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  • Chemistry  (13,725)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (13,725)
  • 1984  (6,762)
  • 1982  (6,963)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 80-84 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wiederkehrende Prüfungen am Reaktorkühlsystem bei LeichtwasserreaktorenUm eine dauerhafte Sicherheit der Komponenten des Reaktorkühlsystems zu gewährleisten, werden nach Inbetriebnahme eines Kernkraftwerks wiederkehrende Prüfungen durchgeführt.Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Komponenten des Reaktorkühlsystems in Bezug auf die gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Auflagen, sicherheitstechnischen Aspekte und den Umfang der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen während des laufenden Reaktorbetriebs.Im einzelnen werden die Art und zeitliche Folge der Prüfungen, die Durchführungstechnik, ihre Ergebnisse und künftige Entwicklungstendenzen beschrieben.Funktionsprüfungen, die im Rahmen der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen anfallen, sind nicht Gegenstand dieses Beitrags.
    Notes: In order to guarantee constant safety of the components of the reactor cooling system, regular in-service inspections are carried out after commissioning of the nuclear power plant.This contribution is concerned with the components of the reactor cooling system, referring to the legal requirements, safety-related purposes and scope of the in-service inspections during the entire period of operation of a nuclear power plant.Reports are made with respect to type, examination intervals, examination technique, results and future development.The functional tests which are carried out within the scope of the inservice inspections are not part of this contribution.
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  • 3
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A33 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A39 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Deep Rolling and Fatigue StrengthThe fatigue properties of specimens and components are largely increased by deep rolling. Depending on geometrical shape of components and material strength the compressive residual stresses and the increased surface hardness made by deep rolling have a different effect on the improvement of fatigue strength.The fatigue properties of smooth specimens and components with a sufficient toughness can be raised by increase of surface hardness, whereas in case of notched parts the influence of permanent compressive residual stresses is dominant.The application of deep rolling in case of crankshafts shows a clear superiority of mechanical strengthening procedure to thermal surface strengthening. If there are some reasons to improve the wear behaviour beside the fatigue strength it is commendable to combine thermal and mechanical surface strengthening.
    Notes: Die Schwingfestigkeitseigenschaften von Proben und Bauteilen können durch Festwalzen beträchtlich angehoben werden. Je nach Bauteilgeometrie und Werkstoffestigkeit wirken sich die durch den Festwalzprozeß eingebrachten Druckeigenspannungen 1. Art und die Randhärtesteigerung unterschiedlich auf die Erhöhung der Dauerfestigkeit aus. Während bei glatten Proben oder Bauteilen ausreichender Duktilität der Zuwachs an Schwingfestigkeit im wesentlichen auf die Zunahme der Randhärte zurückzuführen ist, beruht die Dauerfestigkeitserhöhung von Bauteilen mit Kerben auf das Vorhandensein stabiler Druckeigenspannungen.Die Anwendung des Festwalzprozesses bei Kurbelwellen zeigt die deutliche Überlegenheit des mechanischen Verfestigungsverfahrens gegenüber einem rein thermischen Randschichthärteverfahren. Sollte neben der Schwingfestigkeit auch das Verschleißverhalten verbessert werden, empfiehlt sich eine Kombination von thermischem und mechanischem Oberflächenverfestigungsverfahren.
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  • 7
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A40 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 120-128 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Prediction of the Fatigue Strength with Regard to the Statistical Size Effect310 fatigue tests in the range for alternating stresses were performed with smooth and notched round bar specimens (Fig. 5 and Table 3) of different size. The 30 (20) tests of each series were fatigued at two stress levels with constant maximum root stress σ1 max and σ2 max. At each stress level, the probability of fracture (Eq. 11) had been determined. The test results are shown in Table 2. The evaluation of the test results was made on the basis of a two-parametric-Weibull-equation (Eq. 2) which can be derived by the theory of extreme value statistics. In the case of a non-uniform-stress-field (notched specimens), Eq. 2 is replaced by Eq. 6. The stress-integral (Eq. 6b) was numerically calculated for the different shapes of the specimens used. The value of the stress-integral A can also be obtained by Eq. 10 with an accuracy better than 11%. The Eqs. 7, 8 and 9 were used to calculate and predict test results. To show the error which arises by the application of the Eqs. 7, 8 and 9, the fatigue stress at 50% probability of fracture was calculated and compared with the experimental results. If the results of only one test series are used to calculate the fatigue strength of all the other series, the mean deviation is 5%, the maximum observed deviation is 14,1% (Table 5). If all the results are used to determine the constants of the two-parametric-Weibull-equation (Eq. 16), all the test results can be predicted with an accuracy better than 5,7%.In cases of homogeneous materials and mainly linear elastic stress-strain relationship, the two-parametric-Weibull-equation therefore is very well suited to describe the size effect in fatigue (Fig. 6).
    Notes: Es wurden 310 Zug-Druck-Dauerschwingversuche im reinen Wechsellastbereich an glatten und gekerbten Rundproben unterschiedlicher Größe (11 Probeserien) im Übergangsgebiet des Wöhlerfeldes durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der Versuche erfolgte unter Zugrundelegung der statistischen Fehlstellentheorie. Die beiden Konstanten des zweiparametrigen Weibullansatzes wurden für jede Probenserie bestimmt. Der Vergleich zwischen experimentellem und berechnetem Wert wurde jeweils für die Dauerfestigkeit mit einer Bruchwahrscheinlichkeit von 50% vorgenommen. Verwendet man zur Vorhersage die Ergebnisse nur einer Probeserie, so können die. Ergebnisse der anderen Probeserien mit einem mittleren Fehler von 5% (max. 14,1%) berechnet werden. Legt man alle experimentellen Ergebnisse der Vorhersage zugrunde, so verringert sich der mittlere Fehler auf 3,2% (max. 5,7%). Die statistische Fehlstellentheorie kann daher für querschnittshomogene Werkstoffe im Übergangsgebiet des Wöhlerfeldes mit sehr gutem Ergebnis zur Beschreibung des Größeneinflusses herangezogen werden.
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  • 9
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 138-147 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Transformation-Toughened CeramicsA summary is given on the toughening of ceramics by utilizing the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation of ZrO2 particles dispersed in the ceramic matrix. Various parameters controlling this martensitic transformation (especially Ms) are discussed together with in situ-TEM observations. The possible toughening mechanisms that allow for additional energy dissipation at crack tips are stress-induced transformation and nucleation of microcracks. Further strengthening is achieved by introducing steady-state surface compressive stresses. The type and magnitude of toughening is controlled by the microstructural design parameters such as volume fraction, chemical composition, size and size distribution of ZrO2 particles which again determine the Ms temperature. The homogeneous dispersion of ZrO2 is the most important step in the technology of transformation-toughened ceramics. Experimental examples for the toughening effect are given for the ceramic matrices Al2O3, ZnO, spinel, mullite and Si3N4.
    Notes: Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Forschungsergebnisse des Max-Planck-Instituts für Metallforschung auf dem Gebiet der Umwandlungsverstärkung keramischer Werkstoffe. Die kontrollierte Ausnutzung der tetragonal → monoklinen Phasenumwandlung dispergierter ZrO2-Teilchen ermöglicht eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Verstärkungsarten, die im wesentlichen von der Umwandlungstemperatur (Ms) bestimmt werden. Die Einflußparameter von Ms, z. B. Volumenanteil, chemische Zusammensetzung, Größe und Größenverteilung der ZrO2-Teilchen und die daraus abzuleitenden Maßnahmen für eine Gefügeentwicklung, werden besprochen. Die möglichen Mechanismen für eine zusätzliche Absorption von Bruchenergie, und damit für eine Erhöhung des Bruchwiderstands sind spannungsinduzierte Umwandlung und Bildung von Mikrorissen. Eine weitere Verstärkung kann durch Einbringen von Oberflächendruckspannungen erzielt werden. Der wichtigste technologische Schritt in der Herstellung umwandlungsverstärkter Keramiken ist eine homogene Dispersion der ZrO2-Teilchen. Eine Reihe experimenteller Beispiele für die Verstärkung von Al2O3, ZnO, Mullit, Spinell und Si3N4 mit Hilfe von ZrO2 wird diskutiert.
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  • 10
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of Layered Composites of GFK-SteelThe development of insulating joints of GFK and steel is described. The strength of the GFK and steel is described. The strength of the GFK and the adhesion between the GFK and steel is in this context of special interest. Results for the Young's Modulus, the ultimate and adhesion strength measured in bursting and bending tests are compared to those measured in tensile- and adhesion tests; the data agree well with each other. The correspondence between literature data of mechanical properties of the GFK and the measured values is satisfying.
