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  • SPACE SCIENCES  (1.545)
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: A retrospective look at the operation and results of the experiment is presented. The design and performance of the infrared interferometer spectrometer are discussed along with the results obtained concerning the atmospheric and surface properties.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 41-52
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Mission planning, payloads, launch, and orbital insertion are described for Mariner mission 8 and 9. Mission sequences and planet coverage as a function of time in orbit are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 1-11
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric processes on Mars are reported based on atmospheric observations from Mariner 9. Topics discussed include: atmospheric temperature and wind, cloud processes, minor constituents, global dust storm, and surface pressure distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 99-104
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The physical behavior of water and carbon dioxide on Mars was studied. Topics discussed include: physics of polar frosts, CO2 budget, atmospheric minor constituents, chemical and physical properties of surface materials, layered deposits, and the role of volatiles in the Martian landscape formation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 87-97
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The objectives of the Mars surface properties working group are described. The objectives were: (1) determine a simple reference surface that would adequately represent the shape of the planet for cartographic purposes; (2) monitor the topographic results and to assess the relative calibration and accuracies of these techniques, thereby leading to a composite topographic map of the planet; and (3) facilitate the exchange of data in closely connected disciplines. The shape, topography, and isobaric surface are discussed along with the gravity field, and crustal density model. It was found that there is no simple reference figure for the planetary surface, although an offset, triaxial ellipsoid is adequate for most purposes.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 81-85
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The objectives of the experiment are discussed. These objectives were: (1) measure the thermophysical properties of the Martian surface on a global scale; (2) isolate large-scale irregularities in the global picture; and (3) isolate small-scale hot or cold spots on the surface.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 37-40
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The efforts and accomplishments of the CME Team are summarized. The objectives and experiment status, gravity field of Mars, test of general relativity, and the generation of normal points are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 13-31
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: An examination was made of earth based observations of optical color differences, infrared eclipse temperatures, and radar backscatter for Mare Serenitatis. Information is also included on orbital observations, physical properties of surface types, and correlation of surface types with geologic units. Differences in these remote observations are attributed to variations in chemical and minerological compositions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The autointrusive hypothesis of the origin of several vagaries of prominent mare ridges is explained. Data are based on a comparison between the structure of a Hawaiian lava lake and the mare ridges. Resulting data suggest that these ridges may have formed as squeeze-ups and autointrusives in tension fractures over buried topography in the crust of luna lava lakes. Data also suggest that mare ridges may result from: (1) pressure ridges in flows, (2) compressional features resulting from subsidence of mare lava, (3) volcanic ring structures and extrusives, or loccoliths fed by lunar grid controlled dikes, (4) draped topography and fissure eruptives, (5) drag folds or tension-gash dikes caused by wrench faulting at depth, and (6) postmare thrust faults.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Apollo 17 data on the setting and detailed characteristics of the D-Caldera structure are analyzed. Data are also given on the formation of the structure.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Aratus CA (lat. 24.5 N, long. 11.3 E) is an irregular-shaped crater 8.6 km long by 3 km wide in western Mare Serenitatis, which was photographed during the Apollo 15 and 17 missions. It is similar in form to Bear Crater (fig. 30-2), a small volcanic vent formed in Holocene basalt flows of the Snake River Plains, Idaho. The two features are compared and it is concluded that Aratus CA may have a geologic structure and history similar to that of Bear Crater.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The major features of the stratigraphic and structural sequence are summarized for Mare Serenitatis. The dark oldest basalts include flows coextensive with Mare Tranquillitatis and also flows and pyroclastic deposits (dark mantles) that erupted from the edge of the Serenitatis basin. The basin sagged, possibly isostatically, as basalts of intermediate age were emplaced. Sagging had nearly ceased by the time the youngest flows were deposited. Compressive movements including thrusting followed, and small extensional fissures formed in late Copernican time. The revised stratigraphic sequence that was elaborated has implications for lunar stratigraphy that transcend the boundaries of Mare Serenitatis. Dark mantle deposits and the darkest maria have commonly been assumed in geologic mapping to be relatively youthful. These assumptions must now be reevaluated and perhaps discarded.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Preliminary results of the Apollo 17 neutron probe are presented. The probe which was designed for measuring neutron capture rates to a depth of 2m in the lunar regolith is described, and the fission rates for U-235 are discussed. It is concluded that good agreement exists between the experimental results and theoretical calculations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-10
    Beschreibung: The opportunities for close satellite encounters which meet the planetary constraints at Saturn that are imposed by science value return and environmental conditions are investigated. Since the satellites travel at various speeds in their orbits, Saturn arrival time is critical and was chosen as the design parameter. Arrival times are recommended which afford close satellite encounters and also meet important mission constraints. A design chart illustrates the satellite opportunities as a function of Saturn arrival date. Through the use of such a design chart, the Saturn encounter design process, which will take place according to recommendations by the selected science investigators over the next several years, will be considerably streamlined. Potential applications are given to illustrate the use of the Saturn satellite opportunity chart in encounter design.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 1; p 14-25
