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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (321)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (321)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1975  (321)
  • 1
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    The long term energy problem and aeronautics (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 183-210
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  • 2
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role played by individual citizens as consumers of energy was examined, with emphasis on studying ways in which their action could result in energy conservation. It was shown that there are ways that energy can be conserved in this way, with citizens acting either individually or in groups. The potential savings are significant, but the actual savings may be quite small. The citizens need to be motivated to save and to believe in a conservation ethic; developing such an ethic is difficult, and perhaps not responsive to the shotgun approach now being attempted. The true course of action may be to synthesize new societal structures that provide the maximum evolution of culture within the limitation of scarce energy resources.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 16 p
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  • 3
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    Input-output analysis of some sector actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Selected energy conservation actions previously discussed in depth but separately in the areas of the energy industry, the industry sector, the transportation sector, and the residential and commercial sector, were brought together and assessed as a group. Particular emphasis was devoted to identifying secondary or indirect impacts and multiple interactions. Preliminary results obtained from the ECASTAR energy input-output model suggest that the impacts of energy conservation actions can be grossly misrepresented if secondary impacts are not included in the assessment. A methodology which stresses the importance of secondary and multiple interactions permeates the underlying philosophy of this discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. 16p (SEE N76-21686 12-44)
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  • 4
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    Future US energy demands based upon traditional consumption patterns lead to requirements which significantly exceed domestic supply (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energy consumption in the United States has risen in response to both increasing population and to increasing levels of affluence. Depletion of domestic energy reserves requires consumption modulation, production of fossil fuels, more efficient conversion techniques, and large scale transitions to non-fossile fuel energy sources. Widening disparity between the wealthy and poor nations of the world contributes to trends that increase the likelihood of group action by the lesser developed countries to achieve political and economic goals. The formation of anticartel cartels is envisioned.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Future Environment; 39 p
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  • 5
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    Hydrogen utilization and alternatives (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The historical uses of hydrogen are described along with potential new uses which could develop as a result of the diminishing supply of conventional fossil fuels such as natural gas. A perspective view of hydrogen, both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel, is necessary to understand its relationship to the overall national energy projections. These projections, which show energy usage in terms of use sectors, forms of energy, and sources of energy, do not specifically identify hydrogen as a component of the energy system. By superimposing the traditional roles upon the new opportunities for hydrogen on the energy projections, the role of hydrogen and future projections is developed within the context of the national energy projections. Use, supply, and other factors affecting application are interrelated and are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 47 p
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  • 6
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    Production cost methods and data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general gas cost equation for utility financing is presented. Modifications and assumptions made in order to apply the cost equation to hydrogen production are described. Cost data are given for various methods of hydrogen production. The cost matrix procedure is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 7
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    Factors affecting the broadened use of hydrogen (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The future role of hydrogen is considered. Specific factors discussed include: storage, transmission, and distribution problems; materials compatibility and safety; environmental and social implications of increased hydrogen usage; and the economics related to expanding hydrogen use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 21 p
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  • 8
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    Supply options (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of captive hydrogen (produced and consumed on site) and merchant hydrogen (externally supplied) is considered. A low-merchant-captive ratio market and a high-merchant-captive ratio market are described and compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 9
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    Economics (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tables covering the selling price of hydrogen as a function of each process temperature studied are presented. Estimated selling price, based on capital costs and operating and maintenance costs, is included. In all cases, no credit was given for the methane component of hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 10
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    Hydrogen from coal (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production from coal by hydrogasification is described. The process involves the solubilization of coal to form coal liquids, which are hydrogasified to produce synthetic pipeline gas; steam reforming this synthetic gas by a nuclear heat source produces hydrogen. A description is given of the hydrogen plant, its performance, and its effect on the environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 8 p
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  • 11
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    Environmental considerations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comparison was made between the environmental impact of the present nuclear-heated process and the currently commercial hydrogen-producing process utilizing coal for heating, i.e., the Lurgi coal gasification process. This comparison is based on the assumption that both plants produce the same quantity of H2, i.e., 269 cu m/sec of approximately the same purity, that all pollution abatement equipment is of the same design and efficiency for both the Lurgi process and the nuclear process, and that the energy required for the fresh nuclear fuel and the fuel recycle is generated in a power plant which is also provided with pollution abatement equipment. The pollution caused by the auxiliary units is also taken into account. As regards process water usage, the data show that the water required for the nuclear route, including the nuclear fuel production, is approximately 78% of that required for the Lurgi route.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 15 p
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  • 12
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    Process description (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen from coal by hydrogasification and subsequent steam hydrocarbon reforming was studied. Process heat and power requirements are supplied by an HTGR. The process is examined as a function of a maximum reforming (process) temperature of 922 K (1200 F) to 1367 K (2000 F). The major parameters for the five cases selected are summarized in a table. A fixed thermal capacity of 3000 MW for the HTGR heat source was used as a basis. The resulting hydrogen production rates and the corresponding hydrogen purity are also given in a table.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 96 p
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  • 13
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    Production of hydrogen by direct gasification of coal with steam using nuclear heat (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems related to: (1) high helium outlet temperature of the reactor, and (2) gas generator design used in hydrogen production are studied. Special attention was given to the use of Oklahoma coal in the gasification process. Plant performance, operation, and environmental considerations are covered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 14
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The various ways in which energy may be conserved by individual citizens as consumers were explored. The following barriers against citizens implementing an effective conservation program were described: credibility gap between producers and consumers, consumptive lifestyles, inverted rate structure, low fuel costs, and initial costs compared to life cycle costs. The following indices for saving energy were identified: time to develop alternatives, scarcity of fuels, reduction of dependence on imports, and decreasing environmental pollution. The various approaches to encourage energy conservation by individuals were described, followed by specific conclusions and recommendations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 42-49
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  • 15
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    Example of input-output analysis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thirty sectors included in the ECASTAR energy input-output model were listed. Five of these belong to energy producing sectors, fifteen to manufacturing industries, two to residential and commercial sectors, and eight to service industries. The model is capable of tracing impacts of an action in three dimensions: dollars, BTU's of energy, and labor. Four conservation actions considered were listed and then discussed separately, dealing with the following areas: increase in fuel efficiency, reduction in fuel used by the transportation and warehousing group, manufacturing of smaller automobiles, and a communications/transportation trade-off.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 15-20
