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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (673)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (379)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,052)
  • 1978  (1,052)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,052)
Year
  • 1
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    How much energy does energy cost? (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Estimating the energy cost of producing and delivering an energy product involves the quantitative determination of all relevant energy flows and the aggregation of these flows into meaningful indices of system performance. Five emerging energy technologies are subjected to energy analysis. The energy delivered by each is substantially greater than the energy consumed during construction and lifelong operation of the system. Net energy analysis can provide interesting and perhaps useful information regarding specific technologies, but it does not necessarily provide additional information essential to the making of decisions regarding those technologies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 117-134
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  • 2
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    The impact of municipal refuse utilization on energy and our environment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The incinerator/boiler configuration is stressed as the most reliable method of waste utilization. It is also pointed out that the high cost of refuse disposal and the ever increasing cost of energy, have made this method attractive. A plan is outlined for operating a waste utilization plant. Community participation is encouraged in investigating the feasibility of refuse to energy facilities in their area.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 95-116
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  • 3
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    Conservation as an alternative energy source (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: A speech is given outlining the energy situation in the United States. It is warned that the existing energy situation cannot prevail and the time is fast running out for continued growth or even maintenance of present levels. Energy conservation measures are given as an aid to decrease U.S. energy consumption, which would allow more time to develop alternative sources of energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 87-94
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  • 4
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    Agricultural and industrial process heat (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The application of solar energy to agricultural and industrial process heat requirements is discussed. This energy end use sector has been the largest and it appears that solar energy can, when fully developed and commercialized, displace from three to eight or more quads of oil and natural gas in U.S. industry. This potential for fossil fuel displacement in the agricultural and industrial process heat area sector represents a possible savings of 1.4 to 3.8 million barrels of oil daily.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 59-86
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  • 5
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    Impact of novel energy sources: OTEC, wind, goethermal, biomass (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Alternate energy conversion methods such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind power, geothermal wells and biomass conversion are being explored, and re-examined in some cases, for commercial viability. At a time when United States fossil fuel and uranium resources are found to be insufficient to supply national needs into the twenty-first century, it is essential to broaden the base of feasible energy conversion technologies. The motivations for development of these four alternative energy forms are established. Primary technical aspects of OTEC, wind, geothermal and biomass energy conversion systems are described along with a discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of the concepts. Finally, the sentiment is voiced that each of the four systems should be developed to the prototype stage and employed in the region of the country and in the sector of economy which is complimentary to the form of system output.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for Southeastern States; p 39-57
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  • 6
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    Wood energy-commercial applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Wood energy is being widely investigated in many areas of the country because of the many obvious benefits of wood fuel such as the low price per million Btus relative to coal, oil, and gas; the wide availability of noncommercial wood and the proven ability to harvest it; established technology which is reliable and free of pollution; renewable resources; better conservation for harvested land; and the potential for jobs creation. The Southeastern United States has a specific leadership role in wood energy based on its established forest products industry experience and the potential application of wood energy to other industries and institutions. Significant questions about the widespread usage of wood energy are being answered in demonstrations around the country as well as the Southeast in areas of wood storage and bulk handling; high capitalization costs for harvesting and combustion equipment; long term supply and demand contracts; and the economic feasibility of wood energy outside the forest products industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 27-38
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  • 7
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    Alternatives in solar energy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Although solar energy has the potential of providing a significant source of clean and renewable energy for a variety of applications, it is expected to penetrate the nation's energy economy very slowly. The alternative solar energy technologies which employ direct collection and conversion of solar radiation as briefly described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 19-25
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  • 8
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    An overview of the energy situation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Beginning with a historical review of the domestic pattern of energy usage, the current dependence of the United States upon dwindling petroleum resources is examined. The possible limit of petroleum usage is discussed, and recent oil production trends are presented. Coupling these with projected analyses of OPEC oil productive capability in the early 1980's indicates a serious worldwide as well as American energy problem in the next decade. The need for conservation and rapid development of application of alternative energy resources is discussed including quantitative projections of significant conservation efforts as well as estimates of domestic alternative energy resource capabilities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Sourtheastern States; p 7-18
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  • 9
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    IUE flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were designed to provide an alternate booster energy source to the IUE satellite during eclipse periods. Data shows the spacecraft can operate over the three year design life and a five year design goal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 229-237
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  • 10
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    Single cell recongidioning test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reconditioning the voltage and current profiles, capacity discharge and current, and charge and discharge cycles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 171-181
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  • 11
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    Microprocessor controlled advanced battery management systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advanced battery management system described uses the capabilities of an on-board microprocessor to: (1) monitor the state of the battery on a cell by cell basis; (2) compute the state of charge of each cell; (3) protect each cell from reversal; (4) prevent overcharge on each individual cell; and (5) control dual rate reconditioning to zero volts per cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 287-299
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  • 12
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    Tadiran-Plainview Electronics presentation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various environmental, mechanical, vibration, shock, etc., test were run on the manufacturer's lithium cells. The data obtained from these tests are graphically presented and briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 531-538
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  • 13
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    High rate of reversal in Nicd cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Pressure response to reverse current, pressure decay after reversal, and discharge performance of nickel cadmium cells are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 183-198
