5.9 Data Availability 6 Synthesis 6.1 Proxy evaluation 6.1.1 Age-depth relationship 6.1.2 Limnological proxies 6.1.3 Terrestrial proxies 6.2 The potential of Lake Karakul as archive for long term environmental change in the Eastern Pamir 6.3 Climate and moisture availability changes over time - inferred from sedimentary proxies 6.4 Assessment ofthe aquatic macrophyte composition and paleoproductivity within Lake Karakul 6.5 Inferred terrestrial vegetation changes as responds to climatic changes over the last 28 cal ka 6.6 Comparison inferred regional vegetation, lake internal and lake external variations and changes in climate reconstructed in other studies 6.6.1 Pre- gLGM and global Last Glacial Maximum (27.6 to 19 cal ka BP) 6.6.2 Late glacial 6.6.3 Early to middle Holocene 6.6.4 Middle to late Holocene 6.7 Outlook 7 Appendix 7.1 Supplementary information for Manuscript I 7.2 Supplementary information for Manuscript II 7.3 Supplementary information for Manuscript III 8 References Danksagung Eldesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents: 1:Introduction ; 2:The Spatial Equilibrium Within the City ; 3:The Spatial Equilibrium Across ; 4:Agglomeration Economies ; 5:Urban Distress ; 6:Cities and Public Policy

Note: Contents: Introduction ; New Methods for Investigating New Dangers ; Children and Climate Change: Exploring Children’s Feelings About Climate Change Using Free Association Narrative Interview Methodology ; An Integrative Methodology for Investigating Lived Experience and the Psychosocial Factors Influencing Environmental Cognition and Behaviour ; Emotional Work as a Necessity: A Psychosocial Analysis of Low-Carbon Energy Collaboration Stories ; Researching Climate Engagement: Collaborative Conversations and Consciousness Change ; Climate Change, Social Dreaming and Art: Thinking the Unthinkable ; Emotions, Reflexivity and the Long Haul: What We Do About How We Feel About Climate Change ; Leading with Nature in Mind ; Attitudes to Climate Change in Some English Local Authorities: Varying Sense of Agency in Denial and Hope ; We Have to Talk About…Climate Change ; Engaging with Climate Change: Comparing the Cultures of Science and Activism ; Conclusions

Note: pt. 1. Foundational data integration techniques -- pt. 2. Integration with extended data representations -- pt. 3. Novel integration architectures

Note: Zugl.: Erlangen-Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2013 , Komplexität von GeschäftsprozessenInner- und überbetriebliche Informationsintegration -- Interdisziplinäre Kollaboration..

Note: VorwörterEinleitung -- Teil I: Grundlagen -- Teil II: Aufgaben des IM -- Teil III: Einsatzfelder des IM -- Verzeichnisse..

Note: Inhalt TEIL I Brave New World? 1 Die neue alte Welt der Virtualisierung 1.1 V2 1.2 Vorbemerkungen 1.2.1 Verwendete Formatierungen 1.2.2 Weiterführende Hinweise 1.2.3 Beispieldateien 1.3 Was dieses Buch sein/nicht sein soll 1.3.1 Was es sein soll 1.3.2 Was es nicht sein soll und nicht ist 1.4 Wie dieses Buch zu lesen ist 1.4.1 Grundsätzliches 1.4.2 Kapitel/Teile und Zielgruppen im groben Überblick 1.5 Welche Teile des Buchs sind neu, welche wurden stark überabeitet? 1.6 In welchen Kapiteln finde ich welche Themen? 1.6.1 Themen nach Abschnitten/Schlagworten mit grundlegenden Erklärungen 1.7 Verwendete Plattformen und Versionsspezifikationen 1.7.1 Vorbetrachtungen 1.7.2 Container-OS und die Zukunft 2 Container 2.1 Warum Container? 2.2 Microservices, Container und der pawlowsche Hund 2.2.1 Wie erkläre ich es meinem CEO? 2.2.2 Die neue Welt der Microservices: Admins, DevOps-und Container-Teams 2.2.3 Die neue Welt der Microservices: aus der Perspektive der CEOs/Entscheider 2.3 Continuous Delivery/Continuous Integration und DevOps 2.3.1 Semi- oder vollautomatisch:Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery 2.3.2 CD/CI und das Big-Bang-Release-Problem 2.4 Continuous Delivery 2.4.1 Was verstehen wir darunter? 2.4.2 Continuous Delivery Pipelines 2.4.3 Commit-Stage 2.4.4 Acceptance-Test-Stage 2.4.5 Exkurs: Acceptance-Tests und Dreieinigkeit 2.4.6 Load/Capacity-, Security- und Exploration-Tests 2.4.7 Rollout/Go-Live 2.4.8 Die Gates 2.4.9 Fazit: Wo kann CD nutzbringend eingesetzt werden? 2.4.10 Jenkins-Integration in Kubernetes 2.5 DevOps: Gewaltenteilung oder Kooperation? 2.5.1 Grundsätzliche Betrachtungen 2.5.2 Vom DevOps-Paradigma/Hype zum Unwort 2.5.3 Kommunikationsblackouts im DevOps-Team 2.5.4 Das konkrete DevOps-Problem im klassischen Umfeld 2.5.5 »Works for me« und anderer Nonsens im DevOps-Business - und ein Ausweg? 2.5.6 BizDevOps - und noch eine Silbe TEIL II Single-Node Container-Systeme 3 Container-Engines und -Plattformen, Basicsund Konzepte 3.1 World of Tiers - Teil 1 3.2 Container-Basics 3.2.1 Namespaces, Security und Container-Konzepte 3.2.2 Enter Namespace - nsenter 3.2.3 Namespaces und Sicherheit? 3.3 VMs - obsolet durch Container? 3.3.1 Container vs. VM 3.3.2 Packungsdichte und Ressourcen 3.4 Wann sind Container sinnvoll? 3.5 Container-Engines/Container-Runtime und Komponenten im Überblick 3.5.1 Von LXC zu Docker 3.5.2 Docker 3.5.3 libcontainer, containerd und runC 3.5.4 runC, containerd und shim im Docker-Kontext 3.5.5 runC als eigenständiges Container-Tool 3.5.6 (cri-)containerd - Wirrwarr im Kubernetes-Kontext 3.5.7 LXD 3.5.8 CoreOS bzw. Container-Linux und Rocket/rkt 3.5.9 CRI-O 3.6 Überblick der Container-Formate 3.6.1 OCI -... Standardisierung? 