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  • Articles  (151)
  • Fine structure  (57)
  • pharmacokinetics  (48)
  • Light and electron microscopy  (47)
  • Springer  (151)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (151)
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  • Articles  (151)
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  • Springer  (151)
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  • 1
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 44-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alprenolol ; serum drug level ; exercise ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of alprenolol on heart rate and systolic blood pressure were studied in healthy subjects during standardized exercise on a bicycle ergometer. In one series of experiments, in which serum concentrations of alprenolol were also measured, the effects of single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of alprenolol and a placebo were compared by a double blind cross-over technique. In a second series of experiments 100 mg alprenolol was given four times in one day and the effect was followed for up to eighteen hours after the last dose. — Alprenolol diminished the expected increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise. The reduction of exercise tachycardia in a given individual was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose or the serum concentration of alprenolol. The serum concentrations required for a given reduction of exercise tachycardia varied almost one hundred-fold amongst the subjects studied. The biological availability of alprenolol was dose-dependent, probably due to a limited capacity biotransformation of the drug before it entered the general circulation. After a single dose the serum level of alprenolol and its chronotropic effect diminished at a rate corresponding to an elimination half life of about two hours. This rate of elimination was consistent with that calculated from the results of the four dose study.
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  • 2
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 174-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; metabolism ; urine ; pharmacokinetics ; twins ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of nortriptyline (NT) and five of its metabolites was studied by quantitative gas chromatography in 22 twins and 7 unrelated healthy subjects after single (1 mg/kg) and multiple oral doses (0.4 mg/kg t.i.d.) of NT hydrochloride. A mean recovery of 62% of the dose was found after both single and multiple doses. The metabolite pattern in the urine was qualitatively and quantitatively identical in the two regimes, but there were marked variations in the pattern of metabolites between individuals. The disappearance rate of NT from the plasma was mainly determined by the metabolism of NT to 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which varied considerably between individuals. The data suggest that in certain rapid NT metabolizers, the upper limit for the overall clearance of NT from the plasma (if extrahepatic metabolism is assumed to be negligible) might be set by the blood flow through the liver.
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  • 3
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 268-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenhydramine ; orphenadrine ; gas-liquid chromatography ; N-selective detector ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the assay of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma. The procedure employs gas-liquid chromatography and a high sensitivity nitrogen detector. It has been used to assay diphenhydramine in plasma after oral administration of therapeutic doses.
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  • 4
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenobarbital ; neonate ; maternal-fetal exchange ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in 18 newborn infants for one to two weeks after birth. The drug had been administered prenatally to the mothers as part of treatment for maternal hypertension or toxaemia. The plasma half-life of the drug in the infants (77–404 h) was inversely correlated with the extent of prenatal exposure to it. In three infants a bi-phasic plasma curve was found as there was a sudden change from slow to fast disappearance on the 5th to 7th day of life.
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  • 5
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
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  • 7
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
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  • 8
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma clearance ; gas chromatography — mass spectrometry ; pharmacogenetics ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five identical (monozygotic) and 6 fraternal (dizygotic) sets of healthy twins between 47 and 53 years of age were given a single oral dose of nortriptyline (NT) hydrochloride 1 mg/kg. The plasma half-life, the apparent volume of distribution, and the plasma clearance of NT were estimated for each subject as well as the urinary excretion rate of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline (10-OH-NT). “Steady-state” plasma levels predicted from the reciprocal single dose plasma clearance rate of NT agreed well with those observed in a previous study of the same twins 2 years previously. In the present study, there was a 5-fold range of the plasma half-lives and 2-fold variation in the apparent volume of distribution of NT (assuming complete availability on oral administration). No correlation was found between the plasma half-life and the apparent volume of distribution. Analysis of variance showed that most of the variability between persons in plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution and conjugation of 10-OH-NT was genetically determined. The plasma half-life and apparent volume of distribution may contribute independently to the total interindividual variability of the “steady-state” plasma level of NT.
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  • 9
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 54-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; infusion ; plasma expander ; blood level fluctuation ; sulfonamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A hypothetical pharmacokinetic model is reported which describes the decreasing fluctuations in the blood levels of a sulfonamide during infusion of a plasma expander. Its concentration in the serum increases reciprocally with the amount of plasma expander infused. These procedures can be described by simple equations, and it is possible therefore, to calculate the dose required to maintain a constant blood level during the infusion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein hypothetisch-pharmakokinetisches Modell berichtet, welches sich mit der absinkenden Serumkonzentration eines Sulfonamids nach Infusion eines Plasmaexpanders beschäftigt. Die Serumkonzentration fällt reziprok zur infundierten Menge des Plasmaexpanders ab. Die Vorgänge lassen sich durch einfache Gleichungssysteme beschreiben. Es gelingt daher, eine Zusatzdosis zu berechnen, welche den bei Infusionsbeginn bestehenden Plasmaspiegel annähernd konstant erhält.
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  • 10
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 58-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pralidoxime chloride ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-cholinesterase poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dose of 1.0 g (10.0–14.0 mg/kg body weight) of pralidoxime mixed with various cholinolytics was given by i.m. injection to 29 healthy male subjects. A concentration of pralidoxime in blood of 4 µg/ml was reached after 5 to 10 min with all the mixtures and was maintained for about 1 to 2 h. The calculated half lives of pralidoxime in three groups of subjects were 62.2, 60.0 and 61.8 min., respectively. — The urinary excretions of pralidoxime during the first 4 h after the injections averaged 75.0, 79.6 and 69.6 per cent, respectively, of the total amount given. — The results are compared with published information about similar oximes.
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  • 11
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
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  • 12
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
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  • 14
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
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  • 15
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
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  • 16
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphamethoxazole ; trimethoprim ; pharmacokinetics ; uraemia ; sulphonamides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) have been investigated in four healthy volunteers, 15 patients with stable chronic renal failure and 3 patients on regular dialysis. The dosage schedule was 400 mg of SMZ and 80 mg of TMP orally every 12 h. The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion have been analysed in terms of a one compartment open model, allowing for elimination by renal excretion and metabolic processes. — At equilibrium the plasma concentrations of unchanged sulphonamide showed no significant correlation with the degree of renal impairment. The accumulation of TMP increased slightly without affecting the concentration ratio of both agents in plasma. In contrast, increasing accumulation of metabolized SMZ was demonstrated in the presence of renal insufficiency. Indirect evidence indicates that rising metabolite levels under these circumstances may lead to a displacement of unchanged sulphonamide from protein binding sites. — The cumulative urinary excretion amounted to 82.4% of the dose of sulphonamide administered, which probably corresponds to the fraction of the compound absorbed. The urinary concentration of biologically active SMZ was slightly below the plasma level, especially in advanced renal failure, but it remained above the minimum inhibitory concentrations reported in the literature. The concentration of TMP in urine was considerably higher than in plasma, it decreased with loss of renal function as did active SMZ.
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amobarbital ; pentobarbital ; barbiturates ; gas chromatography ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic methods are described for the assay of amobarbital and pentobarbital in 500 µl samples of plasma, in concentrations down to 250 ng/ml. After ether extraction at pH 5.5, the barbiturates are reextracted into an alkaline solution of trimethylanilinium hydroxide and are determined quantitatively by gas chromatography as their dimethylated derivatives. The method has been used successfully in volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of these bariturates.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazines ; thioridazine ; serum levels ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of absorption of thioridazine varied greatly in ten healthy volunteers who took 100 mg in the morning after an overnight fast. The peak level in blood was also variable and it was reached 1 1/4 to 4 h after dosing. Maximal concentrations in the blood varied widely from 0.13 µg/ml to 0.52 µg/ml. No relation was found between the weight or sex of the subjects and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The serum half life of thioridazine in three healthy volunteers was 9, 10 and 10 h respectively. In a group of 22 patients receiving less than 5 mg/kg body weight a day, there was a strong correlation between the dose and the morning or evening concentration of thioridazine in the blood. A positive correlation was also observed between the age of the patient and the serum level in those who received doses of less than 5 mg/kg body weight.
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  • 19
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 88-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Noradrenaline pools ; 7-3H-noradrenaline ; neuro-effector junction kinetics ; pharmacokinetics ; sympathoadrenergic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A two-compartment model of 73HNA distribution has been developed for studying sympatho-adrenergic activity in intact man. After infusion of 73HNA at constant speed in resting normal subjects, the decay curves of the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of 73HNA were plotted against time. Analysis of the curves yielded constants and indirect indications about noradrenaline exchange processes in the extracellular environment. Complete evaluation of the neuronal pools and of the pathways of biosynthesis and metabolism was impossible, but it seemed likely that 73HNA entered small neuronal pools that underwent rapid exchange with the extracellular environment, a point of some interest in clinical and pharmacologic investigations.
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  • 21
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Urography ; Hypaque® ; Urovist® ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparative tests were carried out, using a radioactive tracer method, on the pharmacokinetics of sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate. A biological model was simulated using an analogue computer; and the rate and elimination constants, the elimination half life, and the ratio of tissue entry to tissue elimination constants were calculated. Over the period of time required for X-ray diagnosis, the two salts of the contrast medium acid which were tested did not alter the pharmacokinetics of the contrast medium itself.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Procaine amide ; N-acetylprocaine amide ; sustained-release ; pharmacokinetics ; ventricular arrhythmia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied during treatment with either a conventional or a new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide in order to compare fluctuations in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of the drug during “steady state” conditions. Procaine amide in plasma was measured by spectrofluorimetry and the urine concentration of it and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocaine amide, by gas chromatography. The average fluctuation of plasma concentrations was 3.5±0.1 µg/ml during treatment with sustained-release tablets (dosage interval 8 h) and 4.2±0.4 µg/ml during treatment with ordinary tablets (dosage interval 4 h), i. e. it was 20% greater during treatment with the conventional preparation. There was no difference between the two preparations in recovery of the drug from urine (sustained-release tablets 85.4±3.0%; and conventional tablets 90.3±5.4%). Thus, the new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide administered 3 times daily produced the same range of plasma levels as the identical dose of conventional tablets given 6 times a day.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Alclofenac ; antiphlogistic ; man ; pharmacokinetics ; dosage regimes ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A one compartment open model has been found to fit plasma concentration data previously obtained in man after single oral doses of alclofenac; the parameters of the model are: $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ abs=1.3±0.7h, $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ el=3.5±1.2h, Vd/F=17±6. The model has been used successfully to predict steady-state plasma levels of alclofenac after multiple oral doses. One treatment schedule (initial dose 500 mg, maintenance dose 250 mg five times a day) was administered to two volunteers for five days and the plasma levels of alclofenac determined daily. The latter were in good agreement with computer predictions based on the model. It is now possible, therefore, to select the most suitable dosage regimes for this drug.
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; drug dependence ; pharmacokinetics ; amphetamine psychosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen subjects with amphetamine psychosis were studied with respect to fluid balance, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms, urinary and plasma amphetamine levels and the relative amounts of unchanged drug and metabolites in urine. On admission to hospital about half of the psychotic patients were dehydrated, the water lack being up to 6.7% of total body weight. The dehydrated subjects had lower renal clearances of amphetamine because of lower rates of urine production. As noted previously there was a strongly positive correlation between urinary pH and the half life (T 1/2) of plasma amphetamine, with an increase inT 1/2 of about 7 h for every unit increase in urinary pH. Patients with alkaline urine had intense psychoses lasting for about 4 1/2 days after the last dose of amphetamine. In patiens with acid urine, the psychotic symptoms were milder, and of about 2 days duration. No correlation was found between the degree of psychosis in different subjects and the plasma levels of the drug. — The ratio between the amounts of labelled metabolites and unchanged drug excreted in urine rose for each day after administration of3H-amphetamine, implying a slower excretion rate for the metabolites than for the parent drug. The relative proportion of metabolites was higher in patients with an alkaline urine, being more than 90% after the first day. — When amphetamine (200 mg i.v.) was given to nonpsychotic, dependent subjects, the peak plasma levels (mean 423 ng/ml) exceeded the highest levels observed during the first day in psychotic patients. However, no psychotic symptoms were observed in these subjects. The volumes of distribution calculated from the monoexponential elimination curves were higher than those previously reported in nondependent subjects. — With an alkaline urine a group of nonpsychotic amphetamine-dependent subjects had significantly longer plasmaT 1/2 (p〈0.05) than a group of drug-naive control subjects. The results suggest that increased tissue binding may be a component in tolerance to amphetamine in dependent humans.
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  • 29
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; potentiation of hypoglycemic action ; phenylbutazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Metabolically healthy subjects were given an intravenous injection of 1,13 mg14C-labelled glibenclamide (HB 419). The plasma level, renal elimination of the radioactivity and metabolism of the substance were investigated. Two minutes after administration the HB 419 is virtually present only in the blood and at the end of the distribution period mostly in the extracellular space. 53% of the radioactivity is excreted via the kidneys in the form of metabolites. If glibenclamide is administrated in the same way to the same subjects after pretreatment with phenylbutazone there are no differences in the course of the plasma levels or the rate of elimination from the blood. There is, however, a significant difference in the excretion of the radioactivity in the urine. In the presence of phenylbutazone significantly less HB 419 metabolite is excreted renally. In view of the known alternative route of elimination it is suggested that the amount not excreted in the urine is in compensation eliminated via the bile. There was no difference in the metabolism of glibenclamide between the control and phenylbutazone treated groups. The potentiation by phenylbutazone of HB 419 action, and probably also that of other antidiabetic sulphonylureas, must therefore be due predominantly to other causes (Communication III).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselgesunde Versuchspersonen erhielten14C-markiertes Glibenclamid in einer Dosis von 1.13 mg/Vpn i.v. gespritzt. Plasmaspiegelverläufe, renale Elimination der Radioaktivität und die Metabolisierung der Substanz wurden untersucht. Zwei Minuten nach der Applikation ist HB 419 praktisch nur im Blutund nach Abschluß der Verteilung weitgehend im Extracellulärraum vorhanden. 53% der Radioaktivität werden über die Nieren in Form von Metaboliten ausgeschieden. Wird den gleichen Probanden nach Prämedikation mit Phenylbutazon Glibenclamid in gleicher Weise verabfolgt, ergibt sich kein Unterschied hinsichtlich der Plasmaspiegelverläufe und der Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit aus dem Blut. Ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht jedoch in der Ausscheidung der Radioaktivität in den Harn (26.3%). In Gegenwart von Phenylbutazon wird ein signifikant geringerer Anteil von HB 419-Metaboliten renal eliminiert. Aufgrund des bekannten zweiten Ausscheidungsweges wird vermutet, daß der fehlende Anteil kompensatorisch über die Galle eliminiert wird. Die Metabolisierung von Glibenclamid weist keine Differenzen zwischen Phenylbutazon-und Kontroll-Gruppe auf. Die Wirkungspotenzierung von HB 419 — wahrscheinlich auch diejenige anderer antidiabetisch wirksamer Sulfonylharnstoffe — durch Phenylbutazon dürfte demnach überweigend andere Ursachen haben. (Mitteilung III).