    Notes: Es wird die Weiterentwicklung von Isolierstücken für erdverlegte Leitungen bis zur Abnahmereife durch den Technischen Überwachungsverein mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Festigkeit des glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffes und der Haftung des glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffes am Trägermaterial angegeben. Ergebnisse für den E-Modul, die Zug- und Haftfestigkeit ermittelt aus Berst- und Biegeversuchen an den Isolierstücken werden verglichen mit Daten, die sich aus Zerreiß- und Haftfestigkeitsuntersuchungen ergeben. Die Übereinstimmung ist befriedigend; die Daten sind im Einklang mit Literaturergebnissen an vergleichbaren glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ermüdungsverhalten der Legierung Ti-6AI-4VEs wurden Wechselverformungsversuche (LCF) in Vakuum und Luft durchgeführt. Unter zyklischer Beanspruchung trat in der Ti-6Al-4V in Abhängigkeit von der Aushärtung, der Spannungsamplitude und der Mikrostruktur sowohl Verfestigung als auch Entfestigung auf. Die plastische Verformung der β-Phase verursachte im ungehärteten Zustand infolge der spannungsinduzierten martensitischen Umwandlung eine zyklische Verfestigung. Zyklische Entfestigung wurde gemessen, wenn die durch kohärente Ti3Al-Teilchen ausgehärtete α-Phase plastisch verformt wurde.Die globularen Gefüge zeigten eine stärkere zyklische Entfestigung als die lamellaren Gefüge. Dieses Verhalten konnte dadurch erklärt werden, daß die globularen Gefüge eine ausgeprägte Textur besaßen, während die lamellaren Gefüge texturlos waren.Im Bereich der Kurzzeitermüdung (LCF) wurde die Lebensdauer entscheidend vom Entfestigungsverhalten bestimmt. Die Gefüge mit starker zyklischer Entfestigung zeigten bei Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Elastizitätsgrenzen (Normierung σa/σy) geringere Bruchlastspielzahlen als die Gefüge mit schwächerer zyklischer Entfestigung.
    Notes: Low-cycle-fatigue texts in vacuum and air were performed. Under cyclic loading the Ti-6Al-4V showed both cyclic hardening and cyclic softening depending on heat treatment, stress amplitude, and microstructure. Plastic deformation of the β-phase in the unaged condition due to stress induced martensitic transformation caused cyclic hardening. Cyclic softening was observed if the α-phase hardened by coherent Ti3Al particles was plastically deformed.Equiaxed microstructures exhibited a stronger cyclic softening than lamellar structures. This behavior could be explained by the pronounced texture of the equiaxed microstructures, whereas the lamellar structures were texture-free.The fatigue life was influenced by the cyclic softening process mainly in the low-cycle-fatigue regime. The fatigue life at normalized stress amplitude (σa/σy) was shorter for microstructures with strong cyclic softening as compared to microstructures with lower cyclic softening.
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  • 13
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 274-285 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Formation of Surface Films and the Corrosion Resistance of the Silicon Containing Austenitic Steel X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in Nitric AcidsThe oxide layers consist of two parts: the lower one is mainly Croxide, the upper one is SiO2. ESCA and AAS measurements were made in order to study the formation of the surface layer on the austenitic steel X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in nitric acids. A film, which is chromium oxide, is formed first. On top of this film a second film consisting of SiO2 grows. The elements nickel and manganese are not found in the formation of the oxide films. Immediately below the oxide layer the steel is enrichened with chromium and depleted of iron.In order to find the in some cases very small corrosion rates (5 · 10-5 mm · a-1) in a reproducible manner, the amounts of iron, chromium and nickel which had been dissolved were measured by means of the AAS method as a function of time.For stationary samples apparent activation energies of 65.2 kJ/Mol (azeotropic nitric acid) and 37.5 kJ/Mol (highly concentrated nitric acid), respectively, were found. These data confirm the assumption that the corrosion rate is determined by reactions at the phase boundaries.No appreciable influence of the flow velocity on the corrosion rate was detected.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von ESCA- und AAS-Messungen wurde die Ausbildung der Deckschicht auf dem austenitischen Stahl X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in Salpetersäuren untersucht. Es entsteht eine chromoxidreiche Deckschicht, über der sich eine SiO2-Schicht befindet. Nickel und Mangan sind am Aufbau der Oxidschichten nicht beteiligt. Unter der Oxidschicht wurde eine Chromanreicherung bzw. Eisenverarmung im Stahl nachgewiesen.Um die teilweise sehr geringen (bis 5 · 10-5 mm · a-1) Abtragungsraten reproduzierbar erfassen zu können, wurde in Lösung gegangenes Eisen, Chrom und Nickel in Abhängigkeit von der Beanspruchungsdauer mittels AAS bestimmt.Für ruhende Werkstoffproben ergaben sich scheinbare Aktivierungsenergien von 65,2 kJ/Mol (azeotrope Salpetersäure) bzw. 37,5 kJ/Mol (hochkonzentrierte Salpetersäure); diese Werte bestätigen die Annahme einer geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Phasengrenzreaktion. Ein nennenswerter Einfluß der Fließgeschwindigkeit auf die Korrosion war nicht nachweisbar.
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  • 14
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A84 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 355-360 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Fatigue Behavior of SiSiCFor design purposes the engineering property datas especially the fatigue behavior of silicon carbide (SiSiC) were determined. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics the datas for slip casted and extruded SiSiC-samples were measured at room temperature. The correlation between stress, probability of failure, and time is shown in SPT-diagrams.
    Notes: Auf der Basis der Theorie der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik wird die für die Konstruktion benötigte, zeitabhängige mechanische Festigkeit (Ermüdung) von stranggepreßtem und schlickergegossenem Siliziumcarbid (SiSiC) bei Raumtemperatur bestimmt.Der Zusammenhang zwischen Belastungshöhe, Ausfallswahrscheinlichkeit und Zeit wird in Form von SPT-Diagrammen dargestellt.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 385-388 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue crack growthIn the following paragraphs the fracture mechanics approach to fatigue crack growth will be described. A relationship between the „Wöhler-type“ concept and the fracture mechanics concept will be established and some aspects of interest for practical applications will be presented.
    Notes: Im folgenden soll das Ermüdungsrißwachstum in der bruchmechanischen Darstellungsweise erläutert werden, wobei eine Beziehung zwischen der Wöhler-Kurve (klassischer Ermüdungsversuch) und dem bruchmechanischen Ermüdungsversuch hergestellt wird, sowie einige für die Ingenieurpraxis interessante Aspekte erläutert werden.
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  • 18
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A102 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Fields in Concentrated Contacts - Influence of Normal Load, Tangential Load and Internal StressesThe stresses in the half space of a Hertzian Contact (coordinate stresses and equivalent stresses) are shown in dependence of geometry and Hertzian contact stress. The equivalent stresses were calculated with the Huber, von Mises, Henky criterion.The superposition of combined normal and tangential load with residual stresses in the material was calculated for point and line contact. The course of the maximum of the equivalent stress in dependence of the residual stresses with the parameter friction coefficient is shown.
    Notes: Der Spannungszustand (Koordinatenspannungen, Vergleichspannung) im Halbraum des Hertzschen Kontaktbereiches wird in Abhängigkeit von der Geometrie und der Hertzschen Pressung dargestellt. Die Vergleichsspannung wurde mit der Gestaltänderungsenergiehypothese ermittelt.Die Überlagerung von Normalkraft und Schubkraftbeanspruchung mit im Werkstoff vorhandenen Eigenspannungen wurde für die beiden Fälle Kreis- und Rechteckkontakt durchgeführt. Der Verlauf des Vergleichsspannungsmaximums in Abhängigkeit von den Eigenspannungen mit dem Parameter Reibwert wird dargestellt. Das Ergebnis dieser Berechnungen kann zur Klärung von Oberflächenermüdungsschäden an Wälzlagern, Zahnrädern, Nocken-Stößel-Paarung usw. beitragen.
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  • 20
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 434-439 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strain Measurements of Great Tensile-Test Pieces of Reactor Steel by Holographic InterferometryWith a tensile-test rod of 100 mm diameter the application of holographic interferometry to not vibration isolated mounts has been demonstrated using advanced holographic techniques. The three spatial components of the deformation of an extended part of the rod surface have been calculated and analysed according to a specific deformation behaviour. Especially, it appeared that the strain in the direction of stress showed a discontinuity where later on the rod raptured due to a much greater load.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe fortgeschrittener holographischer Techniken wurde am Beispiel einer 100 mm ∅ Rundzugprobe der Einsatz der holographischen Interferometrie an nicht schwingungsisolierten Aufbauten demonstriert. Die in einem größeren Bereich der Probenoberfläche gemessenen Verschiebungen in den drei Raumrichtungen wurden quantitativ bestimmt und bezüglich spezifischer Deformationen interpretiert. Dabei zeigte sich insbesondere, daß die Dehnung in Zugrichtung einen deutlichen Sprung im Bereich des später, bei sehr viel größeren Belastungen aufgetretenen Bruches aufwies.
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  • 21
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A105 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Der Eigenspannungsmeßtechnik wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten viele Arbeiten gewidmet mit einem Trend der Vorliebe zur röntgenographischen Meßmethode und deren Anwendung. 1979 wurde in einem Symposium der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V., des Deutschen Verbandes für Materialprüfung e. V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Metallkunde e. V. der Stand der Wissenschaft zum Thema „Eigenspannungen“, Entstehung, Berechnung, Messung und Bewertung, in Deutschland abgehandelt [1]. Vorgetragen wurden neben der reinen Theorie einige praxisbezogene Studien über Bauteile, bei denen der Verlauf der Eigenspannungen ermittelt und studiert wurde, was in jedem Fall die Zerstörung des Bauteils zur Folge hat.Anwendungen der Eigenspannungsmessung zur Fertigungskontrolle sind in der Literatur selten.Dennoch, neben diesen zum Teil uralten Betrachtungen gibt es in der Praxis Fälle, bei denen der prinzipielle Spannungsverlauf im Bauteil bekannt ist und zur Fertigungskontrolle eine praktisch zerstörungsfreie Eigenspannungsmessung der Oberfläche notwendig ist. Diesen Messungen steht ein grundsätzliches Problem entgegen: Die zu vermessende Oberfläche muß relevant sein für den wahren Spannungszustand des Bauteils. Aber die Oberfläche stellt eine singuläre Zone dar, deren Spannungszustand durch alle oberflächenaktiven Vorgänge verfälscht wird; je zerstörungsfreier das Meßverfahren, umso sensibler ist die Messung gegen die Meßstellen-(Oberflächen-)Singularität. Um nur einige Beispiele von Oberflächensingularitäten bei Stahl zu erwähnen, sei erinnert an Entkohlung, Verfestigung durch Grobzerspanung, Verhärtungen oder Anlasseffekte durch Schleifen usw., wobei der Gradient der jeweiligen Beeinflussung von vielen Parametern abhängt und im Regelfall unbekannt bleibt.In dieser Arbeit soll berichtet werden, wie und mit welchem Aufwand für einen speziellen Anwendungsfall das Problem der Meßstellenrelevanz gelöst wurde.
