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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,061)
  • 1980-1984  (1,061)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (594)
  • 1980  (467)
  • 1
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    GRM - Observing the terrestrial gravity and magnetic fields in the 1990's (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NASA is proposing to launch a new geopotential fields exploration system called the Geopotential Research Mission (GRM). Two spacecraft will be placed in a circular polar orbit at 160 km altitude. Distances between these satellites will vary from 100 to 600 km. Both scalar and vector magnetic fields will be measured by magnetometers mounted on a boom positioned in the forward direction on the lead satellite. Gravity data will be computed from the measured change in distance between the two spacecraft. This quantity, called the range-rate, will be determined from the varying frequency (Doppler shift) between transmitter and receiver on each satellite. Expected accuracies (at the one-sigma level) are: gravity field, 1.0 milliGal, 5 cm geoid height; magnetics, scalar field 2 nT, vector to 20 arcsec, both resolved to less than 100 km. With these more accurate and higher resolution data, it will be possible to investigate the earth's structure from the crust (with the shorter wavelength gravity and magnetic anomalies) through the mantle (from the intermediate wavelength gravity field) and into the core (using the longer wavelength gravity and magnetic fields).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 64; 609-611
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  • 2
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    Measurements of stratospheric SO2 after the EL Chichon eruptions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Samples of stratospheric trace gases were obtained on eight flights of NASA high-altitude aircraft from April 16 through December 13, 1982. The sampling occurred at altitudes from 15 to 22 km, latitudes from 23 to 52 deg N, and longitudes from 108 to 130 deg W. The cryogenically concentrated samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for SO2, a primary precursor of the gas-to-particle conversion process. The measured mixing ratio of SO2 varied between 8 and 132 pptv. Evidence from aerosol measurements indicates that a few of our early samples may have been collected in the fringes of the volcanic cloud from El Chichon. Samples obtained on some later flights may have been from the eruption cloud but were taken at times when most of the volcanically injected SO2 should have been converted to H2SO4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1045-104
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  • 3
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    Effect of the eruption of El Chichon stratospheric aerosol size and composition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dominant effects of the El Chichon eruption on stratospheric aerosols at 19.8 to 20.7 km are: (1) vapor depositional growth of the small-aerosol (background) mode; (2) development of a large-particle mode by sedimentation from the highest altitudes in the cloud; (3) a change in the large-particle mode from sulfate-coated silicates to sulfate aerosols, some with silicate cores; (4) a 100-fold increase in sulfate mass in the large particle mode. Terminal velocities of large silicate particles, maximum r = 2.3 micron, sampled 1 month after eruption, and calibrated with the aid of lidar data, indicate initial injection to 26 to 27 km. Smaller velocities of sulfate aerosols, median r = 0.5 micron, are compatible with major growth in 2 to 3 months at 27 to 28 km. Aerosol settling accounts for the descent of the main lidar return to 26.5 km in August and to 20 to 21 km in December.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1021-102
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  • 4
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    Possible effects of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of calculations with a one-dimensional, time-marching, radiative-convective model are performed to assess the impact of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics during the 6-month period following the injection of volcanic material into the stratosphere. Extensive measurement of the cloud obtained from airborne, spacecraft, and ground platforms were used to define the model parameters and to test the predictions of the model. The El Chichon cloud is predicted to have caused an increase in planetary albedo of 10 percent, a decrease in total solar radiation of 2-3 percent at the ground on cloudless days, and an increase in temperature of 3.5 K at the 24-km (30-mb) level. These predictions are compatible with relevant observations, within their respective error bars.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1057-106
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  • 5
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    A revised thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data - MSIS-83 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that the model presented here extends the previous description of neutral parameters to the base of the thermosphere in a continuous manner while maintaining the basic structure of the MSIS model at higher altitudes. As the altitude decreases, the composition approaches lower atmosphere values, whereas yearly, and to a lesser extent daily, variations in temperature and density are in reasonable agreement with earlier results for the lower thermosphere. An alternate description is given of magnetic storm variations on the basis of the three hour ap indices and an 8- to 10-hour exponential decay in thermospheric density and temperature response after a heating event. Additional coefficients are included for the time independent and magnetic activity terms, among them a longitudinally dependent seasonal magnetic activity effect. The description of molecular oxygen derives from mass spectrometer and EUV absorption measurements rather than ion chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10170-10
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  • 6
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    Response of the mobile VLBI design to error sources (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The response of Mobile VLBI design to error sources is addressed. The sensitivity of the hydrogen maser to variations in ambient temperature is discussed, with an example of drifts in the frequency system causing excursions in the time-delay observable exceeding + or - 200 cm. It is shown that baselines determined only from S-band data can contain errors in excess of 30 cm during periods of high ionospheric activity. The effect of the troposphere on baseline solutions is examined by comparing calibrations from the Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) to those from a surface model. The apparent ability of the WVR to track relatively short-period fluctuations in water vapor is noted. Finally, consideration is given to the effects of source structure and the technique of monitoring closure of the time-delay observable around a closed figure of baselines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Stratospheric condensation nuclei and possible solar influences (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Balloon-borne measurements of condensation nuclei and H2SO4 molecules in large negative ion clusters have been made in the stratosphere at around 30 km altitude. The nuclei observed were in the 0.01-0.1 micron diameter range. Consideration was given to sunspot activity as a triggering event for ionization of upper atmospheric H2SO4 species and subsequent formation of the nuclei. A numerical model was defined for a steady state between the H2SO4 association and ion recombination in order to determine a critical nucleation rate. It is concluded that condensation nuclei are produced in ion nucleation in an H2SO4 supersaturated polar cloud chamber, with the process being initiated by solar flare particle ionization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 8
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    A study of solar activity-ozone relationship from Nimbus-4 BUV data (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total O3 and the O3 mixing ratio at various pressure levels in the stratosphere measured from the Nimbus-4 BUV experiment over a 7-yr period (1970 to 1977) comprises a comprehensive data base available to study the possible effects of solar variability on stratospheric O3. It is shown that with the decrease in solar activity from 1970 to 1976, the globally averaged O3 inferred from Nimbus-4 data decreases from about 10 to 12 percent in the upper stratosphere to about 1 to 3 percent in the lower stratosphere. The systematic decrease in O3 seems to be correlated with the conventional indices of solar activity; however, it is difficult to account for the observed changes at various pressure levels with the current understanding of the photochemical models and the solar UV flux variations over a solar cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    Delta function excitation of waves in the earth's ionosphere (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Excitation of the earth's ionosphere by delta function current sheets is considered, and the temporal and spatial evolution of wave packets is analyzed for a two-component collisional F2 layer. Approximations of an inverse Fourier-Laplace transform via saddle point methods provide plots of typical wave packets. These illustrate cold plasma wave theory and may be used as a diagnostic tool since it is possible to relate specific features, e.g., the frequency of a modulation envelope, to plasma parameters such as the electron cyclotron frequency. It is also possible to deduce the propagation path length and orientation of a remote radio beacon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 18; 1337-135