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 36-42 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphonamides ; sylfametopyrazine ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulfametopyrazine were studied for seven days after a single oral dose of 2 g. in healthy volunteers in order to establish its chemotherapeutic value. — The appearance and disappearance of the drug in the plasma were evaluated both for compounds with a free amino group and for total sulphonamides. The half-life and absorption, distribution, elimination and excretion coefficients were calculated, as well as the concentrations in plasma water and interstitial fluid. The estimated drug concentrations in the urine agreed with those calculated from the excretion coefficients. — In all subjects at the end of the seventh day the concentrations in all body compartments of active compounds exceeded the minimum required for a therapeutic effect. The highest concentrations found in the urine were always significantly lower than the drug's basal solubility at pH 5, thus excluding any risk of crystalluria.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1971), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Biguanides ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; sustained release form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man, after oral administration of 50 mg14C-butylbiguanide, the maximum serum concentration was 26–41 µg/100 ml. The biguanide was eliminated with an average half-life of 2h. 84% of the dose administered was found excreted unchanged in the urine. — After administration of14C-butylbiguanide in a sustained release form (Silubin® retard), the drug was slowly released and its serum concentration remained almost constant for up to 7 h.
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  • 32
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; pharmacokinetics ; neuroleptanalgesia ; analogue computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels and urinary excretion of3H-fentanyl were studied in 5 human subjects after intravenous injection of this drug. After an initial rapid decline, the plasma level of fentanyl decreased slowly and approximately exponentially. The plasma concentration of metabolites remained almost steady from 1–3 h after injection. More than 60% of the administered radioactivity was excreted through the kidneys within 4 days. Only a small proportion of it was unchanged fentanyl. The rates of fall of plasma concentration and of urinary excretion were slower in man than in rabbits. — The time courses of plasma concentrations and of urinary excretion were simulated on an analogue computer. The results support the assumption that the different time courses of concentrations in man and rabbits are caused by slower metabolism in man. It seems likely that redistribution plays a dominant part in the short duration of action of fentanyl in man.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 150-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; pharmacokinetics ; microbiological assay ; drug control ; neonatal septicaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The various steps of a paper disc micromethod for quantitative determination of plasma concentrations of antibiotics is described. Only 10 µl of plasma is needed for a single determination, allowing easy and repeated capillary sampling. Separate assay was attempted of three antibiotics in a mixture (streptomycin, cloxacillin and ampicillin), both by use of selective inhibitors (semicarbazide, penicillinase) in the culture medium and by choosing suitable strains of bacteria. In this way, it was possible to determine streptomycin and cloxacillin separately when all three antibiotics were present simultaneously in the plasma. The assay of ampicillin, however, was always influenced by the presence of even small concentrations of cloxacillin. The 95% confidence intervals of the standard curves for the three antibiotics are presented. — The method is suitable both for pharmacokinetic studies and for routine clinical control of plasma antibiotic levels, even in premature children.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 15-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Toads ; Apical secretion ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependymal cells of the toad subcommissural organ produce pale and dense secretory granules. Both types of granules are mainly concentrated in the apical cytoplasm and in the perinuclear region. Pale and dense granules are synthesized by and packed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, bypassing the step of the Golgi apparatus. The apical cytoplasm of some subcommissural ependymal cells protrudes into the ventricle. All the cells project a few cilia and numerous slender, long microvilli into the ventricular lumen. Contacting the cilia and the microvilli there is a filamentous material identical to that observed in the fibre of Reissner at the aqueduct of Sylvius. In addition to filaments, the fibre of Reissner contains vacuolar formations. The fibre is surrounded by numerous ependymal cilia, some of which are embedded in the filamentous material of the fibre. The presence of numerous microvilli projected into the ventricle and the large number of vesicles scattered in the supranuclear cytoplasm seem to indicate that the subcommissural organ may have absorption functions. The fact that the intercellular space of the ependymal layer of the subcommissural organ is not separated from the ventricular lumen by tight junctions but by zonulae adhaerentes could indicate that the cerebrospinal fluid penetrates these intercellular spaces bathing all sides of the ependymal cells. The presence in the ependymal cells of vesicles opening into the intercellular space would be in agreement with the latter possibility. There are some ultrastructural differences between the ependymal cells of the cephalic end of the subcommissural organ and those of the caudal end. A critical analysis of Reissner's fibre formation is made.
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    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 212-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spiders ; Cupiennius salei ; Slit sense organs ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein großes Einzelspaltsinnesorgan auf dem Tarsus der Spinne Cupienniua salei Keys. wird elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit einem kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgan sowie dem zusammengsetzten (lyriformen) Organ des Metatarsus verglichen. 1. Der sog. Spalt besteht aus zwei Anteilen: a) Der in der Exocuticula gelegene hat die Gestalt einer Rinne (Länge ca. 51 μm, Breite ca. 2,2 μm), welche an den Enden ihrer Längserstreckung flach ist und in einer Mittelzone die Exocuticula bis auf einen ca. 0,23 μm starken Boden (innere Membran = M.i.) durchstößt. Die Exocuticula bildet um den Spalt herum einen verstärkenden Rahmen mit spezifischer Anordnung der exocuticularen Lamellen. b) Der in Meso- und Endocuticula gelegene Anteil öffnet sich von M. i. aus glockenförmig zur Epidermis hin. 2. Der Spalt ist überall von einer ca. 0,25 μm dicken Membran (äußere Membran M.a.) bedeckt, deren quantitativ wichtigste Komponente elektronenoptisch der innersten Lage der Epicuticula (dense layer) gleicht. 3. Das Spaltsinnesorgan wird von zwei Dendriten innerviert. Während einer davon nahe M.i. endet, zieht der andere durch eine Öffnung in dieser bis zu M. a. 4. Beide Dendrite weisen dieselbe feinstrukturelle Dreigliederung auf. a) Der dem Zellsoma folgende Abschnitt enthält Tubuli und einige randständige Mitochondrien. b) Nach distal folgt eine mitochondrienreiche und tubuluslose Dendritenanschwellung. c) Der somafernste Abschnitt beginnt mit einer Ciliarstruktur, deren Basalkörper in der Anschwellung liegen. Er zeichnet sich durch zahlreiche von periodischen Querstrukturen miteinander verbundene Tubuli sowie das vollkommene Fehlen von Mitochondrien aus. 5. Distal von der Ciliarstruktur umgibt eine gemeinsame elektronendichte Scheide die beiden Dendrite. 6. In der Mittelzone ihrer Längserstreckung bildet M.a. an einem in der Aufsicht tropfenförmigen und leicht versenkten Flächenausschnitt eine zylinderförmige Vertiefung (Tiefe ca. 1 μm, ø ca. 0,5 μm) aus, durch deren Boden der längere Dendrit samt Scheide hindurchzieht, um als fingerförmige Erhebung in dem Zylinder zu enden. Das Ende dieses Dendriten zeichnet sich durch eine extra- und intrazelluläre Ansammlung elektronendichter Substanz aus (Tubularkörper). 7. Eine innere und eine äußere Hüllzelle (Hz 1 bzw. Hz 2) umgeben die Dendrite gemeinsam. Hz 1 endet distal auf Höhe der Ciliarkörper, Hz 2 reicht nahe bis zu M.i. Der apikale Bereich von Hz 2 bildet eine große, nach distal offene Invagination aus, welche von Mikrovilli und einer daraufliegenden extrazellulären Substanz gesäumt wird. Elektronenoptisch vergleichbares Material findet sich in einem ausgedehnten Lakunensystem, das weiter proximal von weiteren Zellinvaginationen und erweiterten Extrazellularräumen gebildet wird. 8. Der sensorische Apparat eines kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgans sowie des metatarsalen lyriformen Organs stimmt im wesentlichen mit dem des großen tarsalen Einzelspalts überein.
    Notes: Summary A large single slit sense organ on the tarsus of the spider Cupiennius salei Keys, was examined electronmicroscopically and compared with a small single slit sense organ also on the tarsus and with the compound (lyriform) organ on the metatarsus. 1. The so-called slit consists of two parts. The upper one is a trough-shaped chamber in the exocuticle, flat at both ends of its longitudinal axis and growing deeper towards its mid-portion until only a floor remains 0.23 μm thick (inner membrane of the slit = M.i.). The exocuticle thickens around the slit into a reinforcing frame with specific arrangement of the exocuticular lamellae. The lower part opens out from M.i. like a bell into the meso- and endocuticle. 2. The trough-shaped upper chamber is covered by a membrane 0.25 μm thick (outer membrane of the slit = M.a.). The main component of this membrane resembles the “dense layer” of the epicuticle. 3. The slit is innervated by two dendrites. One of them ends close to M.i. The other passes through an opening of M.i. and runs up to M. a. 4. Both dendrites are composed of three portions markedly different in fine structure. a) The portion close to the soma contains tubules and a modest number of mitochondria. b) More distally a pronounced swelling of the dendrite follows, rich in mitochondria but lacking tubules. c) The most distal part begins with a ciliary configuration of microtubules. Its basal bodies are located in the dendritic swelling. This part does not contain any mitochondria but numerous tubules with a network of electron dense material between them. 5. Distal to their ciliary segments both dendrites are surrounded by a common sheath of high electron density. 6. Viewed from above a slight, flat, tear-shaped depression can be seen in M.a. Towards its middle the depression deepens to form a cylinder (ø 0.5 μm, depth 1 μm). The end of the longer dendrite penetrates the floor of this cylinder and projects like a finger into its interior. About 0.7 μm proximal and distal to the dendrite — M.a. junction, electron dense material accumulates around and within the dendrite (tubular body). 7. Two sheath cells surround both dendrites in common. The inner cell terminates at the level of the ciliary structure. The outer cell continues more distally towards M.i. The apical part of the outer sheath cell forms a large invagination bordered by a microvillous cell membrane and an extracellular layer of medium electron density. A substance very similar or identical with that of the layer is found deeper within the leg in a spaceous lacunar system formed by further cell invaginations and extended extracellular gaps. 8. The fine structure of the input apparatus of a small single slit on the tarsus and the compound lyriform organ on the metatarsus is essentially the same as that of the large single tarsal slit.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 420-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crayfish ; Hepatopancreas ; Cell differentiation ; Digestion ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of R-, F-, and B-cells and of the myoepithelial network in crayfish hepatopancreas tubules was studied as a basis for the functional interpretation of hepatopancreatic digestive activity: 1. R-cells absorb luminal nutrients, mainly via contact digestion and molecular transport, and they store and metabolize glycogen and lipids. To this extent, R-cells combine the functions of vertebrate intestinal absorptive and hepatic parenchymal cells. 2. F-cells synthesize digestive enzymes and sequester them in a supranuclear vacuole which enlarges by pinocytic intake of luminal nutrients and fluids. 3. F-cell to B-cell transformation results from continued engorgement of the F-cell's supranuclear vacuole until only the nuclear region and a pinocytically activeapical complex remain identifiable. 4. B-cell secretion involves pinching off of the apical complex followed by extrusion of the enzyme-rich vacuolar contents. 5. The tubule's myoepithelial network consists of circular fibers, each containing a single myofibril, which branch to form longitudinal fibers. Sarcomeres are long (10–12 μ) and each thick myofilament is surrounded by 11–13 thin ones. This arrangement permits coordinated, tonic contractions of tubule segments which transport nutrients “in” and enzymes “out”. 6. Neurosecretory control of tubular function is suggested by the presence of vesicle-containing, extratubular cell processes which contact the circular muscle fibers.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 99-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve ; Body size ; Axon diameter/Fibre diameter ; Internodal length ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nn. ischiadici von Maus, Ratte, Meerschweinchen, Hund und Katze wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch faseranalytisch untersucht (Methodik s. G. Schnepp u.a., 1971). Dem Vergleich diente der N. phrenicus des Hundes. 1. Für den Quotienten „g” (=mittlerer Axondurchmesser/Fasergesamtdurchmesser) ergibt sich am lichtmikroskopischen Material ein stetiger Anstieg von 0,4 für dünne Fasern bis zu 0,6 für die dicksten Fasern. Bei gleichem Gesamtdurchmesser haben Ratten und Hunde die stärksten, Mäuse dagegen die dünnsten Markscheiden. 2. Die elektronenmikroskopisch ermittelten Werte des Quotienten „g” weichen von den lichtmikroskopischen ab. Bei den ersteren ergibt sich eine weitgehende Konstanz um 0,6. Diese Werte entsprechen den von Rushton (1951) aus theoretischen Gründen geforderten. Auch im elektronenmikroskopischen Material haben die Nervenfasern der Ratte die stärksten Markscheiden. 3. Eine lineare Proportionalität zwischen der Internodallänge einer Tierart und dem steigenden Faserdurchmesser wird bestätigt. In jedem N. ischiadicus kommen vereinzelte Fasern mit Internodalabständen von etwa 300 μ vor, unabhängig vom Faserkaliber. 4. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild sind keine artspezifischen Unterschiede in der Struktur und Verteilung der marklosen Nervenfasern zu beobachten.
