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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (313)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1975-1979  (546)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1975  (546)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (546)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    An aneroid pressure sensor for constant-level balloons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 2
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    Infrared upconversion as a means of seeing in the dark (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 3
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    An infrared heterodyne radiometer for high-resolution measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 4
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    The Viking Mars lander camera (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 5
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    The Pioneer XI high field fluxgate magnetometer (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 6
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    Effect of grid transparency and finite collector size on determining ion temperature and density by the retarding potential analyzer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 7
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    Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 8
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    The Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B cosmic ray instruments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 9
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    Thermal diffusivity measurements of particulates using the differentiated line source (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is described in which thermal diffusivity measurements can be made on particulate materials using the identical instrumentation as described in previous papers for measuring thermal conductivity. The measurements for the two properties can be made simultaneously, thus eliminating the changes in conditions when they are made separately. This system has particular application for studies of simulated lunar, planetary, or asteroidal surfaces in which laboratory measurements can be correlated with astronomical observations of thermal inertia. A representative set of data is shown which gives thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity measurements on a particulate basalt in which the values for each temperature were taken simultaneously. A value for specific heat is calculated for measurements taken at each temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; May 1975
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  • 10
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    Apparatus for production, measurement and reaction studies of dissociated gases at elevated temperatures (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An apparatus is described which is used for the controlled production, characterization, and study of dissociated gases in a microwave discharge at elevated temperatures. A unique feature is the ability to produce and study a microwave discharge plasma in the heated zone. This allows elevated temperature reactions to be studied in high concentrations of dissociated gases. Further, the system permits weight change measurements of specimens in the plasma, thus facilitating reaction rate determinations. Included is a description of a cavity for use on a 50-mm diameter cylindrical reactor. The effects of flow rate, pressure, temperature, power, metal sample, and sampling position on dissociation percentage of oxygen in the apparatus are described as well as a technique for sample temperature measurements in the plasma which permits determination of high temperature recombination coefficients and reaction rates.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science; PS-3; June 197
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  • 11
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    Pulse modulation effect on velocity fringes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degradation of a hologram caused by object motion can be utilized to measure the rate of change of the length of an object beam. A rectangular shaped laser pulse is ordinarily used to illuminate the object in such an investigation. The velocity fringes obtained are considered in the calculation. There are no velocity fringes for Gaussian shaped pulses or for the pulses produced by a Q-switched ruby laser. It is shown with the aid of a mathematical analysis that a pulse of oscillating intensity or a pulse train will yield velocity fringes regardless of the shape of an individual pulse.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; May 1975
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  • 12
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    The development of an L-band radiometer dual-mode horn (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An antenna was developed for the remote microwave measurement of ocean surface temperature during a flight test in a C54 aircraft. The basic antenna is a conical dual-mode horn similar to the dual-mode horn described by Potter (1963). The pertinent internal dimensions of the horn are given. The measured E and H plane patterns for the linearly polarized horn for a range of frequencies are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-23; May 1975
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  • 13
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    A new high-speed solar spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Solar Physics; 40; Feb. 197
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  • 14
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    Collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer with pre-retarding lens (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror energy analyzer incorporating retardation of the electrons prior to analysis has been determined over the range 0 to 30 eV by two methods. The first method requires the use of a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator to produce monoenergetic electrons of different energies; the second method involves measuring the energy-brightness relationship of the retarding optics and should be applicable to any deflection analyzer with pre-retarding optics. The results of the two methods are compared and the limitations of the latter method are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena; 6; 1975
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  • 15
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    An all-sky camera for time-resolved lightning photography (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 16
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    Calibration of a cylindrical RF capacitance probe (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ambient electron concentrations derived from observations with the Radio Astronomy Explorer 1 antenna capacitance probe have been compared with upper hybrid resonance measurements from the same spacecraft. From this comparison an empirical correction factor for the capacitance probe measurements has been derived. The differences between the two types of measurements is attributed to sheath effects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 17
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    The use of Whatman-41 filters for high volume air sampling (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of using W41 filter media on a routine TSP high-volume monitoring network was determined by comparison with glass fiber (GF) filtering. Results indicate that suspended particulate samples from GF filters averaged slightly, but not significantly, higher than those from Whatman-41 filters. Some extra handling procedures were required to avoid errors due to the hygroscopic nature of W41 filters; these added procedures are not overly burdensome, however, and they allow the performance of analytical work, thus extending the capabilities of high-volume sampling. It was demonstrated that W41 filters are practical for air quality monitoring and elemental analysis in environments similar to Cleveland's.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 9; 1975
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  • 18
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    Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of astronomical and laboratory sources at 8.5 microns (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that the first successful infrared heterodyne spectrometer featuring semituneable semiconductor diode lasers was constructed and used near 8.5 micrometers to make laboratory measurements of line profiles in nitrous oxide and to detect thermal emission from Mars and from the moon. Questions of instrument design are discussed along with the significance of the results obtained in the investigation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 253; Feb. 13
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  • 19
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    Two high resolution velocity vector analyzers for cosmic dust particles (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two new methods are described to measure velocities and angles of incidence of charged cosmic dust particles with precisions of about 1% and 1 deg, respectively. Both methods employ four one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors in series. The first method utilizes a charge-dividing technique while the second utilizes a time-of-flight technique for determining the position of a particle inside the instrument. The velocity vectors are measured although mechanical interaction between the particle and the instrument is completely avoided. Applications to cosmic dust composition and collection experiments are discussed. The range of radii of measurable particles is from about 0.01 to 100 microns at velocities from 1 to 80 km/sec.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Feb. 197
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  • 20
