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  • Articles  (10,760)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (10,760)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1980  (10,760)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (10,760)
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  • Articles  (10,760)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (10,760)
  • 1950-1954
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water Transport in Soils (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 77-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.000453
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transonic Flow Past Oscillating Airfoils (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 181-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001145
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scientific Progress on Fire (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001255
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward a Statistical Theory of Suspension (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 237-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001321
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coastal Circulation and Wind-Induced Currents (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 271-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001415
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models of Wind-Driven Currents on the Continental Shelf (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 389-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002133
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stokeslets and Eddies in Creeping Flow (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 335-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002003
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous Drawing of Liquids to Form Fibers (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 365-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002053
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle Motions in a Viscous Fluid (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 435-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002251
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topographically Trapped Waves (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 45-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.000401
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid Mechanics of the Duodenum (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 139-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001035
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instabilities of Waves on Deep Water (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 303-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001511
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somes Notes on the Relation between Fluid Mechanics and Statistical Physics (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.000245
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solitary Waves (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 11-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.000303
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Two-Dimensional Interactions Between Shock Waves and Boundary Layers (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 103-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.000535
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Materials Testing: Biological and Clinical Applications in Network-Forming Systems (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 159-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001111
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unity of Concepts in the Structure of Matter (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.000245
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold Forming of Polymeric Materials (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 19-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.000315
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical and Optical Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 43-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.000355
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Metal-Semiconductor Interface (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 65-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.000433
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconducting Materials (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 113-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.000553
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrocrystallization (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 85-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.000505
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy Levels in Silicon (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 157-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.001105
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid Crystals (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 133-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.001025
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical Properties of Composites (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 229-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.001305
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Polymers (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 261-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.001401
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Materials for Heterojunction Devices (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 287-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.001443
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High Modulus/High Strength Organic Fibers (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 311-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.001523
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 393-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.002141
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of Glassy Metals (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 363-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.002051
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE INFLUENCE OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON IMPACT FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN QUENCHED AND TEMPERED Cr-Mo ALLOY STEELS WITH DIFFERENT PRIOR AUSTENITE GRAIN SIZES (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Impact fatigue tests were carried out using a rotating-disk type impact fatigue testing machine. The influence of prior austenite grain size, ductile-brittle transition temperature and test temperature on impact fatigue crack growth rate was investigated by means of fracture mechanics and fractography in quenched and tempered Cr-Mo alloy steel in which the prior austenite grain size was varied from 8–3 to 25-4 μm. The results in impact fatigue tests were compared to those under non-impact conditions. The crack growth rates associated with striation formation were insensitive to the change in prior austenite grain size, ductile-brittle transition temperature and test temperature regardless of impact and non-impact fatigue. When the material was in the brittle condition, impact fatigue gave rise to a transition from striation formation to intergranular and cleavage cracking. Such a transition will result in the acceleration of crack growth rate. The Paris Law exponent values in impact fatigue were reasonably expressed by the ratio of test temperature to ductile-brittle transition temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01384.x
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN IMPROVED A.C. POTENTIAL DROP METHOD FOR DETECTING SURFACE MICROCRACKS DURING FATIGUE TESTS OF UNNOTCHED SPECIMENS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—The detection and measurement of surface microcracks in unnotched specimens are becoming more important, both from the point of view of description of crack growth by linear elastic fracture mechanics and from the classical endurance limit approach. Theoretical analyses of the current distribution in a cylindrical test specimen show promise that the a.c. potential drop method will become more sensitive for surface microcracks when higher current frequencies are applied. This effect was experimentally affirmed during fatigue tests on unnotched cylindrical specimens. With a 40 kHz current frequency semicircular surface microcracks with an area of 0.0066 mm2 (0.05% of the specimen cross-section) were detected. For accurate and reproducible crack growth measurements, a 5 kHz current frequency is preferable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01360.x