    Notes: Summary The sciatic nerves were analysed using light and electron microscopes in the mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, and dog (see Methods of G. Schnepp et al., 1971). 1. In light microscopic material, the ratio “g” between mean axon diameter and mean fibre diameter increased from 0.4 for small fibres to 0.6 for the thick fibres. For a given fibre diameter the myelin sheaths in rats and dogs were the thickest, while those in mice were the thinnest. 2. The ratio “g” in electron micrographs on the other hand was constant at 0.6 over a wide range of fibre diameters. The ultrastructural values agreed with those postulated by Rushton (1951) for optimal nerve conduction. In the electron microscopic material, the myelin sheaths were the thickest in the rat. 3. A linear proportionality was confirmed to exist between internodal length and increasing fibre size. Independently of fibre size, in all sciatic nerves, a few fibres were found with internodal length of about 300 μ. 4. In electron micrographs, no species differences were observed in the structure or distribution of unmyelinated nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Neuroglia ; Nervous system ; Polychaetes ; Cell junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal supportive elements of the nereid central nervous system are non-neuronal cells that are referred to as supportive glia. Supportive glial cells form a conspicuous cortex in the nerve cord. The inner region of this cortex consists of closely packed processes and cell bodies of fibrous supportive glial cells that are arranged in concentric layers around the perimeter of the neuropile. The fibrous appearance of the glial cells results from dense bundles of cytoplasmic filaments. Many fibrous glial processes penetrate the neuropile and ramify among the neuronal elements. Larger, irregularly shaped cells are the chief supportive glial elements of the peripheral region of the cortex where they line the stromal sheath (neural lamella) and invest the neuronal perikarya with extensive concentric systems of lamellate processes. These glial cells usually possess a relatively undifferentiated cytoplasm with scattered glycogen granules, but occasionally have a well developed Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and densely packed particulate glycogen. The supportive glia exhibits numerous desmosomes as well as 5-layered (“tight”) and 7-layered (“gap”) junctions. Interspersed among the supportive glial cells are non-neuronal cells referred to as granulocytes. These cells have abundant large, granular inclusions, electron lucent vesicles, plasmalemmal infoldings and microtubules. The granulocytes may be derived from undifferentiated glial cells or may represent coelomocytes that have invaded the nervous tissue.
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Octopods ; Epithelium ; Cell types ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior salivary gland of Octopods comprises a parenchyma of branching tubules in a connective tissue stroma. The tubules are lined by either of two distinct epithelia.Type A is composed predominantly of columnar cells containing large granules whose contents vary in appearance from cell to cell.Type B consists of three cell types: A circumferential layer of processes ofstriated cells containing radially orientated infoldings of the cellular membrane, between which are packed numerous mitochondria;cistern cells which contain an invaginated system of membrane loops, the interior of which is in communication with the lumen; andlumen lining cells. All these cells send processes to the basement membrane of the tubule, so that both epithelia are pseudostratified. The functional significance of this cytological specialisation is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 121-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colloblasts ; Tentacles ; Ctenophore ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der Tentakel und der Colloblasten der Ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus ergab: 1. Die in Mesogloea eingelagerte glatte Muskulatur des Tentakels und der Fangfäden wird von einer perimuskulären Zone umgeben, die durch eine einschichtige Lage abgeplatteter Zellen (Deckschicht) nach außen begrenzt wird. Durch diese Zone, die freie Zellen und sulfathaltige Mukosubstanzen enthält, verlaufen die Stiele der Colloblasten. Ihr peripherer Abschnitt tritt durch interzelluläre Lücken in der Deckschicht hindurch und setzt sich in den Kopf des Colloblasten fort. Die kalottenförmigen Köpfe der Colloblasten liegen auf der Außenfläche der Deckschicht und werden von Cytoplasmalamellen ihrer Zellen umfaßt. Inmitten des Tentakels befindet sich ein axialer Gewebsstrang, der wahrscheinlich Nervenfasern enthält. 2. Als elektronenmikroskopisches Äquivalent der sulfathaltigen Mukosubstanzen in der perimuskulären Zone werden reichlich vorkommende Blasen angesehen, die von Zellen der Deckschicht abgegeben werden. Diese Substanzen dürften zur Plastizität der perimuskulären Zone beitragen und damit Verschiebungen der Muskelstränge gegen die sie umhüllende Deckschicht begünstigen. 3. Der Colloblast ist eine gestielte Zelle mit rübenförmigem Kern, die in der Oberfläche des Tentakels verankert ist. Die Achse ihres Stiels bildet ein Tubus, an dessen basales Ende sich eine massendichte, an eine Lampenbürste erinnernde Wurzel anschließt. Die Lichtung des Tubus enthält eine vermutlich halbflüssige Substanz. Der Tubus wird von einem Cytoplasmamantel umschlossen, aus dem sich eine Gruppe parallelisierter, longitudinal verlaufender Leisten erhebt. Diese Leisten umziehen den Stiel als langgestreckte Spirale und gehen an der Basis des Colloblastenkopfes in dessen Cytoplasma über. Ebenso stehen sie mit dem die Wurzel enthaltenden Cytoplasmakeil in kontinuierlichem Zusammenhang. Dieser Keil senkt sich in die Mesogloea der Tentakeloberfläche ein. Die Frage, ob die Stiele der Colloblasten kontraktil sind, muß in Untersuchungen am lebenden oder überlebenden Objekt geprüft werden. Anhaltspunkte für die Existenz von Strukturen im Colloblastenstiel, die als Substrat einer Kontraktilität angesehen werden können, wurden nicht gewonnen. 4. Unmittelbar unter dem Plasmalemm des Colloblastenkopfes liegen im Halbkreis angeordnete Sekretkugeln, die durch je einen Radius mit einem zentralen massendichten Sternkörper in Verbindung stehen. Dieser Sternkörper bildet die Fortsetzung der Wand des Tubusabschnittes, der in die Kalottenbasis eingebettet ist. Dem Sternkörper und dem Tubus lagert der Zellkern eng an. Weite Strecken seiner Oberfläche werden nicht von einer Kernmembran umschlossen. Das Cytoplasma des Colloblastenkopfes enthält wenige Mitochondrien (Cristatypus), einige Membranen des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und des Golgi-apparates, einzelne zarte Filamente und Vesikel verschiedenen Inhalts. 5. Die von einer Membran umhüllten Sekretkugeln (Globuli, Durchmesser durchschnittlich 0.9mμ) des Colloblastenkopfes stehen zu den stempelartig verbreiterten Enden der Radii des Sternkörpers regelmäßig in enger räumlicher Beziehung. Zwischen ihrer Membran und der Stempelfläche breitet sich eine dünne, anscheinend aus kurzen Stäbchen aufgebaute Platte aus; ihr pflegt eine Verdichtung der Globulisubstanz gegenüber zu liegen. In dem gleichmäßig granulierten Inhalt der Kugeln bildet sich eine weitere Schale parallel zur Kugeloberfläche aus. Das Plasmalemm des Colloblasten trägt im Bereich der Sekretkugeln einen niedrigen zarten Härchenbesatz. 6. In schalenartigen Vertiefungen in der Oberfläche des Colloblastenkopfes liegen Vesikel (Durchmesser 0.8–0.9 mμ), deren Inhalt aus teils homogenem, sehr massendichtem, teils feinkörnig strukturiertem Material besteht. Es wird angenommen, daß die Umwandlung des Inhalts der Sekretkugeln und ihre Extrusion rasch abläuft, da Stadien einer allmählichen Reifung der Sekretkugeln nicht beobachtet wurden. Der Inhalt der Vesikel wird — wahrscheinlich bei der Berührung mit der Beute — durch Platzen ihrer Membranen freigesetzt. 7. Ein Teil der Zellen der Deckschicht ist durch einen Stiel der beschriebenen Bauweise mit der Tentakeloberfläche verbunden und trägt die ultrastrukturellen Merkmale einer Stoffproduktion. In ihnen liegen kugelige Vesikel verschiedener Größe, die einen mäßig dichten homogenen Inhalt beherbergen. Gestielte Zellen der Deckschicht, die derartige Einschlüsse aufweisen, werden als Procolloblasten gedeutet. Die nicht gestielten Zellen der Deckschicht enthalten teils kleinere, teils größere Blasen, die offenbar in die perimuskuläre Zone abgegeben werden; sie werden als Produzenten der hier nachweisbaren sulfathaltigen Mukosubstanzen aufgefaßt. 8. Die unmittelbare Umgebung des Wurzelkeils des Colloblastenstiels ist durch lange, spiralig gewundene, aus Filamenten aufgebaute Fasersträhnen mit der Oberfläche der glatten Muskelzellen verbunden. Als Ort der Insertion und der Entstehung dieser Strähnen werden die zahlreichen zackenartigen Fortsätze angesehen, die sich aus der Oberfläche der Myozyten in die intermuskuläre Mesogloea erheben. 9. Jede Muskelzelle des Tentakels und seiner Fangfäden ist mit einem Tubuluskomplex ausgestattet, der unmittelbar unter ihrem Plasmalemm liegt und mit Mitochondrien vergesellschaftet ist. 10. Das verbreitete Schema des Colloblasten von Komai (z.B. Hyman, 1940; Barnes, 1963; Kaestner, 1969; Grassé, Poisson und Tuzet, 1970) muß auf Grund der mitgeteilten Befunde aufgegeben werden.
    Notes: Summary Tentacles and colloblasts of the Ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus have been investigated light- and electron microscopically. Among others the results are as follows: 1. The smooth muscle cells of the tentacle and its branches are embedded in mesogloea and surrounded by a perimuscular zone bounded by a layer of flat covering cells. This zone contains the stalks of the colloblasts, free cells and sulfated mucosubstances. The nucleus containing part of the stalk passes through intercellular gaps between the covering cells. Cytoplasmic lamellae of the latter embrace the head of the colloblasts which are attached to the outer surface of the covering layer. The axis of the tentacle and its branches consist of a strand of tissue which presumably contains nerve fibres. 2. Balloon-like vesicles which originate from the covering cells are considered to represent the electron microscopical equivalent of the mucosubstances occurring in the perimuscular zone. These substances might favour any gliding movements of the muscular stem against the surrounding covering cell layer. 3. Colloblasts are cells with an elongated turnip-shaped nucleus and are provided with a stalk anchored in the surface of the tentacles. The axis of the stalk contains a tube of almost constant diameter the basis of which is in continuity with an electron dense radix situated in a wedge-shaped cytoplasmic area. The tube filled with a possibly semifluid material is wrapped by a cytoplasmic sheath. This sheath extends into parallelized longitudinally orientated and slightly spiralized cristae. These cristae are in continuity with the perikaryon of the colloblast and with the cytoplasmic wedge containing the radix. The question whether the colloblast stalks are contractile or not deserves further in vivo observations. Structures commonly considered to be responsible for their contractility have not been found. 4. Immediately below the plasmalemma of the colloblasts' heads secretory globules are situated in regular order which are connected by electron dense radii with a central core—both radii and core, forming a star-shaped body. This body is in continuity with that part of the wall of the tube which is embedded in the cytoplasm of the head. The elongated nucleus of the colloblast is closely attached to the core of the star-shaped body and to the intracellular tube. A special feature of the nucleus is its lack of a nuclear membrane over great parts of its surface. The cytoplasm of the head contains a few mitochondria (crista-type), a small amount of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, isolated filaments and vesicles of various contents. 5. The membrane bounded secretory globules (diameter approx. 0.9 mμ) in the head of the colloblast are regularly connected with stamp-shaped endings of the radii of the star-shaped body. Between the membrane of the globules and the feet of the radius a disc is intercalated which apparently consists of small rods. Within the evenly granulated material of the globule a second membrane or parts of it are to be observed. The plasmalemma of the colloblast covering the globules bears a coat of tiny bristles. 6. Indentations of the surface of the head contain vesicles (diameter approx. 0.8–0.9mμ) the content of which is partly homogenous and electron dense, partly fine granular. It is assumed that the transformation of the intraglobular material into the characteristic contents of these vesicles and their extrusion happens rapidly; phases of a slow maturation of the secretory globules have not been observed. It is further suggested that the material enveloped by the membranes of the vesicles—its nature still being unknown—is released by rupture of the membrane, if the colloblast contacts any prey of the animal. 7. Some cells of the covering layer reach the surface of the tentacle by a stalk exhibiting the structure already described. The ultrastructure of these cells is characteristic of secretory elements. Their cytoplasm contains spheroidal vesicles of different sizes filled with material of medium electron density. These cells are tentatively named Procolloblasts. The majority of the covering cells contains numerous vesicles, partly balloon-like, and releases these particles into the perimuscular zone. These materials are interpreted as to represent sulfated mucosubstances. 8. In the vicinity of the radix very long helical fibres occur regularly, built up by fine filaments. These curl-like fibres are connected with the protrusions of the muscle cells. Possibly these processes are the site of origin of the curls. 9. Each muscle cell is provided with a so-called tubular complex in its peripheral cytoplasm, associated with mitochondria. 10. The wide-spread scheme of the Colloblast presented by Komai (1922) and reproduced in a series of textbooks has to be abandoned.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chemoreceptor ; Locusta ; Fine structure ; Development ; Moulting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basic structure of the terminal sensilla of Locusta migratoria resembles that of Schistocerca gregaria. There are commonly six or ten neurons whose dendrites extend almost to the opening of the peg. Proximally the dendrites are clothed by a neurilemma cell which also encloses a basal cavity through which their ciliary region passes. The tormogen cell encloses the receptor-lymph cavity and actively secretes material into it. The receptor-lymph cavity and the basal cavity are quite separate. The development of new pegs at a moult is described. After apolysis the scolopale extends across the subcuticular space and protects the dendrites, which remain in a functional condition until shortly before ecdysis. As the trichogen cell grows out to form a new peg the tip is surrounded by a mass of electron-dense material, probably derived from the receptorlymph cavity. The function of this material is unknown. Regeneration of the dendrites is considered. The possible mechanism by which the tip of the peg opens and closes is considered and the general structure of the organule is discussed in relation to functioning.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 160-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Polychaetes ; Sensory cells ; Sensory innervation ; Cilia ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following observation of conical groups of stiff, but motile cilia on the tentacles of the branchial crown of Sabella pavonina, these were examined with the electron microscope. The bundles consist of about 40 unenclosed “standard” cilia supported by one or two primary sense cells with centrally directed axons of 0.1–0.2 μ diameter. Axons in the distal portions of the branchial crown occur in small bundles surrounded by a basement membrane. More centrally, glial elements appear and the nerves are surrounded by a collagenous sheath. The branchial nerve trunk shows similarities in organisation to other previously investigated annelid central nervous tissue in that the whole nerve is surrounded by a fibrous sheath central to which there is a layer of glial cells with processes penetrating a central neuropile. The 0.1–0.2 μ axons commonly occur in glial-enveloped groups of 〈 40 whilst other axons of larger and mixed diameter are found together. Each tentacle has two branchial nerves on the oral side, and each nerve gives rise to two small 75-axon branches running to each pinnule. The branchial nerves fuse to form the branchial nerve trunk running to the supra-oesophageal ganglia. Sections of the branchial nerves of the branchial crown at progressively more central levels show that the branchial nerve trunk contains enough axons of 0.1–0.2 μ diameter to account for all the sensory cells on the tentacles. This is taken as evidence for the sensory cells having axons terminating within the central nervous system and that there is no peripheral confluence or fusion of these afferent axons.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial muscle ; Fine structure ; Triparanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The atrial musculature of rats given the cholesterol inhibitor triparanol (MER/29) (250 mg/kg daily) for 8 days was examined under the electron microscope and compared with that from untreated animals. The sarcoplasmic core of muscle fibers from animals given triparanol exhibited a new formation of sarcoplasmic granules which displayed a crystalline latticework with opaque lines approximately 40–60 Å separated by clear spaces 50–70 Å. They were partially or completely surrounded by a membrane. The crystalline bodies in cardiac muscle fibers were not as numerous as those observed in adrenocortical, testicular interstitial, or luteal cells as reported earlier by the investigators.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Mouse ; Glands of Bowman ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das erste Auftreten der Glandulae olfactoriae in der olfaktorischen Region der Maus wird beschrieben. Die Struktur der Bowmanschen Drüse und ihre topologische Beziehung zu den übrigen zellulären Elementen im Riechepithel wird untersucht. Die Bedeutung des Sekrets für die Bildung des Deckhäutchens wird diskutiert. Die Bowmanschen Drüsen der Maus erreichen im letzten Viertel des intrauterinen Lebens die Lamina propria des Riechepithels. In den Endstücken finden sich dunkle, sekretreiche und helle, sekretarme Zellen. Die sezernierenden Zellen der Bowmanschen Drüsen sind nicht auf die Lamina propria beschränkt, sondern erstrecken sich bis in die untersten Anteile des Kernlagers im Riechepithel. Beim Austritt der Bowmanschen Drüsen aus dem Riechepithel in die Lamina propria konfluieren die Basalmembranen dieser Gewebeanteile miteinander. Die gemeinsame Basalmembran kann sich noch eine Strecke weit bis in den normalen Interzellularraum zwischen Drüsen- und Riechepithelanteilen einsenken. In den apikalen Anteilen des Riechepithels wird der Ausführungsgang von den benachbarten Sinnes- und Stützzellen nur durch eine normal breite Interzellularfuge getrennt. Im Ausführungsgang der Bowmanschen Drüse finden sich dunkle und helle auskleidende Zellen. Die durch Desmosomen miteinander verbundenen Epithelzellen der Ausführungsgänge zeigen Zeichen einer Sekretion. Die periphersten Ausläufer des Ausführungsgangepithels erstrecken sich lediglich bis in das Terminalplattenniveau der Stützzellen, mit denen sie sich durch desmosomenartige Kontaktzonen verbinden. In der Verlängerung der Ausführungsgänge wird das Lumen peripher des Terminalplattenniveaus von den apikalen Stützzellanteilen und deren Mikrovilli sowie von den obersten Anteilen der Dendriten, von den Riechköpfen und den Sinneshaaren der Rezeptorzellen umgrenzt. Im Lumen der Ausführungsgangverlängerung finden sich im Bereich des olfaktorischen Saumes flächenhafte Ansammlungen von Sekret. Das Sekret im intervillösen Raum des olfaktorischen Saumes zeigt eine besondere Affinität zu den Membranen der peripheren Sinneszellausläufer. In der intrauterinen Lebensphase ließ sich bisher kein Deckhäutchen feststellen. Die austrocknende Wirkung der Luft auf das Sekret der Bowmanschen Drüsen wird als Entstehungsmechanismus für das Deckhäutchen in Erwägung gezogen.
