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  • Chromatographie, Gas  (67)
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  • American Chemical Society
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microscopic evaluation of the effects of some vital staining agents on growing bone in rabbits (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 286-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Skull ; Face ; Cranial sutures ; Vital staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs ont injecté à de jeunes lapins blancs de Nouvelle-Zélande, mâles, des doses variables de: Rouge Alizarine S, bleu Trypan, Chlortetracycline ou Ca45. Ils ont étudié l'influence de ces différents facteurs sur la croissance osseuse à l'échelle microscopique, en comparaison avec les résultats fournis par la méthode utilisant des colorants vitaux à base d'acétate de plomb. Le45Ca s'est revelé sans effect. Par contre les autres substances entraînent une inhibition temporaire de la croissance; celle-ci est la plus marquée après administration de Rouge Alizarine S et minimum avec la Chlortetracycline; elle est d'autant plus nette que la dose administrée est plus forte. A la dose de 100 mg/kg le Rouge Alizarine S réduit seulement la croissance osseuse; celle-ci est stoppée par une dose de 150 mg/kg. De même une dose de 50 mg/kg de Chlortetracycline ou de 100 mg/kg de Bleu Trypan ralentit la croissance osseuse; une dose de 350 mg/kg de Bleu Trypan bloque toute activité ostéogénique. L'effet de la Chlortetracycline est très transitoire, celui des autres substances moins rapidement reversible.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Dosen von Alizarinrot S, Trypanblau, Chlortetracyclin und45Ca wurden jungen, männlichen, weißen Neuseeländer-Kaninchen injiziert. Der Einfluß dieser Substanzen auf das Knochenwachstum wurde anhand der Bleiacetat-Vitalfärbung im mikroskopischen Präparat untersucht. Vergleiche auf Grund des zwischen den Bleiacetat-Linien liegenden Abstandes zeigten, daß45Ca keine hemmende Wirkung auf das Knochenwachstum ausübt. Die stärkste temporäre Blockierung des Knochenwachstums wurde durch Alizarinrot S, die schwächste durch Chlortetracyclin hervorgerufen. Je höher die durchschnittlich gegebene Dosis Alizarinrot S, Trypanblau und Chlortetracyclin war, desto stärker machte sich deren hemmender Einfluß auf das Knochenwachstum bemerkbar. Bei einer Gabe von 100 mg/kg Alizarinrot S wurde das Knochenwachstum eingeschränkt, während 150 mg/kg einen kompletten Stillstand desselben bewirkten. Eine Dosis von 100 mg/kg Trypanblau und von 50 mg/kg Chlortetracyclin ließ die Knochenbildung abnehmen, während 350 mg/kg Trypanblau die osteogenetische Aktivität vollständig blockierten. Die Verzögerung des Knochenwachstums durch Chlortetracyclin war rasch überwunden, wogegen sich das normale Knochenwachstum nach Alizarinrot S- und Trypanblau-Gaben nur langsam wieder einstellte.
    Notes: Abstract Various doses of alizarin red S, trypan blue, chlortetracycline and45Ca were injected into young male New Zealand white rabbits. The influence of these agents on bone growth was studied at the microscopic level by comparison with vital staining by lead acetate. From evaluation of bone growth on the basis of the distance between the lead acetate lines,45Ca had no adverse effect; temporary inhibition of bone growth was the largest with alizarin red S and least with chlortetracycline. The higher the average level of alizarin red S, trypan blue and chlortetracycline the stronger was the inhibitory influence on bone growth. Alizarin red S at 100 mg/kg reduced the rate of bone growth and at 150 mg/kg caused complete cessation of bone growth. Trypan blue at 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of chlortetracycline caused a decrease in bone formation and 350 mg/kg of trypan blue stopped osteogenetic activity. The retardation by chlortetracycline was quickly overcome but after alizarin red S and trypan blue, normal bone growth was regained slowly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279216
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical bone remodeling in normal rat (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Rat ; Remodeling ; Tetracyclines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cortical bone remodeling along the femur diaphysis was determined in normal female rats (Sprague-Dawley) with the tetracycline technique. Three segments on the cortical bone circumference (the anterolateral, the medial, and the posterior) were found to be most suitable for the study of the remodeling process. Oxytetracycline was administered at age 60 and 75 days, and groups of animals were killed at age 75, 85, 95, and 105 days. The accumulated endosteal growth during age 60 to 75 days in the anterolateral segment was found to increase uniformly in the distal direction along the femur diaphysis. A method is described where this accumulated endosteal growth is used. This method eliminates the use of calipers to determine the section level and makes it possible to study comparable sections even after varying periods of time. The proximal part of the diaphysis showed periosteal apposition in all three segments. The periosteal apposition turned into resorption in the distal part of the diaphysis in the anterolateral and medial segments, whereas the periosteal appsition increased in the posterior segment. The endosteal growth increased in the distal direction in the anterolateral and medial segments. Irregular OTC bands made measurements of endosteal remodeling in the posterior segment impossible. The cortical width decreased in the distal direction along the femoral shaft. Comparison between the different age groups is described and also the relation between the accumulated endosteal growth and the diameter of the medullary cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012782
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcification in sea urchins (1969)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 210-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Invertebrate ; Tetracycline ; Growth ; Fibers ; Test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La croissance de la carapace deStrongylocentrotus intermedius est étudiée à l'aide de la tétracycline. Des specimens de l'été ne présentent pas de fluorescence dans les plaques, sauf dans le système apical et les régions voisines. Un faisceau d'éléments fibreux, présentant une autofluorescence blanche laiteuse, est orienté perpendiculairement à chaque ligne de suture. Les spécimens de l'hiver ne présentent ces éléments qu'après décalcification des coupes. La croissance de chaque plaque, chez ces derniers s'effectue de la façon suivante: suture longitudinale » surface interne = mamelon et bosse du tubercule 〉 suture transversale 〉 surface externe de la base de l'épine dorsale 〉 surface externe de la plaque. La carapace adulte augmente de taille selon deux mécanismes de croissance: d'une part, par adjonction de nouvelles plaques au système apical et, d'autre part, par apposition sur des régions données de chaque plaque. Il apparait que des éléments fibreux sont intéressés par la croissance de la carapace et qu'un mécanisme différent de croissance s'observe dans les carapaces de l'été et de l'hiver. Le système apical semble se calcifier selon un mécanisme spécifique qui permet une formation active de plaques nouvelles pendant toute l'année.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Wachstum des Skeletes vonStrongylocentrotus intermedius wurde mit Hilfe von Tetracyclin untersucht. Bei Sommerexemplaren konnte die Tetracyclinfluorescenz in den Platten nicht beobachtet werden, außer im apicalen System und seiner anliegenden Umgebung. Eine Menge von fibrösen Elementen mit einer milchig-weißen Autofluorescenz war senkrecht zu jeder Nahtlinie angeordnet. Bei Winterexemplaren waren diese Elemente nur in demineralisierten Schnitten deutlich sichtbar. Der Wachstumsgradient jeder Platte war bei Winterexemplaren der folgende: Longitudinalnaht » innere Oberfläche = Terminalknopf und Hals der Tuberkel 〉 Latitudinalnaht 〉 Oberfläche der Basis des Stachels 〉 äußere Oberfläche der Platte selbst. Das ausgewachsene Skelet als Ganzes vergrößert seinen Umfang auf zwei Wachstumsarten, einerseits durch Zusatz von neuen Platten zum apikalen System, anderseits durch Zuwachs an bestimmten Stellen von jeder Platte. Die Resultate lassen vermuten, daß fibröse Elemente am Skeletwachstum beteiligt sind und daß der Mechanismus dieses Wachstums bei Sommer- und bei Winterexemplaren verschieden ist. Es wäre denkbar, daß das apikale System auf einen spezifischen Mechanismus der Verkalkung ansprechen würde, welcher eine aktive Bildung neuer Platten während des ganzen Jahres erlaubt.
    Notes: Abstract Growth of the test ofStrongylocentrotus intermedius was examined with the aid of tetracycline. In summer specimens, tetracycline fluorescence was not observable in the plates, except in the apical system and its adjacent area. An array of fibrous elements with a milky white autofluorescence was oriented perpendicularly to each suture line. In winter specimens the elements were evident only in demineralized sections. The growth gradient of each plate estimated on winter specimens was as follows: longitudinal sture » inner surface = mammelon and part of boss in tubercle 〉 latitudinal suture 〉 outer surface of base of spine shaft 〉 outer surface of plate itself. The mature test as a whole increases in size by two modes of growth, an addition of new plates to the apical system and an accretion on fixed sites of each plate. The results suggest that fibrous elements are involved in the test growth, and that there is a different mechanism of the test growth between summer and winter specimens. The apical system may be equipped with a specific mechanism of calcification which permits an active formation of new plates throughout the year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279124
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of RNA polymerase activities during growth, encystment and germination ofPhysarum polycephalum (1976)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 180 (1976), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: RNA polymerases ; Enzymelocalization activity levels ; Growth ; Ancystment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two RNA polymerases, enzyme A and enzyme B, were prepared fromPhysarum plasmodia. They are not located in the cytosol. Isolated nuclei, however, contain only a fraction of the total RNA polymerase activity: 1.5–19% depending on the nuclear preparation method. The level of RNA polymerase B shows little variation at developmental stages of growth and encystment, or in cysts and during germination, whereas RNA polymerase A displays a marked transient decrease in activity during the stationary growth phase before encystment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Discrimination of potential and actual RNA polymerase B activity in isolated nuclei during differentiation ofPhysarum polycephalum (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: RNA polymerases ; Enzyme localization ; Isolated nuclei ; Growth ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated nuclei ofPhysarum contain endogenous RNA polymerase activity. We provide evidence for four different states of RNA polymerase B: 1. free enzyme (85%); 2. weakly bound enzyme (10%) and 3. tightly bound enzyme (0–4%), which can be solubilized from isolated nuclei with 0.5 M and 1.5 M NaCl respectively; 4. “initiated” enzyme. The latter fraction (1–5% of the total RNA polymerase B) is not soluble in salt extractions, does not accept external templates, shows high salt optimum for transcription (0.4 M NaCl) and produces by elongation RNA molecules of mainly 10 S. Treatment of isolated nuclei from differentiating cultures with Triton X-100 increases the proportion of the “initiated” enzyme at the expense of the tightly bound enzyme fraction. This indicates a potential transcription control mechanism which operates at the chromatin level and results in variable proportions of silent and transcribing RNA polymerase B molecules during differentiation of Physarum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848781
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    The intestinal handling of calcium by the rat in vivo, as affected by cortisol. Effect of dietary calcium supplements (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Intestine ; Growth ; Cortisol ; Hydroxyproline ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper reports the effects of cortisol on intestinal management of calcium and on related changes on bone metabolism. Five groups of 12 rats each fed a standard diet (0.8% Ca) received 2, 6, 16, 32, and 128 mg/kg/day of cortisol hemisuccinate, subcutaneously. After 16 days, intestinal absorption and excretion of Ca were measured with the aid of45Ca. True Ca absorption increased as a function of dose up to 16 mg/kg/day and remained high with the larger doses. Endogenous fecal Ca excretion increased exponentially as a function of the dose from 16 mg/kg/day onwards. Therefore, a dual effect was observed: (a) an increase in true Ca absorption at low cortisol doses (which increased net Ca absorption); and (b) an increase in endogenous fecal Ca excretion at high doses (which reduced net Ca absorption). In no case was a depression of true Ca absorption observed. Growth rate and food conversion efficiency were depressed only with a cortisol dose of 128 mg/kg/day. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, pyrophosphate, and aminopolysaccharides decreased with low doses and increased above normal levels with the highest dose. When animals treated with 128 mg/kg/day of cortisol were fed Ca-enriched diets, net Ca absorption improved. Simultaneously, growth rate and food conversion efficiency approached normal values. In these experiments, net absorption of Ca was found to be inversely related to urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. The urinary rate of excretion of hydroxyproline is suggested as an indicator of the effect of a Ca supplement on cortisol affected connective tissue turnover.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010743
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  • 7
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    An analysis of the growth of the cranial vault in rabbits by vital staining with lead acetate (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 271-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Skull ; Face ; Cranial sutures ; Vital staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié à l'aide de colorants vitaux à base d'acétate de Plomb, administrés à des lapins blancs de Nouvelle-Zélande et âgés de plus de trente cinq jours, le mode et la rapidité de formation des os de la voûte du crâne. Leurs résultats sont présentés et comparés à ceux obtenus par l'étude de la fixation osseuse du calcium radio-actif (45Ca) en des points homologues. Le mode de la croissance est différent pour chaque type de suture. L'allongement de la voûte du crâne se fait rapidement dans le sens antéropostérieur en regard du museau, en particulier au niveau des sutures: internasale et métopique, alors que la croissance est beaucoup moins évidente au niveau de la suture sagittale proprement dite. Il existe par ailleurs une croissance osseuse active à partir de l'os nasal en regard de la suture naso pré-maxillaire; par contre les auteurs constatent une résorbtion osseuse au niveau de la suture parieto pétro squameuse. L'accroissement de l'epaisseur de la voûte crànienne paraît être la conséquence du développement de l'os frontal et du pariétal: cette croissance s'effectuant plus aux dépens de la face exocranienne que de la face endocranienne de chacum de ces os. Au niveau des os de la voûte du crâne il existe une correspondance satisfaisante entre: les résultats des mesures linéaires utilisant les striés de plomb et ceux établis à partir de la fixation du45Ca, en particulier lorsque celui-ci est administré trois à six jours avant que l'animal ne soit sacrifié.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bildungsweise und-geschwindigkeit einzelner Schädelknochen wurden anhand der Bleiacetat-Vitalfärbung bei 13 weißen Neuseeländer-Kaninchen vom 35. Lebenstag an untersucht. Die Resultate wurden jenen der45Ca-Aufnahme an bilateral vergleichbaren Stellen gegenübergestellt. Die Wachstumsmuster waren von Naht zu Naht verschieden. Es ließ sich ein rapides Längenwachstum des Schädeldaches in Richtung Schnauzengegend feststellen. Im sagittalen Nahtkomplex wurde ein aktives Wachstum an den Oberflächen der Verwachsungslinien der intranasalen und frontalen Nähte beobachtet, während die sagittalen Knochennähte ein viel geringeres Wachstum zeigten. Aktives Wachstum konnte auch an den Oberflächen der Knochennähte des Nasenbeins an der nasoprämaxillären Verwachsungsstelle beobachtet werden, während in der squamösen Naht an der Oberfläche des Scheitelbeins eine Resorption stattfand. Die Verdickung des Schädelgewölbes schien weniger eine Folge des Wachstums der endocranialen, als vielmehr der ectocranialen Oberflächen des Stirn- und Scheitelbeines zu sein. Es wurde eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen linearen Messungen der Blei-Linien und der45Ca-Aufnahme in den Knochen des Schädeldaches festgestellt, besonders wenn45Ca 3 oder 6 Tage bevor man die Tiere opferte gegeben wurde.