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  • 23
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 361-369 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface-Specific Analytical Methods (AES/SAM, ESCA/XPS, SIMS) for the Investigation of Wear-Resistant CoatingsThis paper gives a brief review of the analytical possibilities by combining some analytical methods of surface analysis for the study of the uppermost layers of atoms of technical interesting materials (metals).The physical fundamentals, limitations and differences of the methods: Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry are discussed - especially in comparison with the well-known electron microprobe analysis. Finally the application of surface analysis for the characterization of the chemical surface composition of wear-resistant coatings before and after tribological operation is demonstrated.
    Notes: Es werden die analytischen Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die sich ergeben, wenn man mehrere oberflächenspezifische Analysenverfahren, hier speziell AES/SAM, ESCA(XPS) und SIMS, zur Charakterisierung von Werkstoffoberflächen kombiniert einsetzen kann.Die Grundprinzipien werden besprochen, die Vor- und Nachteile der Methoden miteinander verglichen - insbesondere in bezug auf die klassische Röntgen-Mikroanalyse - und schließlich anhand von Beispielen aus dem tribologischen Bereich erläutert.
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  • 24
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fundamentals of Material Selection in the Conditions of Erosive WearProblems of proper selection of materials for parts subjected to wear by a stream of abrasive particles are discussed. Considering the main laws governing such kind of wear, the author concludes that target material selection in the case of erosion, like in any other case of abrasive wear, will depend on the ratio of abrasive grain hardness to material hardness. Special attention should be given to hard components in the abrasive. It has been established that a 10-15% content of quartz particles in the abrasive is enough to cause an abrupt fall in the wear resistance of chilled steels, white iron and hard surfacing alloys, thus making their use questionable. Finegrained WC-Co-type sintered carbides have shown the highest wear resistance in such conditions.The conclusions drawn in this paper are borne cut by a considerable body of experimental data.
    Notes: In dem Artikel werden Probleme der zweckmäßigen Werkstoffauswahl bei der Strahlverschleißbekämpfung behandelt, die allgemeinen Gesetzmäßigkeiten deser Verschleißart dargelegt und gezeigt, daß analog zu anderen Abrasivverschleißarten auch in diesem Fall die Materialauswahl durch einen Vergleich von Werkstoff- und Schleifkornhärte erleichtert wird. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dem Einfluß von Zusätzen harter Körner in Strahlmittel. Schon ein etwa 10-15prozentiger Anteil von Quarzteilchen ruft eine jähe Senkung des relativen Verschleißwiderstandes bei gehärteten Stählen, Hartguß und Auftragsschweißwiderstandes bei gehärteten Stählen, Hartguß und Auftragsschweißungen hervor und macht deren Anwendung problematisch. Den größten Verschleißwiderstand unter solchen Bedingungen haben feinkörniger WC-Co-Sinterhartmetalle.Die Schlußfolgerungen werden durch umfangreiche Versuchsergebnisse belegt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 95-96 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Study on Alloy Element Loss in MIG Welding of Stainless SteelsAAS-analysis of welding fume yields information about alloy element loss in MIG welding of stainless steels. Welding under shielding gases short of oxygen, the heavy metal loss can be correlated with the element's partial pressures in the welding wire alloy.
    Notes: Durch Analyse des Schweißrauches läßt sich Aufschluß über das Abbrandverhalten von Drahtelektroden gewinnen. Beim MAG-Schweißen unter sauerstoffarmen Schutzgasen wird der Schwermetall-Abbrand durch die Partialdrucke der Legierungskomponenten kontrolliert.
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  • 26
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 102-107 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 28
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Specimen Size on the Fracture Mechanical Behaviour of Sintered SteelFracture mechanics testing was carried out with small and big specimens using high-temperature sintered Fe-2%Cu-2.5%Ni-alloys in the densities of ρ = 7.1 and 7.4 g/cm3. These steels are often used in the manufacturing of PM-parts. Due to the different dismensions the crack propagation is for the bigger sizes faster than for the smaller sizes. Also the conditional fracture toughness of the big specimens is superiour to the toughness of the small specimens. But under consideration of a plain strain state for the big specimens and of a plain stress state for the small specimens valid fracture toughness values being independent from the specimen size can be calculated applying linear-elastic fracture mechanics.These results were obtained for both densities investigated. The increase of the density delivers principally better fracture mechanical data. Hereby the relation of strength data with the microstructure is also discussed.
    Notes: Am Beispiel von in der Formteilherstellung häufig verwendeten hochtemperaturgesinterten Fe-2%Cu-2,5%Ni-Legierungen in den Dichten ρ = 7,1 und 7,4 g/cm3 wurden bruchmechanische Untersuchungen an Klein- und Großproben vorgenommen. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Abmessungen ergibt sich bei Großproben eine größere Rißfortschrittsgeschwindigkeit und eine größere vorläufige Bruchzähigkeit als bei den Kleinproben. Durch Zuordnung des ebenen Dehnungszustandes zu den Großproben und des ebenen Spannungszustandes zu den Kleinproben läßt sich jedoch unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen plastischen Zonen ein von der Probenform unabhängiger gültiger Bruchzähigkeitswert auf der Basis der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik berechnen.Diese Ergebnisse gelten für beide Dichtevarianten, wobei die Erhöhung der Dichte die bruchmechanischen Kennwerte grundsätzlich verbessert. Hierbei wird auch auf den Zusammenhang zwischen den Festigkeitskennwerten und dem Gefüge eingegangen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A35 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 30
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 140-148 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Remote Testing of Polymers with Photothermal Analysis of Thermal WavesAfter an introduction to thermal waves a comparison is made of photoacoustic detection methods (gas cell, piezoceramic) and photothermal detection arrangements (front surface and rear surface methods). Previously only photoacoustic methods have been applied to polymer related problems, while the advantages of photothermal measurements - remote and nondestructive evaluation - have been demonstrated on metals. The experimental part of this paper presents first steps to apply photothermal analysis of thermal waves to some problems of polymers: thickness measurement of thin layers; on-surface and subsurface defects; delamination of bonding and coating curing reactions; glass fibre content; orientation of fibres and molecules; aging processes.The present results indicate that the method can be used for nondestructive remote quality assurance of thin layers and foils. Further development is required to apply the method to nondestructive testing of thick walled components.
    Notes: Nach einer Einführung in die Grundlagen von Wärmewellen werden die photoakustischen Meßmethoden (Gaszelle, Piezokeramik) den photothermischen Meßmöglichkeiten (Frontseiten- und Rückseitenmethode) erläuternd gegenübergestellt. Kunststoffbezogene Problemstellungen wurden bisher nahezu ausschließlich mit photoakustischen Methoden bearbeitet. Die Vorteile der photothermischen Messungen - berührungslose und zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - konnten bisher an Metallen verdeutlicht werden. Der experimentelle Teil dieser Arbeit zeigt in ersten Schritten auf, daß auch bei Kunststoffen folgende Problemstellungen mit der Methode der photothermischen Wärmewellenanalyse bearbeitet werden können.Dickenmessung dünner Schichten; äußere und innere Fehlstellen; Haftungsfehler bei Verklebungen oder Beschichtungen; Vernetzungsreaktionen; Glasfaseranteil; Glasfaser- und Molekülorientierungen; Alterungsvorgänge.Die bisherigen Ergebnisse lassen sich in die zerstörungsfreie Qualitätssicherung dünner Schichten und Folien übertragen. Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von dickwandigen Bauteilen bedarf einer methodischen Weiterentwicklung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A101 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Steel of the type 13%Cr6%Ni modified with 0.56%Mo allows to achieve favourable mechanical metallurgy properties, including decrease of the susceptibility to temper embrittlement. Application of two-stage tempering (first at 625°C, second at 575-600 °C) leads to counterbalanced mechanical properties and to the improvement of corrosion resistance in dependence on the modification of structure.The physical metallurgy characteristics were completed by potentiodynamic measurements. It was found that this evaluation indicates very sensitively the formation of austenite in the structure after applying tempering at intercritical temperatures. A model of austenite stabilization using the single and two-stage tempering method is presented.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 436-436 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 34
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A23 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No. Abstract.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Reference series of radiographs of casting defects in chemical apparatus made of grey cast ironChemical apparatus of grey cast iron as reaction vessels or storage tanks continue to be of major importance. When subjected to corrosive attack, they must not show excessive casting defects, otherwise the wall thickness will be reduced too much locally. Radiographic testing is generally used for the quality inspection of such apparatus. In order to evaluate casting defects in radiographs, a reference series of radiographs was produced and its system discussed. This series enables not only an evaluation of radiographs, but also makes it possible to fix quality requirements.