    Notes: Summary First appearance, structure and topological relations of Bowmans' glands in the regio olfactoria of white mice are described. The importance of these glands for the formation of the terminal mucous cover of the olfactory epithelium is discussed. In the last quarter of intrauterine life the glands of Bowman reach the lamina propria. In the terminal portion of the glands dark cells with many secretory droplets and pale cells with only a few of them can be seen. Secretory active cells are localized in the basal part of the olfactory epithelium as well. When entering the lamina propria the irregular wide basement membrane of the glands joins that one of the epithelium. It is possible to follow up this joined basement membrane for a short distance between the glands and the cells of the olfactory epithelium. Peripheral to the very basal part of the olfactory epithelium there is no basement membrane around the glands' tissue. Receptors and sustentacular cells are separated from the gland only by a normal intercellular space. The epithelium of the ducts consists of dark and light cells as well. They are connected with the sustentacular cells by desmosomelike contacts. In its prolongation the lumen of Bowman's duct is lined by the apical portions of the sustentacular cells and their microvilli, and by dendrites, olfactory vesicles, and sensory cilia of the receptor cells. In the region of cilia and microvilli one can see masses of secretion which have confluenced. In the intervillous space its special affinity to the receptor's membranes is evident. During the intrauterine phase of life no terminal mucous cover could be demonstrated. The drying effect of the air as a possible reason for the origin of the terminal mucous cover is discussed.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organs (Fish)-Labyrinth Cells ; Ion transport ; Evolution ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopy and transverse electron microscopy has been employed to study the olfactory organs in 82 specimens of freshwater adapted young and homing adult Baltic sea trout Salmo trutta trutta L. In both sensory and indifferent epithelium the olfactory mucosa has scattered cells of a type that has not been described in any olfactory organ before. They are called labyrinth cells and are characterized by an extensive, turtuous, interconnected tubular system of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum intimately connected with numerous mitochondria. This cell type is similar to chloride and other cells which probably are involved in electrolyte transport in fish gills and pseudobranch, the rectal gland in elasmobranchs and the nasal gland in reptiles and birds. It is suggested that the olfactory organ in fish is serially homologous with the pseudobranch.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac innervation ; Teleosts ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Fine structure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the heart of the plaice has been studied ultrastructurally and histochemically in order to describe the anatomy, and the nature of the neuro-transmitters involved in the regulation of the heart. A single cardiac branch of the vagus runs over the Duct of Cuvier and sinus venosus where it forms a plexus extending into the sinoatrial region. Many ganglion cells are scattered throughout this plexus upon which are seen cholinergic-type terminals at which AChE can be localised. It is therefore concluded that this is the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion. The innervation of the atrium is dense at the sinoatrial end but decreases towards the ventricle. The ventricle is probably aneural, possibly a consequence of the lack of a coronary blood supply to act as a pathway for an innervation of this chamber. Most of the intramural axon profiles contain large numbers of small agranular vesicles and are cholinergic, AChE being localised at their membranes. Other profiles contain small numbers of larger granular vesicles amongst the agranular vesicles but these are not adrenergic since these vesicles are not depleted by reserpine, do not load with 6-OHDA, and AChE can be localised at the membranes of the profiles. No adrenergic-type profiles were seen in any part of the heart, nor were any fluorescent, catecholamine-containing fibres observed.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal tubules ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Fine structure ; Localization of adenosine triphosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie behandelt die Lokalisation von Adenosintriphosphatase an den Feinstrukturen der Malpighischen Gefäße der Larven von Drosophila melanogaster. In den Zellen des Anfangs- und Hauptstückes zeigt sich zum Lumen hin eine Aktivitätszunahme des Enzyms. Es kommt nicht frei im Cytoplasma vor, sondern ist stets an Membranstrukturen gebunden; man findet es am basalen Plasmalemm mit seinen Einfaltungen, am endoplasmatischen Retikulum, an Vesikeln, in multivesikulären Körpern und — besonders deutlich — an den Membranen der Mikrovilli, die in das Gefäßlumen hineinragen. Die Ergebnisse werden in einem Schema (Abb. 5b, c) wiedergegeben und mit den Befunden der Na+-Lokalisation (Wessing und Eichelberg, 1972b) verglichen.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the localization of adenosine triphosphatase within certain ultrastructural elements of the cells of the initial and main regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. In both regions, an increased activity is observed towards the lumen. The enzyme is always related to such membrane structures as the basement membrane (especially its infolds), vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and densely to microvilli which projects towards the lumen of the renal tubules. The results (presented in a schematic drawing in Fig. 5b and c) are discussed in relation to those on Na+-localization (Wessing and Eichelberg, 1972b).
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 403-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larval cuticle ; Blaberus trapezoideus ; Fine structure ; Epicuticle ; Pore and wax canals ; Stereoscan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der frischgehäuteten larvalen Cuticula vonBlaberus trapezoideus BURM. wurde mit verschiedenen elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden im Hinblick auf ihre Permeabilitätseigenschaften untersucht. Von besonderem Interesse waren in diesem Zusammenhang der Aufbau der Epicuticula sowie der Verlauf und die Verteilung der Poren- und Wachskanäle. Die Epicuticula setzt sich aus 4 Lagen zusammen: aus der im vorliegenden Fall lamelliertendichten Schicht, derCuticulinschicht, derWachsschicht und derZementschicht. Die Cuticulinschicht, die ein polygonales Oberflächenmuster trägt, wird von den Wachskanälen durchdrungen. Die Wachskanäle entspringen im apikalen Bereich der Procuticula aus den Porenkanälen. Letztere verlaufen bogenförmig durch die procuticulären Lamellen bis zur Epidermis. Die möglichen Funktionen dieses Kanalsystems, das Epidermis und Außenwelt verbindet, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of newly moulted larval cuticles ofBlaberus trapezoideus BURM. was investigated by various electron microscopical techniques in regard to properties of its permeability. The morphology of the epieuticle and pore and wax canals as well as their course and distribution were elucidated. The epicuticle is composed of four layers: (1) the lamellate dense layer, (2) the cuticulin layer, (3) the wax layer, and (4) the cement layer. The cuticulin layer, which shows a polygonal surface pattern, is penetrated by the wax canals arising from the blind ends of the pore canals in the apical region of the procuticle. The pore canals take a winding course through the procuticular lamellae to the epidermis. The functions of this canal system connecting, the internal and external faces of the cuticle are discussed.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Chicken ; Cytogenesis ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the chick embryo the first membrane-bound secretory granules occur in the cytoplasm of occasional cells in the cephalic lobe of pars distalis at the 7th day of incubation. On the 8th day most of the cells in both the cephalic and caudal lobes contain secretory granules that are variable in size, form and density. On the 9th day at least two types of glandular cells are distinguishable in the cephalic and in the caudal lobes; however, these cells are not comparable with those of the adult gland. Differentiation of acidophils and basophils occurs, apparently simultaneously, in 11-day embryos. The cells of the cephalic and caudal lobes are morphologically distinct from their first appearance. Thus it is concluded that these two lobes develop independently and differently from an early stage of ontogenesis. The secretory granules are formed in the Golgi area of the hypophysial cells after the 8th day of incubation. However, secretory material may be synthesized also by a process not involving the Golgi apparatus. Nerve fibers containing granules first appear in the superficial layer of the median eminence on the 8th embryonic day and by the 12th day three types of granules and two types of clear vesicles are identifiable.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Anurans ; Regional differences in grafts ; Neuroepithelial relationships ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent investigations have suggested specific differences in back and belly skin in anurans which appear to influence the quality of reflex responses obtained from various areas of the animals body. The present investigation represents a comparative morphological study of back and belly skin in control and skin-graftedRana pipiens, with special regard to the neuroepithelial relationships. A distinct difference in pigmentation of back and belly skin was observed. Intra-epithelial Merkel cells were present in all skin samples studied. The origins of the numerous unclassifiable cells in the Merkel cell region are discussed in relation to a presumed coordinating function of the Merkel cell during epithelial differentiation. Epitheliomesenchymal interactions were observed in the richly innvervated dermal regions. Two types of morphologically different intra-epithelial nerve endings were observed. These observations are discussed in relation to earlier observations on vertebrate skin and in relation to misdirected reflex responses obtained in skin-grafted anurans.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cells ; Pterinosomes ; Skin ; Rana japonica ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Structural changes in drosopterinosomes (red pigment granules) of Rana japonica in the process of erythrophore differentiation were studied by light and electron microscopy. On the basis of the degree of pterinosome differentiation, three types can be recognized: Typ-I drosopterinosomes appear first during metamorphosis and have clear limiting membranes and amorphous materials within. Those of type-II are found in abundance shortly after metamorphosis and have inner structures, consisting of fibrillae and/or small lamellae in dense concentric arrangement. Type-III is found abundantly in adults and acquires an almost homogeneously electron-dense mature morphology, probably from the deposition of electron-dense materials. On the basis of counts of pterinosomes, a successive transformation from type I to III is suggested. The differences among red drosopterinosomes, yellow sepiapterinosomes in xanthophore and melanosomes are not always distinguishable electron microscopically. Discrimination is possible by careful examination of lamellar patterns characteristic of the respective granules and by a simultaneous application of light and electron microscopy. From this viewpoint, a re-evaluation of the identification of granules previously reported was effected.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Harderian gland ; Hamster ; Sexual dimorphism ; Alveolar cells ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The lobules of the Harderian glands of young male and female hamsters are widely separated by connective tissue and are made up of alveolar cells containing small vacuoles. There is considerable increase in the size of the lobules by 12 days. Based on size distribution of vacuoles two types of alveolar cells can be recognized in the male hamsters 4 weeks and older. The Harderian glands of 2-week animals of both sexes contain a black-brown pigment. The appearance of pigment is accompanied by a proliferation of membranes. In the female the amount of pigment increases with increasing age until 4 weeks of age and then remains at a relatively stable level. In the male no pigment was found after 4 weeks of age. Membrane-bounded juxtanuclear structures are present in the alveolar cells of both sexes until 3 weeks of age. These structures appear to play different roles in the male and female hamsters. The differentiation of the alveolar cells into light and dark types must take place during the 3rd week of postnatal development. A possible relationship between the levels of gonadal hormones and the occurrence of pigment at different ages in both sexes is also discussed.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean CNS ; Olfactory and accessory lobes ; Glomerular neuropile ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The olfactory and accessory lobes of the crayfish, Cherax destructor contain glomeruli. Light microscope and electron microscope studies show that these glomeruli are the only regions of synaptic activity in the lobes and that at least four separate sets of axons meet within the glomeruli. The olfactory glomeruli are column shaped, complex structures with no large single pre- or postsynaptic elements. The accessory lobe glomeruli follow a more conventional pattern and each has one large axon ending in a terminal arborization where it makes synaptic contact with large numbers of smaller fibres. The large fibre is presynaptic.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1973), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanophores (Teleost) ; Pigment migration, microtubules ; Colchicine, vinblastine ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antimitotic drugs colchicine and vinblastine were applied to the melanophores of isolated scales of Pterophyllum scalare. The time course of inhibition of pigment migrations was studied quantitatively with the photoelectric method. Within one hour of treatment with 5 mM colchicine, a partial and reversible inhibition of pigment movements is obtained. During this time, the number of microtubules per cell process does not differ significantly from controls when pigment is dispersed. However, their number increases concomitantly with the decrease in rate of aggregation induced by KCl up to about the same value as in dispersed pigment cells. This indicates a close connection between pigment movements and the microtubule turnover known to occur in angelfish melanophores. When applied in a concentration of 0,2 mM, vinblastine has a total and irreversible effect on pigment movements, with an especially rapid and profound inhibition of pigment dispersion. The fine structure of vinblastine-treated melanophores is characterized by an almost complete loss of microtubules and the appearance of crystalloid bodies, which differ in fine structure from vinblastine-induced crystals of all other cell types so far examined. Possibly their peculiar structure is related to special properties of melanophore microtubules, such as rapid turnover and relatively high resistance to colchicine.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Lime sacs ; Anura ; Calcium transport