    Notes: Abstract The mode and the rate of formation of individual bones in the cranium were studied by vital staining with lead acetate in 13 New Zealand white rabbits beginning at 35 days of age. These evaluations were compared with45Ca uptake at bilaterally comparable sites. The growth patterns differed from one suture to another. Elongation of the cranial vault in the anterior direction in the snout area was rapid. In the sagittal suture complex, active growth was observed on the intrasutural surfaces of the internasal and metopic sutures, while much less growth was taking place in the sagittal suture. Active growth also was taking place at the intrasutural surface of the nasal bone at the naso-premaxillary suture while resorption was found on the surface of the parietal bone in the squamosal suture. Increase in thickness of the cranial vault appeared to be the result of accretion on the ectocranial and to a lesser extent on the endocranial surfaces of the frontal and parietal bones. Good correlations between the linear measurement with the lead lines and45Ca uptake were observed in the bones of the cranial vault, especially when45Ca was administered 3 or 6 days before sacrifice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279215
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  • 8
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    Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; 14C-Proline ; Growth ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von85Sr und von14C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen. Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von14C-Prolin zu14C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt. Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on14C-proline conversion to14C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.
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  • 9
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    Histological and chemical analysis of human iliac crest cartilage (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 197-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ossification ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Mucopolysaccharides ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La crête iliaque est une épiphyse de traction, où s'insèrent de larges faisceaux de collagène. Chez l'enfant, elle est constituée par une couche importante de cartilage hyalin surmontant une plaque de croissance. Des divisions de cellules chondroblastiques, au niveau du cartilage hyalin et de la plaque de croissance, sont plus nombreuses pendant les deux periodes de croissance rapide du tronc, à savoir l'enfance et l'adolescence. L'ossification enchondrale, identique à celle des os longs, s'observe au niveau de la plaque de croissance de la crête iliaque, entre les régions où se produisent la calcification et l'ossification; elle semble identique à celle qui se produit au niveau de l'insertion de certains ligaments. Un centre d'ossification secondaire apparait au niveau de la partie médiane du cartilage de la crête pendant l'adolescence. L'os se forme, souvent, directement au-dessus du cartilage comme dans le cas de la reconstitution d'une nécrose osseuse aseptique. La concentration en galactosamine du cartilage de la crête iliaque d'enfants normaux décroit brutalement au cours des deux premières années de la vie. Puis elle décroit plus lentement jusqu'à l'âge de neuf à douze ans, pour augmenter à nouveau jusqu'à seize ans. Cette augmentation coïncide avec le début de la croissance de l'adolescence. La concentration en glucosamine reste constante. L'hydroxylproline augmente nettement pendant l'enfance, puis reste inchangée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Beckenkamm ist eine Zugepiphyse, an welcher große Bündel von kollagenen Fasern ansetzen. Beim Kind besteht sie aus einer Masse von hyalinem Knorpel, der die Wachstumsplatte überlagert. Die Knorpelzellteilung im hyalinen Knorpel und in der Wachstumsplatte ist während der beiden raschen Wachstumsperioden des Rumpfes in der Kindheit und in der Adoleszenz gesteigert. Die endochondrale Verknöcherung, wie sie in den Röhrenknochen zu sehen ist, nimmt in der Wachstumsplatte des Beckenkammes ihren Verlauf zwischen Zonen in welchen Calcification und Ossification stattfinden, ähnlich jener an der Ansatzstelle gewisser Ligamente. Ein sekundäres Ossifikationszentrum entwickelt sich in der Mitte des Kammknorpels während der Adoleszenz. In manchen Bezirken bildet sich der Knochen direkt über dem Knorpel, indem er diesen ersetzt, ein Vorgang, der auch bei der Abheilung aseptischer Knochennekrosen in Form des sogenannten “kriechenden Ersatzes” beobachtet werden kann. Die Galaktosamin-Konzentration im Knorpel des Beckenkammes normaler Kinder sinkt beträchtlich während der zwei ersten Lebensjahre. Später nimmt sie allmählich weiter ab bis zum Alter von 9–12 Jahren, um anschließend bis zum 16. Lebensjahr wieder anzusteigen. Diese Zunahme fällt mit der Zeit des Wachstumsstoßes in der Adoleszenz zusammen. Die Konzentration des Glucosamins innerhalb der untersuchten Altersgruppe bleibt praktisch konstant. Das Hydroxyprolin nimmt im Kleinkindesalter stark zu, bleibt jedoch später konstant.
    Notes: Abstract The iliac crest is a traction epiphysis where large bundles of collagen fibers insert. In the child it is formed by a large mass of hyaline cartilage overlying a growth plate. Cartilage cell divisions in the hyaline cartilage and in the growth plate are more numerous during both periods of rapid trunk growth, infancy and adolescence. Enchondral ossification as seen in the long bones occurs in the iliac crest growth plate in between areas where calcification and ossification takes place resembling that at the insertions of certain ligaments. A secondary center of ossification develops in the middle of the crest cartilage during adolescence. In many areas bone forms directly over the cartilage, replacing it, resembling the “creeping replacement” observed in healing of aseptic bone necrosis. The galactosamine concentration in the iliac crest cartilage of normal children decreases sharply during the first two years of life. Then, it declines gradually until nine to twelve years of age, and then, again, increases until sixteen years of age. This increase takes place at the time when the adolescent growth spurt occurs. Glucosamine concentration remains nearly constant throughout the age range studied. Hydroxyproline increases sharply during infancy and stays unchanged thereafter.
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  • 10
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    Factors influencing growth of embryonic axes from dormant seeds of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 138 (1978), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; After-ripening ; Chilling ; Corylus ; Embryo ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chilling (after-ripening) of hazel seeds stimulates subsequent growth of excised embryonic axes on sucrose and leads to growth which is less susceptible to inhibition by abscisic acid. Chilling also obviates the need for inorganic salts in the culture medium. Axes from dormant seeds grow normally when only one-third of a cotyledon is left attached.
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    Solute regulation and growth by roots and shoots of water-stressed maize plants (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 147 (1979), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Growth ; Roots ; Shoots ; Solute accumulation ; Water stress ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potted maize seedlings were subjected to a single period of water stress. As the severity of water stress increased, measurements were made of leaf and root solute and water potentials, leaf diffusive conductance and leaf and root growth. After day four of the drying cycle, the rate of leaf extension and the development of leaf area were reduced. This reduction correlated well with a reduction in leaf turgor which occurred at this time. A significant accumulation of solutes in the root tips of the unwatered plants resulted in the maintenance of root turgor for the duration of the water stress treatment. Root growth of the unwatered plants was also maintained as the severity of water stress increased. A mild degree of water stress resulted in a net increase in root growth compared to the situation in well-watered plants. The significance of solute regulation and continued root growth for plants growing in drying soil is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384589
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    Interaction of [3H] gibberellin A1 with a sub-cellular fraction from lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) hypocotyls (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Gibberellin ; Growth ; Lactuca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive 2,000 g pellets (2KP) derived from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) hypocotyl sections incubated with [3H]gibberellin A1 ([3H]GA1) were subjected to a range of treatments to test the stability of labelling. The labelled association was stable in 0.1 M buffer at pH 3 and pH 9 and also in 1 M salt, organic solvents, protease or cellulase. Both 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide tissue solubiliser effected an 80% release of incorporated [3H]. No radioactivity was released during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel chromatography of KOH digests indicated the presence of labelled compounds with a higher molecular weight than GA1. This material remained near to the origin during high-voltage paper electrophoresis. Calculations based upon KOH extraction of 2KP material suggested that 5 to 20% of the total uptake of [3H]GA1 could be recovered from this fraction. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Endogenous and exogenous auxin in the control of root growth (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 405-408 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin ; Growth ; Root growth ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endogenous indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) of detipped apical segments from roots of maize (cv ORLA) was greatly reduced by an exodiffusion technique which depended upon the preferential acropetal transport of the phytohormone into buffered agar. When IAA was applied to the basal cut ends of freshly prepared root segments only growth inhibitions were demonstrable but after the endogenous auxin concentration had been reduced by the exodiffusion technique it became possible to stimulate growth by IAA application. The implications of the interaction between exogenous and endogenous IAA in the control of root segment growth are discussed with special reference to the role of endogenous IAA in the regulation of root growth and geotropism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380852
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  • 14
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    Interaction of [3H]gibberellin A1 with a sub-cellular fraction from lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) hypocotyls (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 147 (1979), S. 264-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Gibberellin ; Growth ; Lactuca ; Protein-synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between protein synthesis and the incorporation of [3H]gibberellin A1 ([3H]GA1) into a 2,000xg pelletable (2KP) fraction from lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) hypocotyl sections has been investigated. Concentrations of D-2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide (MDMP) between 10-7 M and 10-4 M caused increasing inhibition of growth, 2KP labelling and incorporation of [14C]leucine into soluble protein. Growth and 2KP radioactivity were highly correlated (r=0.996). Transfer to MDMP early or late in the course of GA response caused reductions in both growth and incorporation into the 2KP fraction. Exposure to the inhibitor had more effect at 4 h than at 20 h. The proportions of alkali-soluble and insoluble radioactivity in the 2KP fraction were also altered by this treatment. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Initial phases of indoleacetic acid induced growth in coleoptile segments of Avena sativa L. (1977)
    Springer
    Planta 135 (1977), S. 149-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Avena coleoptile segments ; Growth ; Indoleacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intial phases of auxin-induced growth in coleoptile segments of Avena sativa L. were investigated using a high resolution growth recording technique, based on an angular position sensing transducer. The first response to the hormone is a slight, transient reduction of the growth rate lasting about 5 min. After this phase growth rate increases to a maximum. The duration of the increase and the maximum clearly depend on the concentration of the hormone. With increasing auxin concentration the duration of the growth rate increase is reduced from about 80 min in 10-9 M indoleacetic acid (IAA) to about 14 min in 10-4 M IAA. After the maximum the growth rate declines. Looking at the maximum of the growth rate, we obtained a dose-response curve with a sharp increase between 10-9 M and 10-6 M IAA and a slight decline between 10-6 M and 10-4 M IAA. This result is confirmed by growth rates measured one and two hours after the application of the hormone.
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    Northern New England's threatened soft-shell clam populations (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental management 2 (1978), S. 443-452 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Shellfish resource management ; Soft-shell clams ; Population studies ; Growth ; Predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Commercial exhaustion of soft-shell clam,Mya arenaria, had become the fate of many potentially productive clamming areas along the coasts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine. Investigations of a particularly severe case of soft-shell clam stock depletion in Hampton-Seabrook estuary, New Hampshire, indicated that by 1976 human diggers had removed approximately 87% of the adult clam resource that had existed in 1971. Meanwhile, circumstantial evidence strongly implicated the green crab,Carcinus maenas, as responsible for successive stock recruitment failures, these crabs having consumed most of the young seed clams before they could grow to harvestable size. In 1976, this apparent population imbalance may have been at least partly redressed by a prodigious spatfall, resulting in a massive and widespread reseeding of many flats along the northern New England coast. Spat, or seed clam, densities of up to 1,700 individuals per square foot, over areas of several acres, have been observed. Those clamming areas where aggressive predator control programs had been instituted exhibited the most favorable response in terms of seed clam survival and growth. Evidence also indicated that crowding in thickly seeded portions of the clam flats inhibited shell growth.
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  • 17
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    The effect of temperature on growth and cellulase (β-1,4-endoglucanase) production in the compost fungusChaetomium thermophile var.dissitum (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 233-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chaetomium thermophile ; Temperature ; Growth ; Cellulase production ; Cellulase activity ; Inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chaetomium thermophile var.dissitum, isolated from an experimental urban refuse compost, had the following growth characteristics: Minimum temperature, 27±1°C; optimum, 45–50°C; maximum, 57±1°C; pH optimum 5.5–6.0. A number of carbohydrates could be used for growth, but cellulase formation measured with carboxymethylcellulose as substrate was initiated only on cellulose or xylan. With cellulose as the carbon source, cellulase accumulation in the culture filtrate followed closely that of growth, when the temperature was varied. pH optimum for the cellulase system was 5.0. The optimum temperature for cellulase activity with carboxymethylcellulose as substrate varied between 77°C with 1/2 h incubation time and 58°C with 10 h incubation time. With cotton as substrate, the optimum temperature was 58°C regardless of incubation time. Carboxymethylcellulose had a higher stabilizing effect on the enzyme than cotton. The temperature stability of the cellulase was highest at pH 6.0.