3.6.2 Runtime Specs 3.6.3 Image-Format 3.6.4 Das BSI und die lieben Container 3.6.5 Fazit 3.7 Container: eine funktionale Übersicht 3.7.1 Aufbau eines Container-Hosts 3.7.2 Docker-Images 3.7.3 Anzahl der Layer 4 Docker 4.1 Docker-Versionen 4.1.1 Docker-Versionen, wichtige Meilensteine und Inkompatibilitäten 4.1.2 Docker-LTS-Versionen und die Enterprise Edition 4.1.3 DDC, CE, EEB, EES, EEA - und der beständige Wechsel im Docker-Land 4.1.4 Betrachtete Plattformen und Docker-Versionen 4.1.5 Funktionaler Überblick: Docker CU, dockerd, Registry 4.2 Docker-Installation 4.2.1 Paketnamen und Dependencies 4.2.2 Docker-Installation unter Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 4.2.3 Docker-Installation unter RHEL/CentOS ≥ 7.4 4.2.4 Docker-Version unter CaaSP 4.2.5 CaaSP- und BTRFS/Docker-Problematiken 4.2.6 CaaSP-spezifische Docker-Konfigurationsdateien 4.2.7 Installation der Commercially Supported Docker-Engine 4.2.8 Docker CE, EE 4.2.9 Storage-Driver-Nonsens unter Docker CE und EE 4.2.10 Distributionsunabhängige Installation von Docker 4.3 Deinstallation, Upgrade oder Umstellung auf andere Storage-Backends 4.3.1 Deinstallation 4.3.2 Upgrade 4.3.3 Umstellung des Storage-Backends 4.4 Docker und systemd-lntegration 4.4.1 systemd-Service-Units für Docker 4.5 Docker und Proxies 4.5.1 Docker-Daemon hinter einem Proxy betreiben 4.5.2 Docker-Client-Settings für Proxies (Docker ≥ 17.07) 4.5.3 Docker-Client- bzw. Image-Settings für Proxies (Docker ≤ 17.06) 4.6 Docker im Betrieb 4.6.1 Permanente Diensteinbindung 4.6.2 Lokale HA 4.6.3 Verbose Mode 4.6.4 Status-Überprüfung/Features 4.6.5 Docker-Systeminformationen 4.6.6 Docker-Daemon-Konfigurationsmöglichkeiten 4.6.7 Mögliche Startoptionen/Schalter des Docker-Daemons 4.6.8 Konfiguration per /etc/docker/daemon.json 4.6.9 Alternatives Docker-Verzeichnis als Konfigurationsbeispiel 4.6.10 Docker-CLI-Konfiguration 4.6.11 Docker-Plugins 4.7 Docker-Image-Management - Basics 4.7.1 Auszug der Docker-CLI-Subkommandos 4.7.2 CLI-Strukturen seit Docker 1.13 4.7.3 docker Container- und image-Subkommandos 4.7.4 Einfaches Image-Management 4.7.5 Docker-Namensräume und das Default-Registry-Problem 4.7.6 Docker-Images (unter docker.io) suchen 4.7.7 Image-Schema-Versionen 4.7.8 Offizielles CentOS-lmage von docker.io pullen 4.7.9 Lokal verfügbare Docker-Images listen und filtern 4.7.10 Meta-Informationen von lokalen Images abfragen 4.7.11 Images löschen 4.7.12 docker save & load Images 4.7.13 Dangling Images: The good and the bad 〈none〉:〈none〉 4.7.14 Build-History eines Images inspizieren 4.8 Trusted Images 4.8.1 Ein eigenes, generisches Trusted Basis-Image erzeugen 4.8.2 Gescriptete Image-Erzeugung (YUM Based) 4.8.3 Mikro-Image »from scratch« mit go 4.8.4 Red Hats Container Health Index 4.8.5 Mikro-Image einer Legacy-Applikation 4.8.6 Transformation von Legacy-Apps in Images 4.8.7 Images: grundlegende Security-relevante Betrachtungen 4.9 Betrieb und Management von Docker-Containern 4.9.1 Kurzübersicht der relevanten Docker-CLI-Kommandos 4.9.2 Neues »docker container«-Subkommando 4.9.3 docker history 4.9.4 Container starten-docker [Container] run 4.9.5 Docker-Registry, Image, Container run, lokaler Datastore -the Big Picture 4.9.6 (Random-)Container-Names und automatische Löschung (run -rm ) 4.9.7 Container-HA: automatische Restarts 4.9.8 docker [Container] run --readonly 4.9.9 Detached Container im Hintergrund starten 4.9.10 Auflisten von Container-Instanzen - docker ps 4.9.11 Starten und Stoppen existierender Container 4.9.12 docker [Container] rename 4.9.13 Container-Instanzen löschen: docker [Container] rm/prune 4.9.14 docker [Container] attach-Optionen 4.9.15 Befehle im laufenden Container ausführen: docker [Container] exec 4.9.16 docker [Container] create 4.9.17 Container-Instanzen exportieren und als Images importieren 4.9.18 Kopieren von Daten: Container zwischen Host 4.9.19 docker Checkpoint 4.10 Prozessverwaltung im Container 4.10.1 docker top 4.10.2 Prozesse im Container beenden 4.10.3 docker wait und Return/Exit-Codes 4.10.4 Den Container und alle in ihm laufenden Prozesse temporär pausieren 4.10.5 Live-Events mit docker events 4.11 Container-Capabilities/Privilegien 4.11.1 Prüfung und Auslesen der Capabilities 4.12 Docker Logging 4.12.1 Log-Driver 4.12.2 Zentralisierte Logs für Container-Instanzen 4.12.3 Container-Logs mit docker logs 4.13 Einfache Applikationen im Container 4.13.1 Vorbetrachtungen 4.13.2 Installation von Applikationen im gestarteten Container 4.14 Image-Modifikationen committen und taggen 4.14.1 Commit- Beispiel 4.14.2 Nachträgliches Taggen von Images 4.14.3 Exkurs - die :latest-Problematik 4.15 Layer-Strukturen 4.15.1 Verzeichnisstrukturen auf dem lokalen Docker-Host 4.15.2 Was ist beim letzten Commit passiert, wo liegt der neue Layer? 4.15.3 IDs der RW-Layer von gestarteten Containern und Querbezüge 4.15.4 Layer-Analyse und Flattening (Zusammenfassung) 4.16 Limitierte Container-Instanzen 4.16.1 docker [Container] stats 4.16.2 Mögliche Limitierungen 4.16.3 Beispiele aus der Praxis für limitierte Container-Instanzen 4.16.4 Nachträgliche Limitierung 4.17 Docker-Images erstellen (docker build) und verwalten 4.17.1 Best-Practice/File-Hierarchie 4.17.2 docker [image] build 4.17.3 Dockerfile-Direktiven/Instruktionen 4.17.4 Build-Anwendungsbeispiel: Apache-Container 4.17.5 Bu

Note: Vectors, tensors, and fourier transforms Stress, strain, and seismic waves Reflection and transmission of plane waves Surface waves, head waves, and normal modes Waves in heterogeneous media Data transformations Synthetic seismograms Seismic migration Plane waves in anisotropic media Plane waves in anelastic media Answers to selected exercises