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The physical characteristics of the fresh looking Aitken Crater and its surrounding environment are studied. Rim deposits and ejecta blanket indicate the crater has a probable impact origin or is formed during post-Aitken events. Data also indicate the crater's dark floor fill, its flow scarps, and smaller craters with domical structures are volcanic in origin. Landform varieties suggest episodic erruptions may also cause such craters.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Evidence, suggesting that wrinkle ridges and similar looking one-sided scrapes in the Taurus-Littrow region are caused by anticlines and thrust faults resulting from sliding on a flowing surface, is given.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Apollo 17 photographs of small structures expressed as scarps, ledges, flow fronts, and mare type ridges are compared in an effort to determine the origin of such structures. The resulting data revealed that these structures were probably developed as lava extrusions from fractures and fissures along with associated faulting and folding.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The formation, modification, and deformation of lunar maria by extended volcanic and tectonic processes are examined. Data also cover lava flows, sinuous rilles, mare ridges, faults, and fracture systems. Stages involved in the modification of impact craters by tectonism, volcanism, younger impacts, and mass wasting are included.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 11 p
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Volcanic cones in the Serenitatis basin are compared to terrestrial volcanic formations. Cinder cones, basalt flows and their morphology are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The dark mantle along the southeastern margin of the Serenitatis basin is discussed in terms of its relation to the surrounding areas. The characteristics, and the relationship to younger formations are analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The network of seismometers installed by the Apollo 17 and other Apollo missions is described. The effects of the impacts of lunar modules and S-4B stages on the lunar surfaces are discussed. The information concerning lunar composition which is obtained by analyzing the seismic signals generated by moonquakes and meteoroid impacts are analyzed. It is concluded that the seismic activity within the moon is extremely low compared to that with the earth. The moon is characterized by a rigid, dynamically inactive outer shell, approximately 1000 kilometers thick, surrounding a core that has markedly different elastic properties.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The soil mechanics experiment on the Apollo 17 mission to the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the physical characteristics and mechanical properties of the lunar soil at the surface and subsurface in lateral directions. Data obtained on the lunar surface in conjunction with observations of returned samples of lunar soil are used to determine in-place density and porosity profiles and to determine strength characteristics on local and regional scales.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 22 p
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Certain capabilities provided in preliminary designs of orbital space stations for research in rotational hypogravity are outlined. Also indicated are alternative configurations that are being considered. Principal addresses are members of an international community of physiologists whose work in earth oriented, as well as space oriented, physiology can be supported through observation under the background environment of null gravity. Their participation in originating and devising advanced experiments and in developing requirements is expected to enhance final design of the selected space station and to make the research program more meaningful.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 43-53
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  • 24
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Volcanic features of the far side Aitken Crater including post-impact volcanism and volcanic events extending beyond the period of mare type crater flooding are discussed. The features attributed to extrusions of viscous lava are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 25
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Several defined examples of the V shaped components of herringbone patterns observed on Apollo 17 and Apollo 15 metric and panoramic photographs are given along with an explanation on the impact mechanism for forming the V shaped structures. Observations of isolated crater chains having the herringbone patterns but not obviously associated with any primary crater are also included. Preliminary results indicate the lunar herringbone patterns are common to characteristics of secondary cratering and that the pattern results from the collision of material ejected from separated impact points.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 15 p
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  • 26
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A general study is presented on the surface geometry of 25 far-side craters along with a detailed study of rim-crest evenness for 15 near-side and far-side craters. Analysis of this preliminary sample of Apollo 15 and 17 data, which includes craters between 1.5 and 275 km in diameter, suggests that most genetic interpretations of craters made from pre-Apollo topographic measurements may require no drastic revision. All measurements were made from topographic profiles generated on a stereoplotter.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The Apollo 17 lunar seismic profiling experiment was conducted to record the vibrations of the lunar surface as induced by explosive charges, the thrust of the lunar module ascent engine, and the crash of the lunar module ascent stage. Analysis of the data obtained made it possible to determine the internal characteristics of the lunar crust to a depth of several kilometers. The test equipment used in the experiment is described. Maps showing the location of the geophones and the deployed explosive packages are provided. Samples of the seismic signals recorded by the lunar seismic profiling experiment geophones are included.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The activities of the following members of the Navigation Team are recorded: the Science Sequence Design Group, responsible for preparing the final science sequence designs; the Advanced Sequence Planning Group, responsible for sequence planning; and the Science Recommendation Team (SRT) representatives, responsible for conducting the necessary sequence design interfaces with the teams during the mission. The interface task included science support in both advance planning and daily operations. Science sequences designed during the mission are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 225-270
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The Mariner 9 spacecraft was launched by an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle (AC-23) on a direct-ascent trajectory from the Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) launch complex 36B on May 30, 1971. Liftoff occurred at 22 h 23 min 04.5 s GMT, slightly more than 6 min after the opening of a 60-min launch window. The vehicle rose vertically for approximately 15 s, during which time, a programmed roll to a launch azimuth of 92.74 deg was performed. After the initial vertical rise, the vehicle, guided by the open-loop Atlas autopilot, began to pitch over into a zero-lift trajectory. The first of three main powered phases was terminated by booster engine cutoff (BECO) at 22 h 25 min 35.5 s. After the Atlas booster engine package was jettisoned 3 s later, the flight continued under the power of the Atlas sustainer engine and guided by the Centaur guidance system operating in a closed-loop mode.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 218-224