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  • 10
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    Normal mode study of the earth's rigid body motions (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In this paper it is shown that the earth's rigid body (rb) motions can be represented by an analytical set of eigensolutions to the equation of motion for elastic-gravitational free oscillations. Thus each degree of freedom in the rb motion is associated with a rb normal mode. Cases of both nonrotating and rotating earth models are studied, and it is shown that the rb modes do incorporate neatly into the earth's system of normal modes of free oscillation. The excitation formula for the rb modes are also obtained, based on normal mode theory. Physical implications of the results are summarized and the fundamental differences between rb modes and seismic modes are emphasized. In particular, it is ascertained that the Chandler wobble, being one of the rb modes belonging to the rotating earth, can be studied using the established theory of normal modes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9437-944
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  • 11
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    A mechanism for plasma waves at the harmonics of the plasma frequency in the electron foreshock boundary (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A bump-on-tail unstable reduced velocity distribution, constructed from data obtained at the upstream boundary of the electron foreshock by the GSFC electron spectrometer experiment on the ISEE-1 satellite, is used as the initial plasma state for a numerical integration of the 1D-Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations. The integration is carried through the growth of the instability, beyond its saturation, and well into the stabilized plasma regime. A power spectrum computed for the electric field of the stabilized plasma is dominated by a narrow peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency of the unstable field mode but also contains significant power at the harmonics of the Bohm-Gross frequency. The harmonic power is in sharp peaks which are split into closely spaced doublets. The fundamental peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency is split into a closely spaced triplet. The mechanism for excitation of the second harmonic is shown to be second order wave-wave coupling. Previously announced in STAR as N83-17315
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9081-909
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  • 12
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    Medium scale disturbances in total ozone during Southern Hemisphere summer (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Distinct medium scale disturbances in Southern Hemisphere total ozone were observed by the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer during the 1979 FGGE observing period. These disturbances are shown to be a result of advection by the zonal harmonic wave five which is centered near the tropopause (Salby, 1982). The contribution to the total ozone field by vertical advection due to this wave is shown to be nearly equal to that due to horizontal advection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1358-136
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  • 13
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    Isotopic evidence from the eastern Canadian shield for geochemical discontinuity in the Proterozoic mantle (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions presently reported for anorthosites and related rocks from the Grenville and Nain Provinces of the eastern Canadian shield indicate that the massifs were delivered from at least two distinct mantle source regions which were established before 1650 Myr ago. These regions were episodically involved in magmatism over about 500 Myr. One reservoir was isotopically similar to the depleted, modern midocean ridge basalt source. The other reservoir was chondritic-to-moderately-enriched, and is most easily identified in the Nain Province, but may have occurred scattered throughout Superior Province, as well.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 306; 679
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  • 14
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    Distribution, abundance and carbon isotopic composition of gaseous hydrocarbons in Big Soda Lake, Nevada - An alkaline, meromictic lake (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The study of the distribution and isotopic composition of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases at the Big Soda Lake, Nevada, has shown that while neither ethylene nor propylene were found in the lake, ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane concentrations all increased with water column depth. It is concluded that methane has a biogenic origin in both the sediments and the anoxic water column, and that C2-C4 alkanes have biogenic origins in the monimolimnion water and shallow sediments. The changes observed in delta C-13/CH4/ and CH4/(C2H6 + C3H8) with depth in the water column and sedimeents are probably due to bacterial processes, which may include anaerobic methane oxidation and different rates of methanogenesis, and C2-to-C4 alkane production by microorganisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 47; 2107-211
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  • 15
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    Autoregressive harmonic analysis of the earth's polar motion using homogeneous International Latitude Service data (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The homogeneous set of 80-year-long (1900-1979) International Latitude Service (ILS) polar motion data is analyzed using the autoregressive method (Chao and Gilbert, 1980), which resolves and produces estimates for the complex frequency (or frequency and Q) and complex amplitude (or amplitude and phase) of each harmonic component in the data. The ILS data support the multiple-component hypothesis of the Chandler wobble. It is found that the Chandler wobble can be adequately modeled as a linear combination of four (coherent) harmonic components, each of which represents a steady, nearly circular, prograde motion. The four-component Chandler wobble model 'explains' the apparent phase reversal during 1920-1940 and the pre-1950 empirical period-amplitude relation. The annual wobble is shown to be rather stationary over the years both in amplitude and in phase, and no evidence is found to support the large variations reported by earlier investigations. The Markowitz wobble is found to be marginally retrograde and appears to have a complicated behavior which cannot be resolved because of the shortness of the data set.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10299-10
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  • 16
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    Comparison of Yamato and Victoria Land polymict eucrites - A view from mineralogical and isotopic studies (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New interior samples of four Yamato polymict eucrites (Y74159, Y74450, Y75011, and Y75015) have been studied by electron microprobe, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction techniques, and compared with several samples of the Victoria Land polymict eucrites. These same samples have been analysed using Rb-Sr and Nd-Sm isotopic systematics. Several grains of inverted pigeonite, with blebby augite similar to those in Binda and Moama, have been identified in all four Yamato eucrites. Coarse-grained meso-stasis-rich subophitic basalts, which contain Mg-rich pigeonite (with Fe-rich olivine veinlets) zoned outward to a subcalcic ferroaugite rims, have also been found. These unique clasts were not found in ALH76005, 77302, 78040, 7858, and 78165 and EET eucrites. The tight grouping of Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratos, and similar modal compositions of the Yamato group indicate that they are most likely to be pieces from a single fall, and distinct from the ALH and EET groups. However, the Yamato, Allan Hills, and Elephant Moraine groups may sample a few distinct magmas or similar but different source regions on the same parent body.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B245-B25
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  • 17