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Titel Zum Buch Über die Autoren Widmung Impressum Inhalt Vorwort 1. Das Klimaproblem und die Klimapolitik Welche Risiken birgt der Klimawandel? Was ist mit der Vermeidung gefährlichen Klimawandels gemeint? Internationale Klimapolitik als Wette 2. Die Bestandsaufnahme der Klimapolitik Die Entwicklung der Emissionen Das Wirtschafts- und Bevölkerungswachstum Die Renaissance der Kohle und das Angebot fossiler Energieträger Abholzung und Landnutzung Energieeffizienz und erneuerbare Energien 3. Ziele und Wege der Klimapolitik Das 2 °C-Ziel als langfristige Klimapolitik Die Pfade der Transformation Dem technischen Fortschritt eine neue Richtung geben Die Kosten und Risiken des Klimaschutzes Wachstumsverzicht und Klimaschutz Anpassung - auch bei erfolgreicher Klimapolitik unvermeidlich Solar Radiation Management - der letzte Pfeil im Köcher? 4. Instrumente und Institutionen der Klimapolitik Ein Preis für Emissionen und andere Politikinstrumente Warum wir internationale Klimapolitik benötigen Das Paradoxon internationaler Vereinbarungen Die internationalen Verhandlungen Nach Paris: Vorschläge für die Ausgestaltung der internationalen Klimapolitik Die Klimapolitik der Europäischen Union Die deutsche Energiewende und der Klimaschutz Klimapolitik, Ungleichheit und Armutsbekämpfung 5. Die Rolle der Wissenschaft in der Klimapolitik Der Weltklimarat (IPCC) Der IPCC und die Modelle der wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung Die künftigen Herausforderungen für den IPCC Narrative der Klimapolitik Ausblick Weiterführende Literatur Quellen für Daten und Grafiken Register

Note: Contents: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Themes, Approach and Structure of the Book -- 1.1.1 Methodology and Approach -- 1.1.2 Structure and Themes -- References -- Chapter 2: Political Coalitions in Agricultural and Food Policies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Value Chains and Political Coalitions -- 2.2.1 Consumers -- 2.2.2 Landowners -- 2.2.3 Environmental Concerns -- 2.2.4 International Interests -- 2.2.5 Globalization of Value Chains and New International Coalitions -- 2.2.6 GM Regulations and Agribusiness -- 2.2.7 An Iron Triangle of Food Aid -- 2.2.8 Food, Feed, and Fuel -- 2.2.9 Insuring Crops or the Insurance Industry? -- 2.2.10 Consumer-Farmer Coalitions -- 2.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Factors Influencing Policy Choices -- 3.1 Income Distribution -- 3.1.1 Relative Income and Loss Aversion -- 3.1.2 Inequality and Ideology -- 3.2 Economic Structure -- 3.3 Deadweight Costs and Transaction Costs -- 3.4 Political Institutions -- 3.4.1 Political Regimes -- 3.4.2 Democratization and Agricultural Policies -- 3.4.3 Bureaucracies and Institutions -- 3.5 Ideology -- 3.6 Political Organization -- 3.7 Information -- 3.7.1 The Rationally Ignorant Voter -- 3.7.2 Mass Media -- 3.7.3 The Bad News Hypothesis -- 3.7.4 Information and Policy Instrument Choice -- 3.8 Crises -- 3.9 International Institutions -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References -- Part II -- Chapter 4: The Development Paradox -- 4.1 Economic Growth, Restructuring, and Political Incentives -- 4.1.1 Information Costs -- 4.1.2 Political Organization -- 4.1.3 Political Reforms -- 4.2 Development and Policy Combinations -- References -- Chapter 5: Anti-Trade Bias and the Political Economy of Instrument Choice -- 5.1 Anti-Trade Bias -- 5.2 Political Economy of Instrument Choice 5.3 Instrument Choice, Trade, and International Institutions -- References -- Chapter 6: Development Paradox and Anti-Trade Bias Revisited? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reform and Decline of Agricultural Taxation in Poor Countries 1980-2010 -- 6.2.1 Economic Growth: The Development Paradox at Work -- 6.2.2 Political Reforms and Mass Media -- 6.2.3 Structural-Adjustment Programs and Policy Conditionality -- 6.2.4 Summary -- 6.3 Reform of Agricultural Subsidies in Rich Countries -- 6.3.1 The WTO and Policy Reforms -- References -- Chapter 7: Policy Reform in History: Europe, the USA, and China -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Europe -- 7.2.1 Free Trade in Europe -- 7.2.2 The Agricultural Crisis of the Late Nineteenth Century -- 7.2.3 The Growth of Agricultural Protection in the Mid-­Twentieth Century -- 7.2.4 The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) -- 7.2.5 A Perfect Storm -- 7.3 USA -- 7.3.1 The Emergence of the Farm Bills -- 7.3.2 Political Coalitions in the Farm Bill -- 7.3.3 Persistence and Policy Reforms -- 7.3.4 Recoupling Through Crop Insurance and Biofuels -- 7.4 China -- 7.4.1 Political Changes, Grassroots Pressure, and Agricultural Reform -- 7.4.2 The World's Largest Agricultural Subsidy Program -- References -- Part III -- Chapter 8: Food Price Volatility -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Benefits and Costs of Price Stabilization -- 8.2.1 Balancing Volatility and Distortions -- 8.3 Trading-off Volatility and Distortions? Empirical Observations -- 8.4 Food Politics with Price Volatility -- References -- Chapter 9: Crises, Media, and Agricultural Development Policy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Right Price of Food -- 9.2.1 Some Basic Principles -- 9.3 Communications on Price Effects on Poverty and Food Security -- 9.4 The Market for Communication, Mass Media, and Donor Funding -- 9.4.1 Communication Incentives -- 9.4.2 Mass Media and Social Media 9.5 Food Prices and Development Policy Priorities and Funding -- 9.6 Bad News and Good Policies? -- References -- Chapter 10: Food Standards -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Efficiency and Equity Effects -- 10.3 Government Decision-Making on Standards -- 10.4 Development and Pro-Standard and Anti-­Standard Coalitions -- 10.5 Standards and Trade -- 10.6 The Persistence of Standards: Dynamic Political Economics -- 10.7 Trade and Political Dynamics -- References -- Chapter 11: Public