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical and electron microscopical study was conducted on the lime sacs of larval and adult Rana catesbiana. Both undecalcified and EDTA-decalcified material was analyzed. The follicles of the lime sacs contain numerous aragonite crystals and are lined by a cuboidal epithelium. The epithelial cells contain granules of a material identified histochemically as acid mucopolysaccharide. Crystals similar to those present in the lumen of the follicles were also found inside the epithelial cells. These cells possess nuclei with coarsely distributed chromatin, many mitochondria, free ribosomes, well developed Golgi complexes and a few profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous variously electron dense granules seem to correspond to those characterized histochemically as mucopolysaccharides. Large, intracellular vacuoles appear to contain crystals. Release of the crystals into the lumen seems to occur by apocrine secretion. Resorption of calcium from the lumen probably takes place by diffusion through the apical plasma membrane as indicated by the presence of numerous microvilli. The intercellular spaces contain numerous, thin, interdigitating processes from neighbouring cells and appear to be sealed at both ends by junctional complexes. This observation is discussed in relation to the idea that the intercellular spaces might be related to the transit of calcium from the epithelial cells towards the sub-epithelial capillaries.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 489-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Scyliorhinus canicula ; Circulation sphincters ; Hydrostatic skeleton ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of the blood supply to the gills of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, is described. The anatomical basis for a counter-current exchange system at the respiratory surfaces is reported. Within the interbranchial septum there is a capillary network joining all the afferent branchial arterioles of the gill. The structure of the walls of the corpus cavernosum is found to be of smooth muscle cells supported by a basal lamina and connective tissue and lined by endothelial cells containing phagocytic vesicles. Both the capillary network and corpus cavernosum are suggested to function in smoothing the pressure pulses of the blood flow. Pre- and post-lamellar vessels and pre- and post-lamellar sphincters are described. The sphincters are thought to control the number of secondary lamellae physiologically in the respiratory circuit, and by retaining blood within nonperfused lamellae to act in conjunction with pillar cells (contracting in antagonism to the hydrostatic skeleton of the blood) to maintain the rigidity of secondary lamellae in the water current. Whorls of cells of unknown function are found within the interbranchial septum. In the epithelium lining the water channel large cells having a complexly branching plasma membrane and a very large central vacuole occurs. The cytoplasm lining the lumen contains numerous vacuoles each surrounded by a double membrane.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigmentation ; Axolotls ; Fine structure ; Iridophores ; Xanthophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of wild type axolotl xanthophores and iridophores was compared with that of cells at the same location in mutant axolotls lacking these chromatophores. The xanthophores of wild type axolotls contain ovoid pterinosomes that are empty or contain a few small vesicles of fibers. In skin from axanthic animals cells that may be xanthoblasts are present at the location in which xanthophores occur in wild type skin; pterinosome-like granules are absent. In wild type peritoneum, long, narrow organelles that appear to be developing reflecting platelets were seen within iridophores. Neither of the axolotl mutants that lack iridophores, axanthic and melanoid, contain these “prereflecting” platelets. In contrast with the absence of prepigment organelles in these two mutants, albino integument contains cells filled with granules identified as premelanosomes. The defects in chromatophore development of the axanthic and melanoid mutants seem to occur prior to formation of prepigment organelles.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 369-384 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant dopamine neurone ; Planorbis corneus ; Localization of dopamine ; Axon tracing ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary There is a giant dopamine-containing cell (GDC) in the left pedal ganglion of Planorbis corneus. Some presynaptic endings of the GDC are located within the visceral and left parietal ganglia, other endings are located peripherally. Dense-cored vesicles of 50–250 nm diameter were observed in the perikaryon and primary axon of the GDC. Electron microscope histochemistry suggests that these vesicles contain dopamine. Vesicles with a similar appearance are present in some axonal processes located in areas of the nervous system known to contain presynaptic endings of the GDC. This neurone offers unique advantages for studying the role of neuronal dopamine.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 489-498 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to re-examine the central nucleus of the cat in Nissl stained sections, to describe its fine structural characteristics, and to compare the lateral subdivision of this nucleus with the putamen. In Nissl preparations, it was observed that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus contains a fairly homogeneous population of small cells while the putamen contains both small and large cells. It is the presence of a few large cells at the lateral periphery of the lateral part of the central nucleus that makes the boundary between the two nuclei indistinct. Examination of the fine structure of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the central nucleus revealed the presence of many boutons containing flattened vesicles and fewer with spheroid vesicles. In contrast, most of the boutons in the putamen have spheroid vesicles. It is concluded that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus may be distinguished from the putamen, except at its most lateral border, by its homogeneous population of small cells and its many boutons containing flattened vesicles.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex ; Man and other mammals ; Golgi cells ; Regional differences ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The number of Golgi cells per unit volume was determined in different regions of the cerebellar cortex of man and of ten other mammals. Despite the general belief in the uniform architecture of the cerebellar cortex, regional differences in the distribution of Golgi cells were found. In the inferior parts of the vermis, the number of Golgi cells per unit volume is twice that in the corresponding hemispheres. In addition, there are differences between the anterior and inferior parts of the vermis. These differences are a feature of the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum in man and all the investigated mammals. The ratio of Purkinje cells to Golgi cells was also determined and found to differ in different species. In man, this ratio is 1∶1.5, while in the monkey and cat it is almost 1∶1.9 and in the rat 1∶3.3. These differences in the ratio of Purkinje cells to Golgi cells are discussed from the point of view of cerebellar evolution.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 327-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory receptor ; Sensillum ; Mosquito ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary The grooved pegs also referred to in the literature as type A3 setae, thornshaped hairs, pegs, and sensilla basiconica of female Aedes aegypti (L.) are described. Externally the sensillum appears as a short, thick-walled, non-articulated peg with usually 12 grooves in the wall and bearing one terminal pore. Usually three, occasionally four or five, neurons with unbranched dendrites innervate each peg. The dendrites are encased in a prominent cuticular sheath from the ciliary region to the tip of the peg. Three sheath cells are associated with each sensillum. Although the grooved pegs have the structure commonly associated with contact chemoreceptors they function exclusively in the reception of air-borne stimuli.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 383-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aesthete Organs ; Lepidochitona cinereus ; Cell types ; Secretory cells ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The structure of the aesthete organs of the chiton Lepidochitona cinereus (L.) is described by light and electron microscopy. The observations do not discount a sensory function for these organs, but possible sensory structures such as microvilli and cilia are poorly organised. Most of the aesthete is taken up with large cells actively forming secretory products and apparently passing them proximally in the aesthete canal towards the animal. Comparisons are drawn with the brachiopod caecae.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 399-413 
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    Keywords: Spinal ganglia (Rat) ; Cell division ; Autoradiography ; Neurone morphogenesis ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pulse labelling with tritiated thymidine was used to determine the time of the final division of the neuroblasts which subsequently form rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurones. The final division occurred during a 4 day period, the maximum frequency being on day 12 of gestation. Separation of the ganglion cells into large light neurones and small dark neurones showed that the large light neurones were formed earlier than the small dark neurones. In both cases the final divisions occurred over a period of 3–4 days, but the peak rate of formation of large neurones was on day 12, and that of the small neurones was on day 13. Low power electron micrographs were used to measure mean cell diameter throughout development from day 11 of gestation until a postnatal age of 225 days. A marked increase in cell diameter occurred on day 15–15.5, about 3 days after the final cell divisions of the majority of the cells. The rate of growth increased just before birth, but no increase in mean cell diameter was found between day 21 of gestation and the third day postnatal. The growth was again rapid after this period until a plateau in cell diameter was reached about 33 days after birth.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 291-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Chicken ; Developmental endocrinology ; Epithelial differentiation ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Anlagen of the pars distalis (Rathke's pouch), adjacent ectoderm, endoderm, infundibulum and mesenchyme left in situ were put in 3% glutaraldehyde between 1–3 pm and fixed overnight. Epon sections of this material from six White Leghorn, Gallus gallus, embryos fixed at each stage, and of two control partes distales from laying hens of the same flock were examined. At stage 17 (∼12 hours after formation) Rathke's pouch cells were stratified, uninnervated, non-vascularized and stellate, with high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratios and few organelles. Except for lipid inclusions, pouch cells did not appear appreciably different by stage 27, either regionally within the pouch wall or from the adjacent epithelioid cells. Apparent major changes indicative of cytoplasmic maturation by stage 27 included: reduction in number of polysomes; appearance of single-membraned, dumb-bell shaped to rounded, dense granula which were usually in basal position but also in areas of the Golgi apparatus; greater prominence of rough endoplasmic reticulum with cisternae containing dense material, and of the Golgi apparatus, notably with variously dense and/or coated vesicles and material; reduction in lipid inclusions by stage 24. Non-terminating axons in the infundibulum were first seen at stage 27. We found no convincing evidence for any possible morphogenetic or other relationship between the pars distalis and surrounding tissues. “Melanophore-stimulating hormone-activity”, reported to appear on day 5 of incubation, “stored thyroid-stimulating hormone” or pars distalis hormone granula or activities could not be identified. Rathke's pouch and other epithelioid structures may have been secreting, taking up nutrients and/or differentiating, activities which could be important for yolk sac development, nutrition and/or cytodifferentiation, respectively.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandulomuscular cells ; Hydra ; Basal disk ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The glandulomuscular cells of Hydra are located exclusively in the basal disk. They are derived from epithelio-muscular cells which have been forced proximally. Light and electron microscopical studies show that prior to their destruction and elimination, the transformed epithelio-muscular cells (i.e. the glandulomuscular cells) undergo certain striking morphological and physiological changes. Golgi complexes and elements of rough E. R. increase remarkably in activity, and individually or jointly produce at least six types of morphologically different droplets. One additional type of droplet is thought to originate from neighboring digestive cells. Although the chemical nature of the individual droplets is uncertain, it is known that some are Alcian blue and PAS positive and contain hyaluronic acid. These evidences suggest the presence of an acid mucopolysaccharide material, the adhesive agent which attaches the animal to a substrate. The myonemes contain thick (200 Å in diameter) and thin (60 Å in diameter) filaments as in epithelio-muscular cells. There are also filaments of intermediate sizes and large fibers (770 Å in diameter). The myonemes are oriented radially with respect to the aboral pore and therefore in addition to contributing to the contraction and relaxation of the body column, they apparently regulate the opening and closing of the aboral pore. Although there is no evidence to substantiate the mechanism for transformation of epithelio-muscular cells to glandulomuscular cells as well as cell death of the latter cell types, these problems are discussed briefly.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve cells ; Hydra ; Basal disk ; Epithelial cells ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to glandulomuscular cells, three other cell types are found in the basal disk of Hydra. These are interstitial cells, cnidoblasts and nerve cells. Although only a few of the two former cell types are recognized in this region, the observations from this study refute previous statements to the contrary. Nerve cells are concentrated in the basal disk where they form a type of “network” system, due to the presence of bipolar, tripolar and multipolar cells. In some specimens, they assume a circular arrangement around the base of the polyp. Using morphological criteria for identifying the three types of epidermal nerve cells (neurosensory, neurosecretory and ganglionic) in other body regions, only neurosensory and neurosecretory cells are observed in the basal disk. These are indistinguishable ultrastructurally from their respective counterparts in other regions. It is possible that ganglionic cells are also present in the basal disk, but there may be few such cells. It is suggested that the three cell types originate from the budding region and these precursor cells are then forced proximally. Interstitial cells, escaping their differentiative function, do not develop apparently into other cell types of the basal disk. Cnidoblasts contain normal nematocysts but their functional ability is uncertain. Neurosensory and neurosecretory cells arise directly and independently from interstitial cells in the budding region, as evidenced by the appearance of immature nerve cells in the peduncle and their absence in the basal disk. Although viable cells may be discarded from the basal disk, it is believed that most cells die in situ and are then eliminated. The possible role of nerve cells is discussed briefly.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Avian ; Gallus domesticus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal thymus of the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) is described. Four main cell types, lymphoid cells, epithelial cells, macrophages and myoid cells, can be distinguished. The lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex than in the medulla, and are quantitatively the most important component of the thymus. The epithelial cells vary greatly in morphology. Reticular epithelial cells, which have long cytoplasmic processes connected by desmosomes, and which appear to afford a supporting network for the free cells of the thymus, are present in the cortex and medulla. Undifferentiated epithelial cells are present in the medulla and cortico-medullary regions and have few intracytoplasmic fibrils or desmosomes. Cystic epithelial cells, showing intercellular and intracellular cyst formation are frequent in the medulla. Also present in the medulla are squamous epithelial cells which contain many intracytoplasmic fibrils and have numerous desmosomes, and which are involved in the formation of Hassall's corpuscles. Macrophages are present in moderate numbers in the cortex and medulla, and immature and fully developed myoid cells are common in the medulla. Other cell types present include granule-containing cells with desmosomes, large pale cells with few cytoplasmic organelles, mast cells, plasma cells, red blood corpuscles and cells of the granular leukocyte series.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridial system ; Turbanella cornuta Remane (Gastrotricha) ; Cyrtocytes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Protonephridien des marinen Gastrotrichs Turbanella cornuta Remane werden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Terminalapparate der Macrodasyoidea sind Cyrtocyten. Ein Reusenröhrchen besteht aus acht Längsstäben mit netzartigen Zwischenwänden aus dünnen Fibrillen. Im Lumen des Röhrchens schwingt eine Geißel. Die Wand eines Terminalbechers bildet ein zusätzliches Reusensystem, das mit Poren und Schlitzen versehen ist. Die drei bis vier Cyrtocyten eines Protonephridiums münden in eine Sammelzelle ein. Von dieser geht ein Exkretionsröhrchen mit Treibwimperflamme aus, welches von einer Ausleitungszelle gebildet wird. Die Cyrtocyten der beiden Gastrotrichenordnungen (Chaetonotoidea u. Macrodasyoidea) grenzen sich strukturell gegenüber bisher bekannten Formen dieses Zelltyps ab.