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    SERIES - Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (SERIES) concept is based on the utilization of NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) radio transmissions without any satellite modifications and in a totally passive mode. The SERIES stations are equipped with lightweight 1.5 m diameter dish antennas mounted on trailers. A series baseline measurement accuracy demonstration is considered, taking into account a 100 meter baseline estimation from approximately one hour of differential Doppler data. It is planned to conduct the next phase of experiments on a 150 m baseline. Attention is given to details regarding future baseline measurement accuracy demonstrations, aspects of ionospheric calibration in connection with subdecimeter baseline accuracy requirements of geodesy, and advantages related to the use of the differential Doppler or pseudoranging mode.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 18
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    Calculated stormtime variations in plasmaspheric thermal ion composition (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Model calculations describing stormtime variations in the earth's dayside plasmasphere are used to examine variations in ion composition. The model storm is initiated by high-latitude thermospheric heating that generates meridional winds that carry neutral species, momentum, and energy equatorward. The thermosphere acts on the plasmasphere through collisional transfer of momentum and through chemical reactions between neutral species and ions. Over latitudes near the region of thermospheric heating, the thermosphere-plasmasphere coupling processes cause enhancement in the density of oxygen ions while protons are being lost. Meanwhile, densities of oxygen ions and protons near the equator are increasing together, almost in phase. The largest enhancements in ion density develop at latitudes near 45 deg invariant for both oxygen and hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10233-10
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  • 19
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    A model study of the effects of intermittent loss on odd nitrogen concentrations in the lower troposphere (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A time-dependent box model of the lower troposphere which includes a description of photochemical and physical processes has been developed. This model has been applied to the calculation of nitric acid and NO(x)(NO + NO2) concentrations over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Nitric acid concentrations and the HNO3/NO(x) ratio are found to be highly variable under the assumptions regarding the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation employed in this model. The chemistry of odd nitrogen compounds during the night is potentially important in establishing the level of nitric acid in the lower troposphere. These calculations also indicate that relatively large errors may occur when the continuity equation describing nitric acid variations is averaged over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Interpretation of simultaneous measurements of HNO3 and NO(x) will require some knowledge of the history of the observed air mass and may require an improved understanding of nighttime odd nitrogen chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10697-10
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  • 20
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    Observation of wave-wave interactions in the stratosphere (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the LIMS instrument for January 1979 are used to provide further evidence for the often observed vacillation between the amplitudes of waves 1 and 2 in the stratosphere. The vacillation is shown to result primarily from nonlinear wave-wave interactions within the stratosphere. Two ways of interpreting nonlinearity are discussed. In the first, the basic state is defined to include large amplitude waves as well as the mean zonal wind. A forced wave propagates with respect to this asymmetric basic state, which can lead to changes in the conventional zonal wavenumber measured at one latitude. The other view of nonlinearity, interaction of wave with the zonal flow and with other wavenumbers are considered separately. Wave-wave interactions among waves 1, 2 and 3 are calculated. The derivation and computation of wave-wave interaction terms in the potential enstrophy balance are given. The observations indicate that enstrophy transfer among waves can be substantial even when the amplitude of one of the contributing waves is small. The computed enstrophy balance also demonstrates that wave-wave interactions can have a large effect on the interaction of waves with the mean flow.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2484-249
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  • 21
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    Stratospheric temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4-micron band of CO2 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique of nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive the stratospheric vertical temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4 micron band of CO2. The spectral data were obtained at sunset with the approximately 0.02 per cm resolution University of Denver interferometer system from a float altitude of 33.5 km near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 23 March 1981. The r.m.s. deviation between the retrieved temperature profile and correlative radiosonde measurements is 2.2 K.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 30; 327-334
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  • 22
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    Electric field measurements at the magnetopause. I Observation of large convective velocities at rotational magnetopause discontinuities (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large convective electric fields of the order of 10 mV/m (sometimes as high as 22 mV/m) are observed at rotational magnetopause discontinuities. These observations were made with the long cylindrical (179-m base line) probes carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. These electric field observations yield convective velocity magnitudes (equal to the cross product of the vector E and the vector B, the latter divided by the square of the magnitude of B) of the order of 150 km/s. In this format for the convective velocity magnitudes, some of these observations are similar to the high speed plasma velocity observations that were made at the magnetopause with the plasma experiment carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. It is shown that, for many of these magnetopause crossings, there exists a special moving coordinate system where the observed electric fields vanish. Such a unique reference system is often used in theoretical studies of magnetic discontinuities. This special coordinate system does not move at the local plasma velocity but moves instead at a velocity intermediate between the convective velocity and the local Alfven velocity. It is used here as a diagnostic tool for the experimental investigation of rotational discontinuities at the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10000-10
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  • 23
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    Satellite mission analysis (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 217-218
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  • 24
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    Modeling studies related to stratospheric measurements and data analysis (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 215-216
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  • 25
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    Data survey and evaluation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 214
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  • 26
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    UARS definition study (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 209
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  • 27
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    Upper Atmosphere Research Satellites (UARS) working group and definition study (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 210
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  • 28
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    National Academy sensitivity studies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 207
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  • 29
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    Ozone data processing and analysis (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 203-204
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  • 30
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    ATMOS Spacelab science investigation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 201-202
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  • 31
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    Empirical stratospheric models (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 199-200
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    Rocket ozone data in support of Nimbus-7 and SAGE (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 196-197
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  • 33
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    Effects of solar variability on terrestrial upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 188
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  • 34