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A historic account of the activities of the Satellite OD Group during the MM'71 mission is given along with an assessment of the accuracy of the determined orbit of the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Preflight study results are reviewed, and the major error sources described. Tracking and data fitting strategy actually used in the real time operations is itemized, and Deep Space Network data available for orbit fitting during the mission and the auxiliary information used by the navigation team are described. A detailed orbit fitting history of the first four revolutions of the satellite orbit of Mariner 9 is presented, with emphasis on the convergence problems and the delivered solution for the first orbit trim maneuver. Also included are a solution accuracy summary, the history of the spacecraft orbit osculating elements, the results of verifying the radio solutions with TV imaging data, and a summary of the normal points generated for the relativity experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 119-192
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The logistical aspects of orbit determination (OD) in the interplanetary phase of the Mariner Mars 1971 mission are described and the working arrangements for the OD personnel, both within the Navigation Team and with outside groups are given. Various types of data used in the OD process are presented along with sources of the data. Functional descriptions of the individual elements of the OD software and brief sketches of their modes of operation are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 20-118
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  • 32
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Orbital photographic documentation of lava flow in the southwestern Mare Imbrium by Apollo 17 are introduced. A detailed photogeologic evaluation of these flows and their role in mare volcanism of the Eratosthenian age in the basin is included. Special attention was given to the source of phase 3, the youngest lava flows.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 33
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Relationships between volcanic and structural features along the southern edge of Mare Serenitatis as determined from low angle lighting in Apollo 17 photographs are discussed. Observational summaries are given of: (1) contact relations between the dark border material and the central mare fill, (2) a late stage lava flow with associated cinder cones, and (3) certain structural features related to the development of the mare basin and its associated volcanic landforms. A chronologic summary is given of volcanic and structural events believed to be critical to understanding the development of Mare Serenitatis.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Relative flux ages were determined for 110 areas on parts of Serenitatis, Vaporum, and Imbrium, using Apollo 17 metric photographs. The crater-morphology technique for determining relative ages is described. It is concluded that these maria formed over an interval of 1.5 billion years, extending from 3.7 to 2.2 billion years ago.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 35
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Apollo 17 metric photographs provide the best available coverage for geologic interpretation of northern Mare Crisium and the northern Crisium basin. One region in particular, between Alhazen Crater and longitude 66 E, had previously been covered very poorly. The Apollo 17 photographs provide excellent monoscopic as well as stereoscopic viewing because of the favorably low sun illuminations (15 deg to 49 deg). These new photographic data allow the geology of the basin, the mare, and other nearby terrains to be reevaluated. This reexamination, together with data from continuing moon-wide photogeologic studies and analyses of returned rocks from Apollo landing sites, has produced a simple evolutionary picture of the region, expressed by fewer map units and explained by fewer basic processes than previously thought necessary.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 36
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The visual observations of the lunar surface from the command module of the Apollo 17 flight are presented. Detailed descriptions of the observation sites are given.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 32 p
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  • 37
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Apollo command module heat shield windows were examined for meteoroid impacts to obtain information about (1) the flux of meteoroids with masses of 10 to the -7th g and less, (2) dynamic and physical properties of meteoroids, and (3) correlations with lunar-rock-crater studies. The results of examining Apollo 17, and nine prior Apollo windows are tabulated. The window exposure time, number of impacts, crater diameter, flux, energy, and mass are shown.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The four basic data products from the ALSE are sounding, profiling, imaging, and noise measurements. Attention was concentrated on the first three products, and both theory and preliminary results are presented. Background information is presented on the experiment and on the data products. Preliminary examples of the types of analyses that can be performed and the conclusions to which they can lead are included. Preliminary analysis of the data for subsurface features was successful in indicating with a high probability the capability of the ALSE to achieve its fundamental goal of substrate sounding. The imagery and profiling data are useful immediately for geologic interpretation, as demonstrated.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 26 p
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The test equipment installed during the Apollo 17 flight to conduct the lunar ejecta and meteorites (LEAM) investigation is described. The LEAM experiment intercepts ejecta particles created by meteoroid impact on the lunar surface and records information useful in establishing the history of the moon. The deployment of the system in the Taurus-Littrow area and the method for controlling the equipment are explained. The effects of lunar surface temperatures on the operation of the sensors are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 40
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the variations in the lunar gravitational field near the trajectory of orbiting space vehicles (the command and service module (CSM) and the small particles and fields subsatellites ejected from the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft). New information has been obtained from all Apollo orbiting spacecraft; however, this report shall be limited to the results from the Apollo 17 CSM and the Apollo 16 subsatellite. The data acquired are precise speed measurements of the orbiting spacecraft from which accelerations or gravity profiles may be inferred. Feature resolution is controlled by the spacecraft altitude and is almost a direct relationship (i.e., data taken from a 50-km altitude will resolve approximately a 50-km feature). Therefore, revolutions 3 to 12, when the CSM was in the low-altitude orbits, provided the clearest information.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The primary goal of the traverse gravimeter experiment (TGE) was to make relative gravity measurements at a number of sites in the Apollo 17 landing area and to use these measurements to obtain information about the geological substructure. A secondary goal was to obtain the value of the gravity at the landing site relative to an accurately known value on earth. Both these goals were successfully achieved by the experiment. A gravity tie has been obtained between the Taurus-Littrow landing site and the earth with an estimated accuracy of approximately 5 mgal. Relative gravity measurements that can be used to infer the substructure of the area have been obtained at stations visited during each period of extravehicular activity (EVA).