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the marine gastrotrich Turbanella cornuta Remane was studied with the electron microscope. The terminal cells of the Macrodasyoidea are Cyrtocytes. Each tube for filtration consists of eight longitudinal rods with a net of fine fibrils between them; it contains a single whip. The wall of a terminal cup with its pores and slits is an additional system for filtration. Three or four filtration tubes are ending in a collecting cell. From this cell an excretory channel with one whip formed by an outlet cell arises. The filtration tubes of Macrodasyoidea are similar to those of Chaetonotoidea and differ from other forms of this cell-type.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caecal epithelium ; Trematodes, Cercariae ; Extracellular membranes, Membranous whorls ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The intestinal caeca of the intraredial cercaria of Neophasis lageniformis differ in several aspects from previous descriptions of the intestinal caeca of other digenetic trematodes. The caeca are lined with a single-layered, non-syncytial epithelium with lamellate projections into the lumen. The cells are rich in glycogen particles and contain abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum. The apical cell membrane, which displays a unit membrane structure, is always covered by an external membrane of the same thickness as a unit membrane but showing no double-layered substructure. The external membrane, which is not equivalent to a glycocalyx, may continue from one cell to another. Apically on the projections the external membranes are apparently pushed out forming large, extracellular whorls, which fill up the caecal lumen. In the lumen there are also found crystal-like structures and lipid-like bodies which are suspended in a granular substance. The possible origin and function of the extracellular bodies are discussed.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 113-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eggs ; Insects (Triatoma infestans) ; Embryogenesis ; Envelopes, Permeability ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thick rigid chorion of the egg of Triatoma secreted by the follicle cells shows two porous layers: an aerial layer in the exochorion, an alveolar one in the endochorion. The anterior part of the eggshell is closed up by an operculum which is heaved up by the hatching larva. The operculum has no alveolar layer. The air enters through the numerous holes of the shell surface into the aerial layer and through the micropyles into the alveolar layer. The egg has no respiratory plastron. The follicle cells produce also a vitelline envelope whose structure shows a rapid condensation at fertilization time. During its development the embryo secretes two layers: serosal and embryonic cuticle. At high humidities, at low temperatures the egg is able to increase its weight during the early stages of embryogenesis, and this increase stops when the serosal cuticle is secreted. In a dry atmosphere the egg loses water but can develop if the temperature is higher than 20°C. The little permeability of the egg is related to the structure of its envelopes. The chorion and the vitelline envelope prevent the water from getting out of the egg. The serosal cuticle seems to be opposed to the penetration of the water into the egg. The role of the embryonic cuticle is probably limited in the transit of water.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Muscle, Nerves ; Light and electron microscopy ; Acetylcholinesterase ; 6-Hydroxydopamine
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    Notes: Summary The adrenergic and cholinergic innervation to the rat iris has been studied at a light and electron microscopic level. Catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry showed adrenergic nerves to be present in both the dilatator and the constrictor pupillae regions. At a fine structural level the terminal innervation of the iris was studied and criteria for the differentiation between presumptive adrenergic and presumptive cholinergic axon terminals were examined. To aid this examination presumptive adrenergic axons were either labelled with the “false” adrenergic transmitter, 5-hydroxydopamine, or chemical sympathectomy performed using 6-hydroxydopamine. The value of using acetylcholinesterase staining as a marker for cholinergic nerve terminals was also studied. Results showed a mixed adrenergic/cholinergic innervation to the dilatator pupillae. In the constrictor pupillae an exclusively cholinergic innervation was found although adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were found supplying the blood vessels and at the dilatator-constrictor interface. These findings are discussed with regard to innervation-function relationships in the iris.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Frog ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory mucosa of frog has been studied at an ultrastructural level to confirm previous light microscope observations in regard to the presence, in the sensory epithelium, of nerve fibres not belonging to the first cranial nerve proper. It has been observed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres are present in the lamina propria and that eventually these fibres terminate inside the epithelium. Unmyelinated fibres usually contain dark core vesicles and similar content is seen in their intraepithelium terminals. Terminals containing only clear vesicles are also observed in the epithelium and they are believed to represent the terminals of the myelinated fibres. The significance of these ultrastructural findings is discussed in view of their functional meaning.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 455-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bird ; Prolactin cell ; Reproduction ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior pituitaries from a series of female White-crowned Sparrows,Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, in the periods of oviposition, incubation, and brooding under natural conditions, have been investigated by electron microscopy. The prolactin cells occur in cephalic lobe and are characterized by large (ca. 300–600 mμ), polymorphic electron-dense secretory granules and an extremely well developed, lamellated endoplasmic reticulum. During incubation and brooding it is only these prolactin cells that are in an activated secretory phase, as indicated by increase in number and size, extremely well developed endoplasmic reticulum, decrease in number of mature secretory granules, and by active formation of granules in the enlarged Golgi apparatus. In the late stages of brooding, and post-breeding, the prolactin cells regress with involution of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, reaccumulation of granules, and the appearance of lysosomes. The gonadotropes of both the cephalic and caudal lobes undergo progressive morphologic changes through the course of the breeding period. They are numerous and active in the ovulating bird. They undergo gradual regression during the periods of incubation and brooding to become typical “broody” cells.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 203-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Newt ; Zones ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the median eminence of the newt a medial region and two lateral regions are described. In cross section, the medial region appears to be made up of 1) an outer or glandular zone (Zone I) containing aldehyde-thionine-positive and negative nerve fibres and blood capillaries. Nerve fibres appear aligned in palisade array along the capillaries. 2) An inner zone (Zone II) made up of a) a layer of aldehyde-thionine-positive nerve fibres (fibrous layer) belonging to the preoptic hypophyseal tract and b) a layer of ependymal cells lining the infundibular lumen and reaching the blood vessels with their long processes. The lateral regions display a less pronounced stratification and aldehyde-thionine positive nerve fibres are nearly absent. A slender lamina (ependymal border) containing mainly aldehyde-thionine-positive nerve fibres and ependymal cells connects the median eminence to the pars nervosa. At the ultrastructural level, in the outer zone of the medial region at least 4 types of nerve fibres and nerve endings are identified: Type I nerve fibres containing granular vesicles of 700–1000 Å and clear vesicles (250–400 Å). Type II nerve fibres containing granular vesicles and polymorphous granules of 900–1300 Å and clear vesicles (250–400 Å). Type III nerve fibres containing dense granules of 1200–2000 Å and clear vesicles of 250–400 Å. Type IV nerve fibres containing only clear vesicles of 250–400 Å. In the inner zone too, all these nerve fiber types are found among ependymal cells, while the fibrous layer consists of nerve fibres containing granules of 1200–2000 Å in diameter. In the lateral regions Type I, Type II and Type IV nerve fibres and their respective perivascular terminals are found; axons containing dense granules (1200–2000 Å) are scanty. In these regions typical synapses between Type I nerve fibres and processes rich in microtubules are visible. The classification and functional significance of nerve fibres in the median eminence are still unsolved, but it may be assumed that nerve fibres of the medial region belong to both the preoptic hypophyseal and tubero hypophyseal tract, while the lateral regions are characterized by nerve fibres of the tubero hypophyseal tract. Peculiar specializations of the ependymal cells in the median eminence of the newt are also discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 45-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum (rat) ; Growth in Tissue culture ; Cell types ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The outgrowth of newborn rat cerebellum cultivated in the Maximow assembly was studied from the time of explanation until the end of the 1st week “in vitro”. Dynamic characteristics of migrating cells were investigated with time lapse microcinematography and with phase and interference contrast. Three types of cells were identified: bipolar fusiform cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. The ultrastructure of these cells as seen with scanning and transmission electron microscopes is described. Bipolar cells display the same characteristics as those of migrating granule cells “in vivo”. Differentiation of these cells towards neuronal types becomes evident at the end of the first week “in vitro”. Axonal as well as dendritic growth cones were examined, and their ultrastructural characteristics described. Attention is focussed into the abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which in supposed active growth has the form of thin cisternae, and, at rest or in retraction takes the form of large vesicles. In the latter case, filopodia disappear, and the tips of their processes acquire a bulbous shape.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Shell glands ; Artemia salina ; White and brown glands ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail concerne l'étude morphologique de la glande coquillière non pigmentée ou blanche d'Artemia salina. La structure de celle-ci est comparée à celle de la glande coquillière brune de la même espèce. Les différences sont apparemment plus fondamentales qu'une simple variation de la quantité de produit de sécrétion ou de la pigmentation des cellules. Là où les glandes coquillières brunes formeraient la coque chez les animaux ovipares les glandes coquillières blanches pourraient sécréter les produits nécessaires ou utiles au développement des nauplii chez les animaux ovovivipares.
    Notes: Summary The white shell glands of Artemia salina have been investigated. Our results, compared to those obtained in the brown-coloured shell glands, occuring within the same species, reveal differences not only in the aspect of the secretory granules but also in the structure of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. These differences between the two types of glands appear to be more striking than a simple variation in the quantity of secretion or in the pigmentation of the gland. As the brown glands are supposed to contribute to the formation of the egg shells in oviparous animals, the secretion of white glands could favour the development of nauplii in ovoviviparous animals.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 509-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gill ; Trout ; Secondary lamellae ; Development ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscope study of secondary lamellae of trout developing at 10° C is described. Collagen is secreted by mesenchyme cells in the connective tissue of the developing gill filament. This becomes enclosed in infoldings around the peripheries of mesenchyme cells. These cells become aligned in a single plane within folds of basement membrane and epithelium. The basement membrane of opposite sides of the fold becomes connected by a thick layer of collagen. Blood spaces form around the margin of the fold, connecting afferent and efferent filament blood vessels. Endothelial granules form in cells lining the outer border of the marginal channel when blood flow begins. Rows of pillar cells separate from the proximal layer of mesenchyme cells as the secondary lamellae develops further. New secondary lamellae are added at the filament tips. At 28 days, the basement membrane consists of 2 layers, a fine fibrous layer and 5–15 orthogonally arranged layers of collagen fibres. By 31 days, the collagen is arranged at random and the layer is thinner. A clear layer is also present by 67 days. A multilayered epithelium containing mucous and chloride cells is present at 28 days. By 102 days, the secondary lamellae are covered by 2 layers of epithelial cells only. Chloride cells are present in much greater numbers in developing gills than in the adult.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Laryngeal muscles ; Female tree frog, Hyla arborea arborea (L.) ; Fine structure ; Motor endplates ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The larynx musculature of female tree frogs is very poorly developed compared with that of males. This is probably due to the fact that they are less used; female tree frogs do not produce mating calls. The larynx muscles of the female are composed of fibers with small, medium, and large cross-sections. The distribution of the motor end plates varies correspondingly: in regions with fibers of very small diameter the density of synapses is about 33 times greater than in regions with large fibers. There is also a difference in fine structure between male and female laryngeal muscles. The muscles of females comprise red fibers, white fibers, and various transitional types. The arrangement of the triads and their number per sarcomere is the same in all fiber types. All fibers contain about the same amounts of glycogen, but the fat content varies widely among the different types.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 265-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell autolysis ; Deletion ; Planaria ; Acid phosphatase ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary Selective cell autolysis and deletion is described in the normal adult planarian. This appears to be a common feature and the sequence of events leading from cytoplasmic vesiculation and peripheral lysis to complete cellular breakdown is described. — In lysing cells acid phosphatase activity can be demonstrated in the cytoplasm as well as in lysosome like vacuoles and occasionally in the Golgi apparatus. The role of cell autolysis and deletion in tissue regulation is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 379-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Polychaete ; Submicrovillar cisternae ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary The prostomium of Eulalia viridis has both microvillar and ciliary photoreceptors. The compound eyes each consist of a central lens surrounded by a layer of sensory and pigment cells. They resemble those of nereids, except that the lens is composed of vesiculated droplets produced by a specialized lenticular cell located in the cell layer surrounding the lens. Photoreceptoral microvilli of the sensory cell outer segments are underlain by “submicrovillar cisternae” (or SMC). The axial filament is ensheathed by part of the SMC complex. The sensory cells of the posterior photoreceptors are similar in cytology to those of the compound eyes but are not organized into “eyes”. Each ciliary photoreceptor unit consists of an extracellular vacuole bounded by a supporting cell and the ciliated terminal of a sensory cell dendrite which projects into the vacuole. They are similar to the ciliary photoreceptors of nereids. The discussion seeks to establish SMC as an important component of microvillar photoreceptors in polychaetes. SMC resemble subrhabdomeric cisternae of arthropod eyes and also lamellate structures found in photoreceptors of other animals. SMC are probably involved with the metabolism of photopigment.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Infracerebral complex ; Polychaeta, Nereidae ; Neurosecretion ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary The infracerebral complex consists of: (a) two types of ependymoid infracerebral cells located on the ventral surface of the brain, adjacent to a coelomic sinus and blood vessels; (b) a noncellular stroma, the neural lamella, which separates the infracerebral cells from cerebral nervous tissue; (c) two types of cerebral neurosecretory endings (one with many mitochondria) which abut on the neural lamella opposite from the infracerebral cells. The infracerebral a cells become columnar and develop abundant apical caveolae and Golgi elements in older worms. The infracerebral b cells, filled with electron opaque granules, resemble neurosecretory cells; their axon-like processes contain microtubules and make synaptoid contacts with the neural lamella. Both cell types are present in young worms of about 10 segments but the b cells, relatively abundant in younger worms, are outnumbered by a cells in mature individuals. However, during reproductive development neither a nor b cells display any structural changes which would indicate that they represent glandular tissue. Basal processes originating both from a and b cells form entanglements which become progressively more intricate during maturation. Neurosecretory endings are present in 10-segment worms and become very numerous in mature worms but at no time do they penetrate the neural lamella and contact the infracerebral cells. It is unlikely that the infracerebral cells per se constitute a gland but they are strategically located to influence the release of hormones from neurosecretory endings.