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    Autonomous growth fluctuations of the methane oxidizing bacterial strain M 102 in batch and continuous culture (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 119-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methane oxidizing bacteria ; Growth ; Excretion ; Cell cycle control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rates of the methane oxidizing strain M 102 were unstable. In unlimited batch cultures they ranged from 0 to 1.4 d-1 with most frequent values around 0.25 d-1. The yield coefficients were between 0.1 and 1.6 mg dry weight per mg methane and varied from 1.1 to 0.4 even in a continuous culture with the limiting substrate in the gas phase. It was possible to prove intermitten release and uptake of organic compounds by the definition of a “net” yield coefficient and its theoretical boundaries. The response of the fluctuations to varying dilution frequencies and culture volumes showed analogies to controlled systems. The simultaneous variations in the age distribution and in the excretion pattern revealed the dependence of the dividing stages on a product of the young cells. The mathematical description of the findings suggests that the young cells favor division at their own disadvantage. The consequent autonomous synchronisations are the reason for the unstable growth rates of strain M 102.
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    Stimulation of growth and glucose catabolite enzymes by succinate in some thermophilic fungi (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thermophilic fungi ; Temperature ; Growth ; Succinate requirement ; Catabolite repression ; Enzymes ; Protein turnover-derepression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thermophilic Humicola lanuginosa, Penicillium duponti, Sporotrichum thermophile and Mucor pusillus required succinate in addition to glucose for optimal growth. The requirement for succinate was concentration-dependent and the concentration needed for one half of the maximal growth was 6.14 mM. In the presence of succinate, glucose utilization from the medium was markedly increased and this was associated with increased levels of the enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways. Addition of succinate to cultures growing in glucose at any stage of growth stimulated the growth with the resulting rate of growth remaining high if the addition was made within 3 days of inoculation. Cycloheximide (71.4 μM) prevented the succinate-mediated derepression of the enzymes suggesting that succinate may remove the catabolite repression in the presence of glucose.
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    A survey of available nitrogen sources for the growth of the blue-green alga, Agmenellum quadruplicatum (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen Sources ; Blue-Green Alga ; Growth ; Agmenellum quadruplicatum ; Amino Acids ; Purines ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth response of the marine blue-green alga, Agmenellum quadruplicatum to 60 inorganic and organic nitrogen sources was studied. These compounds were offered as sole nitrogen sources. Most amino acids, most purines, and urea were good nitrogen sources for growth.
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    Growth and morphology of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum in defined media (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 147-157 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Defined media ; Growth ; Morphology ; Asticcacaulis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth and morphology of cells of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum were studied in defined media to determine the effects of various compounds on the growth rate and on the expression of morphological events of the life cycle. The length of prosthecae could not be controlled by varying the concentration of inorganic phosphate as has been shown for other caulobacters. In defined media, growth was inhibited during conditions favoring rapid metabolism, apparently due to an absolute requirement for cells to complete all stages of the life cycle before cell division could occur. The morphology of cells grown under these conditions was aberrant, i. e., cells appeared elongated and branched and few prosthecae or swarmer cells were produced. Growth of a related bacterium, Asticcacaulis strain S-3, was not inhibited by conditions favoring rapid metabolism. During rapid growth, cell division in this organism occurs in the swarmer stage and prosthecae are not produced. Cell division in S-3 is not obligately coupled to completion of all stages in the complex life cycle, and morphogenesis can be controlled by cultural conditions.
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  • 22
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    Adenylyl cyclase deficient cr-1 (Crisp) mutant of Neurospora crassa: Cyclic AMP-dependent nutritional deficiencies (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; Adenylyl cyclase ; Crips mutant ; Nutritional deficiencies ; Growth ; Fungi ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inability to synthesize cyclic AMP drastically affects the nutritional metabolism of Neurospora crassa. The adenylyl cyclase-less mutant cr-1 (crisp) did not utilize several carbon sources, including glycerol, mannitol, arabinose, and casaminoacids. However, in glucose or acetate it grew as well as the wild type. The following evidence suggested that these nutritional deficiencies were a direct result of the cr-1 mutation: (i), in crosses to wild type they segregated together with the crisp morphological marker; (ii), cyclic AMP added to the cr-1 mutant growth medium overcame the nutritional deficiencies; (iii), the cyclic AMP effect was specific for the crisp mutant, for it was not observed with the wild type, nor with a spontaneous glycerolutilizing cr-1 strain.
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    Influence de la température sur la cinétique, de croissance et le coefficient de maintenance de Candida lipolytica cultivé sur n-alcane (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Temperature ; Growth ; Maintenance ; Candida lipolytica ; n-alcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of growth temperature on the evolution of kinetic parameters and yields was determined for Candida lipolytica cultures with ntetradecane as substrate, in a temperature range of 18°C to 30°C, which is below the critical growth temperature in order to work only in the activation zone of these parameters. In such a culture limited by substrate transfer, growth rate depends on biological rates, related to microorganisms characteristics, and diffusional rates, related to mass transfer. The effect of temperature thus depends on the limiting step. The activation energy, calculated from exponential growth rate determinations is $$E_{\mu _m } = 63,600{\text{ }}J/mole$$ . When the activation energy is calculated from the maximal rate of cell production (determined at the growth curve's inflexion point), it's found to be E μX=71,200 J/mole in the 18°C–24°C range, and E μX=28,000 J/mole in the 24°C–30°C range. The latter one is characteristic of a diffusion-limited process. Above 24°C, growth is controlled by substrate-transfer, as physiological potentialities are preferentially increased with temperature than diffusional ones: 24°C is thus the transition temperature T t from physiological to diffusional limitation. The apparent yield is almost constant, over the 18°C to 30°C temperature range, although maintenance coefficients are very dependent on temperature. The activation energies related to maintenance coefficients for alkane and oxygen respectively are $$E_{m_s } = 82,500{\text{ }}J/mole$$ and $$E_{mO_{\text{2}} } = 86,200{\text{ }}J/mole$$ . The m s/mO 2 ratio is about 3 (g/g), whereas that, for a strict oxidation reaction of n-tetradecane ought to be 3.47 (g/g). A satisfactory correlation, relating maintenance coefficients to the maximal growth rate of yeast, is given.
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    Physiological characterization of the hydrogen bacterium Aquaspirillum autotrophicum (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 221-229 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aquaspirillum autotrophicum ; Hydrogen bacterium ; Growth ; Chemolithoautotrophy ; Particulate hydrogenase ; Induction ; Repression ; Natural habitats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aquaspirillum autrotrophicum, an aerobic hydrogen bacterium recently isolated from an eutrophic freshwater lake, was characterized physiologically. It grew autotrophically in a fermenter with a doubling time of 4 h. Heterotrophic growth was faster. pH-Optimum ranged from 5.0–7.5, temperature optimum was about 28° C. During autotrophic growth about 10 moles hydrogen were consumed per 1 mole carbon dioxide fixed. Hydrogenase activity is inducible. CO2 did not enhance the oxy-hydrogen reaction by intact cells. The hydrogenase activity was localized in the particulate fraction. The hydrogenase reduced methylene blue and phenazine methosulfate; pyridine nucleotides were not reduced. In cell-free extracts, hydrogenase was sensitive to oxygen. Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase was present in autotrophically-grown cells and absent from heterotrophically grown cells. Hydrogenase induction in heterotrophically-grown cells followed parabolic kinetics. Oxygen and D-gluconate repressed hydrogenase synthesis, whereas citrate, DL-lactate and pyruvate stimulated its formation. The repressive effect was delayed. The results suggest that the control of hydrogenase synthesis occurred at the transcriptional level, and that mRNA coding for the hydrogenase had a relatively long life span. D-Gluconate was degraded via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, the enzymes of which were constitutively formed. Enzymes of the pentosephosphate and Embden-Meyerhof pathways (except phosphofructokinase) were present, too. Hydrogen did not inhibit heterotrophic growth. The possible competitive advantage of the physiological properties described with regard to the natural habitat was discussed.
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    Effect of growth substrates on morphology of Nocardia corallina (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 103 (1975), S. 209-217 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nocardia corallina ; Morphopoiesis ; Growth ; Slide Cultures ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Nocardia corallina ATCC 4273 form multiply branched coenocytic mycelia and subsequent fragment to spherical cells when grown on solidified complex media. In liquid shake cultures using complex media the organisms grow into pleomorphic but seldomly branched rods, divide as rods and then the rods fragment to spheres as the stationary phase is reached. In a defined liquid medium with glucose as carbon source, the organisms divide entively as spheres at a doubling time of 44 hrs. The addition of l-tyrosine, some fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates or fructose to the glucose medium caused the cells to grow at considerably faster growth rates (2.8–8.5 hrs doubling times) and to undergo the sphere-rod-sphere growth cycle. Other amino acids, fatty acids or sugars added singly to the glucose medium did not produce the sphere to rod morphology change. Some amino acids when added to the medium in pairs effected sphere to rod morphopoiesis. None of these amino acids alone were effectors. Some of the culture grew as rods and the remainder as spheres when isoleucine and valine were added to the glucose medium. No other amino acid combination tested gave this result. The reason for the mixed growth response was traced to inhomogeneity of the parent culture. The life cycle of N. corallina is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of two slide cultures.
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    Physiological effects of the presence and absence of gas vacuoles in the blue-green alga,Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz. emend. Elenkin (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Gas vesicles ; Gas vacuoles ; Pseudovacuoles ; Growth ; Photosynthesis ; Oxygen evolution ; Pigments ; Light shielding ; Volume regulation ; Free space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Physiological evidence was obtained for a light shielding role for gas vacuoles inMicrocystis aeruginosa Kuetz. emend. Elenkin, by comparing photosynthetic oxygen evolution, growth behaviour and pigment composition of cells with intact or collapsed gas vacuoles. The oxygen evolution rates were strongly dependent on cell concentration, a maximum rate for cells with intact gas vacuoles occurring at about 1.4×109 cells/ml and for cells with collapsed gas vacuoles at about 2.5×109 cells/ml. By using light saturation curves for oxygen evolution, it was estimated that at low light intensities up to 30% of the photosynthetically useable light was shielded at a cell concentration of 6×108 cells/ml. Collapsing the gas vacuoles twice daily did not alter the initial growth rate of the cultures, but enabled them to reach a higher final cell density. Collapsing of gas vacuoles during growth for about four generations resulted in a lower level of all acetone soluble pigments with a greater relative reduction in carotenoids than in chlorophyll a. Collapse of the gas vacuoles does not alter the cell volume. Various optical interactions which could account for light shielding are discussed.
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    Phosphate inhibition of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its reversal by cyclic AMP (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 91-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphate inhibition ; Cyclic AMP ; Antibiotic biosynthesis ; Secondary metabolism ; Growth ; Protein synthesis ; Turmycin ; Streptomyces hygroscopicus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic phosphate inhibited the biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic turimycin in different strains of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. In the wild type strain a depression was observed with increasing phosphate concentrations. A total inhibition was found at 0.1 M phosphate. In a high producing mutant a minimum of turimycin production occured when the phosphate concentration was between 5 mM and 10 mM. Above this concentration the antibiotic synthesis increased again but the production period shifted to a later period of cultivation. Addition of inorganic phosphate resulted in an initial increase of intracellular cyclic AMP content. But a second elevation characterizing the normal level of cyclic AMP throughout the growth phase was prevented by phosphate. Exogenous cyclic AMP as well as positive effectors of the adenylyl cyclase system were able to overcome the phosphate suppression. Cyclic AMP abolished the reduction of protein synthesis following phosphate addition and caused the reappearance of a protein band which may be responsible for the turimycin biosynthesis.
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    Environmental maternal influences on body composition in mice selected for body weight (1979)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 55 (1979), S. 209-223 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maternal effects ; Body composition ; Selection ; Growth ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the postnatal maternal environment, simulated by rearing mice in litters of three, six or nine, on body weight and body composition was investigated in three lines of mice differing widely in growth rate. The lines were selected for high (H6) and low (L6) 6-week body weight while the control line was maintained by random selection. Body weight and weights and percentages of ether extract, water, ash and protein at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days were recorded. With few exceptions, there were positive correlated responses to selection in body weight and in weights of body components. At 21 and 42 days the correlated responses were larger in L6 mice than in H6 mice. Body weight and weights of body components were larger for mice reared in litters of three than for those reared in litters of nine. Also, mice reared in litters of six were intermediate in body weight and weights of some of the body components between those reared in litters of three and nine. Differences in body weight and weights of body components due to postnatal maternal environment were small by comparison with differences due to genetic line. There were significant line by maternal environment interactions in body weight at 21 days and in ether extract weight at 21 and 63 days. Line and maternal environment differences in percentages of body components did not follow any consistent trend. The results for percentages of body components were further complicated by line x maternal environment interactions. In general, both line and postnatal maternal environmental differences in percentages of body components diminished with age.