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    Analysis of GASP carbon monoxide data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 189-190
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  • 35
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    Analysis of GASP ozone data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 186-187
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  • 36
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    Evaluate atmospheric trace gas and particle data obtained from B-747 commerical airliners (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 185
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  • 37
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    Satellite Ozone Analysis (SOAC/DMSP) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 191-192
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  • 38
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    A study of the relationship between solar activity and terrestrial ozone fluctuations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program p179-180 (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 39
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    Studies of equatorial stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 178
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  • 40
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    Study of the observed and theoretical distribution of atmospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 176-177
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  • 41
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    Ozone data analysis and interpretation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 42
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    Refinement of 2-D stratospheric model for aerosol dispersion (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 171
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  • 43
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    Computational investigation of reactive molecules (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 172
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  • 44
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    Stratospheric aerosol model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 170
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  • 45
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    Stratospheric and mesospheric dynamics (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 167-168
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  • 46
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    Transport of trace constituents in the stratosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 169
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  • 47
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    Stratospheric dynamics (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 166
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  • 48
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    Support of university stratospheric research (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 165
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  • 49
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    Methane and stratospheric water (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 156-157
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  • 50
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    Analysis of atmospheric reaction schemes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 160
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  • 51
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    Upper atmosphere theoretical studies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 154-155
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  • 52
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    A program of stratospheric research (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 150-151
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  • 53
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    Theoretical studies of the atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 152-153
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  • 54
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    Molecular properties of stratospheric constituents (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 122
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  • 55
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    A possible new atmospheric OH source (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 120-121
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  • 56
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    Photochemical and kinetic measurements of atmospheric constituents vis-a-vis their role in controlling stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 113-115
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  • 57
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    Ionic processes in the upper atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 107
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  • 58
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    Reaction rate measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 103-104
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  • 59
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    Homogeneous and heterogeneous rate constants of atmospheric interest (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 105-106
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  • 60
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    Laboratory kinetic studies of atmospheric reactions (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 100-102
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  • 61
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    An investigation of several reactions of importance in defining stratospheric halogen chemistry (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 98-99
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  • 62
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    Kinetics of stratospheric reactions (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 96-97
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  • 63
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    Stratospheric dynamics: Observational studies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 69-70
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  • 64
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    Direct measurements of photolysis rates of stratospheric constituents (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 21-22
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  • 65
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    Estimation of lower crust magnetization form satellite derived anomaly field (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Various lines of evidence point to the lower crust as the source of the long-wavelength magnetic anomaly field measured by the POGO and Magsat satellites. Using seismically determined lower crust thicknesses and equivalent source inversion of the satellite anomaly data, magnetization for the lower crust for much of the United States has been calculated. The average magnetization for two hundred sixty-six 150 x 150 km areas is 3.5 A/m with a standard deviation of 1.1 A/m. These values are consistent with laboratory measurements of mafic-ultramafic rocks expected in the lower crust, and in agreement with previous estimates of lower crust magnetization based on long-wavelength aeromagnetic data. Average lower crust thickness for the same areas is 18.2 km (sigma = 6.4). Thus, over large regions, it appears that variation in magnetization and variation in magnetic layer thickness contribute almost equally in causing the anomaly field variation at satellite altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 93; 33-45
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  • 66
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    Cold plasma distribution above a few thousand kilometers at high latitudes (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Great advances with respect to the study of the earth's magnetosphere could be achieved in connection with the launch of the Dynamics Explorer (DE) 1 and 2 spacecraft. These advances were made possible partly because of the unique combination of coplanar orbits which simultaneously sample the low altitude ionospheric and atmospheric signature (DE-2) and the high altitude phenomena of the inner magnetosphere (DE-1). It was, thus, feasible to obtain new measurements of the coupling of plasmas and fields between these fundamentally important regions. One basic element of the coupling involves the interchange of low energy plasma between the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The flow characteristics of the low energy plasma are indicators of the magnetospheric and ionospheric electric fields which drive the current system. The Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS) instrument has been designed for conducting measurements regarding this plasma population. Attention is given to details regarding RIMS, an example RIMS orbit, plasma trough characteristics, and polar cap phenomena.