    Notes: Chemieapparate aus Gußeisen mit Lamellengraphit als Reaktionsgefäße oder Lagerbehälter haben nach wie vor erhebliche Bedeutung. Bei korrosiver Beanspruchung dürfen sie keine zu großen Gußfehler aufweisen, da sonst die Wanddicke lokal zu sehr geschwächt wird. Zur Qualitätsprüfung derartiger Apparate ist die Durchstrahlungsprüfung gebräuchlich. Um die Bewertung von Gußfehlern in Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen zu vereinheitlichen, wurde eine Durchstrahlungsbilder-Vergleichsreihe geschaffen, deren System erörtert wird. Diese Reihe erleichtert nicht nur die Beurteilung von Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen, sondern ermöglicht auch die Festlegung von Qualitätsanforderungen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A32 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 116-119 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methoden der Bestimmung von Fließkurven im ZylinderstauchversuchDer Stauchversuch dient vor allem zur Aufnahme von Fließkurven im Bereich hoher Umformgrade. Es werden drei Grundformen des Zylinderstauchversuches beschrieben: Stauchen herkömmlicher Proben mit Schmierung, Stauchen von Rastegaev-Proben mit Schmiertaschen und Stauchen mit Haftreibung. Jede der drei Methoden bietet spezifische Vorteile. So bleibt z. B. beim Rastegaev-Versuch die Probe bis zu einem hohen Umformgrad zylindrisch, aber der Beitrag der Reibung zur Gesamtarbeit ist merklich. Demgegenüber ist bei Haftreibung die Reibarbeit gleich Null, aber die Probe weicht stark von der Zylinderform ab (Aufbauchen). Es werden Vorschläge gemacht zur Vereinheitlichung der drei Versuche.
    Notes: The upsetting test is mainly used for determining stress-strain curves in the range of high strains. Three modifications of the upsetting test are described: upsetting conventional lubricated specimens, upsetting Rastegaev specimens with end recesses, and upsetting under sticking friction conditions. Each of these procedures offers special advantages. For example, in the Rastegaev test, the specimen remains cylindrical up to a high strain while the work required for friction cannot be neglected. By upsetting under sticking friction conditions, no work is required for friction, but the specimen's shape deviates strongly from that one of a cylinder (barrelling). Proposals are made concerning unified procedures for carrying out the tests.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 168-176 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Development and construction of a new type, design-approved tank container for boron-tri-fluoride and other highly compressed gasesA new type of tank container was developed and tested during a period of about two years and approved by the Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (BAM) for transporting boron-tri-fluoride and nitrogen. The total weight of this tank container is about 1500 kg and its capacity about 450 litres. This tank container - in comparison to single pressure gas bottles - allows the transport of larger quantities and shall replace gas bottles or bottle batteries in a safe way or shall be used as a supplement to them. Since the container is mounted on a supporting structure, it can be moved by fork lifters, fork-lift trucks or cranes. The transport can be made by truck, rail or ship.
    Notes: In etwa 2 Jahren wurde ein neuartiger Tankcontainer entwickelt, geprüft und von der Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (BAM) für den Transport von Bortrifluorid und Stickstoff zugelassen. Das Gesamtgewicht dieses Containers beträgt etwa 1500 kg, das Fassungsvermögen etwa 520 Liter. Der Tankcontainer, der gegenüber der einzelnen Druckgasflasche den Versand von größeren Mengen erlaubt, soll auf sichere Weise Flaschen oder Flaschenbatterien ersetzen bzw. ergänzen. Der Container läßt sich aufgrund seines Gestells mit Gabelstaplern, Gabelhubwagen oder Kränen bewegen, der eigentliche Transport kann dann mit LKW, Bahn oder Schiff erfolgen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Stress/strain properties of PTFE skived film over a temperature range of +25 °C to -80 °C and the problem of notch effectChemical plant under severe corrosive stress can be protected with “made-to-measure” liners welded up from PTFE skived film. For correct manufacture, handling and use of these chemical plant linings, a thorough knowledge of the semi-finished product and particularly of its load/deformation properties over a wide temperature range is required. The present paper deals with questions of strength and ductility and with the problem of notch effect at temperatures below + 25 °C. It is based on tensile tests carried out on PTFE skived film. Defined punched and cut notches were used to obtain information on notch sensitivity below room temperature. As the tests relate to two very different skived films, the reasons for these differences are analysed. The part played by the degree of crystallinity in determining many property differences is examined more closely with special reference to its effect on ultimate tensile strength, ductility and notch sensitivity. The aim of this study is not to determine material constants for PTFE but to identify tendencies in the behaviour of the semi-finished product, PTFE skived film, and so to gain useful information for its use in chemical plant lining.
    Notes: Extrem korrosiv beanspruchte Apparate der Chemietechnik lassen sich mit Korrosionsschutzlinern, die maßgerecht aus PTFE-Schälfolie geschweißt werden, schützen. Für werkstoffgerechte Herstellung, Handhabung und Einsatz dieser Apparateauskleidungen sind fundierte Kenntnisse des zu verarbeitenden Halbzeugs, besonders seines Kraft-Verformungs-Verhaltens über einen weiten Temperaturbereich, erforderlich. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit Festigkeits- und Duktilitätsfragen sowie dem Problem der Kerbwirkung bei Temperaturen unterhalb + 25 °C. Sie basiert auf Zerreißversuchen an Proben aus PTFE-Schälfolie. Definierte Stich- und Schnittkerben sollen Hinweise über die Kerbempfindlichkeit unterhalb Raumtemperatur geben. Da sich diese Untersuchung mit zwei sehr unterschiedlichen Schälfolienqualitäten befaßt, erfolgt eine Analyse der Ursachen für diese Unterschiede. Der Kristallinitätsgrad als Einflußgröße auf viele Eigenschaftsunterschiede wird speziell hinsichtlich seiner Auswirkung auf Bruchfestigkeit, Duktilität und Kerbempfindlichkeit näher betrachtet. Diese Untersuchung hat nicht zum Ziel, absolute Werkstoffkennwerte von PTFE zu ermitteln, sondern Trends im Werkstoffverhalten des Halbzeugs PTFE-Schälfolie zu erkennen und damit nützliche Hinweise für den apparatetechnischen Einsatz zu erhalten.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 244-253 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Size Effect in the Low-Cycle Fatigue RegimeThis paper reports the results of the investigations on the problems of conversion of low-cycle fatigue data obtained with small specimens to large structures. Strain controlled fatigue tests have been carried out on specimens of various thickness in push-pull and reversed bending to investigate the geometrical and technological size effect on low-cycle fatigue life Ncr. It was found that a remarkable size effect exists in both loading conditions in LCF-regime. The relationship between materials characteristics (grain size, yield strength), specimen geometry (diameter or area of the cross section) and the fatigue life Ncr was obtained for various loading types and strain levels. Metallurgical and fracture mechanical aspects are considered to explain the size effect in LCF-regime.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über Untersuchungen zur Frage der Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen an kleinen Proben auf Bauteile bei Beanspruchungen im LCF-Bereich berichtet. Dazu sind Versuche unter Zug-Druck- und Biegewechselbeanspruchung zum geometrischen und technologischen Größeneinfluß durchgeführt worden. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Form von Beziehungen zwischen Werkstoffkenngrößen (Korngröße, Streckgrenze), Bauteilgrößen (Probendurchmesser, Probenquerschnitt) und der zu erwartenden Lebensdauer (kritische Schwingspielzahl) unter Berücksichtigung der Beanspruchungsart und Beansprunchungshöhe aufgestellt. Zur Klärung des Größeneinflusses im LCF-Bereich wurden sowohl werkstoffkundliche als auch bruchmechanische Gesichtspunkte herangezogen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A65 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A68 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 286-290 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Continuous Measurement of Corrosion on Steel X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in 98% Nitric AcidThe corrosion rates of iron, chromium and nickel have been measured by means of a radionuclide method for the silicium containing steel X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in 98% nitric acid in the temperature range 30 to 50°C. The corrosion is determined by the interfacial reaction. The growth of the oxide layer depends on the progress of the corrosion attack. The chromium exceed in the oxidic layer can be estimated from the Cr/Fe ratios in the corrosion medium.
    Notes: Mit einem radionuklidtechnischen Verfahren wurde die Korrosion von Eisen, Chrom und Nickel des siliziumhaltigen Stahls X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in 98%iger Salpetersäure im Temperaturbereich 30 bis 50°C verfolgt. Die Korrosionsreaktion ist durchtrittsbestimmt, der Aufbau der oxidischen Deckschicht ist abhängig vom Fortschritt der Korrosion. Aus den Verhältnissen von Chrom zu Eisen im Korrosionsmedium läßt sich der Chromüberschuß in der Oxidschicht abschätzen.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 305-309 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The linear polarization method of corrosion rate determination has been investigated on the basis of the equation of Stern and Geary. It has been demonstrated that use of an average value for the parameter B does not lead to accurate results. A procedure has been suggested for rapid monitoring and more accurate measurements of corrosion rates, and this is based on the calculation of B from independent measurements of the electrode-kinetic parameters of the corrosion system under investigation. Values of B have been calculated for a wide range of Tafel slopes for the case when both cathodic and anodic partial reactions are controlled by charge transfer. Using the correct value of B, potential/corrosion current density curves are constructed for various polarizing current densities. It has been shown that these calibration curves are very helpful in the rapid monitoring of corrosion rate using the linear polarization method at constant current density with a three-electrode arrangement.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 338-347 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochtemperaturkorrosion an Hochtemperatur-WerkstoffenHochtemperaturkorrosion - die oxidative Schädigung von metallischen Werkstoffen durch heiße Gase sowie andere flüssige und feste Stoffe - verkürzt die Lebensdauer von Gasturbinen. Durch Vergleich der Resultate von Laborversuchen unter definierten Bedingungen mit den Ergebnissen des praktischen Betriebes sollen die Schadensmechanismen geklärt werden.Metallographische Untersuchungen, die Klärung des Schadensablaufs in Mikrobereichen und beeinflussen die Werkstoffauswahl und deren Schutzgebung (Aufbringen von Schutzschichten) mit dem Ziel der Steigerung der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Anlage.