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    FRACTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF FRETTING-WEAR AND FRETTING-FATIGUE IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—A fully age hardened Al-4%Cu-1%Mg alloy has been subjected to plain-fatigue and fretting-fatigue and the resulting fracture surfaces compared. Crack initiation in the plain-fatigue sample occurred at cracked inter-metallic inclusions and subsequent crack growth was at 90° to the surface. Crack initiation in the fretting-fatigue sample occurred at the edge of wear scar and subsequent crack growth was at 45° to the surface. Measurement of fatigue striation spacing on the fracture surfaces showed that, for the same applied stress, the initial crack propagation rate was an order of magnitude higher in the fretting-fatigue sample. This accelerated crack propagation rate was maintained until the crack reached a depth of 0.5–1.0 mm; thereafter the growth rate was the same as that in the plain-fatigue sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01363.x
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE AND RESIDUAL DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS ON ALUMINUM ALLOYS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—Ultrasonic bulk measurement technique was used to measure crack closure and a clip-on gage surface measurement technique was used to measure residual displacement at the crack tip of a propagating fatigue crack in 2219 and 7075 aluminum alloys. Experiments were carried out in vacuum, humid air, dry O2 gas, N2 gas, and deuteriated water vapor environments to evaluate effects of environments on residual strain and crack closure loads. It was observed that the closure load detected by ultrasonics decreased with introduction of humidity while the residual strain parameter dincreased with the humidity. The results are modeled as a build-up of oxide layer in addition to strengthening of asperities on the fracture surface. In the light of these observations, the effectiveness of surface and bulk measurements is evaluated. The results demonstrate that surface measurements are not always representative of the bulk behavior and use of such measurements in predictive analysis for fatigue can be misleading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01365.x
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  • 35
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    A QUANTITATIVE METALLOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL DEGRADATION OF TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL DURING CREEP-FATIGUE (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Optical and scanning electron microscopy have revealed the existence of grain boundary cavities in a series of specimens which had been cyclically deformed in the strain range ±0.25% with hold times ranging from 0 to 1000 min. The way in which these defects increase in size and number has been measured and found to correlate with the creep strain accumulated during the hold periods.A further observation is that a critical amount of deformation is required before either fatigue or creep type damage is nucleated. These observations lead to an alternative method to the currently accepted linear damage summation rule for estimating a lower bound of the creep-fatigue endurance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01383.x
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  • 36
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    INCOMPLETE SELF-SIMILARITY OF FATIGUE IN THE LINEAR RANGE OF CRACK GROWTH (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—The application of dimensional analysis and similarity methods to the study of the speed of fatigue crack growth is considered. It is shown that the Paris range of the crack propagation diagram is an intermediate-asymptotic stage of the crack growth process. Over this stage the influence of the initial conditions on the process of fatigue crack growth has disappeared but the influence of the instability has not yet intruded. So-called incomplete self-similarity prevails at this stage with respect to a basic similarity parameter, equal to the ratio of the stress intensity factor amplitude to the fracture toughness. It is shown that for a certain material under fixed external loading conditions the exponent in the Paris power law is a universal function of the ratio of specimen thickness to the ultimate size of the cyclic plastic zone. Processing of available experimental data confirmed the results obtained by this approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01359.x
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  • 37
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    TONGUE-SHAPED CRACK EXTENSION DURING FATIGUE OF HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fracture surfaces of both service and laboratory fatigue fractures frequently show dark tongue-shaped marks. In fatigue tests on 7075–T6 specimens such tongues were produced by high peak loads. Measurements indicated that a tongue is not formed during a single burst of crack extension but is the result of a number of successive pop-ins requiring an increasing load. Therefore tongue formation is a quasi-stable phenomenon. The tunnelling fracture in the centre of plate thickness is accompanied by unfailed ligaments at the plate surfaces which reduce the stress intensity at the crack tip. The effect of different material conditions and loading direction on tongue forming was studied. A new model was developed to describe the growth of a tongue. The model was in good agreement with the various test results. The analysis of the problem has some relevance to validity requirements for K1c. A formula pertaining to tongues proposed by Forsyth was slightly modified and found to be approximately correct for the present results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01109.x
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  • 38
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    A SIMPLE THEORY FOR LOW CYCLE MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A theoretical development based on a simple physical model is proposed to help the designer predict high strain multi-axial fatigue behaviour. This approach hypothesises that the maximum shear strain γ*, on planes driving the crack through the thickness, controls the fatigue crack propagation rate and hence the life. The direct strain δ*n acting normal to the plane of γ* can exert a secondary modifying influence. Experimental results from several research laboratories have been analysed in this manner with some success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01101.x
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  • 39
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    SOME CREEP/FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF TYPE 316 STEEL AT 625°C (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Strain controlled continuous cycling fatigue tests are reported on three casts of Type 316 steel; the results obtained are shown to be consistent with published data.Strain controlled creep/fatigue tests are reported involving a hold period per cycle of between 0·2 and 168 h on one batch of Type 316 steel. An empirical extrapolation of the data and one involving a linear damage summation suggest that the existing Code Case N47 creep/fatigue design curve and rules are over-conservative. A stress relaxation/fatigue endurance correlation shows some promise for predictive purposes. Although many of the mechanical test and metallurgical features observed are consistent with a fundamental crack growth extrapolation approach, further consideration of detailed aspects are necessary before it can be used with confidence. It is concluded that there are no entirely reliable methods of extrapolation currently available for Type 316 steel and longer term tests are therefore essential to reduce the extrapolation uncertainties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01103.x
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  • 40