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  • 14
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    Tradeoff analysis with lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Characteristic data, primarily on high rate lithium sulfur dioxide design (basically in the D and DD cell configuration), both before and after much exposure to environmental conditions are discussed. The environmental as opposed to signle cells. Discussion was generated among the Workshop participants and comments and questions are reported. Graphical representations of the test data are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 475-487
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  • 15
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    Hazards of lithium thionyl chloride batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two different topics which only relate in that they are pertinent to lithium thionyl chloride battery safety are discussed. The first topic is a hazards analysis of a system (risk assessment), a formal approach that is used in nuclear engineering, predicting oil spills, etc. It is a formalized approach for obtaining assessment of the degree of risk associated with the use of any particular system. The second topic is a small piece of chemistry related to the explosions that can occur with lithium thionyl chloride systems. After the two topics are presented, a discussion is generated among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 449-458
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  • 16
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    Life test of NiH2 flight battery (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Life cycle tests being run on the 50 A lightweight nickel hydrogen flight battery are discussed and the preliminary results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 341-346
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  • 17
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    USAF nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Air Force activities in nickel hydrogen battery research were summarized. The latest developments for the past year were discussed and applications of the nickel hydrogen batteries were reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 317-329
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  • 18
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    HCMM/SAGE test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The salient features of the nickel cadmium batteries used in the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission spacecraft and the SAGE satellite are presented. Life tests, battery profiles, and recommendations for structural improvement are reported.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 271-285
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  • 19
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    NTS-2 battery after 1 year and 3 eclipse seasons (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel hydrogen batteries on board the NTS-2 satellite was determined after being in orbit for several months. The effects of the eclipses were presented as well as the power loading operations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 309-315
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  • 20
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    RCA Satcom in orbit: Reconditioning and flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the SATCOM in orbit, and the effects of aging and changes in temperature due to eclipses are described. A description of the battery reconditioning is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 253-265
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  • 21
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    Standard cell data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests of the mechanical designs of nickel cadmium cells are presented. The framework of the manufacturing and processing of these cells is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 163-170
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  • 22
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    Synchronous orbit models (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The NASA guidelines for synchronous orbits are presented. Mathematical models are developed which encompass all test variables and systems engineering.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 149-154
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  • 23
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    Safety characteristics of the lithium SO2 system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Extensive tests were conducted to quantitatively define the safety characteristics of high-rate SO2 multicell batteries under various discharge and temperature profiles, which closely simulated actual field-use conditions. The resulting behavior patters of the multicell batteries and the corrective action which can be implemented to minimize or prevent hazardous battery performance are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 539-548
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  • 24
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    Life testing of Mallory cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Tests were performed to assess the effects of storage time, storage temperature, vibration, discharge rate and temperature, and capacity of high-rate, D size, lithium sulfur dioxide cells. Data from these tests are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 489-497
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  • 25
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    Characteristics of Li-SOCl2 cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general discussion of the characteristics of Li-SOC12 cells is presented. Three different shaped cells were selected for study; prismatic, cylindrical, and disc. The characteristics of the cells were obtained through nondestructive and destructive testing which are discussed. Graphs are presented which represent the various parameters investigated. Workshop participant comments and questions are also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 465-474
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  • 26
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    Seal problems of lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of leakage through a seal in lithium cells is addressed. The use of ceramic and glass-to-metal seals is briefly discussed. Comments are presented from the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 459-464
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  • 27
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    US Army lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The how, why and where the Army is applying lithium batteries are addressed. The Army is committing its efforts to the utilization of lithium batteries in new equipment that will be going into the field possibly from FY-80 and thereafter. The Army's philosophy is to guide their users and the equipment designers, to use battery packs are opposed to singel cells. After a detailed description of the battery types that are being considered, a discussion is presented in which questions and comments are exchanged among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center, 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 441-448
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  • 28
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    Common pressure vessel battery performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests run on two common pressure vessel type nickel hydrogen batteries are described and the results presented. The study included: (1) charge retention tests, (2) synchronous eclipse season cycling tests, and (3) temperature differential tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 29
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    NASA lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advantages of lithium systems are described and a general summary of their application in present and future NASA programs is presented. Benefits of the lithium systems include an increased payload weight and an increased cost effectiveness to the customer. This also allows for more flexibility in the design of future space transportation systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 395-410
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  • 30
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    Silver hydrogen voltage/pressure performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High pressure tests were run on silver hydrogen cells in order to determine: (1) the self discharge characteristics at 1000 and 2000 psig; (2) the state of charge parameters; and (3) the trickle charge rates. These results were then compared with pressure test results from a nickel hydrogen cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 383-391
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  • 31