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    Distribution and dimension of the T-system in different muscle fiber types in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fiber types (Myxine glutinosa, L.) ; T-system ; Growth ; Shrinkage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Triad density relative to sarcomeres, size of T-system tubules, sarcomere length, muscle fiber diameter in native and fixed states, and size of myofibrils were measured in four striated muscle fiber types in Atlantic hagfishes (Myxine glutinosa, L.) of different sizes. Triads occur at A/I — junctions in all fiber types. The density of triads relative to sarcomeres is higher in “white” than in “red” muscle fibers. The T-tubules show no sign of branching. The area of the T-system tubules is 3–4 times the surface area in 80 μm “white” muscle fibers and 1–2 times that in 60 μm “red” fibers. The size of myofibrils is similar in “white”, “intermediate”, and “red” fibers of m. parietalis, and constant through a large span of animal size. In “white” fibers, increase in diameter up to 90 μm is accompanied by an increase in the number of myofibrils, not by an increase in the individual size of the myofibrils. Above 90 μm, “white” fibers grow by increasing the amount of intermyofibrillar space. This is reflected by an extensive shrinkage of the thicker “white” fibers during the preparative procedure for electron microscopy, a shrinkage that is limited only by complete packing of the myofibrils. “Red” fibers shrink much less.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223227
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    Some features of the ultrastructure of the coenecium of Rhabdopleura compacta (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Coenecium ; Rhabdopleura ; Growth ; Fibrils ; Graptolites ; SEM Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coenecium of Rhabdopleura consists of a series of tubes, some erect and some repent. These tubes are composed of rings, one stacked within another. The rings are smooth on the inside surface and rough outside. Newly laid down rings are thin and smooth on both surfaces, fibrous material is laid down on the external surface during growth in thickness by the cephalic shield of the zooid. The erect tubes remain discrete, but the repent tubes, which are attached to the substratum can become incorporated in a mass of secreted material. The external vertical fibres cross several rings and probably serve to anchor the stack. Besides these fibrils that run for several segments, there are other shorter fibres that run along the length of each cylindrical ring, and are not continuous across the rings. These long and short fibres have features in common with those found in the graptolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224302
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    Packed high-performance GC-columns (about 50000 HETP) for profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods, mineral oil products, vehicle exhaust- and cigarette smoke condensate etc. (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycyclen in Lebensmitteln, Erdölprodukten, Abgasen, Tabakrauch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; gepackte Glassäulen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440807
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  • 32
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    Anwendung der Radio-Gas-Chromatographie bei der Identifizierung von Hormonmetaboliten im Gewebe (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 161-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Hormonmetaboliten in Biolog. Gewebe ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Radio-GC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440828
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  • 33
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Mono-, Di- und Triäthylenglykol in Wasser (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 32-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Äthylenglykol, Diäthylenglykol, Triäthylenglykol in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443548
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    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Außenluft nach Probenahme mit dem Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein gas-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Alkanen, Alkenen und Aromaten in der Außenluft berichtet, bei dem die Probenahme an Tenax GC oder Carbopack mit Hilfe eines Tieftemperaturgradientenrohres erfolgt und die Analyse unter Einsatz eines Doppelsäulensystems in Verbindung mit zwei Flammenionisationsdetektoren durchgeführt wird. Eingehende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Substanzen bei der Probenahme zeigen, daß die Trocknung der Probeluft mit Magnesiumperchlorat das Ergebnis nicht beeinflußt und für Kohlenwasserstoffe mit drei oder mehr C-Atomen keine auf Durchbruch zurückzuführenden Substanzverluste zu befürchten sind. Bei einem Probenahmevolumen von 51 Luft können 2 μg Substanz/m3 gut bestimmt werden. Für Außenluft-Konzentrationen von 45 μg Benzol/m3, 95 μg Toluol/m3 und 35 μg n-Pentan/m3 betrugen die Standardabweichungen 3,5, 6,0 bzw. 3,6 μg/m3. Bei leichter Modifikation des Systems ist mit derselben Probenahmevorrichtung die gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Kohlenwasserstoffen mit einem Flammenionisationsdetektor und von Organohalogen Verbindungen mit einem Elektroneneinfangdetektor möglich.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in ambient air. The hydrocarbons are trapped by cryogenic sampling using Tenax GC or Carbopack as adsorbing material and are analyzed in a two-column system equipped with two flame-ionization detectors. A detailed examination of the sampling procedure shows that drying the air with magnesium perchlorate does not affect the results, and losses of substances due to break-through need not be reckoned with for hydrocarbons with three and more carbon atoms. In a 51 air sample 2 μg/m3 of hydrocarbons can be determined readily. The standard deviations for benzene, toluene and n-pentane were 3.5, 6.0 and 3.6 μg/m3 at ambient air concentrations of 45, 95 and 35 μg/m3. A slight modification of the system which includes the combined use of a flame-ionization detector and an electron-capture detector permits the simultaneous determination of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons.
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 409-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468536
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    Rapid quantitative gas-chromatographic analysis of 1,3,5-trioxane (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 410-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von 1,3,5-Trioxan ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468538
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    A new analytical system for multicomponent gas-chromatographic analysis of metabolites in biological material (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metaboliten in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Fraktionierung durch Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the gas-chromatographic multicomponent analysis of metabolites in biological material is described. It is an analytical procedure involving several extractions carried out under different conditions. In this procedure the metabolites are divided according to their functional groups and specific chemical behaviours into eight main fractions: lipids, hydrocarbons, organic acids, neutral substances, phenols, amines, amino acids and carbohydrates. Each of these fractions is derivatized; the components are separated and estimated by gas chromatography. This analytical system was applied to the determination of a number of metabolites in serum, urine, amniotic fluid, sperma, tissues and other biological materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode für die Multikomponenten-GC-Analyse von Metaboliten in Biomaterialien wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren umfaßt mehrere Extraktionen, die unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Die Komponenten werden in Abhängigkeit von ihren funktionellen Gruppen und spezifischem chemischen Verhalten in acht Hauptfraktionen geteilt: Lipide, Kohlenwasserstoffe, organische Säuren, neutrale Substanzen, Phenole, Amine, Aminosäuren und Kohlenhydrate. Die Komponenten jeder Gruppe werden nach spezieller Derivatisierung gaschromatographisch getrennt und bestimmt. Dieses neue System ist bei verschiedenen biologischen Materialien (klinische Proben, Pflanzen- und Tiergewebe) angewandt worden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481328
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    Fluorspezifischer Detektor für die Gas-Chromatographie (GC) mit Hilfe der Candoluminescenz (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluor ; Chromatographie, Gas ; F-spezifischer Detektor, Candoluminescenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein spektroskopischer fluor-spezifischer Detektor für gas-chromatographische (GC) Anwendungen beschrieben, der sich der Candoluminescenz bedient. Das Auftreten von InF-Bandenemissionen bei 233,7 nm bei Anwendung des MECA (= Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis)-Verfahrens kann als qualitatives Zeichen für die Anwesenheit von F in einer GC-Fraktion benützt werden. Nach entsprechender Kalibrierung kann die Bandenemission als Maß für die F-Konzentration in einer Fraktion dienen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit ist besser als ±2%, die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 3,2 μg F pro Peak.
    Notes: Summary A fluorine-specific spectroscopical detector is described that takes advantage of candoluminescence. The intensity of the InF-band emission at 233.7 nm in Molecular-Emission-Cavity Analysis (MECA) is an indicator for F in a GC-fraction. After calibration the band intensity can be used as measure for the F-content in the fraction. The reproducibility is better than ±2%, the detection limit 3.2 μg F per peak.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483590
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    Die Gas-Chromatographische Bestimmung von Spuren niederer Carbon- und Sulfonsäuren in wä\rigen Lösungen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Carbonsäuren, Sulfonsäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spuren in wäßrigem Medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gas-chromatographische Methoden für die Spurenbestimmung einiger Carbonund Sulfonsäuren in wäßrigem Medium werden beschrieben. Die Nachweisvermögen für Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, n-Buttersäure, n-Valeriansäure, Capronsäure, Acrylsäure, Benzoesäure und Chloressigsäure sowie für Methansulfonsäure und Äthansulfonsäure liegen zwischen 1 · 10−7 und 8 · 10−7 Mol/Liter. Anreicherung und Derivatisierung werden bei den Carbonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Tetra-n-butylammoniumsalze und deren Umsetzung mit Benzylbromid zu den Benzylestern, bei den Sulfonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Silbersalze und deren Umsetzung mit n-Butyljodid zu den n-Butylestern erreicht.
    Notes: Summary Gas-chromatographic methods for the determination of traces of several carboxylic and sulphonic acids in aqueous media are presented. Detection limits for formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, caproic, acrylic, benzoic, and chloroacetic acids as well as of methanesulphonic and ethanesulphonic acids range from 1 · 10−7 moles/liter to 8 · 10−7 moles/liter. Preconcentration and derivatisation of the carboxylic acids are achieved by freezedrying their tetra-n-butylammonium salts and converting the latter into the benzyl carboxylates using benzyl bromide. The sulphonic acids are converted to the corresponding silver salts, freeze-dried, and then esterified using n-butyl iodide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481558
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of traces of acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid in acetylsalicylic acid (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Acetylsalicylsäureanhydrid, Acetylsalicylsalicylsäure in Acetylsalicylsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00531104
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    Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen durch Retentions-Index-Vergleich nach Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie mit Elektroneneinfangdetektor (ECD) (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Umweltmaterial, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar-, Ident. von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vergleich von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices von Probe- und Referenzsubstanzen in der hochauflösenden Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie stellt eine aussagekräftige Methode der Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen dar. Neben der Konstanz der GC-Parameter erfordert die präzise Bestimmung von Retentionsindices eine sehr genaue Bestimmung der Netto-Retentionszeiten. Insbesondere ist bei Anwendung einer Totzeitberechnung auf der Basis einer erzwungenen Linearisierung der log t s/Homologenzahl-Beziehung auf eine sehr genaue Retentionszeitmessung zu achten. Die Reproduzierbarkeit von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices hängt von der Konstanz der Polarität und von der Adsorptivität der Capillarsäule ab. An ausreichend desaktivierten und konditionierten Hochleistungs-Capillarsäulen (TZ≥40) können unter der Voraussetzung einer Retentionszeit-Meßgenauigkeit von besser als 0,05% Retentionsindices über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Wochen innerhalb ±0,15 Indexeinheiten reproduziert werden. Eine Übertragung des n-Alkan bezogenen Retentionsindex-Konzeptes auf die homologe Reihe der n-Allkyl-trichloracetate (ATA) ermöglicht die Verwendung des Elektroneneinfang-Detektors (ECD) zur präzisen RetentionsindexBestimmung als Methode einer zuverlässigen Identifizierung von Substanzen im Picogrammbereich.
    Notes: Summary High resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography can be used as a powerful identification tool for single components in complex mixtures, when the matching of retention indices of reference compounds with those found in the sample is based on precise measurements. Besides the constancy of the GC-parameters high precision measurements of retention indices require an accurate determination of net retention times. Special care has to be taken for an accurate measurement of retention times when using a dead-time calculation on the basis of an enforced linearisation of the log t s/homologues-number relationship. The reproducibility of precise retention-index determinations strongly depends on the constancy of the polarity and on the adsorptivity of the capillary column. Provided a sufficiently deactivated and conditioned high performance capillary column (separation number ≥40) and an accuracy of retention-time measurement of better than 0,05 % retention indices can be reproduced within ±0.15 i.u. over a period of several weeks. A conversion of the n-alkane based retention-index concept to the use of the homologous series of n-alkyl-trichloro-acetates (ATA) allows the use of the electron-capture detector (ECD) for precise retention-index determinations for a reliable identification of compounds in the picogram range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491046
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 412-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Abwasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471464
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    Anreicherung und Nachweis polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe in Wasser (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, aromat. polycycl. in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD, Anreicherungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein einfaches und schnelles Adsorptionsverfahren zur Anreicherung von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (=PAK) wird angegeben: nach einer Magnesiumhydroxidfällung in der Wasserprobe wird der Niederschlag abzentrifugiert und durch Zugabe von Ammoniumchlorid gelöst; die organischen Substanzen in dieser Lösung werden mit sehr wenig Cyclohexan extrahiert, wodurch eine Einengung des Extraktes nicht erforderlich ist. Die PAK im Extrakt werden gas-chromatographisch mit ECD-Detektion getrennt. Ein Vergleich dieser neuen Methode mit der “rapid liquid extraction” wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A simple and rapid adsorption method for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH)is described: after precipitation of magnesium hydroxide in the water sample the precipitate is separated by centrifugation and then dissolved by adding ammonium chloride; the organic substances in this solution are extracted with a very small volume of cyclohexane. A concentration of the extract is not necessary. The PAH in the extract are, separated gaschromatographically using ECD detection. The new method is compared with the “rapid liquid extraction” method.
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    Abtrennung von Barbitursäurederivaten und Phenytoin aus Harn als schwerlösliche Quecksilber-Verbindungen zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barbituraten, Phenytoin in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hg-Verbindungen v. Barbituraten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470051
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei neben Wismut ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamat. — Verhalten von Kupfer(II), Nickel(II), Kobalt(III), Eisen(III), Wismut(III), Blei(II), Antimon(III) ; Verteilung zwischen wäßriger Lösung und Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verteilungsverhalten der oben genannten Di(trifluroäthyl)dithiocarbamato-Chelate zwischen wäßrigen Lösungen und Chloroform wird untersucht. Eine Anwendung zur gleichzeitigen gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Blei und Wismut im ppm-Bereich (0,2–3 ppm) nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen wird beschrieben (Säule: 5 % GE SE50 auf Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; Einspritzblock: 240° C).
    Notes: Summary The solvent extraction of the above di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates with chloroform is investigated. An application for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination 0.2–3 ppm of lead and bismuth after extraction out of aqueous solutions is reported (column: 5% GE SE 50 on Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; injection block: 242°C).