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The surface electrical properties (SEP) experiment was used to explore the subsurface material of the Apollo 17 landing site by means of electromagnetic radiation. The experiment was designed to detect electrical layering, discrete scattering bodies, and the possible presence of water. From the analysis of the data, it was expected that values of the electrical properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent) of lunar material in situ would be obtained. The basic principle of the SEP experiment is interferometry. This principle involves only the interference of two or more waves to produce an interference pattern. The inversion of the interference pattern in terms of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties is the basic aim of the experiment (fig. 15-1). The experiment is most easily understood in terms of a single dipole antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy and a loop receiver for measuring the magnitudes of the fields.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 43
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The heat flow experiment conducted during the Apollo 17 flight in the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The concept of the experiment is based on the direct measurement of the vertical flow of heat through the regolith. The measurement is made far enough below the surface so that the time-varying heat flow resulting from the very large diurnal variations of the surface temperature is small as compared with the flow from the interior. The equipment used for the experiment is described and illustrated. Graphs are developed to present the results of heat flow and surface temperature measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 24 p
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The geological characteristics of the Taurus-Littrow region in the mountainous southeastern ring of the great plain of the Mare Serenitatis are presented. The major geologically defined units within the valley and the mountains surrounding it were examined during the Apollo 17 mission. The data obtained during the geological analysis are presented. Photographs of the significant formations are included. The specific nature of the rock formations and the stratigraphy of the area are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 21 p
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A geological investigation of the Apollo 17 lunar landing site was conducted. The Taurus-Littrow valley is interpreted as a deep graben formed by structural adjustment of lunar crustal material to the Serenitatis impact. Materials of the valley fill were sampled at many stations. Ejecta around many craters on the valley floor consist of basalt, showing that the graben was partly filled by lava flows. The geological objectives of the Apollo 17 mission are divided into orbital and lunar surface data collection. The data obtained for both types of investigation are presented in tables, photographs, and drawings.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 91 p
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  • 46
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are summarized. The basic objective of the mission was to sample basin-rim highland material and adjacent mare material and to investigate the geological evolutionary relationship between these two major units. The lunar experiments which were conducted include: (1) lunar field geology, (2) surface electrical experiments, (3) lunar traverse gravimeter experiments, (4) lunar seismic profiling experiment, (5) lunar ejecta and meteorites experiment, (6) analysis of lunar atmosphere composition, and (7) heat flow experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 47
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are discussed. The scientific objectives included geological surveying and sampling of materials and surface features in a preselected area of the Taurus-Littrow region, deploying and activating surface experiments, and conducting inflight experiments and photographic tasks during lunar orbit and transearth coast. The individual Apollo 17 experiments and photographic tasks are presented in outline form. Charts are developed to show the major mission events and data collection periods correlated to Greenwich Mean Time and ground elapsed time. Maps of the lunar surface ground track envelope for the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft for revolutions one to seventy-five is shown.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 48
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are briefly described. The characteristics of the Taurus-Littrow region landing site are analyzed. The experiments conducted to analyze the composition of the lunar surface are reported. The extent to which the results of the Apollo 17 experiments confirmed theories concerning lunar seismology, thermal characteristics, presence of radioactive materials, and origin of the moon is developed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 49
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: An analysis of the lunar samples returned by Apollo 17 was conducted to determine the petrographic characteristics. A table listing all the rocks returned by Apollo 17 by sample number, weight, and rock type is presented. Photographs of lunar samples are included to show the variety of rocks returned. Lunar soils were collected to aid in characterizing the four major photogeologic units determined by preflight studies. Tables are developed to show grain size and grain type for the lunar soils. Radiographs of the drive tubes are interpreted to show the formations existing at various depths below the lunar surface.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 46 p
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  • 50
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Ground-based observations have established that impulsive extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flashes occur during solar flares, in close association with hard X-ray bursts and certain impulsive portions of the optical flare. The energy flux radiated in the 10 to 1030 Angstroms wavelength range exceeds that in hard X-rays (greater than or equal to 10 keV) by about 100,000, and is roughly comparable to the energy flux radiated at all optical wavelengths. In this paper our current knowledge of EUV flare radiation and ground-based observations of the radiations are reviewed. Several hypotheses are proposed about the interrelation between impulsive EUV emissions and other flare radiations, their spatial location, and association with magnetic fields.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 242-261
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  • 51
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Mariner 9 orbital operations and extended mission events are discussed. Spacecraft observations for standard mapping and sun and earth occultations are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 631-636
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: A preliminary albedo map of the Martian south polar region in stereographic projection was prepared mainly from mission test video system (MTVS) prints before rectified and gridded prints were received, but some adjustments were made to conform with a semi-controlled photomosaic. Wherever possible, use also was made of crater coordinates. Two versions of the map are presented: one with a coordinate grid overlay and one without it. The precision of the coordinates is generally within 1 deg in latitude and the corresponding are in longitude. The maps show both the albedo markings and, with subdued contrast, the craters and topographic features that are necessary to locate the former. The map covers the range of latitudes from - 65 deg to the south pole.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 625-629
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  • 53