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    Configuration analysis of nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The significance of various stack configurations and components on the cycle life for nickel hydrogen cells for synchronous orbit used was evaluated. Failure modes of electrolyte management and 02 management were solved by modifications in the reservoir, the wick, and/or the stack configuration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 347-359
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  • 32
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    Acceptance test data on Hughes-USAF lightweight nickel hydrogen cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cell capacity, stabilization cycling, and failure analysis data on 50 A hour lightweight nickel hydrogen cells is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 331-340
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  • 33
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    Parallel battery test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of disabling and enabling the charger on one of two batteries that are operating in a parallel mode are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 201-211
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  • 34
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    Hughes/GE improved NiCd cell design (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Synchronous orbit and elliptical orbit life tests are used to make improvements in cell design for spacecraft application. The test increased the electrolyte volume and the surface area in cells to reduce the current density on charge and discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 155-162
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  • 35
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    Data analysis for the accelerated test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Test variables discussed graphically include the effects of: (1) ambient temperature; (2) depth of the discharge; (3) discharge rate; (4) percent of recgargel (5) KOH concentration; (6) KOH volume; (7) charge rate and (8) negative per charge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 110-117
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  • 36
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    Ceramic-metal seals for advanced battery systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The search for materials which are electrochemically compatible with the lithium sulfur and sodium sulfur systems is discussed. The use liquid or braze alloys, titanium hydrite coatings, and tungsten yttria for bonding beryllium with ceramic is examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 87-100
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  • 37
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    Comparison of cells with Pellon 2503 and 2505 separator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Unlike the 2505 nonwoven nylon separator material which has fibers in a random direction, the 2503 material has fibers oriented all in one direction. Properties of the two materials discussed include density, porosity, absorptivity, electrolyte retention, capacity, and charge voltage pressure. With only 1,000 test cycles completed, it is not possible to determine whether 2503 is a suitable substitute.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 38
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    Accelerated test program at Crane (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistical analysis of work performed, the present status, and the future plans of the program are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 103-109
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  • 39
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    Characterization of degraded nickel cadmium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various cells were cycled until degradation and then tested to determine the electrochemical characterization of the cells with regard to charge control. A constant voltage charged to a temperature-biased voltage, using up to an 8-voltage limit was used for the evaluation. Graphs show severe discharge voltage degradation with cycling and periodic capacity discharge; voltage extremes for cells with and without periodic capacity discharges; voltage extremes for cells with high rate discharge; voltage-temperature levels used for charge control; end of charge current and discharge voltage for 5 percent DOD cycling; cell capacity following 5 percent DOD cycling; and the end of discharge voltage and typical charge current profiles for the 20 percent DOD cycling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 65-74
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  • 40
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    Lightweight porous plastic plaque (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The porosity and platability of various materials were investigated to determine a suitable substrate for nickel-plated electrodes. Immersion, ultrasonics, and flow-through plating techniques were tried using nonproprietary formulations, and proprietary phosphide and boride baths. Modifications to the selected material include variations in formulation and treatment, carbon loading to increase conductivity, and the incorporation of a grid. Problems to be solved relate to determining conductivities and porosities as a function of amount of nickel plated on the plastics; loading; charge and discharge curves of electrodes at different current densities; cell performance; and long-term degradation of electrodes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 31-42
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  • 41
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    Accelerated test modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cycle life regression model, cycle life prediction model, and acceleration factors are discussed. A method was presented to: (1) select a mathematical model; (2) determine model coefficients using accelerated test data; (3) test model fit of the accelerated test data; and (4) predict normal packs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 119-133
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  • 42
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    Dynamics of cell degradation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of chemical and physical data as a supplement to linear regression models in the prediction of cell failure is discussed. Principal factors to be considered are the positive thickness and weight, and the negative thickness. A model for cell degradation and failure in accelerated life test cells is presented and predictions based on a teardown analysis are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 75-85
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  • 43
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    Applications and safety data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general overview of activities involving lithium batteries, which shows the various applications and data that were performed for numerous industry and government sponsors is presented. Brief discussions on electrochemical criteria selection, and typical storage and performance data obtained from three systems being developed are presented. Current safety work being done on high-rate, D, SO2 cells is also discussed. Three chemistries were developed and are discussed: lithium vanadium pentoxide, lithium sulfur dioxide, and lithium thionyl chloride. Storage, performance and safety data are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 511-530
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  • 44
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    Large cells and their performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the large primary cells presently made, ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ampere-hours are discussed. Performance data obtained on a 2,000 ampere-hour cell are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 499-503
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  • 45
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    NASA's lithium cell technology program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Briefly outlined are the activities of the various research centers involved in the NASA program. Graphs are presented for: (1) the initial results on SOCl2 decomposition rate; (2) effect of rate on output of Li-SOCl2 cells; (3) comparison of high and low rate Li-SOCl2 cells; and (4) effect of temperature on output of Li-SOCl2 cells. Abusive test results and a description of secondary lithium cells are also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 431-440
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  • 46
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    Silver hydrogen batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The feasibility of silver hydrogen batteries was investigated. Cell configurations and cell cycling were discussed. Energy density was found to be 65 to 100 watt hours per kilogram. Electrolyte management was considered critical to the cell's performance. Factors of electrolyte management which were particularly important were: (1) the nature of the separator system, and (2) the amount of electrolyte.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 371-381
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  • 47