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  • 67
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    Observations of waves artificially stimulated by an electron beam inside a region with auroral precipitation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of waves stimulated by artificial injection inside an auroral arc by an electron accelerator mounted on the POLAR 5 sounding rocket are presented. The accelerator produced a pulsed electron beam with currents up to 130 mA and energies up to 10 keV; emissions after the end of beam injection were generated by perturbations in the ambient plasma near the accelerator during beam injection. These emissions were independent of the electron beam direction along the geomagnetic field. The high frequency emission observed after beam injection correlated with the passage through an auroral arc; the low frequency emissions after beam injection were concentrated in two bands below the lower hybrid frequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Dec. 198
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  • 68
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    Time-average fluxes of heavy ions at the geostationary orbit (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of average proton, helium, carbon, and oxygen fluxes at 6.6 earth radii are reported. The data represent averages obtained on ATS 6 between June 15 and Oct. 3, 1974. The energy range covered was 0.36-1.1 MeV for protons and approximately 1-4 MeV for the heavier ions. The results indicate that above about 1 MeV the heavier ion fluxes dominate over the proton flux on the energy/ion scale. Using two different spectral dependencies to fit the data, the carbon to oxygen concentration ratio for energies above 1 MeV was found to be 0.43 for the power law spectrum and 0.44 for the exponential spectrum. Thus in either case the abundance ratio is consistent with the solar origin of the particles. Similarly, the helium to oxygen concentration ratio is found to be 0.17 for the power law spectrum and 0.28 for the exponential spectrum. This is inconsistent with the solar wind ratio, which is about 10. The results quoted above are based on a very small portion of the distribution function above 1 MeV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 69
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    Rocket observations of the vertical distribution of ozone in the polar night and during a mid-winter stratospheric warming (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket ozone soundings have been conducted in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere at high latitudes during winter. The collection of soundings show a high degree of variability when compared to ozone distributions measured during summer and at lower latitudes. The concurrently observed temperature and winds also show large variations which can be qualitatively related to the ozone profiles. Two most unusual ozone profiles were observed in January 1979 over Alaska during a stratospheric warming event. Both ozone profiles were consistent in showing the measured mixing ratios to be higher at 50 km than those measured at 40 km, a feature never reported before. This feature is related to the concurrently observed wind and temperature distributions and the NMC analyses of pressure height fields. The polar night ozone observations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere suggest some temperature dependence, but transports seem to play an important role.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Aug. 198
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  • 70
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    The behavior of ozone near the stratopause from two years of BUC observations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two years of Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet data have been recalibrated and reprocessed. A Laplace transform inversion was applied to radiances at 2876 A and below for 560,000 individual scans for the period April 1970-May 1972. The behavior of ozone near 50 km as a function of time, latitude, and longitude is presented. The high-latitude 1-mbar ozone mixing ratio is maximum at the winter solstice, about 10 microgram/g and is minimum at the summer solstice, about 4 microgram/g. Below 30 deg latitude the ozone is fairly constant at 4 microgram/g. Ozone variability is large in winter and spring and small in summer and fall.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Aug. 20
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  • 71
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    Midlatitude measurements of the ionospheric electric field during the ALADDIN programme (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three measurements of ionospheric electric field were made during the 24-h ALADDIN rocket program at Wallops Island on June 29-30, 1974. The first of these used a double probe instrument, flown at 1500 Local Solar Time, and the second and third measurements were made by barium cloud releases at evening and morning twilight. These three electric field vectors have been compared with the predictions of a number of models of electric field due to the dynamo effects of various atmospheric tides, and also of a possible magnetospheric origin. On the assumption that the measurements were made at a location equatorward of the afternoon convergence and poleward of the morning divergence in the electric field patterns related to the Sq current system, Stening's (1973) model of the diurnal variation of the electric field induced by the (1, -2) tidal model at the time of the summer solstice correctly predicts the directions of the observed electric field. Forbes and Lindzen's (1976, 1977) model, incorporating the three major propagating tidal modes as well as the evanescent (1, -2) mode, also bears an acceptable relationship to the ALADDIN electric field directions. The ALADDIN E-field magnitudes are comparable with those obtained by ground-based observations from Millstone Hill and from Saint Santin but are about half of Stening's model values, and three times those of Forbes and Lindzen. Saint Santin E-field directions, at the same latitude but 75 deg difference in longitude, are distinctly different from ALADDIN, implying that longitudinal differences are significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 42; June 198
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  • 72
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    Supernovae effects on the terrestrial atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first effects of a nearby (10 parsec) supernova on the earth's atmosphere will be caused by ultraviolet radiation dissociating molecular oxygen. The event will be of about one month's duration. Several months later nuclear gamma radiation may arrive, causing a decrease in atmospheric ozone. Cosmic radiation from the supernova remnant will not intercept the earth for at least 1000 years at which time ozone will be seriously depleted. Supernova ultraviolet radiation increases column ozone and atomic oxygen. Atmospheric thermal structure is modified with a large temperature increase in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and a decrease at higher altitudes caused by enhanced heat loss due to atomic oxygen radiation and conduction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; June 198
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  • 73
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    Energetics and thermal structure of the middle atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of a large number of temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere shows a much more complex thermal structure of this region than described in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976. The mesopause height which is generally assumed to be at 80 km varies between 70 and 100 km, often with two minima in temperature at about 70 and 100 km and a maximum between 80-85 km. By solving the energy balance equation and the equations of continuity, the physical significance of the observed thermal structure is discussed in terms of the energetics of the various regions of the middle atmosphere. It is show that the solar UV radiation plays a major role only in the energy budget of the stratosphere and the lower thermosphere. The energetics of the mesosphere is primarily influenced by the dissipation of eddy energy. The temperature in the region is a good indicator of the eddy diffusivity and can be used in deriving the eddy diffusion coefficient.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; June 198
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  • 74