    Notes: High temperature corrosion - oxidative damage of metallic materials from hot gas and other fluid and solid components - shortens the life of gas turbines. By comparing the results of laboratory tests under constant conditions with the results of the operation of gas turbines the facts of failure should be clarified.Metallographie examinations, but especially SEM, Microprobe and AES help to clear the facts of failures in the microscopic zones. These tests will help when selecting materials and their protective coatings with the purpose of higher rentability of the plant.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 371-376 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Titanium-Clad PlatesThe article deals with aspects as well as the processing and service properties of large clad plates. The most important characteristics of explosion-clad steel are discussed. Results of tests performed on high-strength grade 2 titanium are also presented.Large plates with titanium cladding thicknesses of 1.5-3.0 mm are produced by means of a new method comprising the hot rolling of explosion-clad semi-finished material. By means of hot and cold forming, corrosion resistance tests, and successfull welding trials it is shown that the new clad plate completely satisfies further processing requirements.
    Notes: Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit Fragen der Herstellung sowie den Verarbeitungs- und Gebrauchseigenschaften von plattierten Grobblechen. Erörtert werden die wesentlichen Merkmale von Sprengplattierungen, u. a. wird über Versuche mit höherfestem Titan der Gruppe II berichtet.Großformatige Bleche mit Titan-Auflagedicken von 1,5 bis 3 mm werden über einen neuentwickelten Fertigungsweg durch Warmwalzen von sprengplattiertem Halbzeug hergestellt. Mit Warm- und Kaltumformungen, Untersuchungen zum Korrosionsverhalten sowie der erfolgreichen schweißtechnischen Erprobung wird gezeigt, daß die neuartige Plattierung den Anforderungen bezüglich der Verarbeitbarkeit voll genügt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhomogeneous Deformation Processes During Cyclic Loading of Quenched and Tempered Steel SAE 4140The cyclic deformation behavior of a normalized steel SAE 4140 in the loading range σa 〈 ReS is characterized by softening and hardening phenomena. Cyclic softening processes are combined with inhomogeneous plastic deformations and the propagation of a fatigue Lüdersband. The following hardening process occurs homogeneously. At stress amplitudes σa 〈 Rp0.2 the quenched and tempered SAE 4140 worksoftens continuously until crack initiation. Plastic deformation processes are extremely inhomogeneous and are concentrated on small fatigue zones. The inhomogeneity increases with decreasing tempering temperatures und stress amplitudes.
    Notes: Das Wechselverformungsverhalten von normalisiertem 42 CrMo 4 ist für Beanspruchungen σa 〈 ReS durch Ent- und Verfestigungsvorgänge gekennzeichnet. Die Wechselentfestigung erfolgt inhomogen und ist mit der Ausbreitung sog. Ermüdungslüdersbänder verbunden, die anschließende Verfestigung erfolgt homogen.Das Wechselverformungsverhalten von vergütetem 42 CrMo 4 ist für Beanspruchungen mit σa 〈 Rp0,2 mit Entfestigungsvorgängen verbunden, die kontinuierlich in die Rißausbreitungsphase übergehen. Die während der Wechselverformung ablaufenden plastischen Deformationsvorgänge sind bis zum Probenbruch extrem inhomogen und auf sog. Ermüdungszonen beschränkt. Eine Erniedrigung der Anlaßtemperatur und der Spannungsamplitude verstärkt die Inhomogenität.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A103 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 429-433 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Toughness Requirements for Steels in Low-Temperature ComponentsIn order to exclude the possibility of low-ductility fractures (brittle fractures) in components with safety relevance (e. g. pressurized containments) the materials used have to have an adequate toughness. The toughness requirements for materials are laid down in sets of regulations or in specifications. If the guidelines are compared, however it becomes clear that opinions vary considerably concerning minimum toughness to be guaranted and procedure to be evaluated. In this paper the regulations are discussed.
    Notes: Um in Bauteilen mit sicherheitstechnischer Bedeutung (z. B. druckführenden Umschließungen) verformungsarme Brüche (Sprödbrüche) ausschließen zu können, müssen die eingesetzten Werkstoffe eine ausreichende Zähigkeit besitzen. Die an die Werkstoffzähigkeit gestellten Anforderungen sind in Regelwerken oder Spezifikationen vorgeschrieben. Ein Vergleich der Richtlinien zeigt jedoch, daß die Meinungen über die zu gewährleistenden Mindestzähigkeitswerte und die auszuwertende Prüfmethodik sehr unterschiedlich sind. In dieser Arbeit werden die Regelwerke diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 440-440 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A2 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Finsh and Solid Rolling of Automotive Running Gear and Drive ComponentsAutomotive parts, in particular running gear and drive components, are subject to high dynamic loads in regards to strength.When designing new parts, this is taken into account through dimensioning, material selection and constructional conception. Normally the mentioned measures will not be applied to old designs if, for example, they are subjected later to higher loads because of an increase in engine power output. Only the selection of different materials as well as strength increasing measures and methods remain for these parts.An important method is solid rolling. The examples of completed designs demonstrate the possible strength improvements, influence of rolling force on component strength as well as desired and undesired accompaniments.A comparison is made between solid rolling and other strength improving measures, such as inductive hardening.The results show the solid rolling method to be cost-favorable, very effective and safe in handling. The method has its limits in geometry (open rotation-symmetrical cross sections are required), size (component too large, cross section too filigreed) and application range (temperature) of components.
    Notes: Kraftfahrzeug-Bauteile, insbesondere Fahrwerkskomponenten und Antriebsbauelemente sind festigkeitsmäßig dynamisch hoch beansprucht.Bei der Neukonstruktion wird dem durch Dimension, Werkstoffauswahl und Konstruktionsprinzip Rechnung getragen. An bestehenden Konstruktionen, wenn diese beispielsweise durch spätere Leistungssteigerung höher belastet werden, scheiden in der Regel die genannten Maßnahmen aus. Hier bleiben dann neben anderer Werkstoffwahl nur festigkeitssteigernde Maßnahmen und Verfahren.Als ein bedeutendes Verfahren steht hier das Festwalzen. Die Beispiele ausgeführter Konstruktionen zeigen die möglichen Festigkeitssteigerungen, den Einfluß der Walzkräfte auf die Bauteilfestigkeit sowie erwünschte und unerwünschte Begleiterscheinungen.Es wird verglichen zwischen Festwalzen und anderen Maßnahmen zur Festigkeitssteigerung wie Induktivhärten.Das Ergebnis zeigt das Festwalzverfahren als kostengünstig, sehr wirksam und sicher in der Handhabung. Grenzen liegen verfahrensbedingt in der Geometrie (offene rotationssymmetrische Querschnitte notwendig), Dimension (Bauteil zu groß, Querschnitt zu filigran) und im Einsatzbereich (Temperatur) der Bauteile.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 65-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Activation Enthalpies and Mechanisms of Subcritical Crack Propagation in Aluminium Oxide CeramicsProgressive crack propagation has been investigated in the temperature range between 25 and 1000°C for two commercial varieties of Al2O3 ceramic, using double torsion specimens. 3 different temperature regions have been found, each of them with a different dependence of the effective activation enthalpie on the stress intensity factor. While at low temperatures the crack propagation rate is mainly controlled by the reaction of the grain boundary phase with the water vapor partial pressure of the environment, the softening of this phase is the predominent factor at high temperatures.
    Notes: An zwei Qualitäten kommerzieller Al2O3-Keramik unterschiedlichen SiO2-Gehalts wurde an Doppeltorsionsproben die langsame Rißausbreitung im Temperatubereich von 25 bis 1000°C untersucht. Es wurden drei Bereiche gefunden, die eine unterschiedliche Abhängigkeit der effektiven Aktivierungsenthalpien vom Spannungsintensitätsfaktor aufweisen. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen steuert im wesentlichen die Reaktion des Wasserdampfes der umgebenden Luft mit der Korngrenzenphase die Rißausbreitung, bei hohen Temperaturen spielt die Erweichung dieser Korngrenzenphase die entscheidende Rolle.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ductility of Metallic Diffusion Type Coatings on Nickel-Based Alloys and its DeterminationA test method is being presented by which ductility properties of metallic diffusion coatings, which are used against hot corrosion e.g. on turbine blades, can be measured. The ductility measurements are based upon the acoustic emission during crack initiation within coated specimens under mechanical load. By plotting the acoustic emission and the stress vs. elongation simultaneously, the crack initiation stress vs. elongation simultaneously, the crack initiation stress of the coating and the 0,2%-proof stress of the substrate can be determined by the same experiment. Correlations between these two stress levels led to ductility characteristics and within the scope of these investigations to dependences on temperature, coating thickness, strain rate and thermal history of the coating/substrate system. The investigations were carried out on three different diffusion coatings combined with two nickel-base superalloys. Ductility measurements up to 850°C led to ductile-brittle-transition-temperatures as well as to temperature dependant stress and strain levels, below which the coatings on certain substrate behave in a ductile manner.