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    US Navy lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications of lithium systems that are already in the fleet are discussed. The approach that the Navy is taking in the control of the introduction of lithium batteries into the fleet is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop 411-420 (SEE N79-28669 19-44)
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  • 48
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    Air Force electrochemical impregnation process results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The status of the Air Force Electrochemical program was reviewed. The performance characteristics of the system was attributed to the use of an electrochemical impregnation process. The electrode improvements, the prototype equipment designs, and the actual construction of a production facility are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 303-308
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  • 49
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    Synopsis of Viking flight data (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The temporary failure of the data collection hardware along with the fifty percent degradation on the batteries in lander 1 were discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 249-251
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  • 50
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    Canadian Technology Satellite, an update (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update on the performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the Communications Technology Satellite is presented. The wattage and capacity during the winter and summer solstices are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 267-269
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  • 51
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    Viking flight data after 24 months on Mars surface (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update of the Viking landers after two years of operation is presented along with an evaluation of the battery system aboard the spacecrafts which supplied them with an alternate booster energy source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 239-247
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  • 52
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    Safety and abuse testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of abuse tests on large lithium thionyl chloride cells was initiated. Performance data obtained in testing rectangular 2,000 and 10,000 ampere-hour cells are discussed and graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 505-510
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  • 53
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    Nonlinear prediction modeling for accelerated testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Empirical equation derived from cycles-to-failure, temperature cells, and prediction of normal packs are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 135-147
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  • 54
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    Cell design and manufacturing changes during the past decade (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Eight of the most important changes that occurred in the GE 12 AH cell over the past ten years, which are currently being used are evaluated, and a systematic approach to compare their relative merits is presented. Typical positive thickness, typical negative thickness, positive loading, negative loading, final KOH quantity, and precharge as adjustment are shown for the control cell, and the following variables: Teflon treatment; silver treatment; light loading; no PQ treatment; polypropylene separator; the A.K. 1968 plate design no PQ, old elec process, no decarb process and the A.K. 1968 plate design, no PQ, present aerospace processes. The acceptance test cell voltage and cell pressure performance and capacity test results are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 49-56
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  • 55
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    Voltage/temperature charge characteristics (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of nickel cadmium batteries were tested to determine the effects of boltages and various temperatures on the charge discharge ratios and the recharge percentage. It was concluded that the selection of a proper temperature should consider the satellite orbit characteristics, the cell operating characteristics, the battery operating temperature range, and the final taper charge current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 213-228
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  • 56
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    Chemical analysis of positive and negative plates, a survey (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Regular arrays of 1 inch discs cut from chemically impregnated positive and negative plates were sent to various contractors and government organizations for chemical analysis in order to determine whether there is consistency in analysis. Techniques used included NASA procedures as specified, variations, wet chemical techniques, and atomic absorption. The weight, thickness of disc, and active material quantity as measured by four respondents are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 43-48
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  • 57
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    Lightweight electrodes (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The fabrication of a lightweight composite nickel hydroxide electrode based on nickel-coated graphite is described and its effect on the load to failure and electrical resistivity of nickel cadmium and nickel zinc systems was evaluated. The use pure lead in lead acid batteries for submarines is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 17-30
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  • 58
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    The case for a burst from 3U 0614+09 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A single flare event with a rise time of about 7 s and a decay time of approximately 40 s was observed by the Goddard cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO-8 during observations of 3U 0614+09 in September 1975. The possibility is discussed that the source was 3U 0614+09, which has been compared with the low-mass binary Sco X-1. The spectra during the event could be fitted with blackbody (kT = 0.8-1.1 keV) or thermal bremsstrahlung (kT = 1.1-2.5 keV) models with absorption by cool material. In the blackbody model the source was of the order of 1 million cm in size.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 182
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  • 59
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    Formation of a rotational accretion column (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: We consider the problem of the flow produced by the accretion of gas from a rotating cloud onto a point gravitational source. It is shown that, for a cloud initially in uniform rotation, the effect of accretion is to produce a Taylor column in the cloud parallel to the rotation axis. Only gas within the column is accreted; the gas outside the column undergoes oscillatory flow, which is probably subject to shear instability. The column forms in approximately one-half rotation period from the time at which accretion begins. Its initial radius is determined by the accretion rate and the angular velocity of the cloud. Application of the results to the formation of Jupiter by accretion is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 60
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    An experimental investigation of the condensation of silicate grains (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a series of laboratory experiments designed to investigate the nucleation of small silicate grains from a vapor of astrophysically significant elements and compounds. In the experiments, magnesium silicate grains were condensed by simultaneously evaporating Mg and SiO solids into an atmosphere of argon or hydrogen at a pressure of a few torr. The results show that at low temperatures (up to a few hundred degrees C) the condensates are amorphous grains and have widely varying stoichiometries. The thermodynamically most stable compounds (Mg2SiO4, MgSiO3, SiO2) do not form readily, but all initial condensates can be converted to crystalline forsterite (Mg2SiO4) by heating to 1000 C in vacuum. At higher temperatures (above 700 K) it becomes more difficult to nucleate any silicates, and those that do form are amorphous, indicating that surface energies and kinetic effects are very important in determining under what conditions condensation will occur. The IR spectra of the experimentally produced magnesium silicates are found to have a strong resemblance to those observed in many astronomical clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 61
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    Soft X-ray emission from a newly discovered supernova remnant in Cygnus (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 62