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Simultaneous acquisition of geodetic, cartographic, geologic, and other scientific data on Mars from Mariner 9 required extensive modification of conventional methods of mapping. Preliminary evaluation of all data simultaneously generated an inordinately large number of interim cartographic products for a final cartographic atlas of Mars. The selection of the scales at which Mars would be mapped, the projections to be used, and the way the planet would be divided into quadrangles was based on the resolution of Mariner 9 pictures and upon the resources available over the lifetime of the Mariner Mars 1971 Project.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1973 Proj., Vol. 4; p 609-623
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  • 54
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Preliminary Mariner 9 map products were based on computed aerocentric coordinates at the point where the optic path intercepts a spherical reference figure for Mars. The intercept point on a reference ellipsoid would in general have slightly different values of radius, latitude, and longitude. For near-vertical viewing used for mapping, these differences are on the order of 0.1 in latitude and longitude, which is negligible compared to the uncertainties of the initial uncontrolled mosaics and maps.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 575-585
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Radio occultation measurements from Mariner 9 orbits around Mars show that the radius of Mars changes by only about 2 km from a latitude of 65 deg to the north pole, that the north polar area is about average in elevation, and that polar temperature profiles are indicative of the possibility that the remnant north polar cap may be at least partially composed of water ice. It is also found that Mars, in addition to being asymmetrical equatorially, is also significantly asymmetrical in the north and south direction with the Southern Hemisphere lying 3 to 4 km higher. Temperature gradients in the clear Martian atmosphere of only about one-half of the adiabatic gradients of 5 deg K/km suggest the importance of dynamical processes.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 473-494
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: A set of ephemerides due to Mariner 9 normal points was created and used in conjunction with radar range time delay measurements to improve the range residuals in planetary gravity field measurements. In addition to the ephemeris of Mars, the Mariner 9 spacecraft data have also affected the geocentric ephemeris of Venus, producing changes up to 5 km in range.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 465-470
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: When the Mariner 9 spacecraft passed behind Mars in its orbiting phase, the radio beam was cut off by some physical feature. These occultations occurred during the months of November and December 1971 and again in April and May 1972. The fairly good global spread of these data was used to estimate the shape of the Martian globe, as definable by mathematical shapes (ellipsoidal and spherical harmonic). The refraction profiles allowed the estimation of pressure near the occultation point; these, corrected back to an arbitrary fixed value of pressure, chosen to be 6.1 mb, were used as radii to an isobaric surface. Preliminary results showed a figure displacement from the mass center with a best fit southeast by 2.85 km. There was also an equatorial displacement in the direction of about 100 deg W. Atmospheric approximations for the mass center to 6.1-mb pressure distances were fit to an ellipsoid.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 495-498
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Because of the large systematic errors that accompany the conversion of spacecraft ranging data to equivalent Earth-Mars time delays, the corresponding determination of gamma does not now allow the predictions of general relativity to be distinguished from those of the Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory with the fraction s of scalar field admixture being 0.06. The uncertainty in the determination of (1 plus gamma)/2 at the present stage of the Mariner 9 data analysis is at about the 10% level. The ephemeris of Mars suffers from the same problem: Only with the elimination of a major fraction of the systematic errors affecting the Mariner 9 pseudo observables will a truly substantial improvement be possible in the determination of the orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 453-464
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  • 59
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The procedure which has been chosen to accomplish a reduction of the Mariner 9 tracking data makes use of Doppler data over relatively short arcs of about one to nine orbital revolutions to determine the orbit of the spacecraft about Mars. Next, with the knowledge of the Mars-centered orbit, it is possible to use the range data to the spacecraft to determine the distance between the center of earth and the center of Mars for each short interval of tracking data. These reduced range measurements between the centers of the two planets make up the basic data for the relativity test.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 431-451
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The purpose of the analyses performed is to investigate the Mariner 9 superior conjunction range and Doppler data in order to determine the values for the relativity and solar corona time-delay parameters. This approach is complementary to the long arc normal point approach. The two methods of analysis differ insofar as: (1) This analysis investigates a much shorter arc of data. (2) This procedure deals directly with the Mariner 9 Doppler and range data; therefore it avoids the intermediate step involved in constructing pseudo-data. It is complementary to the reduction of the normal point data because it relies upon the generation of an Earth-Mars ephemeris, which is determined from the analysis of normal points as well as past optical and radar data.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 423-430
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The spherical harmonic coefficients in the gravity field of Mars are determined using a two stage filtering process. In the first stage, a weighted least squares orbit determination processor is applied to Mariner 9 Doppler tracking data to estimate Kepler elements and rates. In the second stage, the Kepler element rates are used as input to another weighted least squares processor that estimates gravity coefficients using the Lagrange perturbation equations. The novelty in this method is the fitting of element rates rather than the elements themselves. This procedure decouples the results from the effects of internal spacecraft dynamics.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 401-406
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: A radio tracking subsystem is reported in which the critical elements are the frequency standard and its distribution subsystem, as they ultimately limit the accuracy of both range and Doppler measurements. A rubidium vapor standard serves as the primary reference. After frequency multiplication to S-band and additional amplification, the carrier is transmitted to the spacecraft where a phase-locked receiver-transmitter system filters the signal, introduces a slight frequency shift, and retransmits it to the ground. Doppler is measured by comparing the received frequency with that being transmitted.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 407-414
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The relativity test is based on Mariner 9 tracking data acquired by the Deep Space Network. These data consist of two types of measurements: (1) two-way frequency difference (Doppler) measurements that are proportional to the tracking station-spacecraft range rate, and (2) signal round trip time-delay measurements that are proportional to the station-spacecraft range. A data compression scheme has been employed to alleviate accuracy and cost difficulties by (1) using the Doppler data to solve for the spacecraft orbit and to relate spacecraft position to the center of mass of Mars; and (2) combining this result with the station-spacecraft range measurements to obtain measurements of the Earth-Mars distance, called normal points, that contain all of the information pertinent to a detailed knowledge of the Earth-Mars motion.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 415-412