Investments in Agricultural and Food Research -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Spillover Effects of Public Research -- 11.3 Distributional Effects of Public Research Investment -- 11.4 Economic Development and Research Investment -- 11.5 Trade and the Impacts of Public Research -- 11.6 Interactions with Other Policies -- References -- Chapter 12: Land and Institutional Reforms -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Political Reforms and Land Reforms: Lessons from Early Twentieth-Century Western Europe -- 12.2.1 Efficiency of Land Rental and Sales Markets -- 12.2.2 A Political Economy Answer to the Puzzle -- 12.2.3 Political Reforms in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries and Land Tenure Reforms -- 12.2.4 Tenure Reform Patterns -- 12.3 Political Changes and Institutional Reforms: Lessons from East Asia and Eastern Europe in the Late Twentieth Century -- 12.3.1 Leadership Change, Reforms, and Legitimacy of the Political System in China -- 12.3.2 Economic Reforms and Political Collapse in Eastern Europe -- 12.3.3 Grassroots Pressure and Leadership Support for Reforms -- 12.4 Historical Legacies and Land Reforms -- 12.4.1 Transfer Landownership or Use Rights? -- 12.4.2 Transfer Land to the Current Users or Previous Owners? -- 12.4.3 In-Kind Versus Share Distribution of Land? -- 12.5 Conclusions: Political Regime Change and Grassroots Pressure -- References -- Chapter 13: Policy Interactions 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Economic Interaction Effects -- 13.3 Political Interaction Effects: Compensation -- 13.4 An Illustration of EIEs and PIES -- 13.4.1 Interactions of Public Agricultural Research Investment and Commodity Policies -- 13.4.2 EIEs with Fixed Commodity Policy -- 13.4.3 EIEs with Endogenous Commodity Policy -- 13.4.4 Politically Optimal PARI with Commodity Policy -- 13.4.5 Economic Development and Endogenous Research and Commodity Policies -- 13.5 Institutions and Credible Compensation -- 13.5.1 Compensation, Enforcement, and Institutions -- References -- Index

Note: Contents: PART 1: INTRODUCTION ; 1. The Corporation and Financial Markets ; 2. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis ; 3. Financial Decision Making and the Law of One Price ; PART II: TIME, MONEY, AND INTEREST RATES ; 4. The Time Value of Money ; 5. Interest Rates ; 6. Valuing Bonds ; PART III: VALUING PROJECTS AND FIRMS ; 7. Investment Decision Rules ; 8. Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting ; 9. Valuing Stocks ; PART IV: RISK AND RETURN ; 10. Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk ; 11. Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital Asset Pricing Model ; 12. Estimating the Cost of Capital ; 13. Investor Behavior and Capital Market Efficiency ; PART V: CAPITAL STRUCTURE ; 14. Capital Structure in a Perfect Market ; 15. Debt and Taxes ; 16. Financial Distress, Managerial Incentives, and Information ; 17. Payout Policy ; PART VI: ADVANCED VALUATION ; 18. Capital Budgeting and Valuation with Leverage ; 19. Valuation and Financial Modeling: A Case Study ; PART VII: OPTIONS ; 20. Financial Options ; 21. Option Valuation ; 22. Real Options ; PART VIII: LONG-TERM FINANCING ; 23. Raising Equity Capital ; 24. Debt Financing ; 25. Leasing ; PART IX: SHORT-TERM FINANCING ; 26. Working Capital Management ; 27. Short-Term Financial Planning ; PART X: SPECIAL TOPICS ; 28. Mergers and Acquisitions ; 29. Corporate Governance ; 30. Risk Management ; 31. International Corporate Finance

Note: Contents:1. Exact Dynamic Programming ; 2. Approximation in Value Space ; 3. Parametric Approximation ; 4. Infinite Horizon Dynamic Programming ; 5. Infinite Horizon Reinforcement Learning ; 6. Aggregation

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME 2 Section 6 GULLY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES Chapter 31 Thresholds of Channel Initiation in Historical and Holocene Times, Southeastern Australia / I. P. Prosser Chapter 32 The Role of Sideslope Gullies in the Production andDelivery of Sediment to Contemporary Terraces, Rambla del Hornillo, Southern Spain / H. Faulkner Chapter 33 Holocene Hillslope Gully Systems in the Howgill Fells, Cumbria / A. M. Harvey Chapter 34 Unsaturated Strength and Preferential Flow as Controls on Gully Head Development / A. J. C. Collison Section 7 SLOPE STABILITY Chapter 35 Landslides and Stability in the Nepalese Middle Hills under Seasonal and Agricultural Land-Use Change Scenarios / K. Wu and J. B. Thornes Chapter 36 Developments in Slope Hydrology-Stability Modelling for Tropical Slopes / M. G. Anderson, A. J. C. Collison, J. Hartshorne, D. M. Lloyd and A. Park Chapter 37 The Mechanics and Landforms of Deep-Seated Landslides / D. Petley Chapter 38 The Assessment and Modelling of Hydrological Failure Conditions of Landslides in the Puriscal Region (Costa Rica) and the Manizales Region (Colombia) / M. T. J. Terlien, P. G. B. De Louw, Th. W. J. Van Asch and R. A. A. Hetterschijt Chapter 39 The Effects of Grass Roots on the Shear Strength of Colluvial Soils in Nepal / C. J. Lawrance, R. J. Rickson and J. E. Clark Chapter 40 Development of an Episodic Landform Change Model based upon the Black Ven Mudslide, 1946-1995 / D. Brunsden and J. H. Chandler Chapter 41 Coastal Slope Development: Temporal and Spatial Periodicity in the Holderness Cliff Recession / J. Pethick Section 8 TROPICAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 42 A New Approach towards the Quantification of Runoff and Eroded Sediment from Bench Terraces in Humid Tropical Steeplands and its Application in South-Central Java, Indonesia / L. A. Bruijnzee/ and W. R. S. Critchley Chapter 