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  • 16
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    New energy technologies for buildings (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principal objective of the present work is to identify a variety of strategic approaches which could significantly enhance the rate of commercial development and deployment of total energy systems, fuel cells, and solar conversion. Emphasis is on the need for integration of research, conference, legislation, federal program, and industrial program aspects, leading to a fruitful feedback and follow-through process involving new energy technologies. The discussions are on a general, lay level. Recommendations made feature (1) action which improves the environment for innovation and change, (2) action which decreases risk and creates positive incentives, and (3) action which reflects the distance a particular technology is from commercialization and widespread use, as determined by its position on a development/diffusion scale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 17
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    Laser energy conversion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laser radiation could possibly provide a feasible approach for the transmission of energy between stations and vehicles in space and on earth. The transmitted energy could be used for the operational requirements of the receiving space station, lunar base, or spacecraft. In addition, laser energy could also be employed to provide power for the propulsion of vehicles in space. The present status of development regarding the various technological areas involved in an implementation of these objectives is examined, taking into account the possibility of further advances needed to satisfy the technical requirements. Attention is given to laser-induced chemistry for converting the radiation energy into chemical energy. Other subjects considered are related to photovoltaics, optical diodes, thermo-electronics, laser rockets, and photon engines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; July-Aug
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  • 18
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    Conservation and the industry sector (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following six highly energy intensive industries were studied as targets of energy conservation opportunity: food and kindred products, paper and allied products, chemicals and allied products, petroleum and coal products, stone, glass and clay products, and primary manufacturing. After studying conservation actions within each industry the actions were grouped under three broad categories: increased combustion efficiency, process improvement, and good housekeeping. Some of the results were: (1) approximately 2.18 quads could be saved in 1980 and 2.57 quads in 1985 by installing cogenerative facilities in 50% of the industries, (2) regenerative air-preheaters could result in a 10-15% increase in furnace efficiency representing a 15-25% fuel savings (2.3 to 3.9 quads in 1980 and 2.7 to 4.5 quads in 1985), (3) several major industries have potential for energy savings by recycling-aluminum (0.2 quads), steel (1 quad), glass (0.006 quads), paper and cement (0.08 quads).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 14 p
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  • 19
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    ECASTAR systems approach (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology of ECASTAR was presented and a discussion of the application of technology to energy conservation was given. This methodology constitutes an overview and blueprint for the analysis of energy conservation actions, and is subdivided into the following sections: the systems approach, constraints and criteria, application of the method (systems approach display, ECASTAR team, study phases and objectives, requirements and impacts, trade-off, integration, and feedback), an example of the method (technology applications).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 30 p
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  • 20
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    Hydrogen uses (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Brief descriptions are given of some of the present and future uses of hydrogen. Industrial synthesis, process uses, and applications to other sectors of the national economy are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 21
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    European activities in the hydrogen energy field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Research activities in the hydrogen energy field in the European community are reviewed. Countries included in the discussion are: Austria, Belgium, England, Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 22
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    Three strategies for conservation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The three strategies considered as energy conservation oriented were given: national energy conservation, electrification, and diversification. The first one applies to the near term period (now-1985), the second one to the mid term (1985-2000), and the third one to the far term (2000- ). The rest of this section was focussed on the near term period. The following proposed actions were considered: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal, (3) freeze gasoline production for three years at 1972 levels, (4) mandate automobile mileage requirements, (5) require industry to improve energy efficiency, and (6) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency. Each of these six actions was described and discussed in more detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 20-30
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  • 23
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    ECASTAR methodology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology used for the ECASTAR study was described. A systems approach was utilized, in conjunction with the following tools: input/output economic analysis, net economics, and net energetics. Some of the considerations between the objective of ECASTAR, which is to assess the potential for and impacts of various energy conservation actions, were listed. These include: data base, constraints and criteria, identification and classification of energy conservation actions, relationship between actions of the conservation sector and requirements of other sectors, evaluation of actions with respect to constraints and criteria, evaluation of impacts of energy conservation actions, and presentation of the results. Each one of these topics was discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 10-15
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  • 24
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    Technique for producing 'good' GaAs solar cells using poor-quality substrates (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Relatively good GaAs solar cells can be made from poor-quality substrates by making the junction deep (greater than 1 micron) instead of shallow and by 'leaching' both the pGaAs and nGaAs regions during the growth process. AM0 efficiencies of 14.7% (19% AM1) have been obtained from substrates with starting substrate diffusion lengths of 0.6 micron.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 27; Oct. 15
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  • 25
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    Wind power (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A historical background on windmill use, the nature of wind, wind conversion system technology and requirements, the economics of wind power and comparisons with alternative systems, data needs, technology development needs, and an implementation plan for wind energy are presented. Considerable progress took place during the 1950's. Most of the modern windmills feature a wind turbine electricity generator located directly at the top of their rotor towers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 26
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    High-efficiency graded band-gap Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs solar cell (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed theoretical analysis of an n-on-p graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell yields a maximum air mass zero power conversion efficiency of 17% compared to 9% for a similar GaAs cell. The analysis includes surface and bulk minority carrier recombination, junction recombination current, spectrally varying surface reflection, and series resistance loss. The maximum efficiency is determined for a surface recombination velocity of 10,000 cm/sec and hole and electron diffusion lengths of 2.1 and 7.6 microns, respectively. The improved efficiency is primarily due to a built-in electric field, caused by the band-gap gradation, accelerating photogenerated holes toward the p-n junction. This field reduces the surface and bulk recombination of the holes, and thereby enhances their collection.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 26; Apr. 15
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  • 27
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    NASA's proposed fuel cell program, appendix C (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA's Role in Terrest. Energy R&T; 61 p
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  • 28
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    Solar-assisted gas-energy water-heating feasibility for apartments (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of residential energy use, solar-energy technology for buildings, and the requirements for implementing technology in the housing industry led to a project to develop a solar water heater for apartments. A design study for a specific apartment was used to establish a solar water-heater cost model which is based on plumbing contractor bids and manufacturer estimates. The cost model was used to size the system to minimize the annualized cost of hot water. The annualized cost of solar-assisted gas-energy water heating is found to be less expensive than electric water heating but more expensive than gas water heating. The feasibility of a natural gas utility supplying the auxiliary fuel is evaluated. It is estimated that gas-utilizing companies will find it profitable to offer solar water heating as part of a total energy service option or on a lease basis when the price of new base-load supplies of natural gas reaches $2.50-$3.00 per million Btu.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 29