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    Plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two designs of plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m scanned in each case by a single photomultiplier of the FEU-49 type are described. The radial dependence of their light collection at the place of the path of the detected particle does not exceed 10% while the half width of the differential distribution of the pulse amplitudes from nonfiltered cosmic radiation at sea level is 90 to 95%, and 65%, the plastic thickness being 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The temperature coefficient of the counter is 0.32% per 1 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 389-393
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  • 21
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    Generalization of formulas for ionization energy losses and collision cross section in threshold detectors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two types of formulas were obtained for (- dE/dx) and the number of collisions per unit of path length (dN/dx) = const, which depend on W sub m, with due account of the polarization effect of the medium.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 355-360
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  • 22
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    Spark calorimeter: An instrument for determining particle energy of cosmic radiation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1964 a spark calorimeter was installed at the NOR-Amberd Station (2000 m above sea level). The advantages of this calorimeter over the ionization calorimeter are illustrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 349-354
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  • 23
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    An instrument for the study of the composition of the electron component of cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A telescope consisting of three spark chambers and two control scintillation counters has been designed and is used for investigating the composition of the cosmic ray electron component within the range of energies from 1.0 to 10.0 BeV by the EN assymetry method. The geometrical factor of the telescope is approximately 20 sq cm ster. Discharges are recorded in the chambers on a photo film. The telescope is oriented to the azimuth with an accuracy of + or - 3 deg.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 341-348
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  • 24
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    Gas threshold Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The report describes two designs are reported of gas threshold Cerenkov counters for recording electrons of primary cosmic rays without recording protons. Also presented are design and technological measures which ensure maximum light collection of the Cerenkov radiation originating on the photocathode of the photomultiplier inside the radiator. The dependence of the reflection factor on the length of the light wave for different coatings is shown as well as for the throughput of the different optical materials employed. A range of methods for determining the efficiency of the counters during the recording of cosmic ray nucons and ways of increasing it further are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 327-332
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  • 25
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    Certain problems in the development and design of scintillation and Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility is examined of increasing the effectiveness of the scintillation and Cerenkov counters through improving light collection of the recorded radiation on the photoelectric cathode of the photomultiplier. An example of how to select a detector of the directional plexiglas Cerenkov counter is given. Also presented are experimentally obtained amplitude distributions during the recording of cosmic ray muons. The necessity to obtain agreement between the characteristic spectrum of the photocathode of the photomultiplier and the spectrum of the recorded radiation is stressed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 302-307
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  • 26
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    A system for multichannel recording and automatic reading of information (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A system for the recording and processing of telescope data is considered for measurements of EW asymmetry. The information is recorded by 45 channels on a continuously moving 35-mm film. The dead time of the recorder is about 0.1 sec. A sorting electronic circuit is used to reduce the errors when the statistical time distribution of the pulses is recorded. The recorded information is read out by means of photoresistors. The phototransmitter signals are fed either to the mechanical recorder unit for preliminary processing, or to a logical circuit which controls the operation of the punching device. The punched tape is processed by an electronic computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 293-297
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  • 27
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    Description of an ionization calorimeter complemented with proportional counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionization calorimeter is described with a system of proportional counters which are used to determine the charge of the particles incident to the calorimeter and to estimate the number of the secondary charged particles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 287-289
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  • 28
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    Large neutron counters for supermonitors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Large neutron counters designed for the neutron supermonitor with an area of about 20 sq m are reported. Statistical accuracy of the counters is 0.1% per 2 hours. Dimensions: length--2 m; diameter--150 mm; pressure--200 mm Hg. The counters are filled with BF3 gas containing over 80% of B-10.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 279-281
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  • 29
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    The Helios A/B cosmic ray instrument /E 7/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a cosmic ray particle experiment for the Helios A/B space missions. This experiment had to be very lightweight, low power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements, and very similar to those on the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions to Jupiter. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV per nucleon. Additionally, the Helios experiment includes a proportional counter to monitor the solar X-ray activity. The experiment has functioned quite well for 5 months in space, and large quantities of data are now being received.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 30
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer /SBUV/TOMS/ for Nimbus G (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS measures the atmospheric ozone vertical profile and the solar ultraviolet spectrum, and provides a total ozone map by means of a mechanical scan across the Nimbus track. While the SBUV/TOMS instrument has noteworthy design features such as a state-of-the-art double monochromator and fixed optical components on a nonmetallic structure, its most significant characteristic is an optimum system design based on technology proven on the BUV instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; July-Aug
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  • 31
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    Plasma flow and fast particles in a hypervelocity accelerator - A color presentation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new concept for particle acceleration for micrometeoroid simulation was developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, using a high-density self-luminescent fast plasma flow to accelerate glass beads (with a diameter up to 1.0 mm) to velocities between 15-20 km/sec. After a short introduction to the operation of the hypervelocity range, the eight-converter-camera unit used for the photographs of the plasma flow and the accelerated particles is described. These photographs are obtained with an eight-segment reflecting pyramidal beam splitter. Wratten filters were mounted between the beam splitter and the converter tubes of the cameras. The photographs, which were recorded on black and white film, were used to make the matrices for the dye-color process, which produced the prints shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 32
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    CAMAC and NIM systems in the space program (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The CAMAC and NIM instrumentation systems were developed originally to serve the needs of nuclear research institutions in Europe and North America. CAMAC and NIM are currently considered in several studies at the systems level conducted by NASA and ESRO groups. NIM and CAMAC studies for applications related to the space shuttle are discussed along with the advantages provided by aspects of modularization and standardization, a use of NIM and CAMAC equipment in connection with a group of astrophysics experiments, and questions of cost effectiveness.
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  • 33
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    Entopistic scintillators (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Trajectories of cosmic rays through a balloon-borne experiment will be determined by pulse height analyzing the signals from each of the two or more phototubes coupled to each scintillator. Thin or tapered scintillators produce sufficiently strong gradients of phototube signal with respect to scintillation position that position uncertainties of about 1 cm can be achieved over 1-sq-m areas. Calculations and some test results for entopistic, or position determining, scintillators are presented.
