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  • 1
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    Interplanetary orbit determination (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A general description of the Viking interplanetary orbit determination activity extending from launch to Mars encounter is given. The emphasis is on the technical fundamentals of the problem, basic strategies and data types used, quantitative results, and specific conclusions derived from the inflight experience. Special attention is given to the use of the spacecraft-based optical measurements and their first application as a principal navigational data type for an interplanetary mission. The optical-based orbit determination, in fact, was the primary contributor to the exceptional interplanetary navigation accuracy experienced by both Viking missions. The Viking application of optical orbit determination relied in large part on the technology developed and demonstrated by the Mariner 9 Optical Navigation Demonstration.
    Keywords: LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Viking Navigation; p 48-108
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Interplanetary orbit determination (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The logistical aspects of orbit determination (OD) in the interplanetary phase of the Mariner Mars 1971 mission are described and the working arrangements for the OD personnel, both within the Navigation Team and with outside groups are given. Various types of data used in the OD process are presented along with sources of the data. Functional descriptions of the individual elements of the OD software and brief sketches of their modes of operation are provided.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 20-118
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  • 3
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    Interplanetary approach optical navigation with applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of optical data from onboard television cameras for the navigation of interplanetary spacecraft during the planet approach phase is investigated. Three optical data types were studied: the planet limb with auxiliary celestial references, the satellite-star, and the planet-star two-camera methods. Analysis and modelling issues related to the nature and information content of the optical methods were examined. Dynamic and measurement system modelling, data sequence design, measurement extraction, model estimation and orbit determination, as relating optical navigation, are discussed, and the various error sources were analyzed. The methodology developed was applied to the Mariner 9 and the Viking Mars missions. Navigation accuracies were evaluated at the control and knowledge points, with particular emphasis devoted to the combined use of radio and optical data. A parametric probability analysis technique was developed to evaluate navigation performance as a function of system reliabilities.
    Keywords: ASTRODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157291 , JPL-PUB-78-40
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Viewing Phobos and Deimos for navigating Mariner 9. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A new on-board optical navigation data technique has been successfully demonstrated on Mariner 9. Science TV pictures of Phobos and Deimos against star fields were used in the real time navigation process to insert Mariner 9 into orbit about Mars. Real time and post flight evaluation results have shown that the satellite/star data taken by Mariner 9 was more accurate than preflight analysis indicated. In fact the orbital insertion phase of the mission could have been achieved using only optical data to determine encounter parameters. The use of a science TV camera to obtain this data was successfully demonstrated. Stars as dim as 9th magnitude were detected and measurement accuracies of 3 arc sec (1 sigma) were achieved. The success of the optical navigation techniques developed for Mariner 9 has placed a new class of demanding missions (e.g., multiple outer planet, satellite tour, etc) within realized navigation capability.
    Keywords: NAVIGATION
    Type: AIAA PAPER 72-927 , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and American Astronautical Society, Astrodynamics Conference, Palo Alto; Sept. 11-12, 1972; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 5
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    Mariner IX optical navigation using Mars lit limb (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Optical spacecraft navigation data, i.e., the lit limb TV image of Mars, acquired during the approach phase of the Mariner IX spacecraft to Mars, has been successfully demonstrated to augment the radio spacecraft tracking data. Accurate in-flight calibration of the TV instrument and the scan platform was performed by referencing stars and planets. Simulated real-time processing and the detailed postflight analyses of the onboard optical data have shown that planet limb data is an important data source in a far-encounter period for which other types of onboard optical measurements, e.g., natural satellite(s) of the target planet with star background, may not be available.
    Keywords: NAVIGATION
    Type: AIAA PAPER 73-251
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Mariner Mars 1971 optical navigation demonstration (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of using a combination of spacecraft-based optical data and earth-based Doppler data to perform near-real-time approach navigation was demonstrated by the Mariner Mars 71 Project. The important findings, conclusions, and recommendations are documented. A summary along with publications and papers giving additional details on the objectives of the demonstration are provided. Instrument calibration and performance as well as navigation and science results are reported.
    Keywords: NAVIGATION
    Type: NASA-CR-138453 , JPL-TM-33-683
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of optical data for Mars approach navigation. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Investigation of several optical data types which can be obtained from science and engineering instruments normally aboard interplanetary spacecraft. TV cameras are assumed to view planets or satellites and stars for celestial references. Also, spacecraft attitude sensors are assumed to yield celestial references. The investigation of approach phases of typical Mars missions showed that the navigation accuracy was greatly enhanced with the addition of optical data to radio data. Viewing stars and the planet Mars was found most advantageous ten days before Mars encounter, and viewing Deimos or Phobos and stars was most advantageous within ten days of encounter.
    Keywords: NAVIGATION
    Type: Institute of Navigation, Annual Meeting, 28th, U.S. Military Academy; Jun 27, 1972 - Jun 29, 1972; West Point, NY
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  • 8
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    The determination of the interplanetary orbits of Vikings 1 and 2 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A description is presented of the navigation-related events of the Viking Mars mission. Orbit determination system fundamentals are discussed, taking into account the trajectory models, observation models, radio data models, range considerations, optical data models, filter models, the orbit determination process, critical orbit determination inputs, and orbit determination errors. Attention is also given to questions of orbit determination strategy, orbit determination results, optical measurements processing, aspects of approach orbit determination evaluation, and the orbit determination software system.
    Keywords: SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
    Type: AIAA PAPER 77-71 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 24, 1977 - Jan 26, 1977; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
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