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    Electrification (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification was chosen for an assessment of conservation impact because it is almost the sole consumer of coal and nuclear power, and because electrical end use can be made to have higher overall efficiency than many present direct fuel uses. The important actions within electrification that were examined are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission), and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs.) A list of recommendations relating to the study of electrification was given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 25 p
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  • 30
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    Energy conservation and the transportation sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of the energy implications of the transportation systems in the United States was illustrated, with primary emphasis on the technologies and methods for achieving a substantial reduction in the associated energy price (approximately 25% of the nation's energy is consumed directly in the operation of these systems). These technologies may be classified as follows: (1) improvement of system efficiency (system operations or technological), (2) substitution for scarce energy resources (electrification, alternate fuels, use of man power, recycling), (3) curtailment of end use (managed population growth rate, education of citizenry, alternatives to personal transportation, improved urban planning, reduced travel incentives). Examples and illustrations were given. Thirty-four actions were chosen on the basis of a preliminary filtering process with the objective of: (1) demonstrating a methodological approach to arrive at logical and consistent conservation action packages, (2) recommending a viable and supportable specific set of actions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 26 p
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  • 31
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were discussed: conservation history and goals, conservation modes, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The conservation modes tested fall into one of the following categories: reduced energy consumption, increased efficiency of energy utilization, or substitution of one or more forms of energy for another which is in shorter supply or in some sense thought to be of more value. The conservation accounting criteria include net energy reduction, economic, and technical criteria. A method to overcome obstacles includes (approaches such as: direct personal impact (life style, income, security, aspiration), an element of crisis, large scale involvement of environmental, safety, and health issues, connections to big government, big business, big politics, involvement of known and speculative science and technology, appeal to moral and ethical standards, the transient nature of opportunities to correct the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 32
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    The political economy of conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A political economic purview of energy conservation in the United States was delineated. The concepts of substitution and elasticity are distinguished, and further distinctions are made between short run price elasticity, cross price elasticity, and available fund elasticity. An assessment of the role which cost factors can play in conservation is given. The structure of the petroleum industry and foreign petroleum resources is discussed. Also discussed is the role of government, industry and the consumer with the economic sphere.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 33
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    Technology issues (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting the use of hydrogen are discussed. These include: efficiency, economics, and environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on the state of development of the technologies of hydrogen production, handling, and use. The needs and deficiencies in the present technologies and the ability to meet these needs effectively are considered in detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 34
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    Future hydrogen use (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of hydrogen is related to energy consumption because hydrogen is primarily used as a feedstock in petroleum processing and in the manufacture of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals. National energy scenarios are selected as a basis for projecting how much hydrogen will be required for established uses and how these quantities might be affected by new energy system uses for hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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    ECASTAR summary and recommendations (1975)
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    Description: A methodology was presented for a systems approach to energy conservation, where conservation was depicted as the result of any action that improves the energy situation of the United States in the present and near future. The relevant constraints and criteria and their application were discussed. Among the most important are the present (capitalistic) structure of the American economy, the lead times necessary for implementation of relevant technologies, and the desire of most policymakers to maintain a reasonable standard of living with a reasonable amount of invulnerability to foreign discretion. The objective of the design group was the assessment of the potential and impact of conservation action in the United States. The U.S. economy was divided into four sectors: energy industry, industry, residential/commercial, and transportation. Each sector was analyzed for conservation actions and their impacts. The sector analysis was characterized as the system design or construction phase.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 13 p
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  • 36
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    National energy conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A set of energy conservation actions that cut across all sectors of the economy were analyzed so that all actions under consideration be analyzed systematically and as a whole. The actions considered were as follows: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) freeze gasoline production for 3 years at 1972 levels, (3) mandate automobile mileage improvements, (4) require industry to improve energy efficiency, (5) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency, (6) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal. The results showed that considerable gas and oil would be saved by forcing switches to coal. However, the large scale switch to coal was shown to require greatly increased outputs from many other industries that in turn require more energy. It was estimated that nearly 2.5 quads of additional coal were needed to produce these additional requirements. Also, the indirect requirements would create more jobs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 33 p
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  • 37
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    Hydrogen market survey (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Summary tables are given for the domestic consumption of hydrogen. Data cover chemicals, refinery operations, steelmaking, and synthetic fuels. Data show major consumption to be in the area of synthetic fuel production from coal and oil shale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 38
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    Technological assessment of selected hydrogen processes (1975)
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    Description: The production of hydrogen by steam-methane reforming is discussed. Data cover production capacity, heat sources, reformer process conditions, shift conversion, and purification.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 39
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    Diversification: Far term (2000 - ) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diversification, intended to underly the far term of the energy conservation program, was defined to imply conservation through substitution for scarce energy resources by maximizing the total number of viable energy system types in every sector. The following requirements or aspects of diversification that must be studied were given: fuel mix and end use patterns for various alternative diversification plans, current status of diversification, advantages and disadvantages of diversification, constraints and criteria, diversification actions and their controls, and means for implementing the chosen diversification strategy. The following advantages resulting from diversification were described: competition, crisis-related situations, local energy production, decentralized plant locations, long range energy policy, and environmental overloads. The major criteria by which a diversification program should be judged, the major constraints affecting the approaches, and the road to diversification, were elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 37-42
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  • 40
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were reviewed in order to place the problems in proper perspective: history and goals, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The effect of changing prices and available supplies of energy sources and their causes on consumption levels during the last few decades were described. Some examples of attainable conservation goals were listed and justified. A number of specific criteria applicable to conservation accounting were given. Finally, a discussion was presented to relate together the following aspects of energy conservation: widespread impact, involvement of government, industry, politics, moral and ethical aspects, urgency and time element.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 4-10