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  • 34
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    Miniature probe for transonic flow direction measurements (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A miniature probe is developed for measuring flow direction in one plane as well as stagnation pressure in the boundary layer and near wake of a transonic airfoil. The probe tip geometry and calibration curves are given, along with near wake survey data obtained for a supercritical airfoil. The advantages of the probe are ruggedness, ease of fabrication, ability to measure flow direction at a point, and insensitivity to out-of-plane velocity components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Feb. 197
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    An efficient read-out system for multiwire proportional counter hodoscopes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An efficient scanning method for read-out of a multiwire proportional counter hodoscope is presented. This method which utilizes the grouping of wires in the hodoscope read-out system offers distinct advantages in speed and simplicity over systems employing long shift registers. Power consumption and cost can be minimized with this method because of slower clock speeds and a low parts count. This system has been constructed and used on a hodoscope for cosmic-ray trajectory measurements and a lower-power version has been designed for satellite applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 117; 1975
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    Holographic recording materials - A review (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Holographic recording materials in current use are examined along with a few of their applications. Some experimental media are also studied. No effort is made to rank the commercial materials, since satisfactory results can be obtained with any of them. The discussion covers silver halide plates and films, photoresists, thermoplastics, photopolymers, dichromated gelatin, photochromic materials, electrooptical crystals, styryl free radical film, and TEP film. A convenient summation of some material properties is presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; Sept
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    Composition analyzer for microparticles using a spark ion source (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Iron microparticles were fired onto a capacitor-type microparticle detector which responded to an impact with a spark discharge. Ion currents were extracted from the spark and analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra showed the elements of both detector and particle materials. The total extracted ion current was typically 10 A within a period of 100 nsec, indicating very efficient vaporization of the particle and ionization of the vapor. Potential applications include research on cosmic dust, atmospheric aerosols and cloud droplets, particles ejected by rocket or jet engines, by machining processes or by nuclear bomb explosions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Nov. 197
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    The radio astronomy experiment on Helios A and B /E 5c/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center radio astronomy experiment on Helios, identified as Experiment 5c, has sixteen observing frequencies over the range of 26.5 to 3000 kHz. The antenna consists of two extendible 15-m booms, forming an electric dipole, two high-impedance preamplifiers located at the root of the booms, and the 16-channel radiometer. Important information about propagation conditions, such as absorption, scattering and refraction, are expected from observations of radio emission regions at distances between 1 and 0,3 AU.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 39
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    The Rome-GSFC magnetic field experiment for Helios A and B /E 3/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Rome-GSFC magnetic field experiment utilizes a triaxial fluxgate (saturable inductor) magnetometer. The sensor unit is mounted on the end of a boom approximately four meters from the spacecraft spin axis. The three analog outputs of the magnetometer are converted into three 9 bit digital words. The experiment utilizes an automatic inflight range switch to select the optimum dynamic range out of 4 ranges. A nonmagnetic thermally oscillating actuator is used to reorient the sensor unit by 90 deg to determine all three axes zero levels. The accuracy should be approximately plus or minus 0.1 gamma. The vector measurements are made at equal intervals in time ranging from 16 per second down to 1 per second depending on the telemetry bit rate.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 40
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    Optical-mechanical line-scan imaging process - Its information capacity and efficiency (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Optical-mechanical line-scan techniques have been applied to earth satellite multispectral imaging systems. The capability of the imaging system is generally assessed by its information capacity. An approach based on information theory is developed to formulate the capacity of the line-scan process. Included are the effects of blurring of spatial detail, photosensor noise, aliasing, and quantization. The information efficiency is shown to be dependent on sampling rate, system frequency response shape, SNR, and quantization interval.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 41
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    Diffraction analysis of Doppler signal characteristics for a cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on scalar diffraction theory, single particle scattering characteristics for a cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) have been computed for different particle sizes under varied instrumentation configurations. The modulating component of the scattered signal has been shown to depend upon particle size, shape, and collecting aperture for a given probe volume fringe spacing. Experimental verifications of some of the predictions are presented, and some of the limitations using an LDV as a particle sizing instrument are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 42
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    Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry with hydrogen arcs. II - The high power arc as an absolute standard of spectral radiance from 124 nm to 360 nm (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 43
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    A coherent optical feedback system for optical information processing (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A unique optical feedback system for coherent optical data processing is described. With the introduction of feedback, the well-known transfer function for feedback systems is obtained in two dimensions. Operational details of the optical feedback system are given. Experimental results of system applications in image restoration, contrast control and analog computation are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics; 8; Sept
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  • 44
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    Optimization of multimagnetometer systems on a spacecraft (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of optimizing the position of magnetometers along a boom of given length to yield a minimized total error is investigated. The discussion is limited to at most four magnetometers, which seems to be a practical limit due to weight, power, and financial considerations. The outlined error analysis is applied to some illustrative cases. The optimal magnetometer locations, for which the total error is minimum, are computed for given boom length, instrument errors, and very conservative magnetic field models characteristic for spacecraft with only a restricted or ineffective magnetic cleanliness program. It is shown that the error contribution by the magnetometer inaccuracy is increased as the number of magnetometers is increased, whereas the spacecraft field uncertainty is diminished by an appreciably larger amount.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 45
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    New high-temperature noble-metal thermocouple pairing (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new thermocouple pairing was formed by combining thermocouple elements from two existing commercially available thermocouples to form a new combination (Ir-40 Rh/Pt-40 Rh) thermocouple. The output of this new pairing is nearly linear with temperature, and approximately equal to the output of one of the originating pairs (Ir-40 Rh/Ir), and more than double that of the other pair (Pt-40 Rh/Pt-20 Rh). This new pairing was evolved during a search for a noble-metal thermocouple combination which could operate above the temperature limit of a Pt-13 Rh/Pt thermocouple and have a higher oxidation resistance than an Ir-40 Rh/Ir thermocouple.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Aug. 197
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  • 46
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    A balloon-borne ionization spectrometer with very large aperture for the detection of high energy cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon experiment which was used to determine the chemical composition of very high-energy cosmic rays up to and beyond 100 GeV/nucleon is described. The detector had a geometric factor of 1 sq m sr and a total weight on the balloon of 2100 kg. The apparatus consisted of an ionization spectrometer, spark chambers, and plastic scintillation and Cherenkov counters. It was calibrated at CERN up to 24 GeV/c protons and at DESY up to 7 GeV/c electrons. In October 1972 it was flown successfully on a stratospheric balloon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 124; 1975
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  • 47
