ALBERT

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1 INTRODUCTION. - Study Context and Charge to the Committee. - Study Approach and Methodology. - Report Organization. - 2 RATIONALE FOR CONTINUED ARCTIC RESEARCH. - 3 EMERGING QUESTIONS. - Evolving Arctic. - Will Arctic communities have greater or lesser influence on their futures?. - Will the land be wetter or drier, and what are the associated implications for surface water, energy balances, and ecosystems?. - How much of the variability of the Arctic system is linked to ocean circulation?. - What are the impacts of extreme events in the new ice-reduced system?. - How will primary productivity change with decreasing sea ice and snow cover?. - How will species distributions and associated ecosystem structure change with the evolving cryosphere?. - Hidden Arctic. - What surprises are hidden within and beneath the ice?. - What is being irretrievably lost as the Arctic changes?. - Why does winter matter?. - What can "break or brake" glaciers and ice sheets?. - How unusual is the current Arctic warmth?. - What is the role of the Arctic in abrupt change?. - What has been the Cenozoic evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin?. - Connected Arctic. - How will rapid Arctic warming change the jet stream and affect weather patterns in lower latitudes?. - What is the potential for a trajectory of irreversible loss of Arctic land ice, and how will its impact vary regionally?. - How will climate change affect exchanges between the Arctic Ocean andsubpolar basins?. - How will Arctic change affect the long-range transport and persistence of biota?. - How will changing societal connections between the Arctic and the rest of the world affect Arctic communities?. - Managed Arctic. - How will decreasing populations in rural villages and increasing urbanization affect Arctic peoples and societies?. - Will local, regional, and international relations in the Arctic move toward cooperation or conflict?. - How can 21st-century development in the Arctic occur without compromising the environment or indigenous cultures while still benefiting global and Arctic inhabitants?. - How can we prepare forecasts and scenarios to meet emerging management needs?. - What benefits and risks are presented by geoengineering and other large-scale technological interventions to prevent or reduce climate change and associated impacts in the Arctic?. - Undetermined Arctic. - Priority Setting. - 4 MEETING THE CHALLENGES. - Enhancing Cooperation. - Interagency. - International. - Interdisciplinary. - Intersectoral. - Cooperation through Social Media. - Sustaining Long-Term Observations. - Rationale for Long-Term Observations. - Coordinating Long-Term Observation Efforts. - Managing and Sharing Information. - Preserving the Legacy of Research through Data Preservation and Dissemination. - Creating a Culture of Data Preservation and Sharing. - Infrastructure to Ensure Data Flows from Observation to Users, Stakeholders, and Archives. - Data Visualization and Analysis. - Maintaining and Building Operational Capacity. - Mobile Platforms. - Fixed Platforms and Systems. - Remote Sensing. - Sensors. - Power and Communication. - Models in Prediction, Projection, and Re-Analyses. - Partnerships with Industry. - Growing Human Capacity. - Community Engagement. - Investing in Research. - Comprehensive Systems and Synthesis Research. - Non-Steady-State Research. - Social Sciences and Human Capacity. - Stakeholder-Initiated Research. - International Funding Cooperation. - Long-Term Observations. - 5 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE AND SOLVING PROBLEMS. - REFERENCES. - APPENDIXES. - A Acronyms and Abbreviations. - B Speaker and Interviewee Acknowledgments. - C Summary of Questionnaire Responses. - D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.