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Short arc reduction of satellite Mars tracking data shows that: (1) There is one large gravity high covering the region of Nix Olympica and the three peaks to the east (about 110 deg longitude). It has an amplitude of 50 milligals at 2200-km altitude and implies a surface mass anomaly times greater than any on earth; (2) there are no large negative gravity anomalies comparable to the positive; and (3) the large 3000-km canyon seems to originate in a gravity high and end in a gravity low.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 393-400
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  • 65
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: There are two main objectives in the Mars gravity field analysis. The first is to generate a picture of the gravity field which can be used in conjunction with other types of data to elucidate the interior, surface structure, and history of Mars. The second is to aid the orbit determination aspect of the relativity experiment. In an effort to extract from the data a Mars gravity model of reasonable fidelity, various spherical harmonic models have been made. A parallel effort using a surface mass representation involves the differentiation of Doppler residuals for acceleration contours.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 389-391
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: It is possible to model the ultraviolet terminator observations of Mariner 9 either with a homogeneous atmosphere or with a scattering layer in addition to a homogeneous atmosphere. The characteristic shape of the twilight intensity variation is dependent on the latitude of observation. Observations north of 55N require a homogeneous model. Twilight measurements south of 55N indicate that a scattering layer may be a general Martian occurrence, at least in the evening. The day-to-day surveillance of the Martian terminator during the first 216 Mariner 9 revolutions indicates haze formation in the evening, and its continued presence until early morning is a daily occurrence in mid-latitudes up to 50N.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 339-353
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The results of the preliminary analysis of the Mariner 9 radiometer data are: (1) Gross thermal characteristics of Mars agreed qualitatively with those observed in 1969: (2) a dust storm changed the thermal picture of Mars radically with average dayside temperatures lower by about 20K than without the dust storm; (3) over large-scale physiographic visual features, no univocal correlation between albedo and thermal inertia seems to exist, and (4) surface particle sizes derived from observed thermal inertias vary between 0.006 cm and 0.5 cm.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 315-338
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The infrared spectroscopy experiment on Mariner 9 obtained data over much of Mars. Interpretation of the thermal emission of Mars in terms of atmospheric temperatures, wind fields and dynamics, surface temperatures, surface pressure and topography, mineral composition, and minor atmospheric constituents including isotopic ratios, as well as a search for unexpected phenomena are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 299-314
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Layered deposits in the Martian polar regions are interpreted as accumulations of dust derived from atmospheric suspensions. Depressed and eroded terrains of the equatorial region are considered to be the principal sources of dust. A depositional model based on polar precipitation of dust predicts the formation of a vast, dome-shaped, featureless plateau underlain by layered deposits and occupying most of the area of annual frost cover. The rates of accumulation of dust and water ice in the polar regions have been estimated on the basis of atmospheric conditions in the present era. The analysis indicates an accumulation time of about 500 x 1 million years for the layered deposits and the presence of significant quantities of water ice in the deposits beneath the perennial cap.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 259-278
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  • 70
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: One of the most important findings of the Mariner 9 mission was the existence of a set of apparent stacked layers in both the north and south polar regions of Mars. The total thickness of the laminated terrain is approximately several kilometers. Because the Martian atmosphere is composed largely of CO2 and because the frost point of CO2 is known to be reached in both polar regions, it has been assumed that the volatiles in the bright laminae are in appreciable part condensed CO2, although condensed H2O, and a CO2-H2O clathrate are also possible. As long as the ratio of CO2 to H2O is large, the physical properties will be dominated by the CO2.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 279-281
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  • 71
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Photographic evidence suggests that many topographic features of the polar regions of Mars may have been sculptured by wind action. In the case of the pitted terrain, this is established by relating the orientations of elongate basins and grooves to patterns of albedo markings that are generally accepted to be wind-formed. Small-scale flutes and other textures of laminated terrain recognized outside the perennial ice cap in the south polar region are also attributed to eolian action. Winds flowing off the polar cap and spiraling toward the west seem to be responsible. More speculatively the large-scale circumpolar features which underlie the residual polar caps may be related to wind erosion. Rotational motion localized on circular segments of the perennial frost deposits are proposed as a mechanism.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 235-246
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Mariner 9 observations of time variable Martian dark areas and semi-tone areas are commonly resolved into streaks and splotches caused by sand storm particles. Bright streaks are formed by the smaller particles and require exceptionally high velocities for their formation as compared with the more easily saltated larger particles in dark streak areas.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 179-217
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  • 73
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: Many similarities between Martian and lunar multi-ringed basins are outlined. There is a similar relation between basin size and number of rings; the second ring seems to appear in the crater-basin continuum in roughly the same diameter range. The similarities are tentatively considered great enough to indicate that Martian and lunar basins were formed by the same process. Morphological and statistical studies of lunar basins have strongly indicated this process to be impact.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 89-102
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  • 74
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: One of the earliest and most significant of the Mariner 9 results was the recognition of prominent volcanic features on Mars. The volcanic features have a markedly asymmetric distribution. The planet can be roughly divided into two hemispheres. One includes nearly all the central volcanic features and the sparsely cratered plains; the other, for the most part, is densely cratered terrain, superficially resembling the lunar highlands.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 43-61
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  • 75