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    Absolute radiometric calibration of detectors between 200-600 A (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of the experimental methods used in the calibration procedure, taking into account the source of radiant energy, the monochromator, the absolute standard detector, and the transfer standards. The experimental apparatus is discussed. A graph showing the effect of beam motion on the detected signal is presented and a block diagram of the calibration electronic system is provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Apr. 197
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  • 48
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    ATS-6 - Interferometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ATS-6 interferometer provides precision, 3-axis attitude sensing capability. It incorporates a C-band receiver which measures the phase difference of continuous ground station signals received at paired antenna elements and converts this phase difference into digital data that is transmitted to the ground, and is also used as direct input to the onboard digital operations controller for conversion to attitude information. It uses 6 onboard horn antennas, placed in the earth viewing module, with three antennas arranged along each of two orthogonal baselines parallel to the satellite pitch and roll axes, one antenna used as a measurement reference on each baseline, and the remaining two horns, placed to provide phase measurements relative to the respective reference antenna.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-11; Nov. 197
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    ATS-6 - The Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer (GVHRR), flown on the three-axis stabilized geosynchronous satellite, Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), collected meteorological data for two months during the summer of 1974. Several hundred images were successfully taken. Data collection terminated when the instrument chopper motor failed. The instrument, its supporting ground equipment, and the data collected in orbit are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-11; Nov. 197
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  • 50
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    The Apollo 15 and 16 X-ray fluorescence experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was flown aboard the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecrafts orbiting the moon. The X-ray instrument was used to produce a chemical map of that portion of the moon covered by the projected ground tracks and illuminated by the sun during the period of flight. The instrument includes three thin windowed proportional counters, two of which have selected X-ray filters. The field of view of the surface is determined by a collimator, while a detector on the opposite side of the spacecraft provides a continuous monitoring of the solar X-ray output. While the number of chemical elements determined was limited to Mg, Al, and Si, these proved to be very important diagnostic elements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Aug. 197
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  • 51
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    Radioactivity observed in the sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer returned on the Apollo 17 mission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In order to obtain information on radioactive background induced in the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma-ray spectrometers (7 cm x 7 cm NaI) by particle irradiation during spaceflight, and identical detector was flown and returned to earth on the Apollo 17 mission. The induced radioactivity was monitored both internally and externally from one and a half hours after splashdown. When used in conjunction with a computation scheme for estimating induced activation from calculated trapped proton and cosmic-ray fluences, these results show an important contribution resulting from both thermal and energetic neutrons produced in the heavy spacecraft by cosmic-ray interactions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Aug. 197
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    Errors in Hadamard spectroscopy or imaging caused by imperfect masks (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis is given of the errors in Hadamard spectroscopy that are caused by transparent slits in the mask being systematically wider or narrower than they should be. It is shown that if the input spectrum consists of a single line, the distorted spectrum that is actually calculated consists of this line plus four small blips. When the transparent slits are too wide, these blips are of equal height and the same sign with one pair surrounding the line and another pair 5isplaced a certain distance from it. When the slits are too narrow, the displaced blips have the same amplitude, but are negative. The response to an arbitrary input spectrum is then determined from this. The same method of analysis may also be used to handle other types of errors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Nov. 197
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    Electrography and astronomical applications (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of a conference on electrographic detectors in astronomy announced in IAA, issue 9, p. 1377, A75-23926. Different electrographic camera designs are described, and schematic diagrams of various image intensifiers (Lallemand, Kron, and Spectracon) are presented.
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    An X-ray shadowgraph to locate transient high-energy celestial sources (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new technique has been developed to locate strong, transient X-ray sources such as the recently discovered gamma ray bursts. The instrument, termed a shadowgraph, locates sources by detecting the X-ray shadow cast by a large occulting mask pattern on an imaging detector. Angular resolutions of from 2 to 10 arc minutes are obtainable while essentially full sky coverage is maintained. The optimum energy range of operation is between 20 keV and 100 keV. The high efficiency X-ray imaging detectors, which make it possible to locate bursts with intensities down to approximately 10 photons/sq cm sec, are capable of detecting single 20 keV photons with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.2 mm. The detectors consist of an X-ray to optical conversion phosphor, a multistage image intensifier, and a CCD image readout.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc.: Symp. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. for Sci. Imaging Appl.; p 4-13
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    Large space telescope control moment gyro test program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The underlying theory and design of test instrumentation and computer techniques used to determine the power spectral density (PSD) of the third generation gyro are described in detail. Acceptance test results on the completed instrument are presented as well as composite PSD plots. The measured RMS noise over the frequency band 0.0025 - 10 Hz was 0.012 arc seconds. Results obtained at Martin Company indicate an RMS noise of 0.009 arc seconds (0.05 - 10 Hz). The results obtained showed the TGG performance was close to the proposed LST requirements but that additional development work would be needed to reduce the TGG noise to within more desirable limits.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-143973 , R-896
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    S192 multispectral scanner channel 13 electromechanical noise investigation ECP-166 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A review is presented of all data on the multispectral scanner having to do with low frequency noise. The noise is component-induced, either mechanical or electrical or a combination of both. To assist in understanding the source of the noise, several dynamic analyses both structural and electrical were made and are reported. A review is presented of structural resonance test data obtained with the use of an accelerometer and strain gage sensors. Results of an analysis of the natural frequencies of the Dewar leads is included along with an analysis of the S192 cooler and its supporting structure. Other topics discussed include electronic stability of the forward signal, automatic gain control, and the offset control feedback loops as well as the preamplifier which utilized on integrator feedback circuit.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-144468
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  • 57
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    Laser Doppler velocimeter system simulation for sensing aircraft wake vortices. Part 3: The problem of reflection from the secondary mirror (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations are carried out to investigate the effects of obscuring the central portion of the secondary mirror. Two cases are treated: (1) a Gaussian distribution of reflectivity, and (2) a sharp-edged obscuration. Substantial reduction in reflection from the secondary mirror is found achievable, but the reduction was found highly sensitive to the form of the radial distribution of reflectivity. The total power reflected from the secondary mirror that is incident on the detector is estimated. Techniques for experimental testing of alleviation schemes are suggested.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120759 , PD-75-078-PT-3
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    Laser Doppler velocimeter system simulation for sensing aircraft wake vortices. Part 2: Processing and analysis of LDV data (for runs 1023 and 2023) (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A data analysis program constructed to assess LDV system performance, to validate the simulation model, and to test various vortex location algorithms is presented. Real or simulated Doppler spectra versus range and elevation is used and the spatial distributions of various spectral moments or other spectral characteristics are calculated and displayed. Each of the real or simulated scans can be processed by one of three different procedures: simple frequency or wavenumber filtering, matched filtering, and deconvolution filtering. The final output is displayed as contour plots in an x-y coordinate system, as well as in the form of vortex tracks deduced from the maxima of the processed data. A detailed analysis of run number 1023 and run number 2023 is presented to demonstrate the data analysis procedure. Vortex tracks and system range resolutions are compared with theoretical predictions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120758 , PD-75-077-PT-2