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    ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FATIGUE FRACTURE MODE TRANSITIONS OBSERVED IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack propagation tests were carried out in different environments on 7075–T6 and 2024–T3 centre-cracked sheet specimens. Observations were made on the macroscopic transition from tensile mode to shear mode. The transition is suppressed by an aggressive environment, whereas it is promoted by an inert environment. As a consequence there is no unique correlation between the state of stress and the mode of cracking. Both the state of stress and the environment have a significant effect on the mode of cracking. A simple model for the effect of environment on fatigue crack growth is presented. The implications for crack growth under corrosion fatigue conditions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01106.x
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  • 41
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    INCORPORATING THRESHOLD AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INTO THE DAMAGE ACCUMULATION MODEL FOR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—Measurement of the energy expended during growth of a fatigue crack in the near threshold region and how it is affected by a water vapor environment is coupled with direct observation of the crack tip to produce a modification of the damage accumulation model for fatigue crack growth which incorporates threshold and environmental effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01362.x
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  • 42
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    ION IMPLANTATION EFFECTS ON FATIGUE AND SURFACE HARDNESS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01367.x
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  • 43
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    ERRATUM (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01370.x
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  • 44
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    ESTIMATION OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT BY PROGRESSIVELY-INCREASING LOAD TESTS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— On the basis of fatigue data derived from a large number of experiments, the load progression methods of Locati and Prot as well as a method operating on a thermometric basis have been comparatively evaluated in an experimental and analytical (statistical) study. The last-named thermo-method can provide useful estimates for a fatigue limit corresponding with ca. 0 to 5% probability of fracture with only 1 to 3 experiments.The Prot-method, set up and evaluated in a certain way, provides a useful estimate of the fatigue limit and, additionally, an approximate indication of the width of the transition range of the corresponding Wöhler-type tests after experiments on not less than about ten specimens.The load progression, contrary to the original Prot-concept, must not necessarily be applied in a continuous mode, but can occur stepwise with increments Δσ smaller than ca. 15 Nm-2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01108.x
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  • 45
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    EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE FATIGUE-CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF INCONEL X-750 (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Linear-elastic fracture mechanics techniques were used to characterize the effect of temperature on the fatigue-crack propagation behaviour of precipitation heat-treated. Inconel X-750 in an air environment over the temperature range 24 to 649°C. In general, crack growth rates were found to increase with increasing temperature, particularly at the highest test temperature (649°C). The effect of stress ratio on the fatigue-crack growth behaviour of Inconel X-750 was examined at 538°C, and results indicated that the elevated temperature fatigue response of this nickel-base superalloy was relatively insensitive to stress ratio level at the growth rate levels studied. Metallographic and electron fractographic examination of Inconel X-750 fatigue fracture surfaces revealed operative crack growth mechanisms to be a function of temperature and prevailing stress intensity factor. Under room temperature and intermediate temperature conditions (up to 538°C), all fatigue fracture surfaces exhibited a faceted crystallographic morphology at low crack growth rates followed by striations in the higher growth rate regime. At the highest test temperature (649°C), the fatigue crack was found to propagate by an intergranular mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01111.x
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  • 46
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    A CALCULATION OF THE THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY RANGE FOR FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN METALS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this paper the strain distribution and the plastic zone size at a fatigue crack tip are discussed. From this analysis and considering the critical condition for plastic-blunting, a simple analytical formula for calculating the threshold stress intensity range for fatigue crack propagation at R= 0 is proposed. It is found that calculated values are in good agreement with existing experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01113.x
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  • 47
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    COMPARISON OF PLASTIC WORK OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN LOW CARBON STEEL MEASURED BY STRAIN-GAGES AND ELECTRON CHANNELING (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The plastic work to propagate a fatigue crack by a unit area, U, measured by the foil strain gage technique requires an extrapolation to estimate the contribution closer than 100 μm to the crack tip. This is due to the size of the strain-gages used, 200 × 210 μm. Conversely, the electron channeling technique for determining U is useful mainly close to the crack tip where subgrains form. In the present work U was measured by both techniques in the same low carbon steel at ΔK= 8 MN/m3/2. The contribution to U from closer than 100 μm of the crack tip was determined to be 1·7 × 106 J/m2 using electron channeling and 2·0 × 106 J/m2 by extrapolation. The measured contribution to U from further than 100 μm from the crack tip was 3·6 × 106 J/m2 giving 5·3 × 106 J/m2 for U. Thus, a large amount of energy is absorbed outside the region where sub-grains form. The non-hysteretic plastic work was found to be about four orders of magnitude smaller than the hysteretic plastic work, and may be neglected. A map of the plastic zone results from the strain-gage measurement. Rice's theory predicts the measured plastic zone sizeif the proper material's strength is employed in the formula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01104.x
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  • 48
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    LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE AND CYCLIC CREEP OF METALS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper deals with the effect of accumulated (oriented) plastic deformation (cyclic creep) on the life of metals under conditions of cyclic loading typically in the range of low-cycle fatigue. Specific features of cyclic creep of aluminium, titanium alloys and structural steels were investigated for the lives ranging from 05 to 2 × 105 cycles to rupture as well as specific features of transition from quasistatic to fatigue fracture associated with the variation in the mode of deformation of metals. It is shown that under conditions of repeated stress-controlled loading in a wide range of low temperatures, the cyclic creep processes are the predominant ones determining life of metals over a wide range of cycles, and when calculating life under these conditions it is necessary to take into account the rate of these processes irrespective of the type of fracture: quasistatic or fatigue. An equation was obtained for calculating life under low-cycle loading conditions which takes into account the interrelationship between the life, the accumulated plastic strain, steady-state cyclic creep rate and the resistance of the material to cyclic creep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01380.x
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  • 49