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  • 41
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    Status of 100 kW experimental wind turbine generator project (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 21-36
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  • 42
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    Diversification of energy sources (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The concept of energy source diversification was introduced as a substitution conservation action. The current status and philosophy behind a diversification program is presented in the context of a national energy policy. Advantages, disadvantages (constraints), and methods of implementation for diversification are discussed. The energy source systems for diversification are listed and an example impact assessment is outlined which deals with the water requirements of the specific energy systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 15 p
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  • 43
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    Energy conservation and the residential and commercial sector (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed analysis of energy conservation actions relevant to the residential and commercial sector has led to the conclusion that the potential for savings is great. The task will not be easy, however, since many of the actions require significant life style changes that are difficult to accomplish. Furthermore, many of the conservation actions cited as instant solutions to the energy crisis are those with only mid to long term potential, such as solar energy or heat pumps. Three significant conservation approaches are viable: adjusting price structure, mandating actions, and educating consumers. The first two appear to be the most feasible. But they are not without a price. Higher utility bills adversely affect the poor and the elderly on fixed incomes. Likewise, strict mandatory measures can be quite distasteful. But the effect of alternatives, such as voluntary savings accomplished through education processes, is minimal in a nation without a true conservation ethic.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 22 p
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  • 44
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    Conservation in the energy industry (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic energy supply and utilization problems faced by the United States were described. Actions which might alleviate the domestic shortfall of petroleum and natural gas are described, analyzed and overall impacts are assessed. Specific actions included are coal gasification, in situ shale oil production, improved oil and gas recovery, importation of liquid natural gas and deregulation of natural gas prices. These actions are weighed against each other as alternate techniques of alleviating or overcoming existing shortfalls.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 11 p
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  • 45
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    Materials considerations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Materials problems are examined that may be encountered within a hydrogen energy system. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion, oxidation, and erosion. Other factors discussed include: degradation of mechanical properties of structural alloys, system reliability, and maintenance costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 46
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    Cryogenic storage (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Types of storage techniques available are described in terms of their present as well as future potential for liquid hydrogen storage. Examples are given and areas for further technology development are defined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 11 p
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  • 47
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    Thermochemical cycles (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thermochemical production of hydrogen is described along with the HYDRGN computer program which attempts to rate the various thermochemical cycles. Specific thermochemical cycles discussed include: iron sulfur cycle; iron chloride cycle; and hybrid sulfuric acid cycle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 15 p
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  • 48
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    Hydrogen production (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The state of hydrogen production technology is evaluated. Specific areas discussed include: hydrogen production fossil fuels; coal gasification processes; electrolysis of water; thermochemical production of hydrogen; production of hydrogen by solar energy; and biological production of hydrogen. Supply options are considered along with costs of hydrogen production.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 25 p
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  • 49
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    Conclusions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Conclusions are presented according to general areas of technology with some specific examples of research and technology needs identified. These conclusions provide a base for the future development of detailed program plans and identify research needs that are not being given attention or are not being supported at a sufficient level. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen production and use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 50
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    Technology assessment (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of process temperature (reforming temperature) on the overall hydrogen production process were examined. These effects are principally confined to the hydrogen production and the hydrogen purification processing units.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 13 p
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  • 51
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    Capital cost estimate (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The capital cost estimate for the nuclear process heat source (NPHS) plant was made by: (1) using costs from the current commercial HTGR for electricity production as a base for items that are essentially the same and (2) development of new estimates for modified or new equipment that is specifically for the process heat application. Results are given in tabular form and cover the total investment required for each process temperature studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 52
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    Hydrogen by electrolysis of water (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production by electrolytic decomposition of water is explained. Power efficiency, efficient energy utilization, and costs were emphasized. Four systems were considered: two were based on current electrolyzer technology using present efficiency values for electrical generation by fossil fired and nuclear thermal stations, and two using projected electrolyzer technology with advanced fossil and nuclear plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 53
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    Ispra Mark-10 water splitting process (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A thermochemical water splitting process, the Ispra Mark-10 chemical reaction cycle, was chosen for examining the possibility of using water to produce hydrogen on a large scale for fuel and major industrial chemical uses. The assumed energy source for the process is an HTGR (helium cooled). A process flow diagram, a material balance, and an energy balance were developed for the thermochemical reaction cycle. Principal reactions which constitute the cycle are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 52 p
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  • 54
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    Hydrogen manufacture by Lurgi gasification of Oklahoma coal (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Advantages and disadvantages of using the Lurgi gasification process to produce hydrogen from Oklahoma coal are listed. Special attention was given to the production of heat for the process; heat is generated by burning part of pretreated coal in the steam generator. Overall performance of the Lurgi process is summarized in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 55
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    Electrification: Mid-term (1985 - 2000) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification, intended to provide a basis for the mid term period of the energy conservation program, was defined as a set of actions and/or policies that leads to an increasing proportion of total energy used in the form of electricity. The important actions within electrification are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission) and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs). The following areas were discussed: increased power generation from coal action, increased use of nuclear power action, improved operation of public utilities action, actions to be taken in industry, transportation and residential/commercial areas. The various ways in which electrification leads to energy conservation were clarified, and a number of specific recommendations relative to electrification were suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 30-37
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  • 56
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    Wind energy utilization: A bibliography with abstracts - Cumulative volume 1944/1974 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Bibliography, up to 1974 inclusive, of articles and books on utilization of wind power in energy generation. Worldwide literature is surveyed, and short abstracts are provided in many cases. The citations are grouped by subject: (1) general; (2) utilization; (3) wind power plants; (4) wind power generators (rural, synchronous, remote station); (5) wind machines (motors, pumps, turbines, windmills, home-built); (6) wind data and properties; (7) energy storage; and (8) related topics (control and regulation devices, wind measuring devices, blade design and rotors, wind tunnel simulation, aerodynamics). Gross-referencing is aided by indexes of authors, corporate sources, titles, and keywords.