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    The effect of earth's atmosphere on contrast reduction for a nonuniform surface albedo and 'two-halves' field (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a model for contrast reduction by atmospheric haze developed for the 'two-halves' field of the earth's surface and other geometries of the earth's surface albedo. The model is based on a simplified solution of the equation of radiative transfer in two dimensions, resulting in a method for calculation of the upward zenith intensity in the atmosphere as a function of the distance from the border between the two half planes, for an unabsorbing atmosphere. The adjacency effect between two infinitesimal areas of different albedos is calculated; the resultant simplified solution is used to develop expressions for the line-spread function of the atmosphere and the modulation transfer function. The line-spread function is used to calculate the point spread function, which can be used to compute the intensity above any surface with given spatial dependence of the reflectivity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; July 20
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  • 75
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    The influence of NO and ClO variations at twilight on the interpretation of solar occultation measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurement of short-lived photochemically-produced species in the stratosphere by solar occultation is difficult because the rapid variation of such species near the terminator introduces ambiguities in interpreting the measured absorption in terms of meaningful atmospheric abundances. These variations produce tangent path concentrations that are asymmetric relative to the tangent point, as opposed to the symmetrical distribution usually assumed in most inversion algorithms. Neglect of this asymmetry may yield an inverted profile that deviates significantly from the true sunset/sunrise profile. In the present paper, the influence of this effect on solar occultation measurements of ClO and NO is examined. The results show that average inhomogeneity factors, which measure the concentration variation along the tangent path and which can be calculated from a photochemical model, can indicate which species require more careful data analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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  • 76
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    Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres - A unified description of existing methods and a new improvement (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Existing two-stream approximations to radiative transfer theory for particulate media are shown to be represented by identical forms of coupled differential equations if the intensity is replaced by integrals of the intensity over hemispheres. One set of solutions thus suffices for all methods and provides convenient analytical comparisons. The equations also suggest modifications of the standard techniques so as to duplicate exact solutions for thin atmospheres and thus permit accurate determinations of the effects of typical aerosol layers. Numerical results for the plane albedos of plane-parallel atmospheres are given for conventional and modified Eddington approximations, conventional and modified two-point quadrature schemes, the hemispheric-constant method and the delta-function method, all for comparison with accurate discrete-ordinate solutions. A new two-stream approximation is introduced that reduces to the modified Eddington approximation in the limit of isotropic phase functions and to the exact solution in the limit of extreme anisotropic scattering. Comparisons of plane albedos and transmittances show the new method to be generally superior over a wide range of atmospheric conditions (including cloud and aerosol layers), especially in the case of nonconservative scattering.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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  • 77
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    Remote sensing of the ozone profile in the lower stratosphere using UV and IR measurements from Nimbus 4 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With a three-parameter analytical model, the ozone profile below 10 mbar to the surface is derived from the Nimbus 4 satellite backscattered ultraviolet and infrared measurements. Comparison of the derived profiles with those observed by ozonesondes shows that gross features are satisfactorily reproduced. Meridional cross section of the ozone partial pressure derived from the satellite data reveal the significant equator-to-pole features, as well as seasonal variability. An examination of the sensitivity of the method shows that an error in infrared radiance of approximately 1 erg leads to an error of about 10 mbar in the weighted mean pressure of the ozone layer in the tropics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
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  • 78
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    The effect of injection location on the spectrum of energetic magnetospheric particles (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The role of local particle injections and accelerations in determining energetic particle spectra used as an indication of the radial diffusion of trapped magnetospheric particles is assessed. An idealized one-dimensional steady-state model of magnetospheric radial transport in which diffusion is balanced against particle sources and sinks is used to illustrate the effects of particle injection at a point and over a band of radii in which the observation point is immersed in particle spectra. For an injection spectrum uniformly distributed in space and a step function in energy, it is shown that the energy dependence of the measured spectrum is determined not only by adiabatic energization of the input spectrum but by the spatial structure of the injection and the radial dependence of the diffusion coefficient as well. The relevance of the results for observations of particle spectra in the terrestrial and Jovian magnetospheres is also considered
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 79
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    Satellite ozone measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Since 1960 three classes of zone sounders have been developed: (1) backscatter ultraviolet, (2) infrared limb and nadir radiance, and (3) stellar and solar occultation methods. With these techniques ozone has been measured from 20 to 100 km. Tropospheric ozone measurements are beyond present technology, but total ozone is determined with the backscatter ultraviolet and nadir infrared methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 80
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    Production of nitrous oxide in the auroral D and E regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of nitrous oxide formation mechanisms indicates that N2O concentrations greater than 10 to the 9th per cu cm could be produced in IBC III aurora or by lower-level activity lasting for many hours, and, in favorable conditions, the N2O concentration could exceed the local nitric oxide density. An upper limit on the globally averaged N2O production rate from auroral activity is estimated at 2 x 10 to the 27th per second.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 287; Oct. 9
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  • 81
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    Magnetic field directional discontinuities. I - Minimum variance errors (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper deals with a statistical analysis of the errors associated with a minimum variance analysis of directional discontinuities by use of an idealized model of these discontinuities and various simulations, and also by an examination of actual Mariner 10 interplanetary magnetic field data. An empirical expression is derived for the magnitude of the error in an estimated discontinuity normal component, relative to the total field across the directional discontinuity. The analysis was performed primarily to aid in differentiating between interplanetary tangential and rotational discontinuities observed by Mariner 10.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 82
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    Ozone, ultraviolet flux and temperature of the paleoatmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The development of surface and atmospheric levels of paleoatmospheric ozone is calculated by means of a detailed photochemical model and used to determine the levels of ultraviolet flux to the surface and the surface and atmospheric temperatures of the primitive earth. The model takes into account the chemistry of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen species and the effects of vertical transport in an atmosphere originally composed of as much N2, H2O and CO2 as the present atmosphere to which O2 is added to calculate the vertical profiles of O3 and nitrogen oxides as a function of O2 content. Calculations show that as oxygen content increases from 0.0001 to 1 times its present value, the height of the ozone peak moves from 5 to 25 km, and that maximum ozone densities are achieved for an O2 level of 0.1 times the present. Calculations of solar UV absorption by atmospheric species indicate the presence of a UV window between 200 and 220 nm that closed only when O2 reached 0.01 times its present level. Finally, calculations made using a radiative-convective model reveal that O3 levels corresponding to an O2 level of 0.1 times the present result in a globally averaged surface temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 83