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    STRESS GRADIENTS AROUND NOTCHES (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Stress gradients at the root of a notch are significant for the notch effect and the size effect of fatigue properties. Usually the gradient of the stress distribution in the minimum section is considered. In the present paper the variation of the tensile stress along the edge of the notch is considered. Calculations are made for a variety of notches. The results indicate a remarkable conformity of stress distributions at the notch root if the same peak stress and notch root radius (ρ) apply. Consequently K1and ρare highly characteristic for the stress distribution around the notch. Along the edge of the notch the stress decreases at a much slower rate than in the minimum section going away from the material surface. For the stress along the edge of the notch a stress gradient coefficient is defined. The variation of this coefficient is fairly small for several notches and K1, values. A 5% lower stress as compared to the peak stress at the notch root is obtained at about 0.02 ρbelow the material surface and at a distance of about 0.18 ρalong the material surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01382.x
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  • 50
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    FATIGUE MACROCRACK GROWTH IN TEMPERED HY80, HY130, AND 4140 STEELS:THRESHOLD AND MID-ΔK RANGE (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— –The rate of propagation of macrofatigue cracks down to near threshold was measured in air in three tempered martensitic steels; HY80, HY130 and 4140 (650°C temper). The value of ΔKth was determined by the load-shedding technique in center notched panel specimens. Of the three steels, 4140 tempered at 650°C had the lowest ΔKth, 3–5 MN/m3/2, while HY80 had the highest, 4.2 MN/m3/2. The 4140 (650°C temper) is intermediate in strength between HY80 and HY130. The results are discussed in terms of a recent theory of one of the authors.The fatigue crack propagation rates in the mid-ΔKrange in HY80 and HY130 in argon were also studied by measuring, with foil strain gages, the cyclic plastic work to propagate a fatigue crack by a unit area, U.HY80 has a lower crack propagation rate and correspondingly higher U.This was attributed in part to the higher yield strength of HY130 but the dislocation structure and carbide composition and morphology also play roles. Microstructural changes due to cyclic plastic deformation inside the plastic zone in HY80 and HY130 were observed by TEM of thin foils. SEM studies of the fracture surfaces at ΔK= 20 MN/m3/2 indicate a more ductile fracture mode for HY80 than for HY130. The fatigue crack propagation rate of HY130 is substantially higher in laboratory air (47% relative humidity) than in dry argon. This is not the case for HY80.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01385.x
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  • 51
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    FATIGUE CRACK TIP PLASTIC STRAIN IN HIGH-STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOYS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Plastic zone size and shape and the distribution of strain within the plastic zone are determined for the high-strength aluminium alloys 2024-T4, 6061 T6, and 7075-T6 using the technique of selected area electron channeling. Plastic zone size is found to correlate with the work done in creating a unit of new crack surface and the yield stress, rather than with the stress intensity factor and yield stress. Plastic strain distribution is found to be a logarithmic function of distance from the crack tip, in agreement with the mathematical analysis for a moving crack in plane strain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01379.x
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  • 52
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    FORMATION AND GROWTH OF FATIGUE CRACKS IN REINFORCING STEEL FOR CONCRETE (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— –The da/dNvsΔKrelation for Torbar Steel is obtained by testing specimens cut from 32 mm bar. This relation is compared with available data for Unisteel 410 and with medium strength steels. Also, the pattern of fatigue cracking in Torbar is studied by inspecting bars retrieved from reinforced concrete beams which were subjected to repeated loading. It has been observed that fatigue crack locations in the bars coincided with the locations of concrete cracks traversing the bars. Tension tests on the fatigue cracked bars show that the cracks considerably reduce the ductility of the bars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01381.x
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  • 53
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    A METHOD OF ESTIMATING BIAXIAL FATIGUE GROWTH RATES (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—Conventionally, fatigue growth rate data are correlated in terms of the range ΔKof the applied stress intensity factor. It is argued that a correlation involving both ΔKand the constant stress Tclose to the tip of the equivalent elastic crack should be adequate for moderate stress, biaxial fatigue data. Practical application of these ideas would involve the preparation of “T -term” compendia similar to those already available for K -calibrations. “T -term” data are presented for the case of an edge-cracked strip in tension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01366.x
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  • 54
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS: EUROMECH COLLOQUIUM 147 “DAMAGE MECHANICS” (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01369.x
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  • 55
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    FATIGUE THERESHOLD IN A 2618A ALUMINIUM ALLOY (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This work is concerned with the determination of the fatigue threshold ΔKth for an aluminium alloy. No dependency of ΔKth with grain size was observed. Crack closure concepts were applied in order to explain the effect of mean stress and environment. The opening load Pop was determined by the compliance method. Results show no significant variation of Pop with environment (air or vacuum) but partially explain the influence of mean stress on crack growth rates. Fractographic analysis (SEM) of fracture surfaces and evolution of compliance diagrams suggest that a change of mechanism in crack propagation occurs when stage I changes to stage II growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01110.x
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  • 56
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    HIGH STRAIN FATIGUE OF A TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain fatigue tests of Type 316 stainless steel have been carried out at room temperature and 600°C. Cold work reduces the life relative to the annealed condition when considered in terms of plastic strain per cycle but not when the total strain range is used. It also renders the material far more resistant to cyclically induced changes in strength than the annealed state in which the strength is more than doubled at 600°C. Strain ageing causes further instability and enhances the hardening and loss of ductility in the annealed material. Because of the large number of variables involved, comparison with other work is unable to identify the parameters most influential in determining endurance. It is argued that where a fatigue–creep interaction occurs, then cyclic hardening will promote a higher creep resistance in a sequential interaction and favour a fatigue dominated failure in a simultaneous interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01112.x
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  • 57
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    BIAXIAL HIGH STRAIN FATIGUE TESTING OF 1Cr-Mo-V STEEL (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A test facility has been developed in which a thin walled tube can be subjected to fully reversed fatigue cycles for all biaxial stress or strain ratios. Twin loop servo-control allied to high resolution gauge length extensometry, load and pressure transducers permits stress or strain controlled testing. The rig is unique in that cyclic stress-strain hysteresis loops can be obtained for both axial and circumferential directions during a test.Results from a strain controlled series of low cycle fatigue tests on a ferritic 1Cr-Mo-V steel obeyed the Manson-Coffin relationship with the exponent being sensibly constant for all strain ratios. For a given maximum principal biaxial strain, the damaging effect increased as the strain ratio φ increased from –1 to +1. By comparing results from solid and hollow cylindrical specimens, geometry effects on fatigue life were revealed. Data on shakedown and cyclic softening under biaxial strain conditions were also obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01102.x