43 Hydrological Pathways and Water Chemistry in Amazonian Rain Forests / H. Elsenbeer and A. Lack Chapter 44 Observations on Slope Processes in a Tropical Rain Forest Environment Before and After Forest Plantation Establishment / A. Maimer Chapter 45 Tectonics and Relief in Tropical Forested Mountains: The Gipfelflur Hypothesis Revisited / A. P. Dykes and J. B. Thornes Section 9 SEMI-ARID HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 46 Hillslope Response to Extreme Storm Events: The Example of the Vaison-La-Romaine Event / J. Wainwright Chapter 47 Geomorphological Implications of Vegetation Patchiness on Semi-arid Slopes / J. Puigdefabregas and G. Sanchez Chapter 48 Runoff and Erosion on Semi-arid Hillslopes / A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright and A. D. Abrahams Chapter 49 Cuesta Scarp Forms and Processes in Different Attitudinal Belts of the Colorado Plateau as Indicators of Climatic Change / K.-H. Schmidt and P. Meitz Chapter 50 Modelling the Complexity of Land Surface Response to Climatic Variability in Mediterranean Environments / M. Mulligan Section 10 PERIGLACIAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 51 Processes of Thaw-Induced Mass Movement in Non-cohesive Soils: Results of an Instrumented Slope Simulation Experiment / C. Harris and M. C. R. Davies Chapter 52 Paraglacial Slope Adjustment during Recent Deglaciation and Its Implication for Slope Evolution in Formerly Glaciated Environments / C. K. Ballantyne and D. I. Benn Chapter 53 Paraglacial or Periglacial? The Sedimentology of Slope Deposits in Upland Northumberland / S. Harrison Chapter 54 Slow Mass Movements and Climatic Relationships, 1972-1994, Kapp Linné, West Spitzbergen / H. J. Akerman Chapter 55 Rock Weathering and the Formation of Summit Blockfield Slopes in Norway: Examples and Implications / B. R. Rea, W. B. Whalley and E. M. Porter Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents Chapter 1 Introdution Chapter 2 Origins Building a Planet, Shaping the Oceans Water, Salt, and Circulation Life, Oxygen, and Carbon Chapter 3 Controls On change Orbital and Solar Changes Greenhouse Gases Plate Tectonics Impacts Chapter 4 Snowball earth and the explosions of life Into the Freezer Out of the Freezer, Into a Greenhouse A Tale of Two Explosions Reverberations Chapter 5 Oceans On acid About Acidification Acidification in Action Chapter 6 The age of reptiles Choking Oceans Salty Giants Chapter 7 Winter is coming Reconstructing Sea-Level Change The Great Northern Ice Ages Ocean Controls on CO2 A Seesaw in the Ocean Chapter 8 Future Oceans and climate Our Carbon Emissions Consequences Epilogue Acknowledgments Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Introduction PART I. PHYSICS OF UNDERGROUND ICE FORMATION Chapter 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND ICE 1.1. Water 1.2. Crystalline structure of ice 1.3. Thermodynamics of water state and phase transitions 1.4. Latent heat of water phase transitions 1.5. Evaporation and sublimation of ice 1.6. Thermal characteristics of ice 1.7. Mechanical properties and temperature of ice Chapter 2. FORMATION OF THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF CONGELATION ICE 2.1. Nucleation and growth of ice crystals 2.2. Petrogenesis of underground ice 2.3. Influence of crystal habit and volume on the ice structure 2.4. Influence of solid surface on the ice structure 2.5. Influence of impurities in crystallizing water on the ice structure 2.6. Influence of the thermal conditions of water crystallization on the ice structure Chapter 3. DYNAMOMETAMORPHISM OF ICE 3.1. General principles of ice dynamometamorphism 3.2. Structural changes caused by ice deformation 3.3. Influence of impurities on structural changes caused by ice deformation 3.4. Structural peculiarities of glacial ice Chapter 4. METHODS OF STRUCTURE-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF UNDERGROUND ICE 4.1. Description of ice structure 4.2. Processing of petrographical data 4.3. Analysis and interpretation of structural data PART II. GENETIC TYPES OF UNDERGROUND ICE Chapter 5. ICE WEDGES 5.1. The theory of ice wedge genesis 5.2. Elementary ice veinlets and forms of ice wedge growth 5.3. Elementary ice veinlets and method of reconstruction of thermal ice formation conditions 5.4. Epigenetic ice wedges 5.5. Syngenetic ice wedges Chapter 6. SEGREGATED ICE Chapter 7. INJECTED ICE Chapter 8. BURIAL GLACIAL (MASSIVE) ICE 8.1. The theory of massive-ice genesis 8.2. Massive-ice bedding and structure 8.3. Basic-moraine ice (Ust'-PortVillage region) 8.4. Buried ice of terminal moraines (Ermakovo Village region) 8.5. Buried ice offluvioglacial sediments (Gydan Peninsula) 8.6. Buried ice of submarine sediments (Yamal Peninsula) 8.7. Typomorphic structural features of massive ice 8.8. General regularities of surface ice conservation in permafrost zone 8.9. Conclusions PART III. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND ICE Chapter 9. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS 9.1. Oxygen isotopes in natural waters 9.2. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes in water 9.3. Oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric water 9.4. Seasonal variations in the oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric precipitation 9.5. Oxygen isotope composition of snow 9.6. Oxygen isotope composition of surface waters 9.7. Oxygen isotope composition of groundwaters Chapter 10. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF ICE WEDGES 10.1. Oxygen isotope composition ofrecent alluvial ice wedges 10.2. Oxygen isotope composition of recent bog-lacustrine ice wedges 10.3. Oxygen isotope composition of recent offshore ice wedges 10.4. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes during water freezing in frozen cracks 10.5. Changes in the oxygen isotope composition of ice wedges caused by diffusion, sublimation, and condensation 10.6. Dependence of the oxygen isotope composition of recent ice wedges on winter temperature 10.7. Conservation of oxygen isotopes in ancient ice wedges 10.8. Representative oxygen isotope data obtained by analysis of ice samples from natural permafrost exposures 10.9. Oxygen isotope dating of ancient syngenetic ice wedges 10.10. Reconstruction of winter paleotemperatures from the oxygen isotope composition ofancient ice wedges of the Kolyma River lowland 10.11. Reconstruction ofpaleotemperatures from the oxygen isotope composition of key-section ice wedges of the Kolyma River lowland Chapter 11. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF MASSIVE ICE 11.1. State of the art and problems of study of the oxygen isotope composition of massive ice 11.2. Results of study of the oxygen isotope composition of massive ice and their interpretation 11.3. Reconstruction of the paleogeography of massive-ice formation 11.4. Regional changes in the oxygen isotope composition of massive ice Chapter 12. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF TEXTURE-FORMING ICE 12.1. Regularities of formation of the oxygen isotope composition oftextureforming ice in a seasonally thawed layer 12.2. Zonal and climatic factors of variations in the oxygen isotope composition of ice in a seasonally thawed layer 12.3. Geomorphologic and cryolithologic factors 12.4. Oxygen isotope composition of syngenetic segregated ice 12.5. Oxygen isotope composition of epigenetic segregated ice. PART IV. SPATIOTEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF UNDERGROUND ICE Chapter 13. SYSTEMATICS OF UNDERGROUND GLACIAL ROCKS 13.1. Underground ice and cryosphere 13.2. Underground ice and cryogenesis 13.3. Underground ice as a rock Chapter 14. PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF UNDERGROUND GLACIATION Chapter 15. ZONAL AND CLIMATIC STRUCTURE OF UNDERGROUND ICE 15.1. Principles of the spatiotemporal distribution ofunderground ice 15.2. Section structure of underground ice 15.3. Zonation of underground ice 15.4. Zone-regional scheme of underground ice PART V. GEOECOLOGY OF UNDERGROUND GLACIATION TERRITORY Chapter 16. GEOECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PERMAFROST ZONE 16.1. Geoecologic pecularities of underground glaciation 16.2. Geoecology and underground ice of the Arctic Region Chapter 17. PRINCIPLES OF STABILIZATION OF CRYOSYSTEMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION PROGNOSIS 17.1. Factors of cryosystem destruction 17.2. Experience of short-term geoecological prognosis of the Bovanenkovo gas field development (Yamal Peninsula) Conclusions References , Содержание Введение ЧАСТЬ 1. ФИЗИКА ПОДЗЕМНОГО ЛЬДООБРАЗОВАНИЯ Глава 1. ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ВОДЫ И ЛЬДА 1.1. Вода 1.2. Кристаллическая структура льда 1.3. Термодинамика состояния и фазовых переходов воды 1.4. Скрытая теплота фазовых превращений воды 1.5. Испарение и сублимация льда 1.6. Теплофизические характеристики льда 1.7. Механические свойства и температура льда Глава 2. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ КОНЖЕЛЯЦИОННЫХ ЛЬДОВ 2.1. Зарождение и рост кристаллов льда 2.2. Петрогенез подземных льдов 2.3. Структурообразующая роль формы и объема кристаллизации 2.4. Структурообразующая роль твердой поверхности 2.5. Структурообразующая роль примесей в кристаллизующейся воде 2.6. Структурообразующая роль термических условий кристаллизации Глава 3. ДИНАМОМЕТАМОРФИЗМ ЛЬДА 3.1. Общие принципы динамометаморфизма льда 3.2. Структурные изменения в ходе деформации льда 3.3. Влияние примесей на структурные изменения в ходе деформации льда 3.4. Структурные особенности глетчерных льдов Глава 4. МЕТОДЫ СТРУКТУРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЛЬДОВ 4.1. Описание структуры льда 4.2. Обработка петрографических данных 4.3. Анализ и интерпретация структурных данных ЧАСТЬ 11. ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПЫ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ЛЬДА Глава 5. ЖИЛЬНЫЕ ЛЬДЫ 5.1. Состояние проблемы генезиса жильных льдов 5.2. Элементарные жилки и изначальные формы роста ледяных жил 5.3. Элементарные жилки и метод реконструкции температурных условий льдообразования 5.4. Эпигенетические жильные льды 5.5. Сингенетические жильные льды Глава 6. СЕГРЕГАЦИОННЫЕ ЛЬДЫ Глава 7. ИНЪЕКЦИОННЫЕ ЛЬДЫ Глава 8. ПОГРЕБЕННЫЕ ГЛЕТЧЕРНЫЕ (ПЛАСТОВЫЕ) ЛЬДЫ 8.1. Состояние проблемы генезиса пластовых льдов 8.2. Условия залегания и строение пластовых льдов 8.3. Льды основных морен (район пос. Усть-Порт) 8.4. Погребенные льды конечных морен (район пос. Ермакова) 8.5. Погребенные льды флювиогляциальных отложений (Гыданский полуостров) 8.6. Погребенные льды субаквальных отложений (полуостров Ямал) 8.7. Типоморфные особенности строения пластовых льдов 8.8. Общие закономерности консервации поверхностных льдов в криолитозоне 8.9. Выводы ЧАСТЬ III. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЛЬДОВ Глава 9. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ПРИРОДНЫХ ВОД 9.1. Изотопные компоненты природных вод 9.2. Фракционирование изотопного состава воды 9.3. Изотопный состав атмосферной влаги 9.4. Сезонные вариации изотопного состава атмосферных осадков 9.5. Изотопный состав снежного покрова 9.6. Изотопный состав поверхностных вод 9.7. Изотопный состав грунтовых вод Глава 10. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ЖИЛЬНЫХ ЛЬДОВ 10.1. Изотопно-кислородный состав современных жильных льдов аллювиальных отложений 10.2. Изотопно-кислородный состав современных жильных льдов озерно-болотных отложений 10.3. Изотопно-кислородный состав современных полигонально-жильных льдов прибрежно-морских отложений 10.4. Фракционирование изотопов кислорода при замерзании воды в морозобойной трещине 10.5. Изменение первичного изотопного состава жильных льдов под влиянием процессов диффузии, сублимации и конденсации льда 10.6. Зависимость изотопно-кислородного состава современных рост-ков жильного льда от зимней температуры воздуха 10.7. Сохранность изотопно-кислородной информации в древних жильных льдах 10.8. Представительность изотопно-кислородной информации, полученной при анализе образцов льда из естественных обнажений мерзлых пород 10.9. Датирование изотопно-кислородной информации древних синге-нетических жил льда 10.10. Реконструкция зимних палеотемператур воздуха по изотопии древних ледяных жил Колымской низменности 10.11. Реконструкция палеотемператур воздуха по изотопии жильных льдов опорных разрезов Колымской низменности Глава 11. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ПЛАСТОВЫХ ЛЬДОВ 11.1. Состояние и задачи исследований изотопно-кислородного состава пластовых льдов 11.2. Результаты опробования изотопно-кислородного состава пласто-вых льдов и их интерпретация 11.3. Реконструкция палеогеографических условий формирования изотопно-кислородного состава пластовых льдов 11.4. Региональные изменения изотопно-кислородного состава пласто-вых льдов Глава 12. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ТЕКСТУРООБРАЗУЮЩИХ ЛЬДОВ 12.1. Закономерности формирования изотопно-кислородного состава текстурообразующих льдов сезонноталого слоя 12.2. Зонально-климатические факторы вариаций изотопно-кислородного состава льда сезоннооттаивающего слоя 12.3. Геоморфологические и криолитогенные факторы 12.4. Изотопно-кислородный состав текстурообразующих льдов синкриогенных отложений 12.5. Изотопно-кислородный состав текстурообразующих льдов эпикриогенных отложений ЧАСТЬ IV. ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ВРЕМЕННАЯ СТРУКТУРА ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ Глава 13. СИСТЕМАТИКА ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЛЕДЯНЫХ ГОРНЫХ ПОРОД 13.1. Подземные льды и криосфера 13.2. Подземные льды и криолитогенез 13.3. Подземные льды как горная порода Глава 14. ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЯ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ Глава 15. ЗОНАЛЬНО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ 15.1. Принципы формирования пространственно-временной структуры подземного оледенения 15.2. Ярусность подземного льдообразования в разрезе мерзлой толщи 15.3. Зональность подземного оледенения 15.4. Зонально-региональная схема подземного оледенения ЧАСТЬ V. ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ Глава 16. ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ 16.1. Геоэкологическая специфика криолитозоны 16.2. Геоэкология Арктики и подземный лед Глава 17. ПРИНЦИПЫ СТАБИЛИЗАЦИИ И ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОГНОЗ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ГЕОСИСТЕМ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ 17.1. Факторы дестабилизации геосистем криолитозоны 17.2. Опыт краткосрочного геоэкологического прогнозирования развития территории Бованенковского газоконденсатного месторождения (полуостров Ямал) Заключение Литература , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: (Re)discovering the continentTheoretical framework -- The coil sample -- Duration provisions -- Escape clauses and withdrawal clauses -- (Im)precision and reservations -- Dispute resolution provisions -- Punishment provisions -- Monitoring provisions -- Asymmetric design rules, voting, and power -- Conclusion..

Note: Introduction -- Procedures and criteria for the definition of Global Heritage Stone Resources -- The 'Global Heritage Stone Resource' designation: past, present and future -- Global stone heritage: Larvikite, Norway -- The Hallandia gneiss, a Swedish heritage stone resource -- The Kolmården serpentine marble in Sweden: a stone found both in castles and peoples homes -- Global Heritage Stone: Estremoz Marbles, Portugal -- Contribution of Portuguese two-mica granites to stone built heritage: the historical value of Oporto granite -- Piedra Pajarilla: a candidacy as a global heritage stone resource for Martinamor granite -- The Sierra Nevada serpentinites: the serpentinites most used in Spanish heritage buildings -- Villamayor Stone (Golden Stone) as a Global Heritage Stone Resource from Salamanca (NW of Spain) -- Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: considerations for its nomination as a Global Heritage Stone Resource due to its long term durability -- Carrara Marble: a nomination for Global Heritage Stone Resource from Italy -- Rosa Beta granite (Sardinian Pink Granite): a heritage stone of international significance from Italy -- Pietra Serena: the stone of the Renaissance -- Ornamental stones of the Verbano Cusio Ossola quarry district: characterization of materials, quarrying techniques and history and relevance to local and national heritage -- Stone materials used for monumental buildings in the historical centre of Turin (NW Italy): architectonical survey and petrographic characterization of Via Roma -- Podpec limestone: a heritage stone from Slovenia -- Stone heritage in Southeast Slovenia -- Ornamental stone in the history of St Petersburg architecture -- Natural stone in the built heritage of the interior of Brazil: the use of stone in Minas Gerais -- Piedra Mar del Plata: An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a Global Heritage Stone Resource..