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: An observational overview (50 keV-20 MeV) (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The observational status of gamma ray astronomy based on results reported prior to April 1978 is discussed. Specific line observations are reviewed from the Sun, the galactic plane, the Galactic Center region, the active Galaxy NGC 5128 (Cen A), the Crab Nebula region, and a transient source in the general direction of the anti-Galactic Center region. A statistical method is described which determines the relative probability that a given, reported observation is due to an external source as compared to a random fluctuation in the experimental background counting rate. Only a few of the many reported observations can be considered likely extraterrestrial observations of an extraterrestrial source made with a confidence level of 99%.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 42-68
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    Energy consumption program: A computer model simulating energy loads in buildings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The JPL energy consumption computer program developed as a useful tool in the on-going building modification studies in the DSN energy conservation project is described. The program simulates building heating and cooling loads and computes thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. The accuracy of computations are not sacrificed, however, since the results lie within + or - 10 percent margin compared to those read from energy meters. The program is carefully structured to reduce both user's time and running cost by asking minimum information from the user and reducing many internal time-consuming computational loops. Many unique features were added to handle two-level electronics control rooms not found in any other program.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 288-289
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  • 64
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    Cogeneration power systems (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Cogeneration is defined as the combination of electrical generation and process heat for more efficient use of fuel. Comparisons of energy utilization in conventional electric power plants and cogeneration electric power plants are presented. Characteristics of various cogeneration systems are also presented. Systems are analyzed for use in utility systems and industrial systems. Economic and cost analysis are reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Alternate Energy Systems Seminar; p 68-96
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    Gamma-ray lines - A new window to the Universe (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Gamma-ray emission is considered in terms of its usefulness in determining the physics of nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, solar flares, supernovae, and neutron stars. The mechanism of gamma-ray line emission is reviewed, i.e., nuclear deexcitation, radiative capture, positron annihilation, and possibly cyclotron radiation in the strong magnetic fields of neutron stars. Various gamma-ray spectra, obtained from balloon and satellite data, are analyzed with attention to solar particle energies and densities, including particle emission from black-hole supernova remnants.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physics Today; 31; Mar. 197
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    ECAS Phase I fuel cell results (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper summarizes and discusses the fuel cell system results of Phase I of the Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS). Ten advanced electric powerplant systems for central-station baseload generation using coal were studied by NASA in ECAS. Three types of low-temperature fuel cells (solid polymer electrolyte, SPE, aqueous alkaline, and phosphoric acid) and two types of high-temperature fuel cells (molten carbonate, MC, and zirconia solid electrolyte, SE) were studied. The results indicate that (1) overall efficiency increases with fuel cell temperature, and (2) scale-up in powerplant size can produce a significant reduction in cost of electricity (COE) only when it is accompanied by utilization of waste fuel cell heat through a steam bottoming cycle and/or integration with a gasifier. For low-temperature fuel cell systems, the use of hydrogen results in the highest efficiency and lowest COE. In spite of higher efficiencies, because of higher fuel cell replacement costs integrated SE systems have higher projected COEs than do integrated MC systems. Present data indicate that life can be projected to over 30,000 hr for MC fuel cells, but data are not yet sufficient for similarly projecting SE fuel cell life expectancy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Energy; 2; Jan
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  • 67
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    New observations of ultraviolet variability in Wolf-Rayet stars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of ultraviolet variability in Wolf-Rayet stars have been made with the ANS satellite Ultraviolet Photometer Experiment. Significant variations are detected in several of the observed stars, the timescale of the variability ranging from a few minutes to several months.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 183
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    The nature of Aquila X-1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photometry in the UBV spectra was used to observe Aquila X-1. This X-ray source, usually producing flux on the order of 1-10% that of the Crab Nebula, often behaves in a manner resembling the behavior of galactic X-ray stars. A description of the calibration methods used in the observations is presented, with attention to photoelectric-photographic methods. These observations suggest a quiescent spectral class near Ko, i.e., a dwarf at a distance of 1.6 kpc. The more intense X-ray emissions are said to be generated from internal heating of the stellar atmosphere, with additional energy supplied by a low-mass companion star. This explaination is at variance with the semi-detached Roche model.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 16
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    Evidence that cosmic gamma-ray bursts are galactic (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Balloon observations registering scatter angles in a liquid scintillator have revealed gamma-ray bursts having energies as low as 10 to the -7th ergs per square cm. The burst distribution is graphed according to energy and frequency. The hypothesis that the bursts are galactic in origin is in good agreement with their small recorded energies and their predicted distribution on the graph.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 16
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    Distance limit for a class of model gamma-ray burst sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is pointed out that MeV photons have actually been observed in bursts. These observations imply that the nonrelativistic sources cannot be further away than a few kpc from the sun and, therefore, must be galactic. The 27 April 1972 event observed by Apollo 16 shows at higher energies a power law spectrum with a possible line feature around 4 MeV. The optical depth of a homogeneous, isotropic radiation field is estimated with the aid of formulae used by Nikishov (1962) and Jauch and Rohrlich (1955). On the basis of an investigation of the various factors involved, it is tentatively suggested that the gamma-ray bursts which have been detected are galactic, but are in the majority of the cases not connected with unique irreversible star transformation. It appears also unlikely that the gamma-ray bursts are connected with galactic novae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 9
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    Supernovae and the formation of the solar system (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The evidence that a supernova explosion may have triggered the formation of the solar system is reviewed. It cannot be said on the basis of the investigation that the supernova trigger is absolutely necessary for planetary system formation. However, it does appear according to the isotopic evidence that a supernova did blow up within a few million years of the solidification of objects in the solar system. If such an event occurred, it is reasonable to assume that the resultant supernova shock had a causal connection with the formation of the solar system and that a supernova may be one stimulus for formation of low-mass stars.
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    Star formation in molecular clouds (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general overview is presented of the findings of molecular line and infrared astronomy regarding star formation. Beginning with the statement that stars, and therefore, planets, form from molecular clouds, it is argued that the growing body of data on conditions in molecular clouds should serve as input parameters for theoretical calculations of star and planet formation. The fact that the gravitational potential energy of molecular clouds far exceeds their thermal energy implies that the required rate of star formation is easily explained. Indeed the most important problem in this field is that the rate of star formation predicted from molecular cloud studies is too high. Until this problem is understood, additional modes of inducing star formation, while they may be occurring, only add to the existing difficulties.