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: A generalized geologic map of Mars has been constructed largely on the basis of differences in the topography of the surface. A number of topographic features on Mars whose form is highly diagnostic of their origin are shown. Of particular note are the shield volcanoes and lava plains. In some areas, the original features have been considerably modified by subsequent erosional and tectonic processes. These have not, however, resulted in homogenization of the planet's surface, but rather have emphasized its variegated character by leaving a characteristic imprint in specific areas. The topography of the planet, therefore, lends itself well to remote geologic interpretation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 21-26
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  • 76
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Infrared interferometric spectra obtained by Nimbus-4 instrumentation are analyzed for the spectral properties of cloud brightness temperatures as a function of wave number. It is shown that cloud-top altitude determination can be corrected for emissions from lower levels in the cloud if an estimate can be made of the particle density. Brightness temperature in the 700 to 950 wave number region can be used to estimate cloud number density.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 201-204
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  • 77
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Missions to comets are outlined that form the basis for a new program to send a space probe to a comet. Simple flythroughs of the comet head will provide information about the composition of the ionized and neutral particles that make up the cometary atmosphere and on effects of solar-wind interaction with the comet. Projected are missions to the comets Grigg-Skjellerup, Encke, and Halley.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 153-157
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  • 78
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Observations of two recent bright comets, comet Bennet and comet Tago-Sato-Kosaka by a 91 centimeter telescope are reported. Results of monochromatic isophotes of the comets comas within 10,000 to 100,000 kilometers of their nuclei provide a spatial distribution of radicals, ions, and dust.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 148-152
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  • 79
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Reaction rate characteristics of interstellar matter were studied by the reaction of hydrogen cyanide and molecular hydrogen at about 1000 K at an HCN to H2 ratio of 1 to 100 to simulate the large excess of cosmic hydrogen. It was found that HCN decays with a half life of about 20 hours and that a large surface increases the reaction rate as a function of temperature. Reaction rates may be considerable increased by energetic processes that produce free radicals and ions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 136-141
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Positive metallic ions have been measured in the earth's atmosphere between 85 and 120 km, during the period of the beta Taurids meteor shower, which is associated with Comet Encke. The ions originate during and following ablation of extraterrestrial debris by the earth's atmosphere. The enhancement of metal ion density during meteor showers is primary evidence for their extraterrestrial origin. The present results were obtained from a rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 142-147
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  • 81
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Studies on returned lunar samples are reported that emphasize the origin of the various lunar rocks. A heterogeneous accretion model and an igneous differention model are formulated and considered for the following three types of rocks: the iron rich basalts filling the mare basins; the KREEP basalts in Mare Imbrium and Oceanus Procellarum; and the anorthositic suite of the highlands.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 123-126
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  • 82
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Spectral experiments on Mars Orbiter show that solar energy is absorbed by the planet and its atmosphere and eventually re-emitted in the infrared as thermal emission. The majority of the radiances at the north polar Mars area follows very closely the radiance from a black body of about 145 degrees kelvin, which indicates a frozen CO2 surface; the south polar region radiance indicates a temperature inversion in the atmosphere, and the emission of atmospheric dust as well as emissions from frozen CO2.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 113-122
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Recent lunar and planetary oriented satellite missions are reviewed as are in situ measurements of magnetic fields, plasmas, and energetic particles in the earth's environment and in the sun's environment in heliocentric space. The detection of a planetary magnetic field on Mars is reported.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 107-112
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  • 84
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Ultraviolet interstellar polarization measurements in the direction of Zed Ophiuchi by rocket-borne scanning spectrophotometer are reported. The spectrophotometer was calibrated by a beam of polarized light. Plotted percent polarization against inverse wavelength in microns shows that polarization is running around 1.5 percent for this star, which is consistent with the visual observation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 96-99
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Far-infrared observations of the interstellar medium are reported by a balloon-borne telescope. With the 30-centimeter (12-in.) telescope operating at a wavelength of 100 microns, approximately forty new sources were observed in the galactic plane and in the large Magellanic Cloud. Patterns and some degree of understanding are beginning to emerge from the observations of objects in the far infrared.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 100-103
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  • 86
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Spectrographic scans for sulfur doublet intensity in the Orion nebula show that electron density decreases from about 15,000 down to about 1500 electrons per cubic centimeter within a few minutes of arc in both directions from the maximum. There appears to be small-scale structure in the electron density, with variations by a factor of two very common. Satisfactory agreement is obtained for electron density values derived from the oxygen doublet as well as from the sulfur doublet.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 92-95
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  • 87
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: A hydrodynamic model of a star consisting of a helium shell and a hydrogen-rich shell overlying a hard core is proposed in order to find out what causes the ejection of stellar mass with low velocities that form planetary nebulae. Observations indicate that a planetary nebula is composed of hydrogen-rich material, while the remaining remnant of the star is of helium or heavier material.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 82-84
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  • 88
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: UV photometric observations of the eclipsing variable CW Cephei by orbiting OAO-2 instrument package reveal the binary to be a system in an active stage of evolution, with evidence for stellar mass loss or mass exchange.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 79-81
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: The ultraviolet spectrogram of delta Scorpii is analyzed for its interstellar molecular hydrogen signatures. Plots of the measured relative flux as a function of wavelength show the positions of the hydrogen lines in the Lyman and Werner bands. In general, each observed band is composed of transitions arising from the lowest rotational level and the first excited rotational level of the ground state, and of a single transition arising from the J = 1 level of the ground state only. Column densities of H2 molecules as well as cloud temperature are deduced.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 85-87