    Notes: Diffusionsschutzschichten gegen Heißgaskorrosion sind vielfach bei niedrigen Temperaturen spröde und werden erst bei höheren Temperaturen zäh. Für das Betriebsverhalten beschichteter Turbinenschaufeln z. B. ist die Kenntnis der Übergangstemperatur vom spröden zum zähen Verhalten von Bedeutung, wobei die Eigenschaften der Schutzschicht vom jeweiligen Trägerwerkstoff beeinflußt werden. - Es wird nun ein Prüfverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem an beschichteten Proben unter mechanischer Beanspruchung das Auftreten erster Anrisse in der Schutzschicht durch Schallemissionsmessungen nachgewiesen und gleichzeitig durch die Aufnahme eines Spannung-Dehnung-Schaubildes die relative Lage der Anrißspannung der Schutzschicht und der 0,2 Grenze des Trägerwerkstoffes erfaßt werden. Aus den durchgeführten Versuchen ließen sich Angaben über die Zähigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und anderen Einflußgrößen wie Schichtdicke, Dehngeschwindigkeit und thermischer Vorgeschichte ableiten. Auf diese Weise konnten für drei verschiedene Schutzschichten, dei mit zwei hochwarmfesten Nickellegierungen kombiniert waren, Spröde Zäh-Übergangstemperaturen bestimmt werden. Weiterhin ergaben sich bis zur höchsten Prüftemperatur von 850°C Spannungs- und Dehnungsgrenzen, unterhalb derer die untersuchten Schutzschichten auf den Trägerwerkstoffen rißfrei bleiben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 108-108 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 117-123 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen mit einem instrumentierten Kerbschlaghammer an einer Molybdänbasislegierung, Nickelbasislegierungen und Incoloy 800Mit einem instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerk wurden Experimente an der Molybdänbasislegierung TZM, den Nickelbasislegierungen Nimocast 713 LC, Inconel 625, Nimonic 86, Hastelloy S und der Eisenbasislegierung Incoloy 800 durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden unter den Gesichtspunkten der verbrauchten Schlagenergien und der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit diskutiert.In allen Fällen war die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Energien, die am Schleppzeiger des Hammers abgelesen wurden und den Energien, die durch die Integration des Kraft-Weg Diagrammes ermittelt wurden, ausgezeichnet.Ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit für eine Last vs. Lastpunktverschiebungskurve mit hohen Oszillationen unter Verwendung einer gemittelten Kurve wurde vorgeschlagen. Verwendet man dieses Verfahren, findet man keinen deutlichen Einfluß der Experimente mit Hammer und Stössel (5,0 m/s und 0,1 m/s) auf die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit. Halbiert man die Fallhöhe, d.h. halbiert man die totale Schlagenergie, so werden die dynamischen Bruchzähigkeitswerte für die Legierungstypen erniedrigt.Niedrige absorbierte Schlagenergien sind oft verknüpft mit hohen Bruchzähigkeitswerten. Hier fehlt die Reserve in der Verformung und/oder im stabilen Rißwachstum.
    Notes: Experiments were performed on the molybdenum base alloy TZM, the nickel base alloys Nimocast 713 LC, Inconel 625, Nimonic 86, Hastelloy S, and the iron base alloy Incoloy 800 with an instrumented impact machine. The results are discussed in terms of absorbed impact energies and dynamic fracture toughness.In all cases the agreement between the energy determined by the dial reading and the energy determined by the integration of the load vs. load point displacement diagram was excellent.A procedure for the determination of the dynamic fracture toughness for load vs. load point displacement diagrams exhibiting high oscillations using an averaged curve is proposed. Using this procedure a pronounced influence of the experiments with tup and chisel (5.0 m/s and 0.1 m/s respectively) on the dynamic fracture toughness is not detectable. Using half the drop height, i.e. halving the total energy, lowers the dynamic fracture toughness values for these types of alloys. Low absorbed impact energies are often combined with high fracture toughness values. In these cases there is no or only a small reserve in deformation and/or stable crack growth.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 149-153 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Welding in Tank and Plant ConstructionSince a relatively limited number of plastics types are used, the welding tasks involved in chemical apparatus engineering can be accomplished with just a few welding techniques are well-known and welding can be carried out efficiently, reliably and economically by this means. In this respect, however, a number of important principles have to be observed. The DVS guidelines provide vital information on questions relating to calculation, design, personnel, equipment, material and testing. Extrusion welding enjoys prime importance as regards quality and economic aspects.
    Notes: Die Schweißaufgaben im chemischen Apparatebau werden an einer relative geringen Anzahl von Kunststofftypen mit wenigen Schweißverfahren bewältigt. Diese Verfahren sind in ihren Grenzen erfaßt und erlauben sichere und wirtschaftliche Schweißungen. Es sind hierbei allerdings eine Reihe wichtiger Grundsätze zu beachten. Die entsprechenden DVS-Richtlinien geben zu Berechnungs-, Gestaltungs, Personal-, Geräte-, Material- und Prüffragen wesentliche Hinweise. Vorrangige Bedeutung im Hinblick auf Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Behälter- und Apparatebau hat das Extrusionsschweißen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Long Term Testing of Welded Joints from HDPE under Complex LoadingTest methods to determine the long term weld-factors for heated tool butt weldings, extrusion weldings and hot gas weldings are presented. Instead of tensile bars welded pipers are tested under internal pressure to abbreviate the test times. The results of long term creep tests with welded and unwelded PE-HD pipes under the influence of several fluids are also discussed.
    Notes: Für die im Apparate- und Behälterbau am meisten angewandten Schweißverfahren: Heizelementstumpf-, Extrusions- und Warmgas-schweißen werden Prüfmethoden zur Bestimmung der Langzeit-schweißfaktoren vorgestellt. Als Prüfkörper werden hierbei geschweißte Rohre verwendet, um einen mehrdimensionalen Span-nungszustand zu realisieren und die Prüfzeiten zu verkürzen. Desweiteren wird der Einfluß einiger Medien auf geschweißte Rohre im Vergleich mit ungeschweißten Rohren untersucht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiences in Welding Highly Pure, Gas-Sensitive MaterialsHighly pure steels and non-ferrous react during processing, particularly welding, with atmospheric gases and change their service properties. Hence special measures are often necessary in forming and inert gas welding. Taking the specific example of a high pure chromium steel (superferritic), welding properties, processing data and selection of suitable inert gas torches are described. The possibility of applying this information to other materials such as titanium is discussed.
    Notes: Hochreine Stähle und Nichteisenmetalle reagieren bei der Verarbeitung, insbesondere beim Schweißen mit den Gasen der Luft und verändern ihre Gebrauchseigenschaften. Daher sind vielfach Sondermaßnahmen beim Formieren und Schutzgasschweißen notwendig. Speziell am Beispiel eines Chromstahles hoher Reinheit (Superferrit) werden die Schweißeigenschaften, Daten der Verarbeitung sowie die Auswahl geeigneter Schutzgasbrenner beschrieben. Vergleichende Hinweise und Anwendungsbeispiele für andere Werkstoffe wie z. B. Titan sind möglich.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 190-190 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Hammergeschwindigkeit und der Auslagerung auf die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit für Inconel 625Mit einem instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerk wurden Experimente an der Nickelbasislegierung Inconel 625 im Anlieferungszustand und nach Auslagerung über 3,6 Ms (1000 h) bei 923 K (650°C) unter Anwendung unterschiedlicher Fallhöhen durchgeführt. Die verbrauchte Schlagenergie kann sowohl über den Schleppzeiger, über die Integration des Kraft-Lastpunktverschiebungs-Diagrammes als auch aus der Integration des Kraft-Zeit-Diagrammes bei gleichzeitiger Kenntnis der Schlaggeschwindigkeit v0 unmittelbar vor Auftreffen des Hammers auf die Probe ermittelt werden. In allen Fällen ist die Übereinstimmung gut.Es wird gezeigt. -daß die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit abhängig ist von der Hammergeschwindigkeit v0 und damit von der totalen Energie des Hammers bei unterschiedlichen Fallhöhen.-daß die Versprödung infolge Wärmebehandlung nicht mit einer Absenkung der Bruchzähigkeit verbunden ist, obwohl eine starke Abnahme der verbrauchten Schlagenergie beobachtet wird. Definiert man eine dynamische Spannung σ aus der Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Bruchzähigkeit, so ist σ größer für das versprödete Material im Vergleich zum Anlieferungszustand. Diese Tendenz ist von Zugversuchen her bekannt.-daß die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit mit der absorbierten Schlagenergie bis zum Lastmaximum für das wärmebehandelte Material korreliert werden kann, während für den Anlieferungszustand keine Abhängigkeit gefunden wird.Die Änderung der Hammergeschwindigkeit im Verlauf des Stoßprozesses ist nur klein für diesen Werkstofftyp.