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  • 57
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    Cadmium sulfide solar cells (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Development, fabrication and applications of CdS solar cells are reviewed in detail. The suitability of CdS cells for large solar panels and microcircuitry, and their low cost, are emphasized. Developments are reviewed by manufacturer-developer. Vapor phase deposition of thin-film solar cells, doping and co-evaporation, sputtering, chemical spray, and sintered layers are reviewed, in addition to spray deposition, monograin layer structures, and silk screening. Formation of junctions by electroplating, evaporation, brushing, CuCl dip, and chemiplating are discussed, along with counterelectrode fabrication, VPD film structures, the Cu2S barrier layer, and various photovoltaic effects (contact photovoltage, light intensity variation, optical enhancement), and various other CdS topics.
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  • 58
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    Introduction to wind energy conversion systems technology (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 197-201
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  • 59
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    Introduction to large system design (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 13-20
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  • 60
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    Northeast Utilities' participation in the Kaman/NASA wind power program (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 59-68
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  • 61
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    Ternary compound thin film solar cells (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A group of ternary compound semiconductor (I-III-VI2) thin films for future applications in photovoltaic devices is proposed. The consideration of these materials (CuInSe2, CuInTe2 and especially CuInS2) for long range device development is emphasized. Much of the activity to date has been concerned with the growth and properties of CuInX2 films. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses, Hall mobility and coefficient, resistivity and carrier concentration variations with substrate and film temperature as well as grain size data have been determined. Both p- and n-type films of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 have been produced. Single and double source deposition techniques have been utilized. Some data have been recorded for annealed films.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 678-695
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  • 62
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    Enhanced crystallinity of low temperature deposited silicon films on graphite subtrates (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The previously developed technique of a sandwich coating for silicon crystallinity enhancement in silicon films deposited at low temperature is applied to graphite substrates. The measured increase in silicon crystallinity is comparable to that observed earlier using a quartz substrate. The distribution of aluminum in the silicon films is determined using Auger spectroscopic depth profiling. Carbon diffusion from the substrate into the silicon film is shown to be negligible at a substrate temperature of 600 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 639-660
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  • 63
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    Low cost AMOS solar cell development (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent developments at JPL have demonstrated that high conversion efficiencies are found with GaAs metal semiconductor solar cells when a particular heat treatment processing step is used to introduce an interfacial layer between the metal and the semiconductor. The new cell, called AMOS (Antireflection-Coated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), has open circuit voltages of 0.68-0.72 volts and efficiencies of 15% under terrestrial sunlight, as compared to values of 0.45-0.48 volts and 10%, respectively, for similar cells without an interfacial layer. Potentially higher efficiencies are feasible as further improvements are made in optimizing the interfacial layer effect and in increasing the blue response of the cells. A thin film AMOS cell is proposed that uses a thin recrystallized germanium (Ge) layer between a low cost metal substrate and the vapor phase epitaxially (VPE)-grown GaAs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 533-547
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    Research and development of low cost processes for integrated solar arrays (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Si reduction, purification and sheet generation work has been concentrated on gaining information about a reduction process combined with purification (higher purity arc furnace with gas blowing and gradient freezing), transport process with purification and polycrystal sheet growth potential (SiF2), plastic deformation for sheet generation, and float zone sheet recrystallization.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 172-193
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  • 65
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    Shallow junction photovoltaic device program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The technical feasibility of using the corona discharge technique as a means for producing efficient silicon solar cells is elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 387-398
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    Integrated photovoltaic-thermal solar energy conversion systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A combined photovoltaic/thermal collector has been built and is now being tested. Initial tests have concentrated on evaluating the thermal efficiency of the collector before and after the silicon cells are mounted. With likely improvements in bonding between cells and receiver and in the absorptivity of the cells, thermal efficiencies greater than 50% can be expected for the combined receiver operating at 100 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 297-309
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  • 67
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    Status of ERDA-DOD applications plans (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A demonstration program is reported that defines solar terrestrial photovoltaic systems as power sources for DOD applications by developing requirements and implementation plans for each demonstration project. Evaluation criteria emphasize military market potential and military advantages.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 232-249
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    Low cost silicon solar arrays (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The economic production of silicon solar cell arrays circumvents p-n junction degradation by nuclear doping, in which the Si-30 transmutes to P-31 after thermal neutron capture. Also considered are chemical purity specifications for improved silicon bulk states, surface induced states, and surface states.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 56-103
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    Very low cost thin film CdS-Cu2S solar cell development using chemical spraying (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A chemical spray process for the production of thin film CdS-Cu2S solar cells is discussed that is projected to cost less than $60/kW in very large scale production. The average efficiency of these cells has been improved from less than 0.3% in 1971 about 4.5% at present. Further developments for the process are considered to raise the efficiency, and to attain long life stability.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 404-415
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    Photovoltaic applications of Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of a compound parabolic concentrator as field collector, in conjunction with a primary focusing concentrator for photovoltaic applications is studied. The primary focusing concentrator can be a parabolic reflector, an array of Fresnel mirrors, a Fresnel lens or some other lens. Silicon solar cell grid structures are proposed that increase efficiency with concentration up to 10 suns. A ray tracing program has been developed to determine energy distribution at the exit of a compound parabolic concentrator. Projected total cost of a CPC/solar cell system will be between 4 and 5 times lower than for flat plate silicon cell arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 279-296