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    Ovarian follicles of normal NMRI mice and homozygous “Nude” mice (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 389-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: “Nude” mouse ; Ovarian follicle ; Puberty ; Growth ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovarian follicular populations of homozygous “Nude” mice have been compared to those of normal NMRI mice at the ages of 15, 21, 28 and 45 days. The 45-day old animals were raised, either in normal conditions, or in crowded secluded cages to alter the pheromonal environment that influences the occurrence of puberty and oestrus. The following differences could be observed: (1) the ovaries of the 15-day old “Nude” mice were more mature than those of their normal counterparts; (2) at 21 days, this difference was overcompensated by a slower growth, followed at 28 days by a more massive follicular atresia in “Nude” than in NMRI mice; (3) at 45 days, the crowded raising conditions resulted in a marked inhibition of follicular maturation, especially noticeable in athymic mice; (4) the follicles of a given type were smaller in the “Nude” than in the NMRI mice from the age of 21 days. The consequences and the causes of these differences are discussed in terms of the secretion of endogenous gonadotrophins and oestrogens. It is suggested that the earlier growth of the 15-day old “Nude” ovary could be due to a modified FSH surge in juvenile animals eventually leading to altered oestrogen production in older mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219780
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    Pantolacton aus Coenzym A. Bestimmung von Pantothensäure (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Pantothensäure, Pantolacton ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hydrolyse von Coenzym A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602082
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    Ermittlung des Vernetzungsgrades und Beladungszustandes von Ionenaustauschern auf Kunstharzbasis durch Pyrolyse-Gas-Chromatographie (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Ermittlung des Vernetzungsgrades, Beladungszustandes von Ionenaustauschern ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Pyrolyse, Kunstharzbasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur besseren Reproduzierbarkeit der Zusammensetzung des Pyrolysates bei der Pyrolyse-Gas-Chromatographie wird eine spezielle Eingabenanordnung mit Trägergasumschaltung beschrieben und deren Einfluß auf die Bildung der Pyrolyseprodukte und auf die Retentionszeiten mit einer Modellsubstanz untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Trägergasumschaltung kann man die Bandenflächenverhältnisse zur Bestimmung des Vernetzungsgrades von Ionenaustauschern auf Styrol-DVB-Basis wesentlich genauer ermitteln. Da bei der Pyrolyse von Anionenaustauschern wenigerα-MSt auftritt als bei den Kationenaustauschern, sind die Bandenflächenverhältnisse bei ersteren wesentlich größer. Bei den Anionenaustauschern werden sie mit steigendem Vernetzungsgrad kleiner, wohingegen bei den Kationenaustauschern die Werte steigen. Bei 400° C erfolgt der thermische Angriff im wesentlichen an der aktiven Gruppe der Anionenaustauscher mit Styrol-DVB-Matrix. Die aus dem Gegenion entstehenden Methylester bzw. deren Zersetzungsprodukte sind charakteristische Pyrolyseprodukte. Kennzeichnend für Dowex 1 ist das Auftreten von Trimethylamin, für Dowex 2 das von Acetaldehyd. Somit ist es mit der Pyrolyse-Gas-Chromatographie möglich, zusätzlich zur Matrix, Art und Struktur der funktionellen Gruppe sowie Substitutionsstelle der Ankergruppen an der Matrix auch Vernetzungsgrad und Beladungszustand von Ionenaustauschern zu ermitteln.
    Notes: Abstract A special introduction device with switching of carrier gas for improving the reproducibility of pyrolysate composition in pyrolysis gas-chromatography has been described. Its influence on the formation of pyrolysis products and on retention times has been studied on a model substance. The peak area ratios for determining the degree of cross-linking in ion exchangers on styrene-DVB basis can be estimated considerably more accurately with the help of carrier gas switching. Since anion exchangers yield lessα-methylstyrene on pyrolysis than do cation exchangers, their peak area ratios are appreciably larger. Increasing the degree of cross-linking lowers the ratios with the anion exchangers and raises them with the cation exchangers. At 400° C the thermal attack on anion exchangers with styrene-DVB matrix occurs mainly at the active group. The methyl esters or their decomposition products formed from the counter ions are characteristic pyrolysis products. A feature of Dowex 1 is the formation of trimethylamine; of Dowex 2, acetaldehyde. In this way, pyrolysis gas-chromatography enables information about the degree of cross linking and the nature of the anion of ion exchangers, as well as about the matrix, type and structure of the functional group and position of substitution of the anchor group in the matrix to be obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00591870
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    Ultrapolare Mischphasen zur GLC-Bestimmung von Benzol (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 31-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Benzol ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ultrapolare Mischphasen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00591874
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    Subtraction method and its application in gas chromatography (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Anwendung der Subtraktionsmethode, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fundamental principles of the subtraction method and its practical application in gas chromatography are discussed. Its use for identifying components of complex mixtures and analysing impurities is explained in detail and prospects for further development of the method are outlined. 136 Literature references.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über die Grundlagen der Subtraktionsmethode und ihre praktische Anwendung in der Gas-Chromatographie wird gegeben. Die Anwendbarkeit zur Identifizierung der Bestandteile komplexer Gemische und zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen wird eingehend diskutiert. Abschließend wird die mögliche weitere Entwicklung der Methode betrachtet. 136 Literaturzitate.
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    Phytotoxic effects of Croton bonplandianum Baill. on weedy associates (1975)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 30 (1975), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Croton ; Germination ; Growth ; Inhibition ; Phytotoxicity ; Soil litter ; Weedy associates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Both extract as well as leachate ofCroton bonplandianum leaves before or after washing are detrimental to at least six weedy associates, viz.Calotropis procera, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Crotalaria saltiana, Cynodon dactylon, Eupatorium odoratum andPolygonum orientale. By adding increasing quantities of decaying leaves to soil, phytotoxic activity is greatly enhanced against at leastCrotalaria saltiana, Cynodon dactylon andEvolvulus nummularius. Soil samples collected in and aroundCroton bonplandianum plants during active growth of the species are more toxic to weedy associates than the soil collection made after accumulation of debris ofCroton plants. The weeds that are mostly affected includeChrysopogon aciculatus, Cynodon dactylon, Eupatorium odoratum, Evolvulus nummularius andMikania cordata. Maximum amount of inhibitory compound fromCroton bonplandianum leaves are extractable in ethanol. The ethanol extract, on further analysis, leads to the finding that two active constituents are involved and that these constituents are probably related to abscisic or phaseic acid. The implications of the above results are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389704
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    Effect of different levels of humic acids on nutrient content and growth of corn (Zea mays L.) (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 283-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Corn ; Growth ; Nutrient uptake ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of humic acids on nutrient uptake and growth of corn plants (Zea mays L.) was investigated by growing corn in plastic growth pouches containing a Hoagland nutrient solution to which were added 0, 320, 640, 1,600 or 3,200 ppm HA, pH 7.0. The experiments were carried out in three replicates for a growing period of 16 days after germination. Humic acid was in general beneficial to shoot and root growth of corn plants. Dry matter yield in corn shoots was stimulated by HA, especially by treatments with 640 ppm HA. Nutrient uptake showed a number of differences as a result of treatments with HA. Moderate applications with HA resulted in a significant increase in N content of corn shoots, while large amounts of HA had a tendency to reduce the N concentration in corn shoots. As a result of the HA treatments, P concentrations in corn shoots were decreased, but differences in K contents were statistically nonsignificant and Mn contents in shoots were also nonsignificantly different among the treatments. However, Zn content showed a tendency to increase with increasing applications of HA.
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    Influence of a carbamate pesticide on growth, respiration (14C)-carbon metabolism and symbiosis of aRhizobium sp. (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aldicarb ; 14C-carbon metabolism ; Cowpea ; Growth ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Pesticide ; Respiration ; Rhizobium ; Soil ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Addition of aldicarb (2 methyl-2(methyl thio) propionaldehyde-0-methyl carbamoyl oxime) in the growth medium enhanced the growth ofRhizobium sp. (cowpea group) at 2 ppm level while an inhibition was observed at the normal (5 ppm) and higher (10 ppm) concentrations. Respiration of the cells was also inhibited by 5 and 10 ppm levels of the chemical eventhough a stimulation was observed at 2 ppm (lower) concentration. The insecticide, when incorporated at 5 and 10 ppm levels in the medium increased the14C-glucose incorporation and considerably altered the assimilation of the radioactive carbon in different fractions of rhizobium cells. Soil application of this insecticide (Temik 10 G) reduced the number of nodules formed and the total nitrogen content in cowpea plants inoculated with theRhizobium sp. but enhanced the dry matter production of cowpea plants.
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    A machine for determining root length (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Roots ; Growth ; Measurement ; Root length ; Electronics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A machine for determining the root length of a sample is described. The machine is basically an opto-electronic scanner. Root segments are cut and placed in water on a glass plate (375×375 mm). The interruption of a light beam moving across the root sample is detected by a photo-diode and the total root length computed. Using this machine a root sample can be measured in less than 3 minutes. Detailed calibration was only conducted up to 50 m although samples as large as several hundred metres can be measured using this machine. The machine has a high degree of accuracy comparable with or better than other reported methods for determining root length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197733
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    Soil moisture and growth of sesame (1979)
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    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 277-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth ; Planting date effect ; Sesame ; Soil moisture ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In greenhouses of the Department of Tropical Crop Husbandry, State Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, sesame was grown in pots with fine sandy soil, which was saturated with water from once in 11/2 week to 5 times per week. As from 7–8 weeks the treatments with water application once in 11/2 and once in 1 week showed water stress symptoms, the other treatments differed little and insignificantly in growth and yield. The aim of the trial was to investigate the effect of frequent saturation of the soil with water on plant growth, as this was considered a major factor for yield losses in sesame and other crops like groundnuts, maize and cotton in West Africa. It was concluded that rainfall as such and soil moisture are no limiting factors in sesame production in the major sesame growing areas in Nigeria, that also yield differences of sesame resulting from different sowing dates cannot be explained by differences in soil moisture, and the latter statement likely holds true for other crops which show the in West Africa well known phenomenon of yield loss with delay of planting.
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    Nodulation, nitrogen fixation, leaf area, and sugars content inLablab purpureus as affected by sulfur nutrition (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 319-328 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dolichos ; Growth ; Greenhouse ; Lablab ; Leaf area ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Sand culture ; Sugars ; Sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to explore interrelations between S nutrition, soluble sugars, leaf area, nodulation and N2 fixation, greenhouse experiments were done with several levels of S added to perlite-sand cultures or to a moderately S-deficient soil. Sulfur had indirect effects on nodulation and N2 fixation, possibly by improving sugars supply and N metabolism. In perlite-sand culture, leaf area increased with concentrations of supplied S up to 50 and 200 μM for symbiotic and N-treated plants respectively, then decreased at higher concentrations. Plant yield and total sugars content (mg per plant) for the N-treated plants behaved similar to leaf area in response to added S but in the symbiotic plants maximum values were obtained at 100 μM S. In soil, Mo had no effect on growth but interacted significantly with S in affecting total sugars content. High levels of S depressed sugars content at low Mo but raised it at high Mo. Sulfur increased the N content of soil-grown plants. It increased the N content of plants grown in perlite-sand culture except at very high levels of S. There was little effect on concentration of N in the shoots. Nitrogen content correlated significantly with leaf area and sugar content, and highly significantly with S concentration in the shoots.
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    Asymmetric decomposition of the slow-release fertilizer CDU by soil bacteria (1979)
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    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 403-405 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; CDU ; Corynebacterium ; Decomposition ; Growth ; N release ; Optical isomer ; Slow-release fertilizer ; Soil bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ability ofArthrobacter sp. andCorynebacterium sp. isolated from soil to decompose differential isomers of CDU (2-oxo-4-methyl-6-ureidohexahydropyrimidine) was determined. It is suggested that the asymmetric decomposition of CDU by the combination of the two species of bacteria may be a factor in the prolonged releasing time.
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    Age composition, growth and body condition of the introduced Sarotherodon mossambicus (Cichlidae) in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 2 (1977), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Age ; Sarotherodon (Tilapia) ; Growth ; Body condition ; Fat content ; Reservoir ; Hong Kong
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Age composition, growth and body condition of the Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) stock in the Plover Cove Reservoir were investigated. The fish in this reservoir have a relatively short life cycle; the stock consisted of mainly two to three age groups. Influx of recruits in September and October maintained a high proportion of O-age group fish in the stock. This percentage remained high until the following March or April when the I-age group attained dominance. Length-weight analyses indicated that S. mossembicus conform to the allometric formula W = aLn with ‘a’ and ‘n’ exhibiting marked seasonal variations. Growth was most rapid during the first 20 months of life and decreased noticeably after 30 months. In general growth was limited to those months when the water temperature was above 20° C. Both body condition and visceral fat content exhibited seasonal variations which were not correlated with each other or with variations in temperature. However, body condition appears to be directly related to feeding intensity. Mean body condition decreased with increasing age and also decreased progressively during this study. This progressive decrease was probably related to the progressive decrease in salinity of the water and also the carrying capacity of the reservoir rather than to the nutrient content of the water. Mean values for the body condition of females were in general higher than for males, suggesting that females are more robust than males. Maximum accumulations of fat occurred in June and July, corresponding to the breeding period. Such accumulations are thought to be a prerequisite before spawning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001414
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    Growth and intermediary metabolism of larval and metamorphosing stages of the landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 2 (1977), S. 103-120 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Petromyzon marinus ; Landlocked ; Larva ; Metamorphosis ; Season ; Intermediary ; Metabolism ; Growth ; Proximate composition ; Blood ; Liver ; Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Seasonal changes in blood, liver and muscle substrate (glucose, glycogen and lipid) concentrations and enzyme (pyruvate kinase (PyK), fructose diphosphatase (FDPase), NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), malic enzyme (ME) and the hexose monophosphate shunt dehydrogenases (HMSD)) activities were assessed in ammocoete and metamorphosing stages of a stream stock of the landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. In all developmental stages studied, muscle rather than liver tissue served as the main site of carbohydrate and fat storage. Blood glucose and muscle lipid exhibited a positive relationship while liver HMSD and muscle ME activity, a negative relationship, with ammocoete weight. These responses were attributed to a proliferation of red fibers and adipocytes in the ammocoete muscle as the time of metamorphosis approched. Muscle lipid stores of ammocoetes in their last year of larval life increased dramatically during the fall and winter preceding metamorphosis. Changes in tissue enzyme activity of ammocoetes in their last year of larval life indicated that the liver was the site of amino acid incorporation into fat while muscle was the site of lipogenesis from glucose. During the non-trophic period of metamorphosis, stored material was catabolized to provide energy for protein synthesis.
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    Population structure and biology of alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (A. aestivalis) in the Saint John River, New Brunswick (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 2 (1977), S. 195-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Age ; Length ; Weight ; Maturity ; Meristics ; Morphometrics ; Back-calculation ; Growth ; Discriminant function analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Examination of more than 2,000 alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (A. aestivalis) from various areas in the Saint John River, N.B., showed differences in their morphometric and meristic characters. They differed also in length and age, compositions, spawning time, length and age at maturity, back-calculated lengths, and growth parameters. Within each species, between-area comparisons showed significant differences in some of their meristic characteristics. To test a homing hypothesis for alewives, a multivariate analysis was performed on eight meristic characters. Two discriminant function programs, discriminant analysis for two groups and a multiple group stepwise discriminant analyses were used. Values of the generalized Mahalanobis D2 and percent overlap in frequency distributions of meristic characters suggest that considerable straying of fish, especially between adjacent areas occurs during upstream spawning migration.