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    AN ANALYSIS OF LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BASED ON HYSTERESIS ENERGY (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Cyclic deformation behaviour of medium carbon steel, armco iron and copper has been investigated. A model based on the energy absorbed for the fracture process at the crack tip, given in the form (Δw*p)y where Δw*p is the hysteresis energy at the crack front and the exponent y decides the energy spent for the fracture process, is proposed for the crack growth in low cycle fatigue. The value of the exponent y has been found to be around 0·26 to 0·28 for medium carbon steel and armco iron and around 0·52 for copper. These values of y give good prediction of the relations between the total fracture energy and the stress amplitude and the total fracture energy versus the fatigue life. The energy based approach has been extended to predict the cumulative damage in a single step stress variation. Good correlation has been obtained between the experimental data and the theoretical prediction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01105.x
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    SOME OBSERVATIONS ON SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS IN A SUPERALLOY (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—An investigation into the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to very small fatigue cracks growing in a powder metallurgy nickel base superalloy is described. An unusual specimen was designed to facilitate the study of these small cracks. The stress intensity factor for the specimen was estimated and then calculated from the plastic zone size as determined by interferometry. The crack tip deformation field was also observed in the SEM and by stereoscopic viewing. These observations showed that the macroscopic deformation field was the same for both the long and short cracks, and was controlled by the stress intensity. The fatigue crack tip was found to interact strongly with the material microstructure and the localgrowth rate cannot be correlated with fracture mechanics quantities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01361.x
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    A MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—An analytical model to represent and predict the influence of frequency on the elevated temperature fatigue crack growth behavior of structural alloys is described. This model was formulated by considering the time dependence of stress and strain rate in the crack tip region due to creep deformation.Fatigue crack growth rate data were generated on ASTM grade A470 class 8 (CrMoV) steel at 538°C (1000°F) for several frequencies to evaluate the model. Based on these results and data taken from the literature on 304 stainless steel, it was concluded that the proposed model is capable of accurately representing and predicting the effect of frequency over several orders of magnitude on the fatigue crack growth rates at elevated temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01364.x
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    TECHNICAL NOTE: COMMENTS ON “THE THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY RANGE IN FATIGUE” (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01368.x
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    AN ASSESSMENT OF CRACK CLOSURE IN FATIGUE USING THE WESTERGAARD STRESS FUNCTION (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The residual stress fields at the tip of a fatigue crack have been evaluated using the Westergaard stress function. Using these values the loads at which the crack tip begins to open have been calculated to give U, Elber's effective stress range factor, as a function of stress ratio R, the ratio of applied stress range to yield stress, Δσ/σy, and the cyclic strain hardening exponent n. The computed values of U are shown to be in good agreement with measured values, and the predicted effect of prior high load cycles on the crack propagation rate at a lower cyclic load, on taking crack closure effects into account, is in excellent agreement with experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01107.x
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  • 63
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    Method of determining the kinetics of spherulite primary nucleation from the spherulite shapes in bulk samples (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the mathematical approach it was shown that it is possible to find the time lag between nucleation acts of two adjacent spherulites from the curved border lines seen in the thin section of a bulk sample. The method of the determining time distribution of the primary nucleation is proposed to be done in the similar way as it was done in the two dimensional case (PAKUŁA et al. 1979). Based on the above the measurements of the nuclei succesion were reconstructed in two different injection moulded poly methylene oxide samples. This shows a marked number of thermal nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275545
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    The effect of composition on cooperative relaxation properties of random copolymers (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 25-30 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theory of ADAM and GIBBS (1965) has been extended to include a description of the composition dependences of relaxation times and of the glass transition temperature of a random copolymer using the known thermodynamic and viscoelastic parameters of homopolymers. Comparison with a number of copolymer systems shows that theoretical equations adequately correspond to experimental data if the sequence distribution effect is not operative.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275549
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  • 65
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    Methylene carbon resonance spectra of epimerized isotactic polystyrene (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The methylene carbon resonance patterns of partially epimerized isotactic polystyrenes were measured and interpreted in terms of tetrad and hexad stereosequence distributions that were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of the epimerization process. Empirical rules were developed for assigning hexad resonances. Calculated spectra based on these assignments and on the Monte Carlo results were in reasonably good agreement with experimental spectra. The resonances of mmtype methine carbons were noted to occur about 0.2 ppm downfield from other methine carbon resonances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275551
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  • 66
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    Polymerization via zwitterion 27. No-catalyst copolymerization of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with β-hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes “No-Catalyst Copolymerizations” between ethylene phenylphosphonite (EPO) as MN and four β-hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates as ME. In all combinations polyphosphinate type copolymers were obtained above 130 °C without added catalyst. The first step of reaction was a proton-transfer step to yield a transient phosphonium-alkoxide zwitterion 5 and generated a phosphorane intermediate like 6. The subsequent reactions of 6 were rather complicated. It was possible to conceive several zwitterions to lead to polymer units. The liberation of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide was observed as a side reaction during polymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282282
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    Polymerization of phenylacetylene by titanocene dichloride (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 289-291 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of phenylacetylene was investigated using Cp2TiCl2/C2H5AlCl2 (Cp=π-cyclopentadienyl) as the homogeneous catalyst. The mechanism of addition of phenylacetylene is by successive 2+2 cycloadditions, as evidenced by the isolation of a ladder compound composed of fused cyclobutane rings. The ladder compound, which is an intermediate of the reaction, is converted catalytically to the final polyconjugated polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282288