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    Assessment of the international workshop on CdS solar cells (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: General problems relating to the basic understanding of CdS/Cu2S solar cell operation, to material aspects of the cell and to manufacturing methods and cell engineering are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 400-403
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    Reactively sputtered thin film photovoltaic devices (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of a reactively sputtered thin film CdS - Cu2S solar cell is proven. Identification of the reactively sputtered Cu2S film is made by X-ray diffractometer and spectro-transmission measurements. Because of its simplicity, economical use of material, and high yield, the reactive sputtering process promises to be a low cost method for producing CdS - Cu2S solar cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 461-474
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  • 73
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    Review of Terrestrial Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Measurement methods for terrestrial solar cells require calibration standards to set simulator irradiance levels or to monitor solar irradiance in outdoor measurements. Measurements of solar cell performance in terrestrial sunlight are the most acceptable, but an artificial light source can be used for laboratory measurements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 251-260
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  • 74
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    Low cost silicon solar arrays (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Continuous growth methodology for silicon solar cell ribbons deals with capillary effects, die effects, thermal effects and crystal shape effects. Emphasis centers on the shape of the meniscus at the ribbon edge as a factor contributing to ribbon quality with respect to defect densities. Structural and electrical characteristics of edge defined, film-fed grown silicon ribbons are elaborated. Ribbon crystal solar cells produce AMO efficiencies of 6 to 10%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 104-171
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  • 75
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    Photovoltaic system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The evaluation methodology is outlined for conceptual design and systems analysis on photovoltaic solar energy cells to provide electric power supplies in terrestrial applications at economic costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 24-55
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  • 76
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    Organic solar cell exploratory research (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Principles governing the photovoltaic effect in organic materials on the molecular level are studied and applied to the design and fabrication of laboratory devices having a photovoltaic organic polymer film as their key element. Progress to date has been in three areas: (1) materials synthesis; (2) apparatus development; and (3) ultra-thin film fabrication.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 713-734
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  • 77
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    Dopant gas effect on silicon chemical vapor depositions: A surface potential model (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A surface potential model is proposed to consistently explain the known dopant gas effects on silicon chemical vapor deposition. This model predicts that the effects of the same dopant gases on the diamond deposition rate using methane and carbon tetrachloride should be opposite and similar to those of silane, respectively. Available data are in agreement with this prediction.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 630-638
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  • 78
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    Photovoltaic test and demonstration project for the National Photovoltaic Conversion program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Proposed are photovoltaic system tests and demonstrations covering a wide range of applications in order to develop low cost photovoltaic cells suitable for terrestrial applications. Program objectives are: (1) tests and model system demonstrations; (2) device performance and diagnostics; and (3) endurance of solar cell modules and arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 215-231
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  • 79
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    Surface structure and electronic properties of materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A surface potential model is developed to explain dopant effects on chemical vapor deposition. Auger analysis of the interaction between allotropic forms of carbon and silicon films has shown Si-C formation for all forms by glassy carbon. LEED intensity measurements have been used to determine the mean square displacement of surface atoms of silicon single crystals, and electron loss spectroscopy has shown the effect of structure and impurities on surface states located within the band gap. A thin film of Al has been used to enhance film crystallinity at low temperature.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 618-629
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  • 80
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    Building application of solar energy. Study no. 2: Representative buildings for solar energy performance analysis and market penetration (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The following topics are discussed: (1) Assignment of population to microclimatic zones; (2) specifications of the mix of buildings in the SCE territory; (3) specification of four typical buildings for thermal analysis and market penetration studies; (4) identification of the materials and energy conserving characteristics of these typical buildings; (5) specifications of the HVAC functions used in each typical building, and determination of the HVAC systems used in each building; and (6) identification of the type of fuel used in each building.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-155325 , JPL-5040-3
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  • 81
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    Design and fabrication of silver-hydrogen cells (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design and fabrication of silver-hydrogen secondary cells capable of delivering higher energy densities than comparable nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen cells and relatively high cycle life is presented. An experimental task utilizing single electrode pairs for the optimization of the individual electrode components, the preparation of a design for lightweight 20Ahr cells, and the fabrication of four 20Ahr cells in heavy wall test housing containing electrode stacks of the lightweight design are described. The design approach is based on the use of a single cylindrical self-contained cell with a stacked disc sequence of electrodes. The electrode stack design is based on the use of NASA- Astropower Separator Material, PPF fuel cell anodes, an intercell electrolyte reservoir concept and sintered silver electrodes. Results of performance tests are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134878
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  • 82
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    Technology survey of electrical power generation and distribution for MIUS application (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Candidate electrical generation power systems for the modular integrated utility systems (MIUS) program are described. Literature surveys were conducted to cover both conventional and exotic generators. Heat-recovery equipment associated with conventional power systems and supporting equipment are also discussed. Typical ranges of operating conditions and generating efficiencies are described. Power distribution is discussed briefly. Those systems that appear to be applicable to MIUS have been indicated, and the criteria for equipment selection are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58127 , JSC-08661
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  • 83