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    A mathematical model of the relationship between larval anchovy (Engraulis mordax) growth, prey microdistribution, and larval behavior (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 2 (1977), S. 211-233 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Anchovy ; Larvae ; Growth ; Microdistribution ; Contagion ; Behavior ; Markov chain ; Random walk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis A prey concentration dependent random walk model of feeding behavior in larval anchovy based on behavioral experiments was used in conjunction with an experimentally verified Markov chain prey attack rate model to evaluate the relationship between anchovy larval growth from 0.4 to 2.0 cm at various levels of contagion and temperature in the food prey environment. Contagion was regarded as being described by the negative binomial distribution while the actual prey particle size distribution was taken from actual prey particle surveys in areas where anchovy larvae are found. Other important physiological parameters necessary for the construction of the model are taken from existing literature and a description of the complete computer integration of the various submodels presented. Results demonstrate the extreme importance of food microstructure geometry and behavior in the growth rates and growth curves of the anchovy larvae. In particular extremely nonlinear growth rates as functions of contagion are observed in the model with the highest growth rates not occurring at the highest level of prey contagion. The implications these results have in explaining current paradoxes between laboratory-grown larval anchovy prey concentration requirements and those found in the ocean are discussed. Also, the relationship between physical oceanography and larval survival is discussed in light of the results in addition to the need for a more detailed understanding of food prey microstructure in larval ecology.
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    Ecological fish production in Long Pond, a lakeshore lagoon on Long Point, Lake Erie (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 2 (1977), S. 261-284 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Invasion ; Succession ; Fish populations ; Piscicide collection ; Ageing ; Growth ; Carp production ; Overpredation ; Species success ; Ecosystem assessment ; Production methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Long Pond, a recently formed 2.4 ha lagoon on Long Point, Lake Erie (Canada), was treated with piscicide and found to contain 47,768 fishes of 22 species. Nine dominant species (Notropis heterolepis, Pimephales notatus, Notemigonus crysoleucas, Lepomis gibbosus, L. macrochirus, Perca flavescens, Cyprinus carpio, Micropeterus salmoides and Carassius auratus) comprised 91% and 97% of total numbers and standing crop respectively. Age, growth and production were determined giving a total fish production estimate (corrected for all species) of 87.5 kg ha−1 y−1 for this lagoon. Dominant species were deemed either invaders (Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus), which had entered the lagoon to spawn and been trapped, or residents. The invaders comprised 82% of the 277.8 kg ha−1 total standing crop. Their successful spawning and subsequent escape of the young from the lagoon would have resulted in some 615 kg y−1 of fish production outside the lagoon. Resident stocks were dominated by young fishes, a characteristic of exploitation or early colonization. This may have been due to the recent formation and subsequent expansion of the lagoon or high annual mortality due to extreme physical conditions but was most likely the result of excessive predation by Micropterus salmoides. Relationship between biomass and production show that the chance inclusion of the invaders produces an immediate shift from a characteristically early to a characteristically late phase of ecological development.
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    Relationship between biofouling and growth of the pearl oyster pinctada fucata (Gould) in Kuwait, Arabian Gulf (1976)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 51 (1976), S. 129-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Growth ; mortality ; and associates of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) ; marine fouling organisms ; new records for polychaetous annelids ; hydrological features of the Arabian Gulf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented from a three-year investigation of the relationship between accumulations of marine fouling organisms and growth of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). Estimates are provided of the diversity of the foulers, and data on certain hydrological features of the experimental site are also given. There was an inverse correlation between growth of the pearl oyster and diversity of the biofouling assemblages, whatever depth. Growth curves did not follow seasonal variations in the environmental factors very exactly. It was also observed that the polychaete, Polydora vulgaris Mohammad, preferred the oysters planted on the bottom to those suspended near the surface. Bottom oysters suffered the highest mortality, but definite evidence of a relationship between mortality and infestation by the polychaete was not apparent. Percentages of both infestation and mortality were higher among the fouled oysters than those cleaned periodically.
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    Otolith length/fish length relationship of leptocephali, elvers, and sub-adult (reared) eelsAnguilla anguilla (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 245-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Anguilla ; Morphology ; Growth ; Ontogenesis ; Biometry ; Atlantic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The otolith length and the total fish length of 9 leptocephali, 29 elvers and 51 sub-adult eels were measured. For the 51 eels a significant correlation between otolith and fish length was found. No similar correlation was found for leptocephali and elvers because of their similar total length. It was found that the growth of the otolith from leptocephali and elvers differs from the growth of herring larvae otoliths.
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    Effect of phosphoros nutrition in peat on tomato plant growth and fruit development (1979)
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    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 341-353 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fruit development ; Glasshouse ; Growth ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Phosphorus ; Protein ; Sand ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of P nutrition on the growth of tomato plants in peat was examined. Initially, plants received an adequate supply of P and then received either nil, 0.78 or 2.34 kg superphosphate per m3 in combination with either 50 μg N/ml (N1) or 300 μg N/ml (N2) as ammonium nitrate in a liquid feed. Vegetative growth was restricted in the lower P treatmentsi.e. inhibited shoot growth, reduced duration of leaf expansion phase, thinner stems and reduced vegetative dry wt. Plants receiving N2 showed a greater restriction in growth compared with N1 plants when the P supply was limiting. P deficiency disrupted protein metabolism in the leaves, in that soluble leaf protein was reduced and trichloroacetic acid-soluble N accumulated. Flower development was accelerated by low P applications but the final numbers of flowers and the fruit-setting efficiency were reduced. Lowering the N supply reduced the fruit yield by 36 per cent while an intermediate P level reduced yields by about 15 per cent. Maximum fruit yields and good vegetative growth occurred when plants contained 0.4 per cent P or above in the mature leaves, and this value was achieved by adding the highest level (2.34 kg/m3) of superphosphate to the peat.
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    Nitrogen metabolism of young barley plants as affected by NaCl-salinity and potassium (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 457-462 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Chloride ; Growth ; Nitrogen metabolism ; Potassium ; Salinity ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a solution culture experiment with 31 days old barley plants (var. Miura) the influence of NaCl-salinization (80 mM) and KCl addition (5 and 10 mM) on the uptake and turnover of labelled nitrogen (15NH4 15NO3) was studied. Labelled N was applied for 24 h at the end of a 20 days' salinization period. Salinization impaired growth and incorporation of labelled N into the protein fraction paralleled by accumulation of labelle dinorganic N. All salt effects were much more pronounced in the shoots than in the roots. Potassium addition enhanced N uptake (total15N-content) and incorporation into protien, reduced the accumulation of inorganic N and improved the growth of salinized plants. The presented data support the point of view that impairment of protein (enzyme) metabolism is an important aspect of salt stress which is probably induced by the disturbance of the K/Na balance of the tissues under saline conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277567
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    Effect of foliar application of phosphorus on growth and mineral composition in peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) under salt-stress (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Foliar fertilization ; Growth ; Leaf area ; Mineral composition ; Peanut ; Phosphorus ; Sand culture ; Stomatal frequency ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., Var. TMV-2) plants were raised in sand cultures under natural photoperiod. Salt treatment (0.4% NaCl on dry weight basis) was given 10 days after sowing. Nutrient solution was supplied 15 days after sowing to control and salinized plants. Phosphate (0.1% NaH2PO4 with 0.01% Tween-80) was sprayed to the plants to the drip point once daily from 20th to 25th day and from 30th to 35th day. The plants were harvested at 30th and 40th day for analysis. The plants grown under saline conditions showed a market reduction in growth. When phosphorus was supplied to saline plants by foliar application, there was an increase in dry weight, leaf area, stomatal frequency, and yield and the increase was more marked when the plants received phosphate for two periods. Phosphorus content decreased due to salinity which was restored by foliar spray of phosphate. With salinity, sodium accumulated while potassium and calcium were lowered. Phosphate spray decreased sodium and increased potassium and calcium in general.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197730
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    The estimation of root length in samples and sub-samples (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Roots ; Growth ; Measurement ; Root length ; Electronics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Methods for estimating the root length in a sample using the line intersect principle were compared. One method involved visual techniques and used simple equipment. Another method introduced a new machine designed to estimate root length automatically. Either method had a high degree of accuracy, comparable with or better than other reported methods. Furthermore, the methods were tested over a wide range of root lengths up to 50 m. Even larger samples could be estimated using a reliable sub-sampling technique. The development of the root machine enabled the estimation of root length to become a simple laboratory routine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197734
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    Nodulation and growth ofLablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab) in relation to rhizobium strain, liming and phosphorus (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 329-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dolichos ; Greenhouse ; Growth ; Lablab ; Lime ; Nodulation ; Phosphorus requirement ; Rhizobium strain ; Soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Greenhouse experiments were done with two purposes: (1) to identify strains of rhizobia effective and acid-tolerant in symbiosis withLablab purpureus, and (2) to determine whether soil acidity or the symbiotic condition increased the phosphate requirement for growth. Five rhizobial strains were tested in one neutral soil, two acid soils, and the two acid soils limed to pH 6.6. In the neutral and limed soils, three of the strains were effective (CB1024, CB756, TAL169), but only two strains (CB756, TAL169) remained effective in acid soil. Strain CB756 and plus-N treatments were further compared in a factorial trial involving combinations of five levels of P with lime, no lime and CaCl2 treatments, applied to an acid soil. Some of the treatments were also applied to plants inoculated with CB1024. Between the N-fertilized and CB756 treatments there was no clear difference in growth response to applied P, and the critical internal concentration of P for 95% of maximal growth was the same (0.22% shoot dry weight). Increasing P beyond levels needed for maximal growth increased nodulation and N concentration in plants inoculated with CB756. It lowered N concentration in N-fertilized plants. There was evidence suggesting that the P requirement of symbiotic plants increased if the soil was acid, or if CB756 were replaced by CB1024 as microsymbiont; but the critical statistical interactions were not significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277867
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    Coral reef fish communities: a compromise view (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 109-128 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fish sizes ; Feeding guilds ; Fish adaptations ; Caribbean ; Diversity ; Structure ; Competition ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The fishes associated with coral reefs offer excellent opportunities for the study of the factors that determine the species composition of complex, highly interactive communities. Amenable to sampling and direct observations many patch reefs are small enough to be studied as entire units and yet diverse enough to include a wide range of interactions. Coral reef fishes appear to be highly specialized in morphology, color, behavior and life cycles and yet colonization experiments and repeated censusing have shown a surprisingly high variation in the fishes that are associated in similar habitats or in the same habitat at different times. This has led to two different views: (i) the chaos view that holds that the species composition is due to random factors and chance colonization, and (ii) the order view that resource sharing adaptations determine which species can live together. This paper reviews some of the obvious adaptations of reef fishes. An examination of the maximum sizes reached by infaunal reef dwellers shows that the largest individual of each species differs by a constant proportion from the next larger and next smaller species. This suggests growth limitations by interspecies competition. A hypothetical model showing how this might work is offered and it is shown that as long as there are more species than can be accommodated in the community at any one time the number of combinations is great enough to give the appearance of randomness even though the individual species may have precise environmental requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006312
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    Distribution, community structure and production of fishes in the upper Speed River, Ontario: a preimpoundment study (1979)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 4 (1979), S. 219-244 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Stock assessment ; Density ; Biomass ; Age ; Growth ; Habitat changes ; Semotilus ; Notropis ; Pimephales ; Rhinichthys ; Hypentelium ; Catostomus ; Etheostoma ; Micropterus ; Ambloplites ; Salvelinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The upper Speed River, on which a dam was under construction, was surveyed through fourteen qualitative and six quantitative collections to determine the distribution of fishes in the river above Guelph, Ontario and in a tributary, Luteral Creek. At the quantitative localities the removal method was used to estimate density and standing crop of all species. At three of these localities age and growth of the dominant species were determined and total ecological production calculated. Two approaches to the estimation of production for the 0–1 age class were compared and found to result in differences of 33–39% in the estimates of total production, thus illustrating the extent to which methodology may affect such estimates The dominant species in the river were, Semotilus atromaculatus, Notropis cornutus, Pimephales notatus, Rhinichthys atratulus, Hypentelium nigricans, Catostomus commersoni, Ambloplites rupestris, Micropterus dolomieui and Etheostoma flabellare. Density ranged from 11126 to 74765 individuals per hectare and standing crop from 32.4 to 190.0 kg ha−1. Production values at the three localities were 15, 19 and 54 kg ha−1 yr−1 , and are low compared with estimates for other fluvial systems. Comparison with a 1951 survey of the Speed River revealed considerable changes in the composition and distribution of fish species. The ranges of several cold-water species had contracted towards the headwaters, whereas several warm-water species had extended their ranges up the river
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    Comparison of ageing methods and growth rates for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, from northern latitudes (1979)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 4 (1979), S. 263-271 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Annuli ; Age ; Scales ; Sagittae ; Vertebrae ; Dorsal fin spines ; Pectoral fin rays ; Growth ; Oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Ages determined by counts of apparent annuli on scales, sagittae, vertebrae, pectoral fin ray and dorsal fin spine cross sections of largemouth bass from northern populations, which are older and slower growing fish than in the southern parts of its native range, were compared to establish the accuracy of each method. Linear regression techniques indicated strong agreement (r〉 0.9) among ages assigned from the examination of scales, sagittae, and vertebrae. The pattern of growth zones on pectoral fin ray and dorsal fm spine cross sections proved too variable for accurate age determination. Limited data suggest that ages greater than 7+ assigned from scales were more likely to underestimate true ages than the other body parts used, although none of these methods gave satisfactory results. Examination of scales from recovered tagged fish, and the similarity between back-calculated lengths of fish through age 7+ to annulus I and observed lengths of juvenile largemouth bass near the end of their first growing season, support the validity of ages determined from scales. Despite a very limited amount of habitat suitable for largemouth bass and severe climatic conditions, growth of this species in Tadenac Lake was similar to growth in other waters north of the Great Lakes. Differences in physical characteristics among these waters does not appear to influence growth rates of largemouth bass, but probably affects production and biomass.