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    Stratospheric NO2 and H2O mixing ratio profiles from high resolution infrared solar spectra using nonlinear least squares (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive vertical mixing ratio profiles for NO2 and H2O above 16 km from high resolution (0.2/cm) solar spectra collected during sunset with a balloon borne interferometer. The NO2 profile shows a sharp peak of 8 ppbv at 32 km falling rapidly to less than 0.5 ppbv at 17 km. The H2O profile shows a broad peak of 6.5 ppmv at 30 km falling to less than 4 ppmv at 17 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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  • 84
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    Stratospheric ozone decrease due to chlorofluoromethane photolysis - Predictions of latitude dependence (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A two-dimensional model is used to predict the 1990 reduction in ozone due to the chlorine compounds formed by chlorofluoromethane (CFM) photolysis when the CFM release rate is held constant at the 1975 value. The predicted globally averaged ozone reduction of 3.5% is similar to that predicted by one-dimensional models that did not include chlorine nitrate chemistry, and used lower values for the reactions rates of NO + HO2 yielding NO2 + OH and O3 + HO2 yielding OH + 2O2. When the 5.7 ppbv increase in chlorine compounds predicted by one-dimensional models to occur under steady-state conditions is simulated by the two-dimensional model, a 26% decrease in atmospheric ozone is predicted. The latitude dependence of the ozone reduction is discussed in terms of the relevant photochemical reaction and transport. The chemical reactions that most strongly influence the meridional dependence of the ozone depletion are identified as those associated with the reactions of chlorine monoxide and atomic oxygen, the recombination of ozone and atomic oxygen, and the photodissociation of molecular oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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  • 85
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    Seasonal variations in high-latitude ozone and metastable molecular oxygen emissions - A theoretical interpretation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Comparison of photochemical calculations of atmospheric ozone between 40 and 55 km with measurements from a satellite-borne remote sensor shows agreement in the high-latitude summer hemisphere. However, in the sunlit high-latitude winter, the available data imply either a smaller water vapor mixing ratio than generally accepted or a temperature 15 - 20 K colder than contained in published model atmospheres. As with the ozone data the infrared emission in winter implies an odd oxygen loss rate smaller than predicted on the basis of standard water vapor and temperature models. The magnitude of the 1.27 micron signals and their consistency with upper stratospheric ozone data cast doubt on the large mesospheric ozone abundances deduced in independent experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
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  • 86
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    Study of electric fields parallel to the magnetic lines of force using artificially injected energetic electrons (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Electron beam experiments using rocket-borne instrumentation will be discussed. The observations indicate that reflections of energetic electrons may occur at possible electric field configurations parallel to the direction of the magnetic lines of force in an altitude range of several thousand kilometers above the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Feb. 198
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  • 87
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    Energetic particle penetrations into the inner magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nose structures observed on 90-deg pitch angle ion spectrograms characteristic of energetic particle injection into the ring current region of the inner magnetosphere in the afternoon to midnight sector are examined in detail on the basis of Explorer 45 data. A statistical analysis of the time dependence of nose structures yields a highest probability of occurrence at around 2000 MLT, and most events are found to occur on successive passes. The appearance of nose events is also related to an enhancement or change in configuration of the geoelectric field which alters magnetospheric convection patterns to drive an ion front close to the earth, where it can be observed by Explorer 45. The observed characteristics of nose structures are interpreted in terms of adiabatic charged particle motions in the magnetosphere in a Volland-Stern convection electric field model, which is also applied to explain the energy spectra and dispersion in penetration distances of electrons and ions observed in the postmidnight to morning sectors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 88
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    Production of odd nitrogen in the stratosphere and mesosphere - An intercomparison of source strengths (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), nuclear explosions, lightning, solar proton events (SPEs), relativistic electron precipitation, and meteors are related to the oxidation of nitrous oxide by comparing several sources of odd nitrogen (ON) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Published O3 and N2O data show that ON produced by the reaction of O(1D) with N2O peaks between 25 and 35 km; the GCRs add approximately the same amount of ON as N2O oxidation at the solar minimum for geographic latitudes over 50 deg. Nuclear explosions in 1961-1962 added 1.1 and 2.2 x 10 to the 34th NO molecules each, and SPEs produced greater amounts of ON above 50 deg than N2O oxidation during 1958 through 1960, and in 1972.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 20
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  • 89
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    A search for correlation between geomagnetic activity and stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total ozone column content (TOZ) measured from the Nimbus 4 BUV experiment is analyzed in geomagnetic coordinates to study a possible link between the solar corpuscular radiation and the lower stratosphere. Using planetary magnetic index Ap as a measure of the solar corpuscular radiation, it is shown that the correlation between TOZ and Ap, if any, occurs predominantly at high latitudes during winter seasons. This is typical of most of the claimed correlations between sun and weather and may be the result of the winter increase of planetary wave activity which by coincidence have periods comparable to magnetic activity. The fact that even major magnetic storms have no detectable effect on the stratospheric ozone during summer does not support a direct cause and effect relation between solar and stratospheric perturbations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 90
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    Trigger, an active release experiment that stimulated auroral particle precipitation and wave emissions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental design by which a cesium vapor cloud was suddenly released in order to stimulate auroral particle precipitation is described along with the general results obtained. A drastic increase of the field-aligned charged-particle flux was observed with subsequent particle bursts. It is suggested that low-energy acceleration was due to parallel electric fields created by an instability which was driven by field-aligned currents resulting from the plasma injection. Pitch angle scattering in the deep magnetosphere may account for particle precipitation continuing for 130 sec after release.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 91
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    Correlations between neutral meridional winds and ion densities observed on AE-E (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The southward directed neutral meridional wind and the nighttime ion density simultaneously measured on AE-E for altitudes from 250 to 290 km are compared and found to correlate when the magnetic field inclination is negative and anticorrelate when the inclination is positive. This effect is attributed to neutral winds transporting the ions up or down a field line depending upon the sign of the field-aligned wind and the inclination. Model calculations for the ion density in the presence of a field-aligned wind and ambipolar diffusion are presented. Six examples of this ionospheric response are analyzed and found to be in qualitative and approximate quantitative agreement with the theoretical results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 92