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    Development of a flow visualization apparatus (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of an optical flow visualization device for studying convection flow patterns was investigated. The investigation considered use of a shadowgraph, schlieren and other means for visualizing the flow. A laboratory model was set up to provide data on the proper optics and photography procedures to best visualize the flow. A preliminary design of a flow visualization system is provided as a result of the study. Recommendations are given for a flight test program utilizing the flow visualization apparatus.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-143889 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D390815
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    Development, fabrication and calibration of a porous surface microphone in an aerofoil (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a porous surface microphone in an airfoil intended to measure acoustic signals in a turbulent airflow and to minimize the flow noise is described. The sensor because of its airfoil operates over a wide range of yaw angles and flow velocities without excessive flow noise. The acoustic properties of the porous materials used in the airfoil sensor and their effects on the frequency response of the sensor were analyzed and tested. An accurate airfoil was selected, having a smaller thickness-to-chord ratio and an airfoil sensor was designed. The sensor was calibrated acoustically and its flow noise evaluated in the quiet BBN wind tunnel at flow velocities up to 70 m/sec. Results are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-132636
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    Techniques for measuring bulk gas-motions from satellites (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There is a growing appreciation for the dynamic nature of the upper atmosphere. This paper is concerned principally with discussing the methods for making in-situ measurements of the ambient gas velocities from satellites. Both neutral and ion instrumentation is discussed, but most attention is paid to the ion sensors on Atmosphere-Explorer-C, which are now providing the first detailed three-dimensional gas-velocity measurements from a satellite. While some data are presented, emphasis is placed on experimental difficulties and possible ways of alleviating these problems. It seems reasonable to expect that both neutral and ion gas velocities will be measured to an accuracy of the order of 20 m/s in future satellites, provided that a star tracker is available for the determination of vehicle attitude. The possible exception to this is the ram component of the neutral-gas velocity vector, for which no proven instrumentation yet exists.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Nov. 197
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    Two-dimensional photon-counting detector arrays based on microchannel array plates (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The production of simple and rugged photon-counting detector arrays has been made possible by recent improvements in the performance of the microchannel array plate (MCP) and by the parallel development of compatible electronic readout systems. The construction of proximity-focused MCP arrays of novel design in which photometric information from (n x m) picture elements is read out with a total of (n + m) amplifier and discriminator circuits is described. Results obtained with a breadboard (32 x 32)-element array employing 64 charge-sensitive amplifiers are presented, and the application of systems of this type in spectrometers and cameras for use with ground-based telescopes and on orbiting spacecraft discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Dec. 197
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    The Hard X-ray experiment on the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Hard X-ray Experiment flown on the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite is described. The instrument consists of two parts. One is a large-area detector of about 60 sq cm in total area, sensitive in the energy range between 1.5 and 30 keV. Two counters comprise this detector, each collimated 10 min by 3 deg and offset in the narrow direction by 4 min. The other part is a Bragg-crystal assembly consisting of two PET crystals and counters aligned to search for the silicon emission lines near 2 keV. Instrument characteristics and orbital operations are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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    Large area extreme ultraviolet focusing collector (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A grazing incidence one-dimensional focusing collector for use in the extreme ultraviolet is described. The collector has a field of view of 1 x 50 deg, a focal length of 3015 cm, and a total unobstructed area of 224 sq cm. The instrument employs an interchangeable detector package of either channel-electron multipliers or proportional counters which yield a limiting sensitivity of 1.0 photons/sq cm sec A at 170 A and 0.05 photons/sq cm sec A at 90 A, respectively, for one second integrations. The design and calibration of the instrument are described in detail. Data obtained by this instrument during recent rocket flights are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Apr. 197
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    Removal of instrument signature from Mariner 9 television images of Mars (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Mariner 9 spacecraft was inserted into orbit around Mars in November 1971. The two vidicon camera systems returned over 7300 digital images during orbital operations. The high volume of returned data and the scientific objectives of the Television Experiment made development of automated digital techniques for the removal of camera system-induced distortions from each returned image necessary. This paper describes the algorithms used to remove geometric and photometric distortions from the returned imagery. Enhancement processing of the final photographic products is also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Jan. 197
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    Skylab missions SL/1, 2, 3, 4 photographic processing control plan (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The control parameters to be used by the Photographic Technology Division for the processing of films flown on Skylab Missions SL/1, 2, 3, and 4 are defined. The sensitometric exposure and processing conditions PTD plans to use and the procedures necessary for general film certification are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141919
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    Development of a spectroscopic photoelectric imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer preliminary observational results (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In order to observe extended astronomical objects at high spatial and spectral resolution, a spectroscopic photoelectric imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer was constructed. Among the properties chosen for the instrument are an air-spaced, piezoelectrically scanned design allowing an accurately settable free spectral range and employing a single etalon of high finesse. Careful design of the etalon mountings and optical train preserves high ligh throughput. Spectra of single spatial elements with a photomultiplier were obtained, and an SEC vidicon detector was used to record a series of images through the interferometer while scanning the wavelength in discrete steps. The latter procedure yields sufficient information to reconstruct spectral features over the entire object, and for the conditions assumed, either series of observations requires only a small fraction of a rotational period for Jupiter or Saturn. An electronic control system was also constructed which permits rapid and flexible variation of the operational mode of the Fabry-Perot and its ancilliary devices so as to minimize loss of observational time.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-143096
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    Automatic Exposure Iris Control (AEIC) for data acquisition camera (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A lens design capable of operating over a total range of f/1.4 to f/11.0 with through the lens light sensing is presented along with a system which compensates for ASA film speeds as well as shutter openings. The space shuttle camera system package is designed so that it can be assembled on the existing 16 mm DAC with a minimum of alteration to the camera.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141884 , SPO-30284-00800
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    Photographic Equipment Test System (PETS) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Photographic Equipment Test System is presented. The device is a mobile optical system designed for evaluating performance of various sensors in a laboratory, in a vacuum chamber or on a flight line. The carriage is designed to allow elevation as well as azimuth control of the direction of the light from the collimator. The pneumatic tires provide an effective vibration isolation system. A target/illumination system is mounted on a motor driven linear slide, and focusing and exposure control can be operated remotely from the small electronics control console.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141893