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Numerical Ecology? 1.2 Why R? 1.3 Readership and Structure of the Book 1.4 How to Use This Book 1.5 The Data Sets 1.5.1 The Doubs Fish Data 1.5.2 The Oribatid Mite Data 1.6 A Quick Reminder About Help Sources 1.7 Now It Is Time 2 Exploratory Data Analysis 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Data Exploration 2.2.1 Data Extraction 2.2.2 Species Data: First Contact 2.2.3 Species Data: A Closer Look 2.2.4 Ecological Data Transformation 2.2.5 Environmental Data 2.3 Conclusion 3 Association Measures and Matrices 3.1 Objectives 3.2 The Main Categories of Association Measures (Short Overview) 3.2.1 Q Mode and R Mode 3.2.2 Symmetrical or Asymmetrical Coefficients in Q Mode: The Double-Zero Problem 3.2.3 Association Measures for Qualitative or Quantitative Data 3.2.4 To Summarize 3.3 Q Mode: Computing Dissimilarity Matrices Among Objects 3.3.1 Q Mode: Quantitative Species Data 3.3.2 Q Mode: Binary (Presence-Absence) Species Data 3.3.3 Q Mode: Quantitative Data (Excluding Species Abundances) 3.3.4 Q Mode: Binary Data (Excluding Species Presence-Absence Data) 3.3.5 Q Mode: Mixed Types Including Categorical (Qualitative Multiclass) Variables 3.4 R Mode: Computing Dependence Matrices Among Variables 3.4.1 R Mode: Species Abundance Data 3.4.2 R Mode: Species Presence-Absence Data 3.4.3 R Mode: Quantitative and Ordinal Data (Other than Species Abundances) 3.4.4 R Mode: Binary Data (Other than Species Abundance Data) 3.5 Pre-transformations for Species Data 3.6 Conclusion 4 Cluster Analysis 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Clustering Overview 4.3 Hierarchical Clustering Based on Links 4.3.1 Single Linkage Agglomerative Clustering 4.3.2 Complete Linkage Agglomerative Clustering 4.4 Average Agglomerative Clustering 4.5 Ward's Minimum Variance Clustering 4.6 Flexible Clustering 4.7 Interpreting and Comparing Hierarchical Clustering Results 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Cophenetic Correlation 4.7.3 Looking for Inteipretable Clusters 4.8 Non-hierarchical Clustering 4.8.1 k-means Partitioning 4.8.2 Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) 4.9 Comparison with Environmental Data 4.9.1 Comparing a Typology with External Data (ANOVA Approach) 4.9.2 Comparing Two Typologies (Contingency Table Approach) 4.10 Species Assemblages 4.10.1 Simple Statistics on Group Contents 4.10.2 Kendall's W Coefficient of Concordance 4.10.3 Species Assemblages in Presence-Absence Data 4.10.4 Species Co-occurrence Network 4.11 Indicator Species 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 IndVal: Species Indicator Values 4.11.3 Correlation-Type Indices 4.12 Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT): Constrained Clustering 4.12.1 Introduction 4.12.2 Computation (Principle) 4.12.3 Application Using Packages mvpart and MVPARTwrap 4.12.4 Combining MRT and IndVal 4.13 MRT as a Monothetic Clustering Method 4.14 Sequential Clustering 4.15 A Very Different Approach: Fuzzy Clustering 4.15.1 Fuzzy c-means Using Package cluster's Function fanny () 4.15.2 Noise Clustering Using the vegclust () Function 4.16 Conclusion 5 Unconstrained Ordination 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Ordination Overview 5.2.1 Multidimensional Space 5.2.2 Ordination in Reduced Space 5.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 PCA of the Environmental Variables of the Doubs River Data Using rda () 5.3.3 PCA on Transformed Species Data 5.3.4 Domain of Application of PCA 5.3.5 PCA Using Function PCA. newr () 5.3.6 Imputation of Missing Values in PCA 5.4 Correspondence Analysis (CA) 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 CA Using Function cca () of Package vegan 5.4.3 CA Using Function CA. newr () 5.4.4 Arch Effect and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) 5.4.5 Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) 5.5 Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Application of PCoA to the Doubs Data Set Using cmdscaleO and vegan 5.5.3 Application of PCoA to the Doubs Data Set Using pcoa () 5.6 Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) 5.6.1 Introduction 5.6.2 Application to the Doubs Fish Data 5.6.3 PCoA or NMDS? 5.7 Hand-Written PCA Ordination Function 6 Canonical Ordination 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Canonical Ordination Overview 6.3 Redundancy Analysis (RDA) 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 RDA of the Doubs River Data 6.3.3 Distance-Based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA) 6.3.4 A Hand-Written RDA Function 6.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 CCA of the Doubs River Data 6.5 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Discriminant Analysis Using Ida () 6.6 Other Asymmetric Analyses 6.6.1 Principal Response Curves (PRC) 6.6.2 Co-correspondence Analysis (CoCA) 6.7 Symmetric Analysis of Two (or More) Data Sets 6.8 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCorA) 6.8.1 Introduction 6.8.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis Using CCorA () 6.9 Co-inertia Analysis (CoIA) 6.9.1 Introduction 6.9.2 Co-inertia Analysis Using Function coinertia () of ade4 6.10 Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) 6.10.1 Introduction 6.10.2 Multiple Factor Analysis Using FactoMineR 6.11 Relating Species Traits and Environment 6.11.1 The Fourth-Corner Method 6.11.2 RLQ Analysis 6.11.3 Application in R 6.12 Conclusion 7 Spatial Analysis of Ecological Data 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Spatial Structures and Spatial Analysis: A Short Overview 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Induced Spatial Dependence and Spatial Autocorrelation 7.2.3 Spatial Scale 7.2.4 Spatial Heterogeneity 7.2.5 Spatial Correlation or Autocorrelation Functions and Spatial Correlograms 7.2.6 Testing for the Presence of Spatial Correlation: Conditions 7.2.7 Modelling Spatial Structures 7.3 Multivariate Trend-Surface Analysis 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Trend-Surface Analysis in Practice 7.4 Eigenvector-Based Spatial Variables and Spatial Modelling 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Distance-Based Moran's Eigenvector Maps (dbMEM) and Principal Coordinates of Neighbour Matrices (PCNM) 7.4.3 MEM in a Wider Context: Weights Other than Geographic Distances 7.4.4 MEM with Positive or Negative Spatial Correlation: Which Ones should Be Used? 7.4.5 Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps (AEM): When Directionality Matters 7.5 Another Way to Look at Spatial Structures: Multiscale Ordination (MSO) 7.5.1 Principle 7.5.2 Application to the Mite Data - Exploratory Approach 7.5.3 Application to the Detrended Mite and Environmental Data 7.6 Space-Time Interaction Test in Multivariate ANOVA, Without Replicates 7.6.1 Introduction 7.6.2 Testing the Space-Time Interaction with the sti Functions 7.7 Conclusion 8 Community Diversity 8.1 Objectives 8.2 The Multiple Facets of Diversity 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Species Diversity Measured by a Single Number 8.2.3 Taxonomic Diversity Indices in Practice 8.3 When Space Matters: Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversities 8.4 Beta Diversity 8.4.1 Beta Diversity Measured by a Single Number 8.4.2 Beta Diversity as the Variance of the Community Composition Table: SCBD and LCBD Indices 8.4.3 Partitioning Beta Diversity into Replacement, Richness Difference and Nestedness Components 8.5 Functional Diversity, Functional Composition and Phylogenetic Diversity of Communities 8.5.1 Alpha Functional Diversity 8.5.2 Beta Taxonomic, Phylogenetic and Functional Diversities 8.6 Conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Text in dt. und engl. Sprache