Note: Berlin, Humboldt Univ., Diss., 2011

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction and datatypes. - 1.1 Why ordination?. - 1.2 Datatypes. - 1.3 Data transformation and standardisation. - 1.4 Missing values. - 1.5 Types of analyses. - 2 Using Canoco 5. - 2.1 Philosophy of Canoco 5. - 2.2 Data import and editing. - 2.3 Defining analyses. - 2.4 Visualising results. - 2.5 Beware, CANOCO 4.x users!. - 3 Experimental design. - 3.1 Completely randomised design. - 3.2 Randomised complete blocks. - 3.3 Latin square design. - 3.4 Pseudo replicates. - 3.5 Combining more than one factor. - 3.6 Following the development of objects in time: repeated observations. - 3.7 Experimental and observational data. - 4 Basics of gradient analysis. - 4.1 Techniques of gradient analysis. - 4.2 Models of response to gradients. - 4.3 Estimating species optima by weighted averaging. - 4.4 Calibration. - 4.5 Unconstrained ordination. - 4.6 Constrained ordination. - 4.7 Basic ordination techniques. - 4.8 Ordination axes as optimal predictors. - 4.9 Ordination diagrams. - 4.10 Two approaches. - 4.11 Testing significance of the relation with explanatory variables. - 4.12 Monte Carlo permutation tests for the significance of regression. - 4.13 Relating two biotic communities. - 4.14 Community composition as a cause: using reverse analysis. - 5.1 Permutation tests: the philosophy. - 5.2 Pseudo-F statistics and significance. - 5.3 Testing individual constrained axes. - 5.4 Tests with spatial or temporal constraints. - 5.5 Tests with hierarchical constraints. - 5.6 Simple versus conditional effects and stepwises election. - 5.7 Variation partitioning. - 5.8 Significance adjustment for multiple tests. - 6 Similarity measures and distance-based methods. - 6.1 Similarity measures for presence-absence data. - 6.2 Similarity measures for quantitative data. - 6.3 Similarity of cases versus similarity of communities. - 6.4 Similarity between species in trait values. - 6.5 Principal coordinates analysis. - 6.6 Constrained principal coordinates analysis (db-RDA). - 6.7 Non-metric multidimensional scaling. - 6.8 Mantel test. - 7.1 Example data set properties. - 7.2 Non-hierarchical classification (K-means clustering). - 7.3 Hierarchical classification. - 7.4 TWINSPAN. - 8 Regression methods. - 8.1 Regression models in general. - 8.2 General linear model: terms. - 8.3 Generalized linear models (GLM). - 8.4 Loess smoother. - 8.5 Generalized additive models (GAM). - 8.6 Mixed-effect models (LMM, GLMM and GAMM). - 8.7 Classification and regression trees (CART). - 8.8 Modelling species response curves with Canoco. - 9 Interpreting community composition with functional traits. - 9.1 Required data. - 9.2 Two approaches in traits - environment studies. - 9.3 Community-based approach. - 9.4 Species-based approach. - 10 Advanced use of ordination. - 10.1 Principal response curves (PRC). - 10.2 Separating spatial variation. - 10.3 Linear discriminant analysis. - 10.4 Hierarchical analysis of community variation. - 10.5 Partitioning diversity indices into alpha and beta components. - 10.6 Predicting community composition. - 11 Visualising multivariate data. - 11.1 Reading ordination diagrams of linear methods. - 11.2 Reading ordination diagrams of unimodal methods. - 11.3 Attribute plots. - 11.4 Visualising classification, groups, and sequences. - 11.5 T-value biplot. - 12 Case study 1: Variation in forest bird assemblages. - 12.1 Unconstrained ordination: portraying variation in bird community. - 12.2 Simple constrained ordination: the effect of altitude on bird community. - 12.3 Partial constrained ordination: additional effect of other habitat characteristics. - 12.4 Separating and testing alpha and beta diversity. - 13 Case study 2: Search for community composition patterns and their environmental correlates: vegetation of spring meadows. - 13.1 Unconstrained ordination. - 13.2 Constrained ordination. - 13.3 Classification. - 13.4 Suggestions for additional analyses. - 13.5 Comparing two communities. - 14 Case study 3: Separating the effects of explanatory variables. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Data. - 14.3 Changes in species richness and composition. - 14.4 Changes in species traits. - 15 Case study 4: Evaluation of experiments in randomised complete blocks. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Data. - 15.3 Analysis. - 15.4 Calculating ANOVA using constrained ordination. - 16 Case study 5: Analysis of repeated observations of species composition from a factorial experiment. - 16.1 Introduction. - 16.2 Experimental design. - 16.3 Data coding and use. - 16.4 Univariate analyses. - 16.5 Constrained ordinations. - 16.6 Principal response curves. - 16.7 Temporal changes across treatments. - 16.8 Changes in composition of functional traits. - 17 Case study 6: Hierarchical analysis of crayfish community variation. - 17.1 Data and design. - 17.2 Differences among sampling locations. - 17.3 Hierarchical decomposition of community variation. - 18 Case study 7: Analysis of taxonomic data with discriminant analysis and distance-based ordination. - 18.1 Data. - 18.2 Summarising morphological data with PCA. - 18.3 Linear discriminant analysis of morphological data. - 18.4 Principal coordinates analysis of AFLP data. - 18.5 Testing taxon differences in AFLP data using db-RDA. - 18.6 Taking populations into account. - 19 Case study 8: Separating effects of space and environment on oribatid community with PCNM. - 19.1 Ignoring the space. - 19.2 Detecting spatial trends. - 19.3 All-scale spatial variation of community and environment. - 19.4 Variation partitioning with spatial predictors. - 19.5 Visualising spatial variation. - 20 Case study 9: Performing linear regression with redundancy analysis. - 20.1 Data. - 20.2 Linear regression using program R. - 20.3 Linear regression with redundancy analysis. - 20.4 Fitting generalized linear models in Canoco. - Appendix A Glossary. - Appendix B Sample data sets and projects. - Appendix C Access to Canoco and overview of other software. - Appendix D Working with R. - References. - Index to useful tasks in Canoco 5. - Subject index.