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  • 90
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: The study of stars and other astronomical objects by means of radiation emitted in the range of 1,000 to 10,000 A is considered. Spectrum classification, astrophysical observations, distribution in space and physical properties of celestial objects are used to develop a view of the formation and evolution of the universe.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 71-75
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  • 91
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: A rocket-borne multilayer multianode proportional counter observation of Cas A and Tycho supernovae remnants shows no evidence for periodic emissions in the period range from 1 millisecond to 13 seconds. Comparison of inferred incident photon spectra and electromagnetic flux intensity as a function of energy rules out simple synchrotron or isothermal models for both Cas A and Tycho. It is concluded that there must still be a contemporary source of energy in the source region to connect the radio and X-ray emission from these remnants.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 12-15
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  • 92
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: A survey of our own galaxy and neighboring galaxies using X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays is outlined. High energy astrophysic results suggest the presence of a new acceleration mechanism where the inflow of matter on collapsed objects seems to be one of the sources of complex time variations in binary systems.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 7-8
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  • 93
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A review of the recent developments in lunar science summarizing the most important lunar findings and the known restraints on the theories of lunar evolution is presented. Lunar geophysics is discussed in sections dealing with the figure of the moon, mascons, and the lunar thermal regime; recent seismic studies and magnetic results are reported. The chemical data on materials taken from lunar orbit are analyzed, and the lunar geology is discussed. Special attention is accorded the subject of minerology, reflecting the information obtained from lunar samples of both mare and nonmare origin. A tentative timetable of lunar events is proposed, and the problem of the moon's origin is briefly treated.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 94
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The present work maintains that the Apollo moon data substantiate the fission theory of the origin of the moon. It has been objected to this theory that prior to fission, the total mass and angular momentum of the earth-moon system would have to be greater than the present total of the earth and the moon, which would imply that angular momentum must have been lost since the fission. The present work states that this loss of momentum can be accounted for by the subsequent boiling off of a large amount of the original lunar mass. This would also mean that the moon ought to be greatly impoverished in volatiles, which it, indeed, is according to Apollo data. It is suggested that at one time the solar system was a binary star, namely, the sun and Jupiter. Successive fissions of Jupiter would have created other planets, which themselves could undergo fission, producing satellites.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Science and Public Affairs; 29; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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  • 95
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A highly accurate reflection model has been developed which emphasizes efficiency of computer calculation. It is assumed that the heating of the irradiated star must depend upon the following properties of the irradiating star: (1) effective temperature; (2) apparent area as seen from a point on the surface of the irradiated star; (3) limb darkening; and (4) zenith distance of the apparent centre as seen from a point on the surface of the irradiated star. The algorithm eliminates the need to integrate over the irradiating star while providing a highly accurate representation of the integrated bolometric flux, even for gravitationally distorted stars.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 164
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Alfven wave excited by a long cylindrical satellite moving with a constant velocity at an angle relative to a uniform magnetic field has been calculated. Assuming a plasma with infinite conductivity, the linearized momentum equation and Maxwell's equations are applied to a cylindrical satellite carrying a variable current. The induced magnetic field is determined, and it is shown that the Alfven disturbance zone is of limited extent, depending on the satellite shape. The wave drag coefficient is calculated and shown to be small compared to the induction drag coefficient at all altitudes considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Journal of the Astronautical Sciences; 21; Sept
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Gehrels (1967), investigating the direction of Vesta's pole, found that his light curves exhibited two distinct maxima. An analysis of all available light curves over the period from 1950 to 1973 shows that Vesta has a true period of 10h40m58s.84 (+ or - 0s.01 p.e.) with two maxima and two minima. Vesta's rotation is direct. The shape is that of a spheroid, with one diameter exceeding the other two by roughly 15%, and with an apparent shape irregularity near the south pole.-
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astronomical Journal; 78; Dec. 197
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  • 98
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The study of the origin of life question is related to the comparative study of the planets in our solar systems and in fact the universe as a whole. Data relevant to the origin of life is being accumulated from the earth, planets, stars and interstellar space. A variety of spacecraft and earth based techniques are being used to provide this data.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Space Life Sciences; 4; Sept
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  • 99
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Total carbon, sulfur, and inorganic gas release studies have been carried out on an additional split of orange soil 74220. The total carbon content was found to be 4 plus or minus 3 ppm C for this sample as compared to an earlier reported value of 100 plus or minus 10 ppm C. Gas release studies on the two splits of 74220 indicate that the carbon may be present as a surface condensate on the sample showing the higher carbon content. The 'surface condensate' evolves CO2 upon heating to temperatures below 400 C.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 20; 3, No; Nov. 197
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  • 100
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Four W Ursae Majoris-type binaries were investigated using the simple model of blackbody solid spheres. Numerical computations were carried out for the rotationally broadened profiles of spectral lines Sr II (4077.7) and Ca I (4226.7) and the mean radial velocities. These mean velocities at different phases outside eclipses were compared with sinusoidal values of the radial velocity curve for point masses. Within the present accuracy of observations, the reflection effect is small and may be neglected in the analysis of radial velocity curves.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Acta Astronomica; 23; 3, 19; 1973
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