    Notes: Experiments were performed with an instrumented impact machine using different drop heights, on the nickel base alloy Inconel 625 in the as-received state and after heat treatment for about 3.6 Ms (1000 h) at 923 K (650°C).The absorbed impact energy can be obtained either by the direct dial reading, by the integration of the load versus load point displacement diagram or by the integration of the load versus time diagram, knowing the initial impact velocity v0 of the tup. In all cases the agreement was excellent.It is shown that. -the dynamic fracture toughness is dependent on the tup velocity v0 and, as a consequence, on the total energy of the hammer at the different drop heights.-defining a dynamic stress σ from the velocity dependence of the fracture toughness, the stress σ is higher for the embrittled material - a tendency verified by tensile tests.-the dynamic fracture toughness can be correlated with the absorbed impact energy up to the load maximum for the heat treated material while the as-received material exhibits no such dependence.The change in the tup velocity during the impact process is only small for this type of material.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 246-250 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Schallemissionsprüfung von Wärmetauschern des Reaktors SaphirDie Schallemissionsanalyse ist eine zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode, die zur Untersuchung und Überwachung von Strukturen und druckführenden Komponenten verwendet wird. Das Ziel der Messung am 5 MW Forschungsreaktor Saphir war die Untersuchung und Auswertung der hohen Betriebsgeräusche in den Wärmetauschern des Kühl-systems.Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß von den 9 Wärmetauschern, die in 3 Gruppen angeordnet sind, 5 Wärmetauscher ein hohes Betriebsgeräusch aufweisen. Die Ursache ist auf die Schwingung der Rohrbündel in Wärmetauschern beim Durchfluß des Pool-Wassers zurückzuführen. Die axiale Ortung bestätigte, daß die Geräusche von mehreren Quellen verursacht werden.
    Notes: The acoustic emission technique is a non-destructive testing method used for inspection and surveillance of structures and pressurized components. In particular, the purpose of the measurement on the 5 MW research reactor SAPHIR was to investigate and evaluate the abnormally high noise levels during operation of the heat exchangers of the cooling system.The results showed that 5 heat exchangers out of the total of 9 (assembled in 3 groups) were responsible for the higher noise level. This is probably due to some abnormal vibration of the tube bundles therein, caused by the through-flow of the pool water. Indeed, attempts of localizing the source showed that there must be several, distributed sources.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 250-256 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ultrasonic Testing of Metal DepositsThe adhesive strength of Ni-deposits has been determined with the well known ring shear test and by a test procedure which usually is used to analyze the resistance of a material against cavitation. In this case the specimen is fastened at the top of an ultrasonic vibrator and oscillates in an aqueous fluid. The deposit/substrate interface is strengthened by high accelerative forces and by mechanical attack of imploding bubbles in the fluid. It was shown that this method is able to distinguish the effect of different pretreatment of the substrate surface. The test result is given as the duration of attack without any exfoliation of the deposit.
    Notes: Die Prüfung der Haftfestigkeit metallischer Überzüge auf z. B. metallischen Grundwerkstoffen spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Hinblick auf die Funktionalität der beschichteten Bauteile im Betrieb. Ihre Bestimmung ist nicht in einfacher Weise möglich, wenn es gilt, Zahlenwerte zu erhalten. Nachfolgend werden zwei Verfahren vorgestellt, von denen das eine, nämlich der ring-shear-test, schon seit längerer Zeit bekannt ist, das andere jedoch, die Untersuchung mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger, neu entwickelt wurde. Die Heranziehung des ring-shear-testes dient in der vorliegenden Arbeit dem Vergleich, wobei hier bekanntlich Zahlenwerte mit der Dimension einer Spannung erhalten werden, während der Versuch mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger Beständigkeitszeiten als Entscheidungskriterium liefert.Gleichzeitig ließ sich mit beiden Methoden der Einfluß der Vorbehandlung auf die Haftfestigkeit eindeutig nachweisen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Statistical Size Effect at Random LoadingResults of random tests are used to show the applicability of the theory of statistical size effect. The specimens of all the tests of this report were made from the aluminium alloy 7075 T 7351. The specimens were machined from plates (2000 × 1000 × 40 mm). The main dimension of the specimens corresponds with the rolling direction. A standard random load sequence of Gaussian type which is recommended for general application in fatigue testing was used as loading program [19].In a first test series notched round bar specimens (Fig. 2) were used to investigate the sequence effect. 30 specimens were tested with the standard load sequence, 30 specimens with the variable load sequence. All the other test conditions were kept constant. Fig. 4 shows that the scatter of lifetime (cycles to fracture) is not influenced by the load sequence.In a second test series flat specimens with central holes were tested (Fig. 5) in order to show the existence of a pure statistical size effect at random loading. If the specimen has 1, 3 or 7 holes and all the other test conditions are kept constant, only the size of the area where cracks can initiate is enlarged. The results which are plotted in Fig. 6 show a very clear size effect. The results of the 1-hole specimen (A = A0) were used to determine the constants of Eq. (5). By inserting A = 3 A0 resp. A = 7 A0 the other test results can be predicted. In a third test series round bar specimens with a circumferential notch with different notch root radius (ρ = 1 mm resp. ρ = 6 mm) were tested (Fig. 2, Table 1). The specimens were loaded in such a way that the maximum stress in the notch root and its time-dependence was equal. In this very common case, the stress integral must be determined by applying Eq. (3). Additional tests to determine k and numerical calculations were necessary to evaluate Eq. (3). The final results are plotted in Fig. 8. By inserting A = A0 resp. A = 5 A0 into Eq. (7) the results can be described.The basis of the applicability of the theory of statistical size effect is the weakest link concept. The examination of the fracture surface and X-ray analyses showed that there was a higher content of iron (Fig. 11) in those regions where the fatigue cracks initiated. It is supposed that inclusions of intermetallic Al-Fe particles are those weakest links in the structure, where fatigue cracks nucleate.
    Notes: Es wurde der Einfluß der Bauteilgröße auf das Anrißlebensdauerverhalten bei zufallsartiger Schwingbeanspruchung an gekerbten Prüfkörpern aus der Al-Legierung AlZnMgCu 1,5 (7075T7351) untersucht. Durch geeignete Prüfkörperwahl gelang eine Trennung des statistischen (Fehlstellenmodell) und des spannungsmechanischen (Stützwirkungsmodell) Effekts und damit der Nachweis des rein statistischen Einflusses der Baugröße. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, daß das auf dem Fehlstellenmodell beruhende Rechenverfahren auch bei Änderung der Stützwirkung im Bauteil seine Gültigkeit bewahrt. Der Begriff der Fehlstelle konnte durch eine konkrete mikrostrukturelle Werkstoffinhomogenität ersetzt werden. Diese zufällig im Material verteilten Fehler werden als Ursache für die Lebensdauerstreuung angesehen. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte für eine auf einem stationären Gaußprozeß beruhende Lastfolge geklärt werden, daß die Lebensdauerstreuung nicht von der Lastspielreihenfolge abhängt, wenn das Beanspruchungskollektiv und der zeitliche Charakter des Lastablaufs erhalten bleiben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A65 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 309-314 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oszillationen des Korrosionspotentials bei rostfreien StählenDie Korrosionspotentiale von rostfreien Stählen in chloridhaltigen Lösungen sind in Umgebungen, in denen weder Lochfraß noch Spaltkorrosion auftreten, konstant. In diesen Fall sind die Korrosionspotentiale weitgehend unabhängig von der Temperatur und der Chloridionkonzentration. Bei Stählen mit abnehmendem Korrosions widerstand oder mit zunehmender Temperatur und zunehmender Chloridionkonzentration tritt eine Situation ein, bei der das Korrosionspotential zu oszillieren beginnt - und zwar zwischen zwei Werten, die ungefähr dem Lochfraßpotential Ep und dem Repassivierungspotential Epp entsprechen. Diese Potentialoszillationen sind häufig von Lochfraß und Spaltkorrosion begleitet; andererseits gibt es Fälle, bei denen sogar nach langer Zeit kein Korrosionsanriß sichtbar ist. Die Oszillationen werden einem instabilen Passivitätsverhalten zugeschrieben.
    Notes: The corrosion potentials of stainless steels in chloride solutions for conditions significantly removed from those leading to pitting and crevice corrosion are constant and to a first approximation largely independent of temperature and chloride ion concentration. With increasing temperature and/or chloride ion concentration or with decreasing corrosion resistance there comes a situation when the corrosion potential begins to oscillate, between two and values roughly corresponding to Ep and Epp. These potential oscillations are often associated with pitting and crevice corrosion, although there are clear cases when no corrosion attack was visible even after prolonged exposure. The oscillations are attributed to unstable passivity.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 323-330 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Interaction between Work-Material and Forming-Process and its Investigation by ExperimentsExperiments are described and discussed for determining material properties before metal forming as well as process parameters during the metal forming operation and workpiece properties after metal forming.Before metal forming “pure” properties of matter have to be determined which in many cases is achieved by standardized testing methods. During and after the forming operation, however, the testing methods of interest are not yet standardized to the same extent. In particular it is necessary after metal forming, to take into account the effect of geometry on the workpiece properties which results into modified conditions for testing material and workpiece properties.
    Notes: Es werden Versuche beschrieben und diskutiert, in denen Werkstoffeigenschaften vor dem Umformvorgang, Verfahrensparameter während der Umformung sowie Werkstoff- und Werkstückeigenschaften nach der Umformung erfaßt werden können.Zur Bestimmung von Werkstoffeigenschaften vor der Umformung stehen zahlreiche genormte oder sonstwie vereinheitlichte Prüfverfahren zur Verfügung. Dies ist bei Versuchen während und nach der Umformung nicht in gleichem Maße der Fall. Insbesondere muß nach der Umformung der Einfluß der Geometrie auf die Werkstückeigenschaften berücksichtigt werden, wodurch sich veränderte Bedingun-gen für Versuche zur Erfassung von Werkstoff- und Werkstückeigenschaften ergeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 359-362 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 371-377 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bruchenergiemessungen an keramischen WärmedämmschichtenDie Bruchenergie von plasmagespritzten Wärmedämmschichten aus ZrO2 · MgO, ZrO2 · Y2O3, ZrO3 · CaO · Al2O3 und Al2O3 · TiO2 auf Metallsubstraten wurde sowohl für einen Adhäsionsbruch als auch für einen Kohäsionsbruch der Deckschichten mit Hilfe gekerbter Schichtverbundbiegeproben ermittelt. Die verallgemeinerte Energiefreisetzungsrate wurde als Maß für die Bruchenergie benutzt. Sie berücksichtigt die in der Kraft-Durchbiegungskurve der Proben auftretende Nichtlinearität. Das Versagen der Proben innerhalb der Deckschicht oder in der Grenzfläche wird von der Bildung und Vereinigung von sekundären Rissen in der Deckschicht begleitet. Diese Vorgänge verursachen das nichtlineare Verformungsverhalten und eine von der Rißgeschwindigkeit abhängige Bruchmorphologie.