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    Long term flight electrodes (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The reproducibility, stability, and methods of preparation for the various types and forms of biomedical electrodes are discussed. A critical and selective compilation of information on biological and/or physiological electrodes is presented. A discussion of plant hydrocolloids, clays, hydrophyllic colloids, synthetic waxes, and acrylic polymers is included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141876
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    Evaluation of film type QX 807 (SO-368, Kodak Ektachrome MS, Estar thin base, with an equivalent Wratten 2A filter overcoat) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A color film with a sensitivity and color balance equal to SO-368, Kodak MS Ektachrome (Estar thin base) was required for use on the Apollo-Soyuz test project (ASTP). A Wratten 2A filter was required for use with the film to reduce short wavelength effects which frequently produce a blue color balance in aerial photographs. The background regarding a special emulsion which was produced with a 2A filter equivalent as an integral part of an SO-368 film manufactured by Eastman Kodak, the cost for production of the special film, and the results of a series of tests made within PTD to certify the film for ASTP use are documented. The tests conducted and documented were physical inspection, process compatibility, effective sensitivity, color balance, cross section analysis, resolution, spectral sensitivity, consistency of results, and picture sample analysis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141734
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    Flight contaminant trace analyser. Phase 1: Chromatographic input system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a chromatographic column capable of resolving compounds associated with spacecraft atmospheres is presented. Consideration is given to sampling techniques, column parameters and operation, and column interface with a mass spectrometer. A capillary column coated with a mixture of polyalkylene glycols is found to provide the best selectivity for resolving multicomponent mixtures found in spacecraft atmospheres. Temperature programming and isothermal operation of the column are evaluated and it is found that temperature programming has a shorter analysis time for a given carrier gas flow rate and overall superior resolution. It is observed that hydrogen provides a 15% savings in analysis time over helium. Following the optimization of column operational parameters, a mixed phase Ucon capillary is prepared for evaluation during the column test period in which the test sample is automatically analyzed. Analysis of the multicomponent test mixture is completed within 45 minutes provided temperature programming is used. All but two of the test compounds are well resolved.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141733
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    Bistatic radar sea state monitoring system design (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Remote measurement of the two-dimensional surface wave height spectrum of the ocean by the use of bistatic radar techniques was examined. Potential feasibility and experimental verification by field experiment are suggested. The required experimental hardware is defined along with the designing, assembling, and testing of several required experimental hardware components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141393
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    Applications of satellite and marine geodesy to operations in the ocean environment (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The requirements for marine and satellite geodesy technology are assessed with emphasis on the development of marine geodesy. Various programs and missions for identification of the satellite geodesy technology applicable to marine geodesy are analyzed along with national and international marine programs to identify the roles of satellite/marine geodesy techniques for meeting the objectives of the programs and other objectives of national interest effectively. The case for marine geodesy is developed based on the extraction of requirements documented by authoritative technical industrial people, professional geodesists, government agency personnel, and applicable technology reports.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141395
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    ITOS VHRR on-board data compression study (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data compression methods for ITOS VHRR data were studied for a tape recorder record-and playback application. A playback period of 9 minutes was assumed with a nominal 18 minute record period for a 2-to-1 compression ratio. Both analog and digital methods were considered with the conclusion that digital methods should be used. Two system designs were prepared. One is a PCM system and the other is an entropy-coded predictive-quantization, sometimes called entropy-coded DPCM or just DPCM, system. Both systems use data management principles to transmit only the necessary data. Both systems use a medium capacity standard tape recorder from specifications provided by the technical officer. The 10 to the 9th power bit capacity of the recorder is the basic limitation on the compression ratio. Both systems achieve the minimum desired 2 to 1 compression ratio. A slower playback rate can be used with the DPCM system due to a higher compression factor for better link performance at a given CNR in terms of bandwidth utilization and error rate. The report is divided into two parts. The first part summarizes the theoretical conclusions of the second part and presents the system diagrams. The second part is a detailed analysis based upon an empirically derived random process model arrived at from specifications and measured data provided by the technical officer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-143702 , REPT-75100
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    A study of digital gyro compensation loops (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility is discussed of replacing existing state-of-the-art analog gyro compensation loops with digital computations. This was accomplished by designing appropriate compensation loops for the dry turned TDF gyro, selecting appropriate data conversion and processing techniques and algorithms, and breadboarding the design for laboratory evaluation. A breadboard design was established in which one axis of a Teledyne turned-gimbal TDF gyro was caged digitally while the other was caged using conventional analog electronics. The digital loop was designed analytically to closely resemble the analog loop in performance. The breadboard was subjected to various static and dynamic tests in order to establish the relative stability characteristics and frequency responses of the digital and analog loops. Several variations of the digital loop configuration were evaluated. The results were favorable.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-132626
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    Research on pressure sensors for biomedical instruments (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a piezo-resistive pressure transducer is discussed suitable for recording pressures typically encountered in biomedical applications. The pressure transducer consists of a thin silicon diaphragm containing four strain-sensitive resistors, and is fabricated using silicon monolithic integrated-circuit technology. The pressure transducers can be as small as 0.7 mm outer diameter, and are, as a result, suitable for mounting at the tip of a catheter. Pressure-induced stress in the diaphragm is sensed by the resistors, which are interconnected to form a Wheatstone bridge.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-142351
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    Sensitivity of gas filter correlation instrument to variations in optical balance (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer program was used to simulate the response of the Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR) to changing pollutant levels of CO, SO2, CH4, and NH3 in two model atmospheres. Positive and negative deviations of tau sub alpha of magnitudes 0.01, 0.1, and 1 percent were imposed upon the simulation and the resulting deviations in inferred concentrations were determined. For the CO, CH4, and the higher pressure cell of the NH3 channel, the deviations are less than + or - 12 percent for deviations in tau sub alpha of + or - 0.1 percent, but increase to significantly higher values for larger deviations. For the lower pressure cell of NH3 and for SO2, the deviations in inferred concentration begin to rise sharply between 0.01 and 0.1 percent deviation in tau sub alpha, suggesting that a tighter control on tau sub alpha may be required for these channels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71997
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    Meter for use in detecting tension in straps having predetermined elastic characteristics (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A meter for detecting tension in elastic bodies, especially in fabric straps employed as tie down straps for stowed objects is presented. The meter is characterized by a pair of elongated arms coupled together for pivotal motion about a common axis in a common plane and a strap receiver located at adjacent ends of the arms for receiving and securing adjacent portions of the strap. The receivers are supported by the arms for motion along intersecting arcs, and motion detection means is located at the opposite ends of the arms for detecting the magnitude of the motion imparted to the receivers as the strap is placed in tension.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Vacuum leak detector (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A leak detector for use with high vacuum seals as used in feedthroughs and hatch covers for manned spacecraft and vacuum systems is described. Two thermistors are used, one exposed directly to vacuum and the other exposed to a secondary chamber formed by the seal being monitored and a second auxiliary seal. Leakage into the secondary chamber causes an unbalance of an electrical bridge circuit in which the thermistors are connected.