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    Conductance stopped-flow study of cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene and styrene (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 309-313 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Conductance stopped-flow analysis on the initial phase of cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene and styrene revealed rapid changes in conductance (within 20–50 ms) that were related to the initiation process. Initiation rate constants were obtained for CF3SO3H, CH3COClO4, and BF3O (C2H5)2 initiators in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C. They agreed closely with those determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy, and decreased with increasing monomer concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266706
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    Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of dextran (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 337-342 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The enzymatic hydrolysis of well-defined dextran fractions is studied. The results show that the rate constants of degradation are proportional to the molecular weight for molecular weights higher than 5000; for lower molecular weights the rate constants decrease gradually. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dextran is not a statistical reaction, since the individual rate constants of bond cleavage increase from the midpoint of the chain towards both ends. The results are discussed in comparison with acid hydrolysis of dextran, and the characteristic differences between both reactions are pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266711
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    Dimerisation and oligomerisation by dehydrogenation as a general synthetic principle (1) part I (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 363-372 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Donor or acceptor groups and particularly capto-dative substituants determine the ease of selective hydrogen abstraction but steric factors and the nature of the dehydrogenating agent influence the relative “radical scale”. This study underlines the preparative value of dehydrodimerisations. This method allows in addition the preparation of oligomers and polymers. A continuation of this work will be published in the near future. The industrial synthesis of indigo by dehydrodimerisation of oxindol is a classical example of radical coupling(10) as a reaction type on which this publication focusses:
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    Calculation of piezoelectric constants of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 397-402 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Piezoelectric constants of poly(vinylidene fluoride) form I crystal have been calculated to give a good agreement with observed values; d33 = −2.5 × 10−11 C/N (observed: −2 × 10−11 C/N) and d33 = −2.5 × 10−13 C/N (observed: ca. 10−13 C/N). The macroscopic piezoelectric constants have also been calculated using such a model that the piezoelectric crystal form I is embedded in the non-piezoelectric amorphous matrix to be d 31 M $$ \doteqdot $$ 0.6 × 10−11 C/N (at room temperature) and 4.6 × 10−13 C/N (below glass transition temperature), and d 33 M $$ \doteqdot $$ −1.4 × 10−11 C/N and −0.5 × 10−11 C/N, respectively, reproducing well the observed temperature dependence of these constants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064370
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    New 3,6-dihalogencarbazole-containing monomers and polymers (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 427-434 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of six novel electrono-donor monomers containing 3,6-dihalogencarbazole [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-diiodocarbazolyl methacrylate and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-diiodocarbazolyl acrylate], of the corresponding polymers and of the monomeric models is described. The ionization potentials values of the monomeric models were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254880
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    Intramolecular charge transfer complexes 6 (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 441-447 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By modifying the copolymerization temperature for the system N-(2-hydroxyethyl) carbazolyl mathacrylate and picryl methacrylate in dioxane, the reactivity ratio values were shown to be determined mainly through the entropic factor. The obtained intramolecular charge transfer complexes copolymers presented a different intramolecular complexation degree.
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    Spontaneous polymerization studies on methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate in the presence of a cholesteric liquid crystal, cholesteryl 2-(ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 485-490 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) takes place in the presence of cholesteryl 2-(ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate (CHEEC) in liquid crystalline phase at 12.5°C and in isotropic phase at 30.0°C. Percentage of conversion increases, whereas molecular weight decreases, with increase in the concentration of CHEEC. Tacticities of the polymers (as analysed by NMR) are independent of the concentration of CHEEC. The interaction between CHEEC and MMA in various solvents are investigated by viscometry and U.V. spectrophotometry. Similar experiments with a mixture of vinyl acetate (VAc) gave no evidence of spontaneous polymerization. A plausible mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization of MMA, involving formation of a complex between MMA and CHEEC, is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254888
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    Intramolecular charge transfer complexes (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 505-511 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radical copolymerization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl methacrylate (DNPM, M2) with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate (HECl2CM, m1) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichloro-carbazolyl acrylate (HEC12CA, M1) takes place by the simple terminal mechanism having the parameters: r1=0.13 r2=1.65 (M1=HECl2CM) r1=0.13 r2=1.20 (M1=HECl2CA) Intramolecular complexation differences for the two obtained systems are explained by configurational differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255252
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    The electric conductivity of poly(ethyl vinyl ketone) film reacted with phosphoryl chloride (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reaction of poly (ethyl vinyl ketone) with active chlorides in petroleum ether was followed by the electric conductivity measurement. Phosphoryl chloride was found to be an effective reagent to produce a highly conjugated system with an apparent specific conductivity of the order of 10−2 Ω−1cm−1 in petroleum ether. The reaction temperature seems to be important for the electric conductivity of the product, the higher the reaction temperature, the lower the electric conductivity of the reacted film.
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    Decarboxylation of the 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate anion catalyzed by cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridinium) salts (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Catalysis of cationic polyelectrolytes for the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate anion was studied in a buffer solution (pH=9.0). Cross-linked poly (4-vinylpyridinium) salts prepared from 4-vinylpyridine and α, ω -dibromides were used as cationic catalysts. The cross-linked catalysts were found to accelerate markedly the decarboxylation in comparison with the linear water-soluble analogues. Effect of the polymer structure such as the length of (CH2)x linkages between positive charges on the catalytic activity was examined. It was suggested that the acceleration by the cross-linked polymer catalysts would be due to the hydrophobic microenvironment around the catalytic sites.