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    Ecological fish production in a small Precambrian shield lake (1976)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 1 (1976), S. 13-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecosystem ; Production ; Fish ; Ecology ; Density ; Biomass ; Yield ; Succession ; Growth ; Sex ratio ; Fecundity ; Lake ; Rotenone ; Perch ; Charr ; Cyprinids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Ecological fish production of 30.8 kg ha−1 yr−1 was estimated for a 6.2 ha Precambrian shield lake by treating it with a piscicide and removing all fish. This is one of the lowest productions recorded for any waterbody.Perca flavescens contributed 71% to this total. The five other indigenous species werePimephales promelas, Semotilus margarita, S. atromaculatus, Notemigonus crysoleucas andSalvelinus fontinalis. Seventy-five percent of the production occurred in the first year of life. A conventional capture-mark-recapture experiment conducted onP. flavescens prior to the piscicide treatment underestimated the density by nine times and the total production by eight times. The gravest error occurred in the estimation of density for the younger age groups. Production studies can quantify the ecological success of a species, and provide a measure of stress in aquatic ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00761728
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    Some notes to the farming and conservation of the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Huchen ; Preservation ; Experimental feeding ; Growth ; Mortality ; Stocking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Due to different human activities the natural reproduction of huchen or the Danube salmonHucho hucho (L.) has rapidly decreased during the past century. Culture of the Danubian salmon fingerlings in ponds with natural food conditions cannot meet Stocking demands because average losses amount to more than 90%. The feeding of juveniles with live food (crustaceans, chironomids, tubificids etc.) in tanks may yield up to 80% of young-of-the-year. But in practice it cannot be done because of an insufficient supply of such food items. In the present study experiments were carried out providing artificial diets (ground beef liver or fish-flesh) by a feeding automat. Young-of-the-year fingerlings raised by this method reached a length of 10–14 cm with survival rates of 65% and 82% respectively. Stocking of natural waters with yearlings achieved better results than Stocking with alevins. Nevertheless, should the maintenance of hatchery ponds for adult huchen prove to yield the expected annual egg production, alevin Stocking will prove to be the most practicable, because it is the simplest and cheapest method of conserving the Danube salmon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691947
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    Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) (1979)
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    Environmental biology of fishes 4 (1979), S. 207-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gobiidae ; Mudflat ; Estuarine ; California ; Age ; Growth ; Mortality ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr−1) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.
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    Temperature requirements of fishes from eastern Lake Erie and the upper Niagara River: a review of the literature (1979)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 4 (1979), S. 281-307 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Thermal effluents ; Species ; Community ; Ecosystem ; Lethal temperatures ; Preferred temperatures ; Reproduction ; Growth ; CTM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Literature on the temperature requirements of fishes expected to occur in eastern Lake Erie and the upper Niagara River is reviewed. Seventy-four species of fishes are reported from Lake Erie and sixty-one from the upper Niagara River. Incipient upper lethal temperatures range from 23° C for Salmo trutta to 41° C for Carassius auratus and Ictalurus nebulosus. Preferred temperatures ranged from 10° C for Coregonus clupeaformis to 31.1° C for Lepomis macrochirus. Spawning temperatures range from 〈 3.8° C for C. artedii to 15.6–27.7° C for Alosa pseudoharengus. Data is discussed in terms of the effects of thermal effluents on individuals of a species, structure of aquatic communities and impact on ecosystems. Synergistic effects of temperature and toxicants and disruption of sprawning are potentially the most damaging direct effects of thermal effluents. Heated water may be contributing to the present rate of eutrophication in the lake and river. Increased input of thermal effluents into the eastern basin of Lake Erie will maintain a stress on the fishery and may irreversibly damage it.
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    Analysis of the effect of transplantation on morphometric and meristic characters in lake populations of the rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill) (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 253-259 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Transplants ; Growth ; Taxonomy ; Environmental ; Genetic ; Modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Results of experimental transfer of rainbow smelt into lakes reclaimed by rotenone around 1960 in Maine were originally interpreted to cast doubt on the previously widely accepted hypothesis that there were two hereditarily different forms of rainbow smelt, one large and one small. Study of more recent data from some of the transplanted populations and reanalysis of the original data suggests different conclusions. The initial effect of introductions into a reclaimed lake may be accelerated and/or more prolonged growth which exceeds even interlake differences. This initial phase, however, is followed by a second phase, when the population reaches equilibrium and these effects subside. Data from phase two of the Little Concord-Shagg and Cold Stream-Coleback Lake transfers showed that the growth characteristics of the transplanted populations returned to those of the parental populations. Large differences in growth patterns were thus found only in the initial phase of the introduction. Meristic characters were little affected by transplanting. Analysis of large specimens derived from a postulated second unofficial introduction into Coleback Lake showed that they also differed significantly, having both higher gill raker and vertebral counts than the smaller smelt. This was of interest as smelt vertebral and gill raker counts usually are inversely related; hence we do not equate these for the moment with the large form of smelt known elsewhere. It is concluded that the initial interpretation of transfer experiments be delayed until conditions approaching equilibrium can be expected to exist. Further, our analysis of more recent lake transfer data has shown nothing to refute the hypothesis that there are at least two hereditarily different forms of smelt.
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    Einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmungen von Trichloräthylen und seinen Metaboliten in Blut und Urin (1976)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 115-116 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trichloräthylen, Trichloräthanol, Trichloressigsäure in Blut, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440786
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    Zur Analytik von Organozinnstabilisatoren (1975)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Organozinnverbindungen, Alkylzinnverbindungen, Organozinnstabilisatoren ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitative Bestimmung von Mono-, Di-, Tri- und Tetraalkylzinnverbindungen in Mischungen durch Gas-Chromatographie ist möglich nach Alkylierung zu gemischten Tetraalkylzinnderivaten. Die Alkylierung mit Methyl-, Butyl- und Octylmagnesylchlorid in Diäthyläther ist quantitativ und verläuft ohne Veränderung der ursprünglichen Zinnverteilung. Sie läßt sich nicht nur auf Alkylzinnoxide und -chloride, sondern auch direkt auf Alkylzinn-thioglykolate anwenden. Die aus der Umsetzung der Thioglykolsäureester resultierenden Nebenprodukte werden von der gas-chromatographischen Analyse an Kieselgel absorbiert und die Tetraalkylzinnverbindungen mit n-Pentan eluiert. Die gas-chromatographische Trennung wird wahlweise an Carbowax oder Polyglycol 20000 durchgeführt bei Temperaturen zwischen 100 und 230° C. Die Peak-Flächen entsprechen den Gew.-% Tetraalkylzinn.
    Notes: Abstract The quantitative determination of mono-, di-, tri- and tetraalkyl tin compounds in mixture by GLC is possible after alkylation to mixed tetraalkyl tins. The alkylation with methyl-, butyl- and octyl magnesium chloride runs quantitatively without any change in the original alkyl groups attached to the tin. The method can be applied not only for alkyl tin oxides and chlorides but also directly for alkyl tin thioglycolates. The by-products resulting from the thioglycolic acid ester cleavage are absorbed on silica gel prior to GLC and the tetraalkyl tins are eluted with n-pentane. Gas-chromatographic analysis is carried out alternatively with carbowax and polyglycol 20000 at temperatures between 100 and 230° C. The peak areas correspond to the weight percentage of tetraalkyl tin.
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    Gas-chromatographische Überwachung des Extraktionsmittels bei der Wiederaufarbeitung von HTR-Brennelementen (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 113-116 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Monobutylphosphat, Dibutylphosphat in Tributylphosphat, n-Alkanen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Überwachung der Wiederaufarbeitung von HTR-Brennelementen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Wiederaufarbeitung von HTR-Brennelementen durch Solventextraktion nach dem THOREX-Prozeß wird das als Extraktionsmittel verwendete Tributylphosphat/n-Alkan-Gemisch einer intensiven hydrolytischen und radiolytischen Beanspruchung ausgesetzt. Hauptprodukte sind Di- und Monobutylphosphat, die schon in geringen Konzentrationen durch Bildung nicht rückextrahierbarer Urankomplexe und Überführung gewisser Spaltprodukte in die wäßrige Produktphase zu Störungen bei der Extraktion führen. Beide Ester werden durch Sodawäsche aus dem bestrahlten Extraktionsmittel entfernt, welches danach wiederverwendet werden kann. Zur Kontrolle der Wirksamkeit dieser Solventwäsche, der Zusammensetzung des frischen und der Gesamtqualität des recyclierten Extraktionsmittels soll die Gas-Chromatographie innerhalb des JUPITER-Prozesses eingesetzt werden. Sie erlaubt eine quantitative Bestimmung von DBP und MBP bis zu Gehalten von etwa 25 ppm. Die Analysendauer beträgt ca. 100 min.
    Notes: Abstract During reprocessing of HTR fuel elements by the THOREX solvent extraction process the tributylphosphate/n-alcane mixture used as extractant is subject to an intensive radiolytic and hydrolytic burden. Main degradation products are di- and monobutylphosphate which in quite low concentrations disturb the solvent extraction by retention of uranium and transfer of some fission products into the aqueous product solution. Both esters are removed from the irradiated solvent by washing with a sodium carbonate solution, after which the solvent may be recycled. For a control of the efficiency of this solvent recovery procedure as well as of the composition of the fresh and recycled solvent in the JUPITER reprocessing facility, gas chromatography will be used. This method allows the determination of di- and monobutylphosphate down to concentration levels of about 25 parts per million. An analysis requires about 100 min.
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    Gas chromatography of chlorides and bromides of III-, IV- and V-group elements in the periodic table (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Chloriden, Bromiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Elemente der III. -V. Gruppe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theory for the relation between retention volume and boiling point in gas chromatography was applied to the retention volumes for bromides of IV- and chlorides and bromides of III- and V-group elements in the periodic table, as an extension of the previous paper on chlorides of IV-group elements. The apparent solubility parameter of solventβδ S was separated into the non-regularity parameterβ and the solubility parameter of solventδ S, and the meaning ofβ and the value ofδ S were estimated empirically. Followingδ S values were obtained: Silicon oil DC 550 (8.1), Apiezon grease L (9.1), PEG 1500 (11.6), FeCl3 · 6 H2O (12.5), Low melting point alloy (12.5) and Ga metal (13.4).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Theorie über die Beziehung zwischen Retentionsvolumen und Siedepunkt in der Gas-Chromatographie wurde auf die Retentionsvolumina der Bromide der IV. sowie der Chloride und Bromide der III. und V. Gruppe angewendet (in Fortführung der früheren Arbeit über die Chloride der IV. Gruppe). Der scheinbare Löslichkeitsparameter des Lösungsmittels (βδ S) wurde aufgetrennt in den Unregelmäßigkeitsparameter (β) und den Löslichkeitsparameter des Lösungsmittels (δ S). Die Bedeutung vonβ und der Wert vonδ S wurden empirisch bestimmt. Die folgendenδ S-Werte wurden erhalten: Siliconöl DC 550 (8,1), Apiezonfett L (9,1), PEG 1500 (11,6), FeCl3 · 6 H2O (12,5), niedrigschmelzende Legierung (12,5), Ga-Metall (13,4).