Note: Zusammenfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction / John E. Hobbie. - 2 Climate and Hydrometeorology of the Toolik Lake Region and the Kuparuk River Basin: Past, Present, and Future / Jessica E. Cherry, Stephen J. Déry, Yiwei Cheng, Marc Stieglitz, Amy S. Jacobs, and Feifei Pan. - 3 Glacial History and Long-Term Ecology in the Toolik Lake Region / Donald A. Walker, Thomas D. Hamilton, Hilmar A. Maier, Corinne A. Munger, and Martha K. Raynolds. - 4 Late-Quaternary Environmental and Ecological History of the Arctic Foothills, Northern Alaska / W. Wyatt Oswald, Linda B. Brubaker, Feng Sheng Hu, and George W. Kling. - 5 Terrestrial Ecosystems at Toolik Lake, Alaska / Gaius R. Shaver, James A. Laundre, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, F. Stuart Chapin, III, Joel A. Mercado-Dfaz, Anne E. Giblin, Laura Gough, William A. Gould, Sarah E. Hobbie, George W. Kling, Michelle C. Mack, John C. Moore, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Edward B. Rastetter, and Joshua P. Schimel. - 6 Land-Water Interactions / George W. Kling, Heather E. Adams, Neil D. Bettez, William B. Bowden, Byron C. Crump, Anne E. Giblin, Kristin E. Judd, Katy Keller, George W. Kipphut, Edward R. Rastetter, Gaius R. Shaver, and Marc Stieglitz. - 7 Ecology of Streams of the Toolik Region / William B. Bowden, Bruce J. Peterson, Linda A. Deegan, Alex D. Huryn, Jonathan P. Benstead, Heidi Golden, Michael Kendrick, Stephanie M. Parker, Elissa Schuett, Joseph J. Vallino, and John E. Hobbie. - 8 The Response of Lakes Near the Arctic LTER to Environmental Change / Chris Luecke, Anne E. Giblin, Neil D. Bettez, Greta A. Burkart, Byron C. Crump, Mary Anne Evans, Gretchen Gettel, Sally Maclntyre, W. John O'Brien, Parke A. Rublee, and George W. Kling. - 9 Mercury in the Alaskan Arctic / William F. Fitzgerald, Chad R. Hammerschmidt, Daniel R. Engstrom, Prentiss H. Balcom, Carl H. Lamborg, and Chun-Mao Tseng. - 10 Ecological Consequences of Present and Future Changes in Arctic Alaska / John E. Hobbie, and George W. Kling.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Flug ohne Umkehr. - Warum ausgerechnet Antarktika?. - Vor Antarktika liegen die Alpen. - Kontinent der Superlative. - Der entdeckungsgeschichtlich jüngste Kontinent. - Antarktika und der Rest der Erde. - Die Schirmacheroase. - Unser Team. - Schlittenzug zur Nord-West-Insel. - Grillpartys in Antarktika. - Schlittenzug zum Untersee. - Sternstunden über dem Untersee. - Am Badestrand des "Weihnachtsees" 72 Grad Süd. - Mit dem Hubschrauber zur Arbeit. - Spice-Time in Maitri. - Stationsalltag in Georg Forster. - Der erste Abschied. - Blizzards über der Oase. - Vielfalt aus Eis. - Geschichten, die das Polarleben schreibt. - Ansteckende Krankheiten in Antarktika. - Das Kind im Manne. - Am 5. Pol. - Aus dem Tagebuch, ein Wintertag. - Schneesturm am Domik. - Polarnacht auf dem Nunatak. - Mid-Winter-Day. - Polarlichter und andere Phänomene der Polarnacht. - Unvergesslich - Geburtstag im Frühling. - Wege übers Eis. - "Weekend im Domik" oder "was ist die Oasensprache?". - Die Neuen kommen. - Mondlandung auf dem Ritscher. - Das Restrisiko. - Ein Lausitzer wird Geodät und Stationsleiter in Antarktika. - Am Westende der Oase. - 500 Tage kein Zurück. - Geometrie des Klimawandels. - Der zweite Abschied. - Anhang. - Zeittafel der Expedition. - Über den Autor. - Literatur. - Bildnachweis.