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    The cloudy state of interstellar matter (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The expression 'cloudy state' is used to describe the state of the diffuse interstellar matter, with emphasis on its denser and more opaque regions. Questions of morphology with respect to the Galaxy are examined, taking into account neutral hydrogen, molecular regions, H II regions, infrared sources and masers, coronal gas in the Galaxy, and the major components of the interstellar medium. Aspects of dynamics are also considered, giving attention to the two-phase interstellar medium, the three-phase interstellar medium, the density-wave compression of clouds, and problems related to the concept of collapsing clouds. Developments concerning chemistry are explored. Radioactive chronologies are discussed along with isotopic anomalies and aspects of interstellar chemistry.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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    Some implications for interstellar molecules of a low electron abundance in dense clouds (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Dec. 197
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    Discovery and optical identification of 2S0921-630 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The discovery of a faint X-ray source at approximately 282 deg galactic longitude, -9 deg galactic latitude with the rotation modulation collimator X-ray detectors aboard SAS 3 is reported. The source is designated 2S 0921-630 and is tentatively identified, on the basis of an optical search, with a 17th magnitude star exhibiting the He II line at 4686 A and H-beta in emission. The optical spectrum of this star is shown to be similar to those of the optical counterparts of Sco X-1 and other such galactic X-ray sources. It is suggested that 2S 0921-630 may belong to the class of low-luminosity galactic X-ray binaries.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 276; Dec
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    Hard X-rays from U Geminorum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The A-2 experiment on HEAO 1 has discovered that the dwarf nova U Geminorum can be a weak source of hard X-rays at optical maximum. During the outburst in October 1977, when a strong soft X-ray flux was discovered, a 2-10-keV flux was also observed. Evidence is presented that this flux appeared with the rise to optical maximum, about half a day before the soft X-rays appeared, and persisted about 2 days. During these first 2 days of the outburst the average flux was 2.4 x 10 to the -11th erg/sq cm per sec, corresponding to a luminosity of 2.8 x 10 to the 31st erg/s for a distance of 100 pc and an absorbed thin thermal spectrum with kT of about 5 keV. During optical minimum an OSO 8 upper limit implies a luminosity less than 10 to the 31st erg/s. Restrictions on models of U Geminorum are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 77
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    Ice mantles and abnormal extinction in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 78
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    Control of wind turbine generators connected to power systems (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A unique simulation model based on a Mode-O wind turbine is developed for simulating both speed and power control. An analytical representation for a wind turbine that employs blade pitch angle feedback control is presented, and a mathematical model is formulated. For Mode-O serving as a practical case study, results of a computer simulation of the model as applied to the problems of synchronization and dynamic stability are provided. It is shown that the speed and output of a wind turbine can be satisfactorily controlled within reasonable limits by employing the existing blade pitch control system under specified conditions. For power control, an additional excitation control is required so that the terminal voltage, output power factor, and armature current can be held within narrow limits. As a result, the variation of torque angle is limited even if speed control is not implemented simultaneously with power control. Design features of the ERDA/NASA 100-kW Mode-O wind turbine are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 79
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    Gamma-ray astrophysics - A new look at the universe (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Gamma-ray astronomy, which may be defined to include the spectral region from above 100 keV to about 1000 GeV, permits investigation of the most energetic photons originating in the Galaxy and beyond. These observations provide the most direct means of studying the largest transfers of energy occurring in astrophysical processes, including the dynamic effects of the energetic charged cosmic-ray particles, element synthesis, and particle acceleration. Further, gamma-rays suffer negligible absorption or scattering as they travel in straight paths. Hence they may survive billions of years. Studies of the spatial, temporal, and energy distribution of cosmic gamma-rays will, therefore, provide fundamental new information for resolving some of the major problems in astrophysics today. Attention is given to the gamma-ray observations of the solar system, stellar objects, diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galaxy, other galaxies and cosmology, and future prospects.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 202; Dec. 1
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  • 80
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    Methane detected in Orion A (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This letter reports the detection of line emission from the Orion Molecular Cloud corresponding to six distinct pure-rotational delta J = 0 transitions in CH4. The transitions observed and the transition frequencies are: J = 11 E(2) - E(1), 4600.359 MHz; J = 18 F1(4) - F2(1), 76,231.45 MHz; J = 18 A1(2) - A2(1), 76,700.02 MHz; J = 19 F1(4) - F2(1), 75,944.99 MHz; J = 19 F2(4) - F1(1), 78,233.59 MHz; and J = 20 F2(5) - F1(2), 82,873.59 MHz. The observed spectra at the six transition frequencies are plotted, and all but two of the methane lines are found to be very narrow (about 2 km/s). It is noted that the small velocity widths of the four weaker lines and an observed variability of the J = 18 A line are classic characteristics of a maser and that the excitation appears to be nonthermal. An effective excitation temperature of 1100 to 2100 K is estimated for the methane in Orion A.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 81
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    Predicted color excess ratios versus interstellar grain size (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various color excess ratios, the ratio (R) of total to selective extinction, and values of the wavelength of maximum interstellar linear polarization (lambda max) are computed and displayed as functions of mean interstellar grain size and absorption coefficients. E(V-K)/E(B-V)-E(u-b)/E(b-y) is shown to be highly sensitive to changes of mean grain size. The shape of the R versus lambda max curve is shown to depend on the amount of absorption initially present in the grains, and on the absorptivity of the material added to the grains. While no simple model of grain growth has been found to fit all the observations, the two stars with the largest values of lambda max (HD 147889 and W67) support the concept of dielectric mantles growing on dielectric grains. It is further shown that more accurate uby and JKL photometry of heavily reddened stars would permit better discrimination between grain growth theories.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 82
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    Interaction between emission-line filaments and highly energetic explosions in QSOs (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The conditions under which QSO line-emitting regions can survive a relativistic explosion are investigated along with the question of whether past and future observations can place constraints on both predicted highly energetic outbursts of ultrarelativistic plasma or LF electromagnetic radiation and the line-emitting gas. Observed properties of QSO emission-line regions are reviewed, and the interaction between a relativistic explosion and a dense cloud is analyzed for the cases of a sudden release of relativistic plasma and an outburst of LF electromagnetic waves. Bremsstrahlung X-ray emission from shocked QSO filaments is calculated, the evolution of dense QSO clouds is examined, and radiative acceleration is excluded as the process responsible for the high bulk velocities of filaments, at least in sources that display energetic outbursts. An alternative mechanism involving highly energetic explosions is proposed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 83