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    Solar collector performance evaluation with the NASA-Lewis solar simulator-results for an all-glass-evacuated-tubular selectively-coated collector with a diffuse reflector (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A solar collector was tested in a solar simulator for inlet temperatures of temperatures of 70 to 200 F, flux levels of 230 and rate of 7 lb/(hr)(sq. ft), and incident angles of 0 deg, 33 deg, and 52 deg. Test results plotted in a form suggested by analysis indicate a very low heat loss coefficient. The collector shows excellent performance on an all-day performance basis, and also for conditions corresponding to temperatures required in solar Rankine systems and/or for low flux level radiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71695 , E-8289
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  • 84
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    Technology assessment of portable energy RDT and P (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented of a workshop conducted to assess portable energy technology. The results were evaluated and areas for future research were considered. Several research categories were studied: increasing presently available fuel supplies, developing new fuel sources, utilization of new transportation fuels, improving conservation practices, and equitable distribution of fuel supplies. Several research projects were proposed, and work statements were constructed for those considered suitable.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-137655 , STUDY-2B
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  • 85
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    Feasibility study of solar energy utilization in modular integrated utility systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility and benefits were evaluated of solar thermal energy systems on Integrated Utility Systems. The effort included the identification of potential system concepts, evaluation of hardware status, and performance of weighted system evaluations to select promising system concepts deserving of further study.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-141929 , ADL-78036
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  • 86
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    Fluid manifold design for a solar energy storage tank (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A design technique for a fluid manifold for use in a solar energy storage tank is given. This analytical treatment generalizes the fluid equations pertinent to manifold design, giving manifold pressures, velocities, and orifice pressure differentials in terms of appropriate fluid and manifold geometry parameters. Experimental results used to corroborate analytical predictions are presented. These data indicate that variations in discharge coefficients due to variations in orifices can cause deviations between analytical predictions and actual performance values.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64940
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  • 87
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    Potential structural material problems in a hydrogen energy system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Potential structural material problems that may be encountered in the three components of a hydrogen energy system - production, transmission/storage, and utilization - were identified. Hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion, oxidation, and erosion may occur during the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement is of major concern during both transmission and utilization of hydrogen. Specific materials research and development programs necessary to support a hydrogen energy system are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71752 , E-8380
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  • 88
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    Radiated microwave power transmission system efficiency measurements (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The measured and calculated results from determining the operating efficiencies of a laboratory version of a system for transporting electric power from one point to another via a wireless free space radiated microwave beam are reported. The system's overall end-to-end efficiency as well as intermediated conversion efficiencies were measured. The maximum achieved end-to-end dc-to-ac system efficiency was 54.18% with a probable error of + or - 0.94%. The dc-to-RF conversion efficiency was measured to be 68.87% + or - 1.0% and the RF-to-dc conversion efficiency was 78.67 + or - 1.1%. Under these conditions a dc power of 495.62 + or - 3.57 W was received with a free space transmitter antenna receiver antenna separation of 170.2 cm (67 in).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-142986 , JPL-TM-33-727
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  • 89
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    Energy recovery from solid waste. Volume 1: Summary report (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A systems analysis of energy recovery from solid waste which demonstrates the feasibility of several processes for converting solid waste to an energy form is presented. The social, legal, environmental, and political factors are considered and recommendations made in regard to legislation and policy. A technical and economic evaluation of available and developing energy-recovery processes is given with emphasis on thermal decomposition and biodegradation. A pyrolysis process is suggested. The use of prepared solid waste as a fuel supplemental to coal is considered to be the most economic process for recovery of energy from solid waste. Markets are discussed with suggestions for improving market conditions and for developing market stability. A decision procedure is given to aid a community in deciding on its options in dealing with solid waste.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-2525 , S-442-VOL-1
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  • 90
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    Interdisciplinary study of atmospheric processes and constituents of the mid-Atlantic coastal region. Attachment 3: Data set for Craney Island oil refinery installation experiment (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data tables and maps are presented which include background information and experimental data on the Craney Island oil refinery installation experiment. The experiment was to investigate air pollution effects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-142823
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  • 91
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    Cost competitiveness of a solar cell array power source for ATS-6 educational TV terminal (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cost comparison is made between a terrestrial solar cell array power system and a variety of other power sources for the ATS-6 Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) TV terminals in India. The solar array system was sized for a typical Indian location, Lahore. Based on present capital and fuel costs, the solar cell array power system is a close competitor to the least expensive alternate power system. A feasibility demonstration of a terrestrial solar cell array system powering an ATS-6 receiver terminal at Cleveland, Ohio is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71720 , E-8327
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  • 92
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    Interim solar cell testing procedures for terrestrial applications (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This report presents an interim draft of procedures for testing solar cells for terrestrial applications that resulted from the terrestrial photovoltaic workshop sessions. A final version of the test procedures manual is planned for the summer of 1976.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: TID-26871
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  • 93
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    A preliminary systems-engineering study of an advanced nuclear-electrolytic hydrogen-production facility (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An advanced nuclear-electrolytic hydrogen-production facility concept was synthesized at a conceptual level with the objective of minimizing estimated hydrogen-production costs. The concept is a closely-integrated, fully-dedicated (only hydrogen energy is produced) system whose components and subsystems are predicted on ''1985 technology.'' The principal components are: (1) a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) operating a helium-Brayton/ammonia-Rankine binary cycle with a helium reactor-core exit temperature of 980 C, (2) acyclic d-c generators, (3) high-pressure, high-current-density electrolyzers based on solid-polymer electrolyte technology. Based on an assumed 3,000 MWt HTGR the facility is capable of producing 8.7 million std cu m/day of hydrogen at pipeline conditions, 6,900 kPa. Coproduct oxygen is also available at pipeline conditions at one-half this volume. It has further been shown that the incorporation of advanced technology provides an overall efficiency of about 43 percent, as compared with 25 percent for a contemporary nuclear-electric plant powering close-coupled contemporary industrial electrolyzers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-144230