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    Dissociation of molecular oxygen in the Schumann-Runge bands (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Oscillator strengths and predissociation linewidths deduced in recent studies predict a dissociation rate for O2 in the Schumann-Runge bands which is significantly larger in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere than previously believed. Error bars on molecular parameters required in the cross-section calculation translate into uncertainties in the dissociation rate which are less than plus or minus 10% at all altitudes where the Schumann-Runge bands are aeronomically significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; May 1980
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  • 93
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    The semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides in the equatorial thermosphere from AE-E measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral composition and temperature aboard the near-equatorial AE-E satellite are analyzed to determine the semidiurnal and terdiurnal variations from 145 to 295 km. The amplitudes and phases of the semidiurnal variation are approximately the same for N2, O, He, and Ar at the lowest altitude, and the amplitude increases with decreasing altitude. Except for He, the phase undergoes a 180 deg shift around 200 km. The behavior of the terdiurnal variation is in many respects similar to the behavior of the semidiurnal variation. These characteristics suggest that the semidiurnal tide and (to a lesser extent) the terdiurnal tide have an origin primarily in the lower thermosphere or below.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 94
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    Energetic ion beam magnetosphere injection and solar power satellite transport (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of ion beam injection in the magnetosphere are considered. The beam's parameters are those characteristic of the ion propulsion engines envisioned for use in solar power satellite placement (Hanley and Guttman, 1978). Specifically, from a detailed analysis of the beam's propagation through the magnetosphere it is shown that the bulk of the ion beam is not stopped in the magnetosphere. However, the relatively small fraction of the beam which is deposited via the beam's sheath loss may give rise to a large distortion in the magnetospheric plasma population. Possible loss mechanisms from the magnetosphere for this artificial energetic ion component are evaluated. Electron Coulomb scattering yields the shortest lifetime throughout most of the plasmasphere provided that plasmasphere heating by beam ions is not too intense. Charge exchange dominates beyond the plasmasphere. The effects of pitch angle scattering due to beam ion turbulence may appreciably shorten beam ion lifetimes throughout the magnetosphere
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 95
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    A statistical determination of the shape and position of the geomagnetic neutral sheet (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using 2.5-minute average field values from Imp 6, 7, and 8 magnetic field measurements, the standard magnetotail neutral sheet (MNS) model is examined. The best representation for the MNS is found to be an arched surface which crosses the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane on the flanks of the tail about 18 earth radii (ER) from the tail axis; the surface is anchored to the geomagnetic dipole at a hinging distance of 10.5 ER. In addition, the shape and position of the neutral sheet (NS) do not vary significantly with distance down the tail, but the NS is anchored somewhat closer to the earth during disturbed geomagnetic conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 96
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    Application of VLBI and satellite laser ranging to geodynamics (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASA Crustal Dynamics Project has developed very-long baseline interferometer (VLBI) systems and satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems for geodynamics measurements. In VLBI, a radio noise signal from a distant quasar is received by two or more radio antennas and coherently recorded. These recordings are cross-correlated to determine the relative signal delays between stations which are used to derive the vector baselines between the stations. The SLR systems accurately determine the range to a retroreflector satellite as a function of time with short laser pulses. These range measurements from several stations to the same satellite are used in orbit analysis programs to determine the position of the stations and the vector baselines between the stations. Measurements with these systems have achieved precisions of a few centimeters in length for distances of several thousand km. These systems are now operating in a global network for measuring the relative motion of the N. American, Pacific, S. American, Nazca, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates. Highly mobile VLBI and SLR systems are being operated at many sites in the active earthquake areas in western N. America in order to determine the crustal deformation and strain accumulation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 97
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    Neogene Caribbean plate rotation and associated Central American tectonic evolution (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A theoretical model of the opening of the Cayman Trough is developed on the basis of geological evidence from a wide area. It is proposed that strike slip motion began about 30 Myr ago and proceeded at a rate of 37 + or - 6 mm/yr for a total of 1100 km of relative plate displacement, and that Central America Underwent an anticlockwise rotation with internal plate deformation. Maps of the reconstructed motion are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonics (ISSN 0278-7407); 2; 633-643
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  • 98
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    Magnetospheric currents (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: After outlining the constituent parts of the magnetospheric system, a historical review is presented of studies of the earth's magnetic field. It is noted that a connection between the aurora and variations in the magnetic field was first suggested by Halley in 1716. In discussing the magnetosphere, it is pointed out that the geomagnetic field can be thought of as being produced by a huge bar magnet embedded in the earth, with the axis of the magnet tilted away slightly from the earth's rotational axis. Attention is also given to the interplanetary magnetic field, to the relationship between the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field, to convective flow, to field-aligned currents, and to Birkeland currents and auroral emissions. Various questions concerning the Birkeland currents are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 4; 276-284
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  • 99
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    Fast magnetospheric echoes of energetic electron beams (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electron beam experiments using rocket-borne instrumentation confirmed earlier observations of fast magnetospheric echoes of artificially injected energetic electrons. A total of 234 echoes were observed in a pitch angle range from 9 to 110 deg at energies of 1.87 and 3.90 keV. Of these, 102 echoes could unambiguously be identified with known accelerator operations at 2, 4 or 8 keV energy and highest current levels resulting in the determination of transit times of typically 300 to 400 ms. In most cases, when echoes were present in both energy channels, the higher energy electrons led the lower energy ones by 50 to 70 ms. Adiabatic theory applied to these observations yields a reflection height of 3000 to 4000 km. The injection process is discussed as the strong beam-plasma interaction that occurred near the electron accelerator appears to be instrumental in generating the source of heated electrons required for successful echo detection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Active Expts. in Space; p 113-120
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  • 100
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    The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment. II - Calibration (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration standards used in the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE) for CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CH3CCl3, and CCl4 are described. This includes the preparation of the primary standards by static dilution and their propagation and stability for the period 1977-1982. Two independent assessments of the absolute concentrations of the primary standards used to initiate the ALE measurements in 1977-1978 are reported. For consistency in the ALE program the values assigned to the primary standards and subsequent working standards used in the field were not altered during the experiment when results of better estimates of the original concentration values were obtained. Rather, the appropriate factors by which the ALE mixing ratios for a given species should be multiplied to obtain the best estimate of the current concentration of a given species, are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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