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    Gas flow in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 5383 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Line-of-sight gas velocities calculated from a numerical hydrodynamical model of a barred spiral galaxy are compared with the observations and models made by Peterson, Rubin, Ford, and Thonnard of the gas flow in NGC 5383. The hydrodynamical model provides a somewhat better fit to the observations of NGC 5383 than does their symmetric, warped-disk model. It is argued that the basic model appropriate to understanding the gas motions in barred spiral galaxies is not circular rotation but rather a characteristic elliptical pattern of flow.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 84
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    The formation of molecules in interstellar clouds from singly and multiply ionized atoms (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The suggestion is considered that multiply ionized atoms produced by K- and L-shell X-ray ionization and cosmic-ray ionization can undergo ion-molecule reactions and also initiate molecule production. The role of X-rays in molecule production in general is discussed, and the contribution to molecule production of the C(+) radiative association with hydrogen is examined. Such gas-phase reactions of singly and multiply ionized atoms are used to calculate molecular abundances of carbon-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-bearing species. The column densities of the molecules are evaluated on the basis of a modified version of previously developed isobaric cloud models. It is found that reactions of multiply ionized carbon with H2 can contribute a significant fraction of the observed CH in diffuse interstellar clouds in the presence of diffuse X-ray structures or discrete X-ray sources and that substantial amounts of CH(+) can be produced under certain conditions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 85
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    On the origin of Hawking mini black-holes and the cold early universe (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple argument is outlined leading to the result that the mass of mini black holes exploding today is 10 to the 15th power g. A mathematical model is discussed which indicates that the equation of state is greatly softened in the high-density regime and a phase transition may exist, such that any length (particularly very small sizes) will grow with time irrespective of its relation to the size of the particle horizon. It is shown that the effect of spin-2 mesons with respect to the equation of state is to soften the pressure and make it negative. An analytical expression is given for the probability that any particular region in a hot early universe will evolve into a black hole.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 184
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  • 86
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    The 3 K blackbody radiation, Dirac's Large Numbers Hypothesis, and scale-covariant cosmology (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A program is described which is intended to derive a generalized system of gravitational equations that allow (but do not require) G to vary, to use the 3-K blackbody radiation to fix the relation between G and the gauge function, and to employ Dirac's (1937) Large Numbers Hypothesis to derive the geometry of the universe. Einstein's equations are retained in their total integrity, but the specification is made that they are valid only when gravitational units are used. A scale-invariant form of Einstein's equations is obtained, and from this are derived the energy conservation law, the baryon-number conservation law, and the appropriate cosmological equations. Dirac's proposals of 1937 and 1973 are incorporated into the formalism, and a gauge based on consolidation of the 3-K blackbody radiation is presented. A unique solution for the geometry of the universe is determined for zero curvature solely from the 3-K radiation and the Large Numbers Hypothesis; this solution predicts a deceleration parameter exactly equal to unity.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 87
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    Theory and applications for optimization of every part of a photovoltaic system (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general method is presented for quantitatively optimizing the design of every part and fabrication step of an entire photovoltaic system, based on the criterion of minimum cost/Watt for the system output power. It is shown that no element or process step can be optimized properly by considering only its own cost and performance. Moreover, a fractional performance loss at any fabrication step within the cell or array produces the same fractional increase in the cost/Watt of the entire array, but not of the full system. One general equation is found to be capable of optimizing all parts of a system, although the cell and array steps are basically different from the power-handling elements. Applications of this analysis are given to show (1) when Si wafers should be cut to increase their packing fraction; and (2) what the optimum dimensions for solar cell metallizations are. The optimum shadow fraction of the fine grid is shown to be independent of metal cost and resistivity as well as cell size. The optimum thicknesses of both the fine grid and the bus bar are substantially greater than the values in general use, and the total array cost has a major effect on these values. By analogy, this analysis is adaptable to other solar energy systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 21; 2, 19; 1978
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  • 88
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    Physics of the primitive solar nebula and of giant gaseous protoplanets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been proposed that the supernova responsible for injecting Al-26 into the early solar system was in fact responsible for triggering the collapse of an interstellar cloud in order to produce a system of stars, one of which would be the solar system. Details concerning the mechanism involved in such a process are discussed. Attention is given to the evolution of the primitive solar nebula, the instabilities in the primitive solar nebula, and the giant gaseous protoplanets. The principal conclusion to be drawn from the material presented is that the primitive solar nebula was a rather chaotic place, highly turbulent, with the multiple formation of giant gaseous protoplanets.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 89
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    Fragmentation of molecular clouds (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Fragmentation is generally considered to be the initial process that a molecular cloud must undergo before stars can form. Yet its role in determining the final mass spectrum remains obscure. It appears that gravitational fragmentation, considered as a unique process, is unsatisfactory. Both fragmentation and complementary physical processes are, therefore, discussed. One of the principle aims of the discussion is to indicate how stars of solar mass (and more generally, how the initial mass spectrum of stars) can form. Attention is given to the evidence for fragmentation, opacity-limited fragmentation, magnetic flux-limited fragmentation, fragmentation induced by molecule formation and excitation, protostellar heat input, fragment coalescence, accretion, binary formation, and probabilistic theories.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 90
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    Numerical calculations of protostellar hydrodynamic collapse (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although 1-D (spherically symmetric) experiments of protostar collapse are highly idealized, they are the only ones which have been carried to a stage where a 'stellar' object is formed. Experiments have shown that the parameters (e.g., radius and luminosity) of the visible stellar core are sensitive to the assumed initial conditions, particularly the initial density. One of the major findings of 2-D numerical experiments is the formation of rings. Three-dimensional hydrodynamical calculations indicate that a collapsing cloud will break up into two or more orbiting subcondensations with the possible subsequent development of a stellar multiple system.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 91