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    Ultra-high strength polyethylene by hot drawing of surface growth fibers (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 293-300 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hot drawing at 150°C has been applied to high molecular weight polyethylene fibers produced by flow induced crystallization in a Couette apparatus, referred to as the ‘surface growth’ technique. A distinct improvement of the tensile properties of the fibers was noticed upon drawing. A tensile strength at break of 4.7 GPa was reached. Drawability is discussed in relation to fiber morphology. The shish-kebab like structure of the ‘surface growth’ fiber was transformed into a morphology consisting of smooth fibrils upon drawing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266703
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    Silica-grafted polyisobutylene and butyl rubber (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 315-320 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Silica surfaces have been modified by reaction with ClSi(CH3)2CH2-CH2-C6H4CH2Cl (I) and the solids were used in conjunction with Et2AlCl to initiate the surface-graft polymerization of isobutylene. Experimental conditions have been defined to obtain respectable grafting rates, grafting ratios and grafting efficiencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266707
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    Gel permeation chromatography for characterization of graft copolymer (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 321-324 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes the grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose nitrate in non-aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. The complete separation of the homopolymers and graft copolymer was carried out by selective solvent extraction. The graft copolymer was characterized by IR spectra. The GPC was used as a technique to differentiate between homopolymer, polymer mixture, polyblend, and graft copolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266708
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    Permeability studies with cellulose acetate membranes (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 343-349 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The diffusive permeability of cellulose diacetate membranes was measured using NaCl as solute and distribution coefficients were calculated. Water and salt permeability coefficients derived from dialysis-osmosis experiments were also given. The results obtained were discussed with the aid of scanning electron micrographs and chlorine distribution maps.
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    Relationship between the preferential adsorption coefficient and polymer molecular dimensions in mixed solvents (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 383-388 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper a relationship between the preferential adsorption coefficient and polymer molecular dimensions is proposed $$\lambda \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} = \lambda _\infty \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} + A(\frac{{〈 s_0^2 〉 }}{2})^{3/2} $$ This relationship is found to be valid for all polymers in good theta solvents and for any molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064368
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    Ultrasonic velocities and Rao formulism in solution of polyesterimides (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 403-409 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been made in solutions of polyesterimide. It has been observed that by the application of Rao relationship and Nomoto equation, the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement can give useful information about the structural parameters of the copolymers.
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    Cationic polymerization of cyclopentadiene initiated by bifunctional trityl salts evidence for a direct addition of the initiator and application to block copolymerization (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 131-135 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A chemical evidence for the fixation of triphenylmethyl cation in the initiation step is given in the case of cyclopentadiene polymerization initiated by stable trityl salts. With SbCl6 as counter ion, negligible transfer reaction takes place at 0°C. The situation is more complex with SbCl5OH−. Mono and bifunctional trityl salts have also been used for the synthesis of AB and ABA block copolymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033388
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  • 85
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    Action of oxygen on polylithiated polystyrene a new route to a styrene-hydroxystyrene copolymer (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of the copolymer styrene m, p-hydroxystyrene has been carried out by chemical modification of polystyrene. The initial polystyrene has been lithiated by the complex of sec-butyllithium with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine in cyclohexane and hexane. The lithiated sites have been quenched with oxygen. From the physicochemical characterization we have observed that the initial polystyrene is not degraded and that the oxidation reaction is quantitative. This reaction yields a styrene m,p-hydroxystyrene copolymer. The hydroxy groups are located in the meta(2/3) and para-positions of the aromatic ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033389
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  • 86
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    Evidence for two gel effects during the bulk polymerization of ethyl acrylate from DSC, Rayleigh and brillouin scattering (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary DSC studies of the bulk polymerization of ethyl acrylate have revealed the occurrence of irregular kinetic behaviour during the initial stage of the reaction at less than 5 per cent monomer conversion. Simultaneously, a maximum in the 90° Rayleigh scattering was observed. The transient inhomogeneity and the shoulders on the rate-time curves are attributed to a localized gel effect which precedes the general gel effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254586
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  • 87
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    Synthesis of polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives having pendant uracil and thymine moieties (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 195-199 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives containing different contents of pendant uracil and thymine units were prepared by the polymeranalogous reaction using cyclic derivatives of uracil and thymine. The ability of the interaction between thymine bases in the copolymer chain was found to be parallel to the thymine content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254584
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  • 88
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    Kinetics of polymerization of styrene (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 637-642 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper presents the kinetic study of polymerisation of styrene with Ziegler-Nutta type catalyst system. The components of the catalyst are CuCl2 and Methyl aluminium bromide (DEAB). Out standing observations of the study are as follows. i) The minimum aging period of the catalyst system is 4 hours. ii) The optimum ratio of [Al]/[Cu] is observed to be 2.5. iii) Polymerisation rate is found directly proportional to monomer concentration but inversely proportional to catalyst concentration. iv) Energy of activation obtained is 5.47 K.cal/mole, within the range usually observed in anionic coordinated type mechanism. v) Mol. wt. is of the order of 104 and the polystyrene obtained is partly soluble in acetone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263036
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  • 89
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    The benzophenone-amine photoinitiator in vinyl polymerization (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fast spectroscopy experiments have been performed upon the photoinitiation process of a vinyl polymerization with the benzophenone-amine derivative system. The rate constants of the processes in the excited states have been determined. The results make it possible to discuss the rate constant of the polymerization and to deduce the efficiency of the initiating radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263198
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  • 90
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    Long periods in melt crystallized polyethylene two coexisting structures? (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New small angle X-ray diffraction data of a series of mostly low density PE samples isothermally crystallized from the melt are reported to discern between the existing ambiguities concerning the alternative of one or two lamellar periodicities. The ratio of X-ray spacings turns out to be dependent on the supercooling of the samples. This result together with the analysis of the 1st and 2nd diffraction peaks during and after heat treatments reveals that the two scattering maxima in the samples investigated most probably originate from the coexistence of two different lamellar periodicities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263199