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von monosubstituierten Acetylenen in der C4-Fraktion (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 27-27 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Acetylen, Methylacetylen, Äthylacetylen, Vinylacetylen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Isolierung als Acetylide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432994
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    Gas chromatography of halogens (1976)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 195-198 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlor, Brom, Jod, Halogenen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; verbesserte Theorie zum Retentionsvolumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The semi-empirical theory on the retention volume in gas chromatography recently developed by some experiments, was found to require partial correction. It was newly refined and summarized. Overall experimental checking was performed by the use of Cl2, Br2, and I2.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die halbempirische Theorie über das Retentionsvolumen in der Gas-Chromatographie, die kürzlich an Hand einiger Versuche entwickelt wurde, erforderte eine teilweise Korrektur. Sie wurde verbessert und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Kontrollversuche wurden mit Hilfe von Chlor, Brom und Jod durchgeführt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424109
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  • 84
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    FID response factors for aliphatic sulphur compounds at higher concentration levels (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelorganoverbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; FID-Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molar responses and specific weight correction factors for 25 aliphatic sulphur compounds in the 10 μg range were measured with a hydrogen flame-ionisation detector. No abnormal behaviour was found with sufficiently high ratio air/H2. The molar response of the sulphides and disulphides is strictly proportional to the carbon number. For a certain organic residue the weight correction factor is proportional to the number of sulphur atoms (or the molecular weight). No destructive effects on the detector burner and no decrease of sensitivity were observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die molaren Empfindlichkeiten und stoffspezifischen Gewichtskorrekturfaktoren für 25 aliphatische Schwefelverbindungen im 10 μg-Bereich wurden mit einem Wasserstoff-Flammionisationsdetektor gemesssen. Bei genügend hohem Strömungsverhältnis (Luft/Wasserstoff) wird kein ungewöhnliches Verhalten gefunden. Die molare Empfindlichkeit der Sulfide und Disulfide ist streng proportional der Kohlenstoffzahl. Für einen bestimmten organischen Rest ist der Gewichtskorrekturfaktor proportional der Zahl der S-Atome (oder dem Molgewicht). Destruktive Einflüsse auf den Brenner des Detektors und Abnahme der Empfindlichkeit wurden nicht beobachtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424110
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  • 85
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen in N-silylierten Verbindungen, Carbonsäuretrimethylsilylestern ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids. The method is based on the desilylation of the compound to be analysed with phenol followed by gas-chromatographic determination of the trimethylphenoxysilane formed. The relative error of the determination is around 1% and the standard deviation is 1.20 × 10−3 (3.12%). A single determination takes less than 2 h.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren beruht auf der Desilylierung der zu analysierenden Verbindung mit Phenol und der anschlie\enden gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung des gebildeten Trimethylphenoxysilans. Der relative Fehler der Bestimmung beträgt ca. 1% und die Standardabweichung 1,20 × 10−3 (3,12%). Die Bestimmungszeit ist kürzer als 2 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155813
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  • 86
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    Determination of molecular weights and solubility parameters of high-polymers by gas chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 131-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Molekulargewicht, Löslichkeitsparameter von Hochpolymeren ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the simultaneous determination of molecular weight and solubility parameter of high-polymer was proposed using the sample polymer as the solvent and a halogen as the solute in gas chromatography at two different temperatures. Molecular weights of Silicon Oil DC 550, 702, and 710, and of PEG 1500, 4000, and 6000 are 50000, 62300, and 89200, and 1500, 3100, and 6750, respectively. Solubility parameters of them are 8.1, 8.0, and 7.9, and 11.7, 11.6, and 11.6, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der empfohlenen Methode wird eine gas-chromatographische Bestimmung bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen mit dem Polymeren als Lösungsmittel und einem Halogen als gelöster Substanz durchgeführt. Die Molekulargewichte von Silicon Oil DC 550, 702 und 710 sowie von PEG 1500, 4000 und 6000 wurden zu 50000, 62300, 89200, 1500, 3100 und 6750 gefunden; die entsprechenden Löslichkeitsparameter betragen 8,1, 8,0, 7,9, 11,7, 11,6 und 11,6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624698
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  • 87
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    Retentionsindices n-aliphatischer Schwefelverbindungen (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelverbindungen, aliphat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Zusammenstellung von Retentionsindices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446017
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  • 88
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    Gas-chromatographische Trennung und Bestimmung einiger Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das thermogravimetrische und gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Bis-(diäthyldithiophosphinato) chelate wird beschrieben. Beispiele für Trennungen und Bestimmungen anorganischer Kationen (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) werden gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The thermogravimetric and gas-chromatographic behaviour of some bis-(diethyldithiophosphinato) chelates is described. Examples for the separation and determination of several inorganic cations (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573708
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  • 89
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verhalten von Di(trifluoroäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelaten ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Di(trifluoäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate unter isothermen und temperaturprogrammierten Arbeitsbedingungen verschiedener Säulen wird beschrieben. Multielementanalyse von bis zu wenigstens neun Elementen dürfte auch nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen möglich sein.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic behaviour of some di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates is investigated under isothermal and temperature programmed working conditions of various columns. Multielemental analysis of up to at least nine elements seems to be possible even after extraction out of aqueous solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491807
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  • 90
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    Entfernung körpereigener Substanzen aus Harnproben an Extrelut® zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pharmazeut. Produkten im Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extrelut, saure u. neutrale Stoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum gas-chromatographischen Nachweis saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe wurden Harnproben bei pH 6 an Extrelut® (Merck) mit Diäthyläther extrahiert. Die Wiederfindungsraten der meisten untersuchten Arzneistoffe liegen im gleichen Bereich wie bei der üblichen Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion im stärker sauren Milieu. Jedoch verbleiben endogene Carbonsäuren, welche die Auswertung der Chromatogramme erschweren, in der wäßrigen Phase.
    Notes: Summary Samples of urine at pH 6 were extracted with diethyl ether from Extrelut® (Merck) columns for the gas-chromatographic identification of acidic and neutral drugs. The recovery rates for most of the investigated substances were similar to those of usual liquid-liquid extraction from strongly acidic media. Endogenous carboxylic acids however, which would otherwise interfere in the chromatogram, remained in the aqueous phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491811
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  • 91
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    Gas-chromatographische Identifizierung von Stimulantien der Phenyläthylaminreihe mit Hilfe der Retentions-Indices (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Identifizierung von Phenyläthylaminderivaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Kovats-Indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440798
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  • 92
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    Neue gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von 3α-Ätiocholanolon aus dem Plasma mit dem Alkaliflammendetektor (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 158-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3α-Ätiocholanolon in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Alkaliflammendetektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440825
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  • 93
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    Notiz über eine gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Essigsäure und Propionsäure in Polyamid 6 (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1975), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Essigsäure und Propionsäure in Polyamid 6 ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165816
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  • 94
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    Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas ; DAPA, Dioxin-Panel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-T beschrieben. 2,4,5-T wird in Dimethylformamid-Acetonitril-Wasser gelöst und mit Hexan extrahiert. Der Extrakt wird säulen-chromatographisch an Aluminiumoxid und dünnschicht-chromatographisch an Kieselgel gereinigt. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Dioxins erfolgt gas-chromatographisch auf einer SE 30-Säule mit Hilfe eines FID. Die Wiederauffindungsrate liegt bei etwa 95%, die Nachweisgrenze bei etwa 0,03 ppm. Die vom Dioxin-Panel erarbeitete Methode wurde in zwei Ringversuchen getestet.
    Notes: Abstract 2.4.5-T is dissolved in dimethylformamide-acetonitrile-water, and extracted with hexane. The extract is purified by chromatography in a column of alumina, followed by thin-layer chromatography on silicagel. The quantitative determination of dioxin is achieved by gas-liquid chromatography on a column containing SE 30 with flame-ionization detection. Recovery of dioxin is about 95%, limit of detection about 0.03 ppm. The method of the dioxin panel was tested in two collaborative studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443540
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  • 95
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    Extrem nachweisstarkes gas-chromatographisches Bestimmungsverfahren für Selen nach Abtrennung durch Verdampfen im Sauerstoffstrom (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Kupfer ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Reinstkupfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung geringster Selengehalte in Reinstkupfer erhitzt man die Probe (≤2 g) in einem Quarzrohr im Sauerstoffstrom auf 1100–1150°C. SeO2 verdampft und wird quantitativ gesammelt, indem man es zusammen mit dem Trägergas durch Kühlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff in einer Mikrovorlage kondensiert. Nach Abdampfen des Sauerstoffs setzt man es in der Vorlage mit 4-Nitro-o-phenylendiamin zu 5-Nitropiazselenol um, das nach Ausschütteln in Toluol direkt gas-chromatographisch (ECD) im ppb-Bereich bestimmt wird. Nach Optimierung aller Verfahrensschritte mit Hilfe von 75Se ergaben sich ausgezeichnete Gütedaten; Standardabweichung: ± 0,004 ppm für 0,74 ppm Se, 15 Bestimmungen, 200–600 mg Einwaage; Nachweisgrenze : 1 ppb Selen.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of the smallest amounts of selenium in high-purity copper, the sample (≤2 g) is heated in a quartz tube at 1100–1150°C. SeO2 evaporates and is collected quantitatively by condensation of the carrier gas in a micro-trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. After evaporation of the oxygen, SeO2 is caused to react in the trap with 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, forming 5-nitropiazselenol, which is then extracted with toluene and determined in the ppb-range by gas-chromatography with ECD. All separation steps were optimized by the tracer method using 75Se. Determining 0.74 ppm of Se, the standard deviation was found to be 0.004 ppm for 15 determinations with samples of 200–600 mg. The detection limit is 1 ppb of Se.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440474
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  • 96
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    Gas-chromatographische Multielementanalyse mit einfachen und fluorierten Diäthyldithiocarbamaten (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Elementen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Diäthyldithiocarbamate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur anorganischen Multielementanalyse ist die Gas-Chromatographie von Diäthyldithiocarbamaten geeignet. Mit einem FID können bereits Kationen im 0,6–0,06 ppm-Bereich nach Ausschütteln der wäßrigen Lösungen bestimmt werden. Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamate zeigen noch höhere Flüchtigkeiten. Eigenschaften und gas-chromatographisches Verhalten einiger dieser Chelate werden angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract For inorganic multielement analysis gas chromatography of the diethyldithiocarbamates is properly suited. Cations in the concentration range of 0.6–0.06 ppm can be determined even with the aid of a FID after extraction from aqueous solutions. Di(trifluor-ethyl)dithiocarbamates show higher volatilities. Properties and gas chromatographic behaviour of some of these chelates are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443772
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  • 97
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    Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit bei gas-chromatographischen Trennungen durch „radiochemische Verstärkung“ (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit durch radiochemische Verstärkung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird diskutiert, wie nach einer gas-chromatographischen Trennung durch Umsetzung mit trägerfreien radioaktiven Verbindungen eine Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeiten erreicht werden kann. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung werden vorgestellt. Grundsätzlich erfolgt die Umsetzung langsam, da beide Reaktandenkonzentrationen klein sind. Die Nachweisempfindlichkeit hängt von der Halbwertzeit der verwendeten Radionuklide ab.
    Notes: Abstract An increase of sensitivity in gas chromatography is obtained by chemical reaction with a carrier-free radioactive compound. The different possibilities of reactions are discussed. Since the concentrations of both partners are low, the reaction rate will be slow. The sensitivity is a function of the half-life of the radionuclide applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564057
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    Some new aspects in air pollutants analysis of hydrocarbons by automatic gas-chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, Paraffinen, Olefinen, Aromaten in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisch, Speichersäule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ambient measurement of hydrocarbons is gaining in importance. The value of a total measurement of hydrocarbons, as it is usually performed, is slight since the characteristics of organic compounds are different. Total measurement of hydrocarbons can only be of interest in less polluted regions, provided that the harmless methane which occurs in relatively high concentrations in nature is not to be included in the measurement. In toxicological evaluation of air the concentrations of particular components (e.g. ethylene, toluene, acetylene, propylene, butadiene, vinylchloride, benzene or xylene) are of interest and the concentrations of these components can lie at a few μg/m3, i.e. in the ppb-range. These values can only be measured with a selective equipment. An automatic analyzer combined with a concentrating unit, which fully satisfies the requirements of selective measurement of hydrocarbons in air in the ppb-range, and as an example of the application of this equipment, the measurement of C1-C6 hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) are described. Complete measuring setups within automatic measuring stations are projected.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Immissionsmessungen von Kohlenwasserstoffspuren gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Messung der Kohlenwasserstoffe als Summe, wie gewöhnlich durchgeführt, ist ungenügend, da organische Verbindungen unterschiedliche Wirkungscharakteristik aufweisen. Sie kann daher nur in Gebieten mit kleinen Kohlenwasserstoffverunreinigungen sinnvoll sein, vorausgesetzt, daß das ungefährliche Methan, welches überall in der Natur vorkommt, von der Messung ausgeschlossen wird. Bei der toxikologischen Bewertung der Luft interessieren die Konzentrationen bestimmter Komponenten wie Äthylen, Acetylen, Propylen, Butadien, Vinylchlorid, Benzol, Toluol oder Xylole. Die Konzentrationen dieser Komponenten können bei wenigen μg/m3, d. h. im ppb-Bereich, liegen. Diese Werte können nur mit einer selektiven Meßeinrichtung erfaßt werden. Ein automatischer Gas-Chromatograph mit Speichersäule, der die Forderung der selektiven Messung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft im ppb-Bereich erfüllt, wird beschrieben. Als Applikationsbeispiel dieser Meßeinrichtung wird die Messung von C2-C6-Kohlenwasserstoffen (Paraffine, Olefine) und Aromaten (Benzol, Toluol, Äthylbenzol, Xylol) erwähnt. Der Einsatz dieses Gerätes in automatischen Luftmeßstationen wird derzeit projektiert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423580
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    Application of a micro carbon rod atomizer as Br-spezific gas-chromatographic detector (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Brom in organ. Verbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Mikrographitküvette als Br-spezifischer Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A micro carbon rod atomizer has been employed for specific and quantitative bromine determinations. This Br-specific gas-chromatographic detector works by help of InBr-bands and measurement at 372.7 nm. The performance of this flame band emission detector (FBD) is demonstrated by calibration curves and the detection limits of 2 examples (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide), the latter being 5 and 36 ng of bromine, respectively. The reproducibility has been found to be 4.3%. An example of this detector in comparison with a thermoconductivity detector (TCD) is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Mikro-Graphit-Küvette wird für spezifische quantitative Brombestimmungen nach der Indium-Methode bei 372,7 nm benützt und in Verbindung mit einem Gas-Chromatographen als Br-spezifischer Detektor eingesetzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Detektors wird an 2 Beispielen (Äthylbromid, Dibromäthan) mit Hilfe von Eichkurven, Bestimmung von Nachweisgrenzen u. ä. demonstriert. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei 5 bzw. 36 ng Brom für die 2 genannten Substanzen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messungen liegt bei 4,3%. Ein Beispiel für die Registrierung eines Gemisches verschiedener Substanzen, gemessen mit dem GC + Flammen-Banden-emissions-Detektor (FBD) und zum Vergleich mit einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor (TCD), wird dargestellt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573707
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  • 100
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    Automated clean-up procedure for the analysis of sugars and acids in food (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 238-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zuckern, organ. Säuren in Lebensmitteln ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisches Aufarbeitungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the gas-chromatographic analysis of sugars and acids in foodstuffs, isolation and purification of the two types of components is time-consuming and laborious. An automated clean-up procedure, based on ion-exchange, has therefore been developed. A liquid food sample is successively percolated over a cation and anion and a cation exchanger. Sugars and acids are collected under the second and third column, respectively. A time programmer operates a set of pumps and a pneumatic valve system enabling simultaneous regeneration of columns not being eluted. Hence, handling of samples is continuous; each clean-up cycle takes 50 min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine flüssige Nahrungsmittelprobe wird nacheinander über einen Kationen-, einen Anionen- und einen Kationenaustauscher perkoliert. Die Zucker und die Säuren werden abgetrennt und im Eluat der zweiten bzw. dritten Austauschersäule gefunden. Ein Steuergerät schaltet auf Zeitbasis eine Gruppe von Pumpen und ein System mit pneumatischen Hähnen derart, daß in einem Cyclus (50 min) die Substanzen eluiert und die Säulen regeneriert werden. Anschließend werden die Proben verarbeitet. Einige Ergebnisse verschiedener Nahrungsmittel werden angeführt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00453569
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