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    Solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis system development (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Solid polymer electrolyte technology used in a water electrolysis system (WES) to generate oxygen and hydrogen for manned space station applications was investigated. A four-man rated, low pressure breadboard water electrolysis system with the necessary instrumentation and controls was fabricated and tested. A six man rated, high pressure, high temperature, advanced preprototype WES was developed. This configuration included the design and development of an advanced water electrolysis module, capable of operation at 400 psig and 200 F, and a dynamic phase separator/pump in place of a passive phase separator design. Evaluation of this system demonstrated the goal of safe, unattended automated operation at high pressure and high temperature with an accumulated gas generation time of over 1000 hours.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-147501
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  • 95
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    The potential benefit of an advanced integrated utility system (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The applicability of an advanced integrated utility system based on 1980 technology was investigated. An example of such a system, which provides electricity, heating and air conditioning, solid waste disposal, and water treatment in a single integrated plant, is illustrated for a hypothetical apartment complex. The system requires approximately 50 percent of the energy and approximately 55 percent of the water that would be required by a typical current conventional system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58170 , JSC-09964
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  • 96
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    Microwave power transmission system studies. Volume 4: Sections 9 through 14 with appendices (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave rectifier technology, approaches to the receiving antenna, topology of rectenna circuits, assembly and construction, ROM cost estimates are discussed. Analyses and cost estimates for the equipment required to transmit the ground power to an external user. Noise and harmonic considerations are presented for both the amplitron and klystron and interference limits are identified and evaluated. The risk assessment discussion is discussed wherein technology risks are rated and ranked with regard to their importance in impacting the microwave power transmission system. The system analyses and evaluation are included of parametric studies of system relationships pertaining to geometry, materials, specific cost, specific weight, efficiency, converter packing, frequency selection, power distribution, power density, power output magnitude, power source, transportation and assembly. Capital costs per kW and energy costs as a function of rate of return, power source and transportation costs as well as build cycle time are presented. The critical technology and ground test program are discussed along with ROM costs and schedule. The orbital test program with associated critical technology and ground based program based on full implementation of the defined objectives is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134886-VOL-4 , ER75-4368-VOL-4
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  • 97
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    Microwave power transmission system studies. Volume 3, section 8: Mechanical systems and flight operations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The efforts and recommendations associated with preliminary design and concept definition for mechanical systems and flight operations are presented. Technical discussion in the areas of mission analysis, antenna structural concept, configuration analysis, assembly and packaging with associated costs are presented. Technology issues for the control system, structural system, thermal system and assembly including cost and man's role in assembly and maintenance are identified. Background and desired outputs for future efforts are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134886-VOL-3 , ER75-4368-VOL-3
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    Microwave Power Transmission System Studies. Volume 1: Executive Summary (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of microwave power generation, transmission, reception and control was conducted as a part of a program to demonstrate the feasibility of power transmission from geosynchronous orbit. A summary is presented of results concerning design approaches, estimated costs (ROM), critical technology, associated ground and orbital test programs with emphasis on dc to rf conversion, transmitting antenna, phase control, mechanical systems, flight operations, ground power receiving-rectifying antenna with systems analysis, and evaluation. Recommendations for early further in-depth studies complementing the technology program are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134886-VOL-1 , ER75-4368-VOL-1
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  • 99
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    Microwave power transmission system studies. Volume 2: Introduction, organization, environmental and spaceborne systems analyses (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Introduction, organization, analyses, conclusions, and recommendations for each of the spaceborne subsystems are presented. Environmental effects - propagation analyses are presented with appendices covering radio wave diffraction by random ionospheric irregularities, self-focusing plasma instabilities and ohmic heating of the D-region. Analyses of dc to rf conversion subsystems and system considerations for both the amplitron and the klystron are included with appendices for the klystron covering cavity circuit calculations, output power of the solenoid-focused klystron, thermal control system, and confined flow focusing of a relativistic beam. The photovoltaic power source characteristics are discussed as they apply to interfacing with the power distribution flow paths, magnetic field interaction, dc to rf converter protection, power distribution including estimates for the power budget, weights, and costs. Analyses for the transmitting antenna consider the aperture illumination and size, with associated efficiencies and ground power distributions. Analyses of subarray types and dimensions, attitude error, flatness, phase error, subarray layout, frequency tolerance, attenuation, waveguide dimensional tolerances, mechanical including thermal considerations are included. Implications associated with transportation, assembly and packaging, attitude control and alignment are discussed. The phase front control subsystem, including both ground based pilot signal driven adaptive and ground command approaches with their associated phase errors, are analyzed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134886-VOL-2 , ER75-4368-VOL-2
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  • 100
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    Solar stills for agricultural purposes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic concepts of using desalinated water for agricultural purposes are outlined. A mathematical model describing heat and mass transfer in a system combining a solar still with a greenhouse, its solution, and test results of a small-scale unit built at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, are discussed. The unit was employed to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the system. Further development and modifications are necessary for larger-scale operations. The basis of an optimization study which is underway at the Brace Research Institute of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, aimed at finding the best combination of design and operation parameters is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 17; May 1975
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