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    Condensation processes and the formation of cosmic grains (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The case of condensation from a gas in the absence of any preexisting grains or nuclei upon which condensation can occur is considered. Some of the analysis is expected to apply to condensation on grains already present. An attempt is made to examine the basic assumptions of the various procedures used to describe condensation and to examine their applicability to astronomical systems. Attention is given to thermodynamic equilibration calculations, nucleation theory, kinetic mechanisms, the theoretical mechanisms, and condensation experiments.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 92
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    The advanced thermionic converter with microwave power as an auxiliary ionization source (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the search for auxiliary sources of ionization for the advanced thermionic converter plasma, as required for terrestial applications, the use of externally applied microwave power is considered. The present work is part of the advanced model thermionic converter development research currently performed at the laboratory for Power and Environmental Studies at SUNY Buffalo. Microwave power in the frequency range 1-3 GHz is used to externally pump a thermionic converter and the results are compared to the theoretical model proposed by Lam (1976) in describing the thermionic converter plasma. The electron temperature of the plasma is found to be raised considerably by effective microwave heating which results in the disappearance of the double sheath ordinarily erected in front of the emitter. The experimental data agree satisfactorily with theory in the low current region.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Conversion; 18; 3, 19; 1978
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  • 93
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    A graphical approach to the efficiency of flat-plate collectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A nomogram is described which can be used to determine the thermal performance of flat plate solar collectors, resulting in two performance factors: the net absorptance and the net heat loss coefficient. The nomogram takes into account angle of incidence, collector slope, absorber plate design, insulating materials, thicknesses, optical properties of absorbing surfaces and glazing materials, and flow factors. A case example is given to illustrate the use of the nomogram.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 94
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    The observational status of the Beta Cephei stars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Beta Cephei stars are a group of variables of spectral type B, whose light and radial velocity periods lie between about three and seven hours. An up-to-date summary of the observational data for individual stars considered to be members of the Beta Cephei group is provided. The general properties of Beta Cephei stars as determined from a comparison between theory and observation are considered, taking into account location in the HR diagram and evolutionary state, physical properties, statistics and galactic distribution, and period-luminosity relation and pulsation mode. Recent trends concerning the observation of Beta Cephei stars are examined, giving attention to a search for new variables, ultraviolet observations from spacecraft, and high-resolution studies of profile variations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 95
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    The central, compact source in the Cygnus A galaxy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Single, optically thin, component models as well as double, optically thick at low frequencies, component models have been examined in trying to explain the central source in the nucleus of Cygnus A. In the course of exploring those models, it is found that this compact radio source may be quite similar to other compact and variable sources in Seyfert galaxies and quasars. Double component models generally do better because they fit the X-rays, and there is a good chance that the X-rays arise in the central source; these models can naturally explain variability which may already have been detected in X-rays. The IR is most likely due to emission by cold dust in the nucleus of Cygnus A. Optical emission is, very likely, primarily thermal, except perhaps at UV wavelengths. A number of observations are suggested to check the predictions of this work.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 96
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    Selling solar energy as a cash crop (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers solar energy equipment which, besides supplying energy for farmstead needs, would convert excess energy to a transportable form to sell to a power company. It is suggested that a concentrating two-axis tracking spheroidal collector would cost as little as $5/sq ft if mass produced. The proposed system uses 7854 sq ft of collector area (set in about one acre of land), and the cost payback is estimated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Agricultural Engineering; 59; Mar. 197
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  • 97
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    Recovery of shallow junction GaAs solar cells damaged by electron irradiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar cells operated in space are subject to degradation from electron and proton radiation damage. It has been found that for deep junction p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs solar cells some of the electron radiation damage is removed by annealing the cells at 200 C. The reported investigation shows that shallow junction p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs/n-GaAs heteroface solar cells irradiated with 1 MeV electrons show a more complete recovery of short-circuit current than do the deep junction cells. The heteroface p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs/n-GaAs solar cells studied were fabricated using the etch-back epitaxy process.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society; vol. 125
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  • 98
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    A Schottky-barrier solar cell on sliced polycrystalline GaAs (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Antireflecting-metal-oxide-semiconductor (AMOS) technology has been applied to sliced wafers of polycrystalline GaAs having grain sizes of about 100 microns. Simulated AM1 sunlight efficiencies up to 14% were obtained, and studies using the scanning electron microscope showed that grain boundaries have a minimal effect on short-circuit current density. However, current-voltage characteristics show some influence on open-circuit voltage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 33; Sept. 1
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  • 99
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    Optical detection of local interstellar particles during an out-of-ecliptic mission (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A proposed NASA/ESA 'out of ecliptic' mission for placing limits on the brightness of the interstellar (IS) relative to the interplanetary (IP) component of zodiacal light is discussed. The brightness integral used to estimate the monochromatic is introduced, and it is explained that, although the interstellar contribution is below the limit of detectability for earth-based measurements, sunwards viewing from a spacecraft located at a distance of 1 AU would be able to detect the IS component. The color difference between the IS and IP components is considered in an analysis of the upper limit of IS component detectability.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Sept. 7
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  • 100
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    Relativistic blast-wave model for the rapid flux variations of AO 0235+164 and other compact radio sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A relativistic blast-wave version of a signal-screen model is developed which can adequately explain the details of the flux-density and structural variations of compact extragalactic radio sources. The relativistic motion implied by flux variations is analyzed with respect to the synchrotron spectrum of the BL Lac object AO 0235+164 observed during outbursts, and a signal-screen model for rapidly expanding shells produced by ultrarelativistic blast waves is examined. The approximate observed structure of the blast wave at three stages in its evolution is illustrated, each stage is described, and the model is applied to the flux density outburst in AO 0235+164 observed in late 1975. The results show that a relativistic blast-wave model can in general reproduce the main features of the observed flux variations in compact sources. Some problems with the proposed model are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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