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    Pulse pile-up in hard X-ray detector systems (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: When pulse-height spectra are measured by a nuclear detection system at high counting rates, the probability that two or more pulses will arrive within the resolving time of the system is significant. This phenomenon, pulse pile-up, distorts the pulse-height spectrum and must be considered in the interpretation of spectra taken at high counting rates. A computational technique for the simulation of pile-up is developed. The model is examined in the three regimes where (1) the time between pulses is long compared to the detector-system resolving time, (2) the time between pulses is comparable to the resolving time, and (3) many pulses occur within the resolving time. The technique is used to model the solar hard X-ray experiment on the OSO-7 satellite; comparison of the model with data taken during three large flares shows excellent agreement. The paper also describes rule-of-thumb tests for pile-up and identifies the important detector design factors for minimizing pile-up, i.e., thick entrance windows and short resolving times in the system electronics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Nov. 197
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    A comparison of 9-inch, 70mm, and 35mm cameras (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Successful aerial photography depends on aerial cameras that provide acceptable photographs within the cost restrictions of the job. For topographic mapping where ultimate accuracy is required, only large-format mapping cameras will suffice. For mapping environmental patterns of vegetation, soils, or water pollution, 9-inch cameras often exceed accuracy and cost requirements, and small formats may be an overall better choice. In choosing the best camera for environmental mapping, relative capabilities and costs must be understood. This study compares resolution, photo interpretation potential, metric accuracy, and cost of 9-inch, 70 mm, and 35 mm cameras for obtaining simultaneous color and color-infrared photography for environmental mapping purposes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 41; Dec. 197
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    Quantum efficiency of a channel electron multiplier in the far ultraviolet (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Variation of the quantum efficiency of a channel electron multiplier (CEM) in the wavelength range from 1200 to 2536 A is studied. Emphasis is on measurement of CEM sensitivity longward of 1500 A. Results indicate an overall rapid decrease in quantum efficiency with increasing wavelength, with little evidence for a possible change in slope in the range from 2000 to 2500 A. The lowest efficiency measured is 4.5 + or -2.5 times 10 to the minus ninth count/photon at 2536 A. These efficiencies should ensure that unwanted radiation longward of 1500 A can be effectively removed from the bandpass of the instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Dec. 197
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    Test procedure for Hasselblad field irradiance (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The procedure is defined for determining the uniformity of film plane illumination (field irradiance) of the Hasselblad cameras. The data source shall consist of photographs, with X-Y scans being taken for indication only. The accuracy requirement is 2.0%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141776 , LEC-5968 , JSC-09629
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    Preliminary flight prototype silver ion monitoring system, addendum (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A number of electrode fabrication techniques are investigated, to achieve an electrode meeting shuttle mission requirements for functional life and stability as well as accuracy and precision of measurement. The instability of a silver bromide column when employed in a closed loop calibration scheme is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141785 , FR-2687-101A
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    Apollo Soyuz Test Project photographic processing control plan (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The laboratory controls to be used within the photographic technology division (PTD) for processing original space flight films exposed on the Apollo Soyuz Test Project mission are specified. The sensitometric exposures to be used by PTD for certifying processes, for exposing Houston Controls, and for preflight and postflight exposures on original films as well as procedures for film certification are described. Processing conditions used to achieve each control and processing machine operating parameters are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141859 , JSC-09674
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    Steering law for parallel mounted double-gimbaled control moment gyros (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Parallel mounting of double-gimbaled control moment gyros (DG CMG) is discussed in terms of simplification of the steering law. The steering law/parallel mounted DG CMG is considered to be a 'CMG kit' applicable to any space vehicle where the need for DG CMG's has been established.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64930
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    Techniques and instrumentation effort for whale migration tracking (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The following aspects of a research program concerned with tracking gray whales were documented: (1) design, fabrication and testing of a girdle-type harness and associated gear (release mechanism, tracking transmitter, xenon flasher), (2) design, fabrication and testing of instrumentation packs (subminiature recorder, sensor, electronics), (3) field preparations for the January-February 1974 expedition off Mexico, (4) travel arrangements, (5) preliminary field report (capture and handling of juvenile whales, instrumentation and housing tests, harness abrasion and chafing, respiration measurements, sea tracking, distribution, number, and behavior of whales at Lopez Mateos), (6) review, data reduction, and analysis of results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-137903 , F-C3799
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    Wideband 1.064 micrometer detector evaluation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The performance of several candidate detectors for use as communications detectors in a 400 Mbps 1.064 micrometers laser communication system was evaluated. The results of communication system Bit Error Rate (BER) testing for the best detector of each type are summarized. Complete testing data of each type detector is presented. The 400 Mbps 1.064 micrometers communication system receiver test bed is described. The best communication system results for each detector type are included. Performance comparisons are made at 0.000001 BER, the specification level chosen for satellite laser communication links. The data is presented in two groups. The first indicates the best performance levels that can be expected on normal space laser communication system operation. The second cites the best performance levels which can be achieved by focusing the signal to diffraction limited spots on the photosensitive area.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-144784
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    Multiple detector focal plane array ultraviolet spectrometer for the AMPS laboratory (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The possibility of meeting the requirements of the amps spectroscopic instrumentation by using a multi-element focal plane detector array in a conventional spectrograph mount was examined. The requirements of the detector array were determined from the optical design of the spectrometer which in turn depends on the desired level of resolution and sensitivity required. The choice of available detectors and their associated electronics and controls was surveyed, bearing in mind that the data collection rate from this system is so great that on-board processing and reduction of data are absolutely essential. Finally, parallel developments in instrumentation for imaging in astronomy were examined, both in the ultraviolet (for the Large Space Telescope as well as other rocket and satellite programs) and in the visible, to determine what progress in that area can have direct bearing on atmospheric spectroscopy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-144309
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    Experimental design for drifting buoy Lagrangian test (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A test of instrumentation fabricated to measure the performance of a free drifting buoy as a (Lagrangian) current meter is described. Specifically it is proposed to distinguish between the trajectory of a drogued buoy and the trajectory of the water at the level of the drogue by measuring the flow relative to the drogue.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-146817