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Coronet cells ; Teleostei ; Neurohypophysis ; Hypersalinity ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In several adult specimens of Mugil capito caught in a hypersaline lagoon, an intra-neurohypophyseal channel system lined with coronet cells has been observed. Coronet cells are normally found only in the saccus vasculosus, and in modern Teleostei, this structure is always completely separated from the neurohypophysis. The penetration of coronet cells into the neural lobe, may be an adaptive phenomenon possibly connected with an osmo-protective role of these cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 421-446 
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    Keywords: Fresh-water and adapted stickleback-gills-chloride sea-water cells ; Fine structure ; Na+ and Cl− localization ; Osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dreistachlige Stichlinge (Gasterosteus aculeatus) aus Süßwasserbiotopen wurden in mehreren Versuchsgruppen allmählich an Meersalzlösungen steigender bzw. fallender Konzentration adaptiert. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß diese euryhaline Fischart Salzkonzentrationen zwischen 1 mg-% und 5,6% tolerieren kann. Der letzte Wert bedeutet das 1,6fache der durchschnittlichen Meerwasserkonzentration. Stichlinge aus verschiedenen salzreichen und salzarmen Adaptationsstufen dienten als Ausgangsmaterial zur elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung der Chloridzellen. Die Feinstruktur der Chloridzellen zeigt in Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt des Mediums typische Veränderungen. Bei Süßwasserstichlingen ist die apikale Höhle septiert und dadurch die resorptive apikale Zellmembranoberfläche vergrößert. Bei Meerwasserstichlingen scheint das endoplasmatische Reticulum der Chloridzellen vermehrt zu sein; ihr Chondriom nimmt 50% des Cytoplasmavolumens ein, bei den Chloridzellen der Süßwassertiere hingegen nur 20%. Im Bereich letaler Salzarmut und letalen Salzreichtums treten bei den Chloridzellen Strukturschädigungen auf. Durch histochemische Ionenfällung konnte in der Mucoidschicht der apikalen Höhle ein hoher Gehalt an Na+ und Cl− nachgewiesen werden. Die Mucoidschicht dieser Zellen füngiert demnach bei Süßwassertieren als akkumulativer Ionenfänger, bei Meerwassertieren möglicherweise als Ionenpuffer. Die Feinstruktur der Chloridzellen, ihre Veränderungen in Abhängigkeit von dem äußeren Salzgehalt, die Schädigungen bei letalen Konzentrationen sowie insbesondere die Ergebnisse der histochemischen Ionenfällung können insgesamt als Beweis der osmoregulatorischen Funktion dieser Zellen gelten.
    Notes: Summary Several groups of the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) collected from freshwater were gradually adapted to sea salt solutions of increasing resp. decreasing concentrations. As shown by these adaption experiments, this euryhaline teleost species is able to tolerate salt concentrations in the range of 1mg-% to 5,6%. The last value corresponds to 1,6 times of the average salt concentration of sea water. Specimen adapted to minimum, intermediate and maximum salt concentration were chosen for electron microscopical investigation of the chloride cells. Depending on the external salt concentration the fine structure of these cells shows typical alterations. In fresh water specimen, the apical cavity of the chloride cells is septate and consequently the resorptive apical cell membrane surface is enlarged. In sea water specimens the endoplasmic reticulum seems to be more developed; the mitochondria take about 50% of the cytoplasm volume, whereas they take only 20% in fresh water animals. The chloride cell fine structure of those animals which had been brought to the upper or lower limit of the tolerable salt concentration is damaged. The mucoid layer of the apical cavity in animals from both salt-rich and nearly salt-free medium has a high content of Na+ and Cl−, as detected by histochemical ion precipitation methods. Therefore in fresh water specimens the mucoid layer must be involved in adsorbing and in accumulation ions from the external medium, in sea water specimens its function seems to be something like an ion buffer. From these findings there is no doubt that the osmoregulatory function of the teleost gills is based on the chloride cells.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Interphase nuclei ; Ultracentrifugation ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary Ultracentrifugation of living cells from the liver of the mouse, rat, dog, frog, Necturus, follicle cells, of grasshopper testis, and meristem of the onion root tip shows evidence that the interphase chromatin is attached to the nuclear envelope. Because of its relatively high density, the bulk of the interphase chromatin, and often the nucleoli, are displaced to the centrifugal side of the nucleus and, when this occurs, the chromatin bodies attached to the centripetal side of the nucleus are drawn out into long filaments which extend across the nucleus centrifugally. They generally break before becoming detached from the envelope. Onion root tip chromosomes in early prophase also appear to be attached to the nuclear envelope. The Barr body strongly adheres to the nuclear envelope as evidenced by the high centrifugal force necessary to displace it. Nucleoli of ultracentrifuged meristematic cells of the onion root show evidence of a stratification of materials within them.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 228-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Rod outer segment ; Frog ; Freeze-etching ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Feinbau der Stäbchenaußenglieder des Frosches (Rana esculenta) wurde mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden untersucht: der größte Teil der Untersuchungen wurde mit der Gefrierätzmethode durchgeführt. Die Abdrucke (Masken der Bruchflächen) wurden im Elektronenmikroskop bei 40000facher Vergrößerung betrachtet. Als zweite, von der ersten unabhängigen Methode, wurden Teile negativ kontrastierter Außenglieder des Frosches im Elektronenmikroskop betrachtet. Die Auswertung der elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen von Abdrucken ergab: die Außenglieder des Frosches scheinen aus 3 Gruppen „länglicher Gebilde“ aufgebaut zu sein, die in jeweils angenähert gleichen Abständen angeordnet sind. Die „länglichen Gebilde“ werden als Fäden bezeichnet; ihre Durchmesser liegen unter 100 Å. Die Größe der Durchmesser hängt vom Adaptationszustand und der chemischen Behandlung vor der Gefrierätzung ab. Die Fäden überkreuzen sich z.T. — Es wurden ferner 4 Gruppen angenähert gleicher Abstände zwischen den Fäden gefunden. Die Größe dieser Abstände liegt zwischen etwa 50 Å und einigen hundert Å. Negativ kontrastierte Außenglieder ließen ebenfalls Fäden erkennen. Die Ergebnisse werden zu einer zweiteiligen Arbeitshypothese zusammengefaßt. Im 1. Teil der Arbeitshypothese wird angenommen: der Innenkörper des Außengliedes (das ist das Außenglied ohne die erkennbare Zellmembran) ist ein dreidimensionales parakristallines Raumgitter, aufgebaut aus den 3 verschiedenen dicken Fadenarten (d 1, d2, d4). Die Abstände zwischen den Fäden werden als Gitterkonstanten (a 1, a2, a3, a4) dieses Raumgitters aufgefaßt. Eine Elementarzelle des Gitters scheint aus einem Geflecht aus d 1- und d 2-Fäden zu bestehen und aus vier darüberliegenden Schichten paralleler d 4-Fäden. Im 2. Teil der Arbeitshypothese wird auf Grund von Volumenabschätzungen angenommen: die d 1-Fäden des Raumgitters enthalten Rhodopsin, die d 2-Fäden Protein, das nicht Rhodopsin ist, und die (d 4-Fäden enthalten Lipide. Die Arbeitshypothese wird durch experimentelle Befunde anderer Autoren gestützt, die mit den Methoden der negativen Kontrastierung, der Licht- und Röntgenstrahl-Kleinwinkel-Beugung experimentierten. Es wird versucht, für einige elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen von Dünnschnitten und Gefrierätzabdrucken eine gemeinsame Deutung zu geben (Rosenkranz et al., 1969; Rosenkranz, 1969a).
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the frog's (Rana esculenta) rod outer segments was investigated by two different methods: most of the experiments were made by means of the freeze-etching technique. The replicas were then examined by electron microscopy (40,000 X). By means of a second method, rod outer segments were negatively stained prior to electron microscopy. Inspection of the electron micrographs revealed that the frog's rod outer segments seem to be built up of three groups of “elongated structures” interpreted as fibrils (Fäden) arranged regularly at approximately equal distances. The diameters of the fibrils are below 100 Å; they depend on the state of light adaptation and on the chemical preparation before freeze-etching. The fibrils partly cross each other. In addition, there were found four groups of approximately equal distances between the fibrils. The order of magnitude of these spacings is from about 50 Å to a few hundred Å. Negatively stained outer segments also reveal fibrils. The results are expressed in a working hypothesis consisting of two parts. It is supposed first that the core of the rod outer segment represents a three dimensional paracrystalline lattice (Raumgitter) of three different types of fibrils (d 1, d2, d4). The distances between the fibrils are interpreted as the lattice constants (a 1, a2, a3, a4). A unit cell of the lattice would consist of a web (Geflecht) of two different types of fibrils (d 1, d2) and four layers of parallel fibrils of the third type (d 4). It is supposed, secondly, on the basis of a volume-evaluation, that the d1-fibrils contain rhodopsin, those of type d 2 another protein (not rhodopsin), and fibrils of type d 4 lipids. The working hypothesis is supported by experimental findings of other authors (obtained by negative staining and diffraction of light and X-rays). Attempts have been made to relate some electron micrographs of ultrathin sections to those of replicas. (Rosenkranz et al., 1969; Rosenkranz, 1969a.)
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 204-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaetes ; Parapodia ; Glands ; Fine structure ; Mucus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spiral organs of Nereis have been shown to be compound glands and not photoreceptors. The ducts of two or three types of secretory cells attach themselves in a serial manner to a spirally wound axial columella which lies just below the cuticle. The large intra-cellular ducts terminate in a number of fine ducts which penetrate the columella and open through it into the lumen of the gland. This communicates to the outside through a pore in the cuticle. The secretions are muco-polysaccharides which are probably mixed in the lumen before discharge.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 220-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Fetus ; Primates ; Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphologic features of the fetal and neonatal thymus were investigated by light and electron microscopy to determine developmental changes. Primitive epithelial cells differentiate into reticular epithelial cells, medullary epithelial cells, elongated epithelial cells, Hassall's corpuscles and cysts. Thymocytes first appear at 50 days fetal age and the number of thymocytes is amplified from 75–150 days fetal age. Minor differences between the fetal thymus of the monkey and that of other species were observed. Possible functions for the various cellular components of the fetal monkey thymus are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromaffin tissue ; Ganglion cervicale uteri ; Mouse ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das chromaffine Gewebe im Ganglion cervicale uteri der Maus wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch in verschiedenen Funktionsstadien des Genitale untersucht. Die Befunde decken sich weitgehend mit den bisher bekannten Beobachtungen an extraadrenalem, chromaffinem Gewebe anderer Lokalisation. 1. Das chromaffine Gewebe besteht aus granulahaltigen Paraganglienzellen und Hüllzellen, die Schwannschen Zellen gleichen. 2. Die Granula der Paraganglienzellen sind sehr kontrastreich und von einer Membran umhüllt, die größeren Abstand von ihrem dichten Inhalt haben kann. 3. Gelegentlich sind die Paraganglienzellen mit Zilien ausgestattet. 4. Zellen mit wenig Granula haben ein kräftiger ausgebildetes rauhes endoplasmatisches Retikulum als Zellen mit hohem Granulagehalt. 5. Die paraganglionären Zellen haben keine besondere Beziehung zum Gefäßsystem. 6. Die Paraganglienzellen stehen mit Nervenendingungen durch Synapsen in Kontakt, die sowohl überwiegend synaptische Bläschen als auch überwiegend „dense core vesicles” enthalten können. Sie scheinen also sowohl durch cholinerge als auch durch adrenerge Innervation kontrolliert zu werden. 7. Unterschiede in der Ultrastruktur der Paraganglienzellen konnten nur zwischen ausgewachsenen und infantilen Tieren festgestellt werden. Letztere haben einen höheren Anteil an Zellen mit wenig Granula. 8. Die Befunde scheinen für eine lokale endokrine Beeinflussung der Nervenzellen des Ganglion cervicale uteri durch Abgabe von Katecholaminen aus den Paraganglienzellen zu sprechen.
    Notes: Summary The chromaffin tissue in the ganglion cervicale uteri of mice was investigated in different functional stages of their reproductive system by light and electron microscopy. The observations correspond to the findings obtained in extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue localized in other regions. 1. The chromaffin tissue consists of granule containing paraganglionic cells and of surrounding cells that resemble Schwann cells. 2. Occasionally the paraganglionic cells possess cilia. 3. The granules in the cytoplasm of paraganglionic cells are very electron dense and are enveloped by a membrane that forms a vesicle with a diameter either corresponding to that of the granule or considerably larger than the latter. 4. Cells with little granules have a better developed rough endoplasmic reticulum than cells with a great number of granules. 5. The paraganglionic cells have no special relationships to blood vessels. 6. The paraganglionic cells are innervated by synapses that possess synaptic vesicles and by synapses that show accumulations of dense core vesicles. The paraganglionic cells seem to be under the control of cholinergic and adrenergic innervation. 7. Differences of ultrastructure of the paraganglionic cells were seen only between adult and infantile animals. The latter have a greater number of cells containing only a small quantity of granules. 8. The findings suggest the hypothesis of a local endocrine influence of the paraganglionic cells on the neurons of the ganglion cervicale uteri by release of catecholamines.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk platelet ; Amphibian embryo ; Fine structure ; Cell organelle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three heretofore undescribed types of yolk platelets are described from embryos of Xenopus laevis. The first (designated the multiple main-body platelet) is characterized by the occurrence of numerous randomly oriented small main-body crystals embedded in the noncrystalline superficial layer material. The second is characterized by the occurrence of a main-body crystal with an extremely irregular profile. The main-body element of the third platelet type (designated the cavitated main-body platelet) invariably shows little or no evidence of crystalline substructure and contains numerous internal cavities.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenocortical cells ; Triturus cristatus ; Plasma electrolyte composition modifications ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le but de modifier la composition électrolytique du plasma, des Tritons à crête (Triturus cristatus) sont placés dans une solution de chlorure de potassium (KCl 5‰). D'autres Tritons (témoins) sont placés dans de l'eau du robinet. Tous les animaux ont été préalablement hypophysectomisés. 8 jours après le début de l'expérience, les cellules interrénales des Tritons hypophysectomisés placés dans la solution de KCl présentent une activité stéroidogénique élevée, se traduisant notamment par une forte déplétion lipidique, une augmentation du nombre des mitochondries et un développement important du réticulum endoplasmique agranulaire et tubulaire; d'autre part, la réaction Δ5-3β-hydroxystéroide deshydrogénasique est intense. Toutes les cellules du tissu interrénal sont fortement stimulées dans ces conditions. Les cellules interrénales des Tritons témoins présentent par contre une activité stéroidogénique très réduite, comme en témoignent leur structure et la faible intensité de la réaction Δ5-3β-hydroxystéroide deshydrogénasique. Les mécanismes précis pouvant être à l'origine de la stimulation des cellules interrénales de Tritons hypophysectomisés placés dans la solution de KCl sont discutés.