    Notes: The fracture energy of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings of ZrO2 · MgO, ZrO2 · Y2O3, ZrO2 · CaO · Al2O3, and Al2O3 · TiO2 on metal substrates is obtained for both adhesive and cohesive failure modes of the coatings using notched layer-bonded bend test specimens. The generalized energy release rate was employed as a measure of the fracture energy. It takes account of the nonlinearity found in the load-deflection curves of the specimens. The failure of the specimens within the coating or at the interface is accompanied by the formation and linking of secondary cracks in the coating. This causes the non-linearity in the deformation behaviour and a rate-dependent failure morphology.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 402-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A93 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 416-420 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Improvement of Fatigue Properties by Roll PeeningWith sophisticated calculations a better understanding of the roll peening process is possible. Calculations together with experimental determination of the fatigue properties allow for a reduced test program to determine the fatigue limit of specimens with similar geometrical shape.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe verbesserter Berechungsverfahren lassen sich vertiefte Erkenntnisse über die Vorgänge beim Festwalzen gewinnen. Darüber hinaus bietet die rechnerische Analyse der Vorgänge zusammen mit der experimentellen Ermittlung der Schwingfestigkeit die Möglichkeit einer Übertragbarkeit auf andere Werkstoffzustände und Proben - bzw. Kerbformen. Hierdurch lassen sich Einsparungen durch verminderten Versuchsaufwand erreichen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 436-436 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the application and the development of on-line methods for particle size analysis one has to distinguish three principally different problem areas:aallocation and preparation of a representative sample,banalysis of the sample,cevaluation of the results.Methods and problems connected with these areas will be discussed in this paper. Some of the methods available for rapid response analysis of particle size distributions mark the beginning of a new era of particle size analysis. One has to recognize however that a uniform solution of the problems of on-line particle size analysis is extremely difficult if not impossible to find. The boundary conditions vary to such an extent that similar methods or combinations of methods can rarely be used in different cases. Since instrument manufacturers will in most cases not be able to adopt their instruments to different industrial applications, specialists will have to solve the problem. One has to recognize, however, that not all of the steps described in this paper have been investigated to an extent which renders possible appropriate solutions. There is still room for improvement.
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 22-27 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For some time studies have been made relating the values obtained from simple shape description to bulk powder properties. More recently the detailed mathematical description of particle outline has become possible and quite powerful techniques have been developed. These techniques may be used for the regeneration by computer of the shape and, more importantly, for studies relating shape to individual particle behaviour and to bulk powder properties. Quite inadequate attention has been directed to the task of obtaining from the laboratory sample of the bulk powder a representative sample of shapes without bias. In this communication the considerations to be included in the sampling procedure are reviewed and a possible solution to the problems posed is presented.
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  • 89
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 28-31 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The currently used methods of sample preparation are examined and found to be unsatisfactory in case of counting methods for particle size analysis. It is the purpose of this paper to review the results of investigations of two different measuring principles (light extinction and electrical resistance change) by use of the same signal handling equipment. The commonly used techniques and units are compared with regard to the resulting density distributions of particle size below 0.25 mm. The final conclusions including recommendations to the use of ultrasonic treatment and to improvements of the sampling and the sample-feeding units are valid for all counting methods.
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  • 90
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When performing particle size analysis by scattered light, coincidences in the measuring volume of optical particle counters not only cause too small a particle concentration to be measured, but also a size distribution to be obtained which is systematically shifted towards coarser particle sizes. It is pointed out in this paper how this shift can be precalculated when the true distribution is given. The results show under which conditions a correction of the measured distribution is indispensable.
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  • 91
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The classification of powders into groups possessing specific behavioural identities has long been recognized as desirable. This has been approached by describing different powders using two variables and plotting the data on a scatter diagram. The property of interest is then inferred from a powder's position on the scatter diagram. Unfortunately, a powder's behaviour is rarely adequately described by only two variables. To describe a powder more fully requires more variables and this presents a problem in interpretation. Cluster analysis refers to a range of techniques for interpreting multivariate data sets and is used in many fields. This paper describes cluster analysis and considers the method and potential of its application to particle technology. By way of an illustration, a cluster analysis has been performed on twenty-seven powders resulting in groups recognizable by their characteristic fluidisation and flow properties. It is concluded that cluster analysis could be a powerful tool in predictive and analytical work in the field of particle technology.
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  • 92
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 127-131 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combined gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation analysis was studied using a Sedigraph X-ray sedimentometer and a Ladal pipette centrifuge. The test powders were talc, calcite and lead oxide. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibilities of extending the sedimentation analysis towards finer sizes by the use of centrifugal force. All the test samples could be analysed down to 0.04-0.05 μm by the combined sedimentation procedure with reasonable accuracy and the results were matched to give a uniform distribution. It was also shown to be preferable to present the size analysis data in a log-probability scale, as it gives the means to easily distinguish materials with different particle size characteristics and to estimate the actual distribution by a statistical function.
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  • 93
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is often necessary to carry out sedimentation analysis of powders, consisting of two or more components, which differ in some physical properties. By means of theoretical studies of twocomponent systems the systematic errors of the measured particle size distributions were analysed for the case that differences exist in the following combinations of properties:-particle size distribution D(x) and solid density ϱs-D(x) and mass absorption coefficient μm-D(x) and ϱs and μmUsing real systems (SiO2 + Fe2O3, Al2O3 + SiO2, Al2O3 + Fe2O3) the partial and total errors were estimated and compared with the results obtained with a Sedigraph. Differences in the density of the components often result in negligible errors, even for the system SiO2 + Fe2O3, if the mass portion of one component is below about 10%. For the total error the differences of μm and D(x) are decisive. Its value is below 1% if the mass portion of the slightly absorbing component is 〈5% or if the strongly absorbing component is 〈1%.
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  • 94
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the influence of particle shape and particle size distribution on the fluidisation behaviour of granular activated carbon in the aqueous phase. Methods for relating the degree of expansion, as a function of liquid velocity, to particle shape and particle size distribution are discussed and tested. Two different types of activated carbon, both containing irregularly shaped particles but with differences in shape, are used to test the models discussed. A tentative method which takes into account the influence of water temperature on fluidisation behaviour is proposed.
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  • 95
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental methods to determine minimum sintering temperatures of a variety of granules such as polymers, glass, coal, inorganic salts, etc. are presented. These methods include the use of a dilatometer in which the contraction-dilation characteristics of a small sample is measured, a differential scanning calorimeter test and an Instron machine by which yield strengths are measured. It is clearly shown that for the majority of materials studied, the different methods give similar values for the minimum sintering temperature but that the dilatometer experiment is the simplest as well as the most reliable method. Since the minimum sintering temperature is always less than the solid's melting point, an efficient method of measuring this temperature is very important for all fluidizable granules subjected to high temperatures. The danger of agglomeration during fluidization increases tremendously at temperatures higher than minimum sintering and therefore special precautions must be taken to avoid defluidization under these conditions.
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  • 96
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 5 (1982), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 97
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 5 (1982), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas-liquid chromatography ; Plasma determination ; Midazolam ; Pharmacokinetic study ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A sensitive gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay was developed for plasma determinations of 8-chloro-6-(2′ -fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5 α][1,4]benzodiazepine (compound I) and its hydroxymethylimidazo metabolite (compound II). The internal standards used were 8-chloro-6-(2′ -chlorophenyl)-1 -methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5 α][1,4]benzodiazepine (compound VI) and 7-chloro-5-(2′ -fluorophenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-1-(hydroxyethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (compound VII) for compounds I and II, respectively. Following extraction, and silylation for compound II, compounds I and II were analyzed by GLC using a glass column packed with 5% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q, and a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The GLC method was validated by a CI-GC/MS technique. The detection limit of the assay is approximately 4-5 ng/ml for compound I and 3 ng/ml for compound II. The method was used in comparative pharmacokinetic studies of the distribution of the two compounds in arterial and venous blood.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; High temperature silylation ; C2-C6 fatty acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 99
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 5 (1982), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 5 (1982), S. 349-354 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, capillary ; Persilylated, apolar columns ; Immobilized coatings ; Determination of column bleeding ; Re-silylation of fresh and used columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bleeding of apolar high temperature columns may well be the critical factor limiting their applicability for GC/MS-coupling, and for high temperature analyses. Therefore, a bleeding determination procedure has been designed as a basis for a systematic approach to the production of low-bleed columns. Re-silylation is a traditional method of reducing column bleeding. Increased efficiency of re-silylation becomes feasible with immoblized coatings. Experience gained so far shows that resilylation of immoblized coatings may indeed result in the expected strongly reduced bleed rates and in improved overall column quality. Re-silylation may also contribute to column washing by enhancing the solubility of adsorbed contaminants.
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