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    Image degradation in aerial imagery duplicates (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of Earth Resources Aircraft Program data flights were made over an aerial test range in Arizona for the evaluation of large cameras. Specifically, both medium altitude and high altitude flights were made to test and evaluate a series of color as well as black-and-white films. Image degradation, inherent in duplication processing, was studied. Resolution losses resulting from resolution characteristics of the film types are given. Color duplicates, in general, are shown to be degraded more than black-and-white films because of the limitations imposed by available aerial color duplicating stock. Results indicate that a greater resolution loss may be expected when the original has higher resolution. Photographs of the duplications are shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-144649
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    A collection of articles on S/X-band experiment zero delay ranging tests, volume 1 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Articles are presented which are concerned with the development of special test equipment and a dual-frequency zero delay device (ZDD) that were required for range tests and the measurement of ground station delays for the Mariner-Venus-Mercury 1973 S/X-band experiment. Test data obtained at DSS 14 after installation of the ZDD on the 64-m antenna are given. It is shown that large variations of range were observed as a function of antenna elevation angle and were sensitive to antenna location. A ranging calibration configuration that was subsequently developed and a technique for determining the appropriate Z-correction are described. Zero delay test data at DSS 14 during the Mariner 10 Venus-Mercury-Encounter periods (1974 days 12-150) are presented. The theoretical analysis and experimental verifications are included of the effects of multipath and effects of discontinuities on range delay measurements. A movable subreflector technique and the multipath theory were used to isolate principal multipath errors on the 64-m antenna and to enable a more accurate determination of the actual ground station range delay.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-145918 , JPL-TM-33-747-VOL-1
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    Lateral distortions of electromagnetic cascades in emulsion chambers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electromagnetic cascades in a lead-emulsion chamber have been studied to determine the effect of air gaps on the upstream sides of the emulsions. Such air gaps cause a change in the form of the radial distribution of electron tracks, making cascades appear older and giving incorrect energy estimates. The number of tracks remaining within a radius r was found to vary as exp(-g/G), where g is the gap thickness. The characteristic gap thickness in mm is G = 3.04 + 1.30 ln (Err per GeV per sq mm) where E is the energy of the initiating gamma ray. Use of this relation provides a significant correction to cascade-energy estimates and allows one to calculate the effect of different gap thicknesses on the energy threshold for visual detection of cascades.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 126; 1975
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    Two self-test methods applied to an inertial system problem (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes two self-test procedures applied to the problem of estimating the biases in accelerometers and gyroscopes on an inertial platform. The first technique is the weighted sum-squared residual (WSSR) test, with which accelerator bias jumps are easily isolated, but gyro bias jumps are difficult to isolate. The WSSR method does not take full advantage of the knowledge of system dynamics. The other technique is a multiple hypothesis method developed by Buxbaum and Haddad (1969). It has the advantage of directly providing jump isolation information, but suffers from computational problems. It might be possible to use the WSSR to detect state jumps and then switch to the BH system for jump isolation and estimate compensation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 12; July 197
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    Practical multi-spectrum Hadamard transform spectrometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Specifications of a new Hadamard transform spectrometer for infrared astronomical applications are presented. The instrument has 15 entrance slits and 255 exit slits. Data can be gathered at the rate of up to five readings per second so that the entire spectral run lasts some thirteen minutes. The data is processed in real time by a minicomputer. At the end of the thirteen minute run the spectrum is available for immediate viewing on a CRT display. The spectra can be punched and stored on paper tape for later processing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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    Remote measurement of aerosol particle characteristics and their significance to meteorology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Theoretical models for the calculation of the radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols require the inference of such parameters as optical depth, the complex index of refraction and the equivalent size distribution. A polarimeter and a multispectral radiometer are used for local monitoring of aerosols via ground stations, or global monitoring via spacecraft occultation experiments. It is shown that measurements of optical depth at one wavelength as has been the custom, are insufficient to provide useful information for meteorological calculations, and new experiments and instruments must be devised to take advantage of new theoretical developments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; July-Aug
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  • 98
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    Measurements on the development of cascades in a tungsten-scintillator ionization spectrometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The response of a tungsten-scintillator ionization spectrometer to accelerated particle beams has been investigated. Results obtained from exposure of the approx. 1000 g/sq cm apparatus to 5, 10, and 15 GeV/c electrons and pions as well as to 2.1 GeV/nucleon C-12 and O-16 ions are presented. These results include cascade-development curves, fractions of the primary energy measured by the spectrometer, and resolutions of the apparatus for measuring the primary energies. For 15 GeV/c electrons, an average of about 82% of the incident energy is measured by the apparatus with resolution (normal standard deviation) of about 6%. For 15 GeV/c pions, an average of about 65% of the incident energy is measured with resolution of about 18%. The energy resolution improves with increasing energy and with increasing depth of the spectrometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 126; 1975
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  • 99
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    Calibration of large area scintillation counters on cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Construction and calibration are reported for a 6-sq m scintillation counter consisting of two pieces of clear Lucite optically joined along a common edge, sixteen squares of plastic scintillator optically coupled on top of the Lucite, and eight photomultiplier tubes for light collection. Calibration of this counter using an anticoincidence counter to exclude multiple particle events is described. Theoretical calculations for purely electromagnetic extensive air showers indicate that this counter should detect an average of 2.5 particles per event, while the calibration data yield about 1.8 particles per event. It is shown that the anticoincidence-counter calibration method must be used for counters with areas of more than a few square meters if calibration on the response from a single particle of an extensive air shower is desired.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; July 197
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  • 100
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    Photometer calibration problem for extended astronomical sources (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of calibration tests for the Skylab experimental T027 photometer is used to show that if an instrument is focused at infinity, the uniform extended calibration source should be positioned at distances at least equal to the hyperfocal distance and should be large enough to fill the field of view. It is noted that the field depth can be increased by focusing the optical system at the hyperfocal distance and that this method of focusing reduces the needed diameter of the calibration source to half that of a system focused at infinity. Other calibration methods discussed includes determining the radiance responsivity distance and extrapolating the curve to larger distances as well as extensive mapping of the spatial response combined with the irradiance responsivity to obtain the radiance responsivity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; July 197
    Format: text
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