    Notes: Summary In order to induce a modification of the plasmatic electrolyte composition, newts (Triturus cristatus) are placed into a potassium chloride solution (KCl 5‰), while controls are kept in tap water. All animals are previously hypophysectomized. 8 days after the beginning of the experiment, the interrenal cells of the hypophysectomized newts kept in KCl solution exhibit a very strong steroidogenic activity, as evidenced by a striking lipid depletion, an increase in the number of mitochondria and a considerable development of the agranular tubular endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction is notably intensified. All the cells of the interrenal tissue are affected by the stimulatory effect of the KCl solution. Control animals show only reduced steroidogenic activity of their interrenal cells, as demonstrated both by the morphology of these cells and the weak Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction. The mechanisms involved in the stimulatory effect on steroidogenesis of the variation of the electrolyte composition of the plasma are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 65-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tonsil (rabbit) ; Lymphoid cell homing ; Tonsil culture ; Thymus culture ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ‘homing’ process of lymphoid cells in the developing palatine tonsil of the rabbit was investigated by culturing isolated embryonic tonsils in diffusion chambers on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. An analysis of the origin and fate of lymphoid cells in cultured tonsils from subsequent stages of development strongly supported the existence of the ‘homing’ mechanism for lymphoid cells, postulated on morphological data. From the 19th day of gestation there is an influx of motile lymphoid (stem) cells into the tonsillar primordium, reaching a peak between the 22nd and 24th day. Of these cells a large proportion is immobilized by mesenchymal cells and becomes sessile lymphoid cells which remain firmly attached to mesenchymal cells during culture. After the 24th day practically all sessile lymphoid cells lose their contact with the mesenchymal cells and migrate to the bottom of the diffusion chamber. This different behaviour of sessile lymphoid cells in cultured tonsils of later developmental stages may imply a functional differentiation of these cells. By comparing the fate of morphologically differentiated lymphoid cells in cultured palatine tonsils and thymus of rabbit embryos, the different nature of tonsil and thymus lymphocytes could be demonstrated.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 579-590 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caddisfly larvae ; Abdominal chloride epithelia ; Fine structure ; Histochemical chloride localization ; Electrolyte transport ; Osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larvae of the caddisfly Anabolia nervosa Curt. (Limnephilidae) possess 10 fields on the dorsal and ventral sides of the 3rd to 7th abdominal segments, which were formerly regarded as specialized sites of respiration. The epithelial fine structure and histochemical localization of chloride unequivocally show that the main function of these sites is the transport of electrolytes. They probably participate in osmoregulation by the absorption of salt. Therefore, these specialized areas of the hypodermis are termed chloride epithelia.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 145-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rhabdom ; Photoreceptor fine structure ; Rhabdomere microvillus pattern ; Crustacean compound eye ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eighth retinular cell (R 8) of Grapsus lacks cytoplasmic pigment granules and basically resembles those previously known in the ghost crab Ocypode and the mysid Praunus. Distally located, R 8 comprises four lobes inserted between the outer ends of the seven regular retinular cells (R 1–R 7). A thin cytoplasmic bridge connects these lobes. One lobe adjacent to R 1 contains the nucleus of R 8 and gives rise proximally to the cell's axon. The short distal eighth rhabdomere consists of microvilli (mvl) protruding axially from all four lobes. Similar R 8's were found also in two other crab families and in two other genera of mysids. In Grapsus the eighth rhabdomere is extraordinary in possessing mvl oriented in two orthogonal directions parallel to the mvl of R 1–R 7. The distal 20% of the rhabdom consists of mvl originating exclusively from R 8. These appear in somewhat irregular bands and are alternately oriented parallel to the animal's vertical or horizontal axis. More proximally the retinula contains eleven sectors but the rhabdom still comprises bands of alternating mvl with those from R 8 joined respectively by the rhabdomeres of R 1, 4, and 5 (horizontal) and R 2, 3, 6 and 7 (vertical). The rest of the rhabdom shows typical decapod organization with seven interdigitating rhabdomeres.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 177-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland (Salamander) ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Vacuolar bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thyroid gland of adult salamanders, Hynobius nebulosus, in the breeding season was studied by electron microscopy. The follicular cells are different in cell height and fine structures; the taller cells with many cell organelles and granules and the lower cells with a few cell organelles and granules are both present in the same follicle. In the cytoplasm, three types of membrane-bounded granules, namely, cytosomes, colloid droplets, and vacuolar bodies and circular membrane complexes occur. The vacuolar bodies are subdivided into two types; the ordinary type having loosely distributed particles and the specific type containing tubules and/or closely packed filaments, crystalloid structures, except for the particles. The chromophobe colloids within the Bensley-cells correspond to extremely large, ordinary type vacuolar bodies, while the Langendorff-colloid cells possess increased numbers of granular cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and a ribosome-rich, dense cytoplasmic matrix but not extremely large colloid. The intracytoplasmic circular membrane complexes appear in the Golgi area of cytosome-rich cells. It is suggested that they originate from the Golgi apparatus which was activated to produce many cytosomes. Intranuclear inclusions consisting of microtubules and filaments and tight junctions between two adjacent lateral plasma membranes are occasionally encountered.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle tissue ; Tardigrada ; Fine structure ; Polarisation and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Muskelzellen des Pharynx-Bulbus der Tardigraden Macrobiotus hufelandi und Milnesium tardigradum sind bis zu 15 μm lang und bilden zwischen Basalmembran und cuticularer Intima des Lumens ein einschichtiges Epithel. Die Grenzen zwischen den Nachbarzellen zeigen einen geschwungenen Verlauf. Das Sarcolemm stülpt sich tief zwischen die Myofribrillen ein und bildet ein ausgeprägtes E-System, mit dem das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum unter Bildung von Diaden und Triaden korrespondiert. Die Myofibrillen verlaufen radial. Die dünnen Filamente entspringen am inneren und äußeren Sarcolemm aus hemidesmosomenartigen Strukturen in Form dichter Bündel, die sich im mittleren Teil der Fibrille, der dicke und dünne Filamente enthält, erweitern. Maximal 11 dünne Filamente konnten um die nicht immer streng hexagonal angeordneten dicken Filamente herum gezählt werden. Wie polarisationsmikroskopisch bestätigt werden konnte, besitzt jede Myofibrille eine breite A-Zone in der Mitte und an ihren Enden je eine schmalere I-Zone. Eine H-Zone ist undeutlich. Jeder Myofibrille kann der funktionelle und morphologische Wert einer Sarcomere zugeschrieben werden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde für die Evolution der Tardigraden wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The muscle cells of the pharyngeal bulb of tardigrades Macrobiotus hufelandi and Milnesium tardigradum are up to 15 μm long and form a single layer between the basal lamina and the cuticle-coated lumen. The boundaries between adjacent cells are sinuous. The sarcolemma invaginates between the myofibrils whereby a marked E-system is formed. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is associated to the latter, constituting diads and triads. The myofibrils run radially. Thin filaments originate from hemidesmosome-like structures at the inner and outer sarcolemma in dense bundles which widen in the middle part of the fibrils. Each fibril contains thick and thin filaments in this region. As many as 11 thin filaments could be counted around a thick filament. The latter are not always arranged hexagonally. As it is confirmed by polarisation microscopy each myofibril has a wide A-Zone in the middle which is flanked by shorter I-zones. An H-zone is marked but indistinctly. Each myofibril is interpreted to have the functional and morphological equivalent to one sarcomere. The relevance of these findings in the evolution of Tardigrada is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 147-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gill ; Blood pathways ; Secondary lamellae ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was made of the structure of the gill arch, filament and secondary lamella of Salmo gairdneri R. Blood pathways through the gill were traced from serial histological sections, and from the examination of ink perfused tissue and perspex casts formed following resin injection of the circulatory system. The epithelium covering the gill consists of unspecialized, dark, chloride and mucous cells. The distribution of specialized cells appears to be related to gill function. The basement membrane underlying the epithelium consists of three layers, the inner collagen layer being continuous with the connective tissue core of the gills. Blood supply to the secondary lamellar respiratory surface is via branchial, filament and secondary lamellar arteries. Blood spaces of the secondary lamellae are delimited by pillar cells containing what appears to be contractile material. The marginal channel of each lamella is bounded distally by cells of endothelial origin. A network of lymph spaces within the filaments connects with efferent branchial arteries. Nutritionary capillaries within the filaments connect with afferent branchial arteries. No shunts between afferent and efferent filament arteries were found. Data from this study and previous physiological and histopathological studies suggest a mechanism for the control of blood flow to suit the respiratory requirements of the fish. This mechanism involves a system of recruitment of additional respiratory units and changes in overall blood flow patterns.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Prostaglandins E1 and E2 ; Fine structure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological and fine structural studies of adrenal cortices were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats which had been given intravenous injections of prostaglandin E1 or E2. It was found that there were increased numbers of intracellular lipid droplets, free ribonucleoprotein particles, cholesterol ester clefts and coated vesicles of both the small and large varieties. A reorganization of the internal mitochondrial membranes and the appearance of protrusions of parenchymal cytoplasm into the sinusoidal lumina accompanied by vasodilation were also observed. These alterations are not typical of those observed following exogenous ACTH administration and are therefore considered to be prostaglandin-induced.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 331-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Movement ; Selenidium ; Pellicle ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The archigregarine, Selenidium, is parasitic in the digestive tracts of some polychaete worms. The trophozoites of Selenidium are worm-like in appearance, and are attached by one end to the intestinal epithelium of the host, while the remainder of the organism performs rhythmic bending movements, reminiscent of nematode worms. The trophozoites have a multilayered, longitudinally folded pellicle, and beneath this are longitudinally oriented microtubules, arranged in precise fashions. The arrangements of both the pellicle, and the microtubules change during the bending movements. Furthermore, if trophozoites are treated with the drug colchicine, the sub-pellicular microtubules are destroyed, the patterns of pellicular folding are altered, and the trophozoites cease to move. The contribution of the pellicle and the microtubules to the characteristic movements of the trophozoites is evaluated and discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle cells ; Tardigrada ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somatic muscles of the tardigrades Macrobiotus hufelandi and Milnesium tardigradum consist of elongated cells which are structurally independent of each other and insert in the body wall. The contractile part of the muscle cells contains thick and thin myofilaments. The thin filaments run together in typical dense bodies. In relaxed muscles clear A-, I- and H-zones are formed, and the dense bodies are often accumulated in groups. In ribbon like I-zones they are sometimes arranged side by side in rows and resemble fragmented Z-rods. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is localized primarily in the small region between the contractile apparatus and sarcolemma, and is represented by a system of smooth, flat, reticulated cisternae. The contractile apparatus of the somatic muscles is compared to that of smooth and obliquely striated muscles of several invertebrates. On the basis of certain distinguishing features of the contractile part of somatic muscles of tardigrades, it is suggested that these muscles should be referred to as a type intermediate between smooth and obliquely striated muscles.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 46-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eyes ; Insecta ; Pteronemobius heydeni ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ommatidien der Sumpfgrille Pteronemobius wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Der dioptrische Apparat besteht aus der cuticularen Linse, auf der zahlreiche Cornea-Nippel stehen, sowie dem Kristallkegel mit seinen Zellen, die auch noch beim adulten Tier Mitochondrien besitzen. Diese vier Zellen bilden insgesamt acht nach basal gerichtete Fortsätze, vier laterale und vier zentrale. Die lateralen, die auch bei anderen Insekten vorkommen, ziehen zwischen den Retinulazellen bis zur Basalmembran, an der sie enden. In ihrem proximalen, erweiterten Bereich nehmen die Fortsätze Kontakt miteinander auf. Hier enthalten sie außer den für den gesamten Verlauf typischen Mikrotubuli Pigment und feine Granula, die denen des Kegels gleichen. Die vier anderen, zentral gelegenen Fortsätze bilden gemeinsam den dünnen Spitzenausläufer der Kegelbasis. Er wird vom Rhabdom umhüllt und endet nach etwa 6 μm. Sieben oder acht Retinulazellen bilden ein Rhabdom vom geschlossenen Typ. Zunächst umfassen vier dieser Zellen den Kegel, doch treten noch vor seinem basalen Ende drei weitere hinzu. Die beiden primären Pigmentzellen werden dabei peripherwärts abgedrängt. Die sekundären Pigmentzellen bilden keinen geschlossenen Zylinder um die Retinulazellen.
    Notes: Summary The ommatidia of the gryllid Pteronemobius have been examined electron microscopically. The dioptric apparatus consists of a cuticular lens on which numeral nipples insert and of the crystalline cone with its cells bearing mitochondria even in the adult. These four cells form altogether eight proximally directed processes, four lateral and four central ones. The lateral processes — as in other insects — extend from between the retinula cells to the basal membrane at which they terminate. In its proximal enlarged region they get into contact with each other. Besides those microtubuli typical for the total process they contain pigment and fine granules similar to those of the cone. The four remaining processes centrally situated form the thin pointed appendix of the cone basis being enveloped by the rhabdom and ending after about 6 μm. Seven or eight retinula cells form a rhabdom of the closed type. Primarily there are four of these cells enclosing the cone, however, farther proximally they are joined by three more cells. Thus, the two primary pigment cells are forced away towards the periphery. The secondary pigment cells do not constitute a closed cylinder around the retinula cells.
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