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  • 91
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    Copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of ethylene-propylene copolymer (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 103-110 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The degree of conversion, intrinsic viscosity, composition and particle average size distribution of styrene (S)- acrylonitrile (AN) copolymer, formed mainly under heterogeneous conditions and in the presence of EPM, were investigated as function of the reaction time. An induction period, characterized by unstable preferential solvatation phenomena, is followed by a regular copolymerization period which can be described by apparent S and AN reactivity ratios. The regular copolymerization at high conversion is ascribed to the formation of EPM-g-SAN which acts as an emulsifier in the reaction system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263212
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  • 92
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    13C-NMR relaxation and circular dichroism of tactic polymethallylalcohol and polymethallylurethane (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 521-528 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C-NMR spin-lattice relaxation (T1) measurements on syndiotactic and isotactic polymethallylalcohols and poly-(S)-N-1-phenylethylurethanes demonstrate a lack of dependence of T1 on tacticity. On the other hand, the T1-values show a hindered motion of the -CH2OH side chain, which is explained by hydrogen bonding. In an Arrhenius type plot the enthalpy of motion is found to to be very similar for the different groups of polymethallylalcohols, pointing to a common set of motions. The circular dichroism of the polymethallylurethanes is similar to the model compound (S)-N-1-phenylethyl-neopentylurethane, indicating a lack of conformational restrictions of the outer part of the side chains by a polymer effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256294
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  • 93
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    Plasma-induced polymerization (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 437-440 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Preliminary results on plasma-induced bulk homopolymerization of styrene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and on plasma-induced solution homopolymerization of N-vinyl carbazole, styrene and acrylamide are presented. Experimental data suggest that a radical mechanism of polymerization has to be considered to explain this new approach to polymer synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283818
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  • 94
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    Time-temperature superposition and linear viscoelastic behaviour of EPDM networks with various degrees of crosslinking (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 465-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Conventional time-temperature (t-T) superposition appears to be inappropriate to the viscoelastic behaviour of amorphous, peroxide cured EPDM networks. A phenomenological approach is presented that reduces these permanent elastomers to thermorheologically simple materials. Although the origin of the anomalous behaviour observed is not yet completely understood, it is attributed to an unusual variation of the equilibrium modulus with temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283822
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  • 95
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    The relaxation and equilibrium behaviour of model polyurethane networks (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 497-503 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mechanical, dielectric and rheo-optical behaviour of model networks prepared from OH-terminated poly(oxypropylene)triols and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with various molar ratios of hydroxyl to isocyanate groups, rH=0.95 to 1.7, was investigated. The observed independence of the stress-optical coefficient of rH indicates the homogeneity of networks. Networks prepared with rH≈1 exhibit a narrow transition zone indicating a narrow chain distribution. With increasing rh, the transition becomes distinctly broader; dielectric measurements are well correlated with the mechanical ones. The equilibrium modulus markedly decreases with increasing rH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283826
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  • 96
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    Low glass transition temperature aliphatic polyurethanes (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present paper deals with the single step syntheses of a few aliphatic polyurethanes using some simple glycols like ethylene, propylene, 1,3- and 1,4-butylene glycols and two different bis(chloromethyl) compounds viz., 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)-2,5-dimethyl benzene (I), and 1,5-bis(chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethyl benzene (II). The glass transition temperatures, Tg, of these polymers were determined using dilatometric techniques and they ranged from −12 to −48°C. The polyurethanes derived from 1,4-butylene and ethylene glycols were amorphous gums with Tg well below −30°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263211
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  • 97
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    Copolymerization of 2-phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes with α-keto acids involving deoxygenation of the keto oxygen atom: deoxy-copolymerization (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 505-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The copolymerization of 2-phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes (4) with α-keto acids (2) took place at room temperature without added catalyst to produce copolymers (5). The copolymer 5 is composed of phosphoric acid triester unit (5 α) and of α -hydroxy-carboxylic acid ester unit (5 β). Unit 5 α is an alternating unit of monomers 4 and 2 whereas unit 5β is formed by deoxygenating 2 by 4. 5 can be taken as copolymers of units 5 α and 5 β, the formation of the latter involving a deoxygenation process (“Deoxy-Copolymerization”). The ratio of 5 β /5α (m-value in 5) increased in the order of unsubstituted (4a)-, 5,5-dimethyl (4b)-, and 5-t-butyl (4c)-phosphorinane systems. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256292
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  • 98
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    Gradient dependence of viscosity of cellulose tricarbanilate in tetrahydrofuran (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 559-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The dependence of viscosity of cellulose tricarbanilate in tetrahydrofuran on the velocity gradient D 〈2500 s−1 for molecular weights up to 1.2×106 was determined, and an empirical equation for the determination of the limiting viscosity number for zero velocity gradient was derived. Errors involved in the viscosity determination from a single concentration using an approximate formula were also ascertained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256299
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  • 99
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    Some molecular aspects of craze formation (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 565-570 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The changes in molecular orientation occurring during craze initiation and growth are discussed. Craze initiation is considered as a stress-induced, rotational, collective reorganisation of stiff chain sections in volume elements having a particularly large compliance. An energy balance is established for the transformation of a partially oriented matrix into craze fibrils which relates the fibril diameter to fibrillation stress and surface energy parameters. The predicted dependence of fibril diameter on temperature and preorientation is confirmed by experiments on polycarbonate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01135324
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  • 100
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    Some investigations on structure and physical properties of Poly-(Dimethyl-Siloxane) and Poly-(Methyl-Phenyl-Siloxane) model-networks (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 603-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Networks were prepared from Poly-(Dimethyl-Siloxane), PDMS, and Poly-(Methyl-Phenyl-Siloxane), PMPS, precursor chains by telechelic condensation. The precursor was of a very low polydispersity. The functionality of the crosslinks was four. Thermomechanic, calorimetric, and swelling experiments were carried out to characterize the resulting rubbers. Generally the results show a good agreement with theory in the case of PDMS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01135331
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