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  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,353)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (2,353)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1973  (2,353)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (2,353)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 infrared scanning radiometer (ISR) experiment for mapping lunar surface thermal emission is reported. The instrument, lunar surface coverage, and the data obtained are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: On the Apollo 17 mission, a miniature mass spectrometer, called the lunar atmospheric composition experiment (LACE), was carried to the moon as part of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP) to study the composition of and variation in the lunar atmosphere. The instrument was successfully deployed in the Taurus-Littrow valley with its entrance aperture oriented upward to intercept and measure the downward flux of gases at the lunar surface. Initial activation of the LACE instrument occurred on December 27, 1972, approximately 50 hr after sunset, and operation continued throughout the first lunar night. Sunrise brought a high background gas level and necessitated discontinuing operation during lunar daytime except for a brief check near noon. Near sunset, operation was resumed and continued throughout the night. This sequence was repeated for the second and third lunations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Atmospheric electricity must be considered in the design, transportation, and operation of aerospace vehicles. The effect of the atmosphere as an insulator and conductor of high voltage electricity, at various atmospheric pressures, must also be considered. The vehicle can be protected as follows: (1) By insuring that all metallic sections are connected by electrical bonding so that the current flow from a lightning stroke is conducted over the skin without any gaps where sparking would occur or current would be carried inside; (2) by protecting buildings and other structures on the ground with a system of lightning rods and wires over the outside to carry the lightning stroke into the ground; (3) by providing a zone of protection for launch complexes; (4) by providing protection devices in critical circuits; (5) by using systems which have no single failure mode; and (6) by appropriate shielding of units sensitive to electromagnetic radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 28 p
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Earth viewing space missions offer exciting new possibilities in several earth resources disciplines - geography, hydrology, agriculture, geology, and oceanography, to name a few. A most useful tool in planning experiments and applying space technology to earth observation is a statistical description of atmospheric parameters. Four dimensional atmospheric models and a world wide cloud model are used to produce atmospheric attenuation models to predict degradation effects for all classes of sensors for application to earth sensing experiments from spaceborne platforms. To insure maximum utility and application of these products, the development of an interaction model of microwave energy and atmospheric variables provides a complete description of the effects of atmospheric moisture upon microwaves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 21 p
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: An elastic plate model is used to describe the origin of intermediate and deep earthquakes. It is shown that the earth is covered by about eight tectonic plates that have relative motions; along plate boundary lines, one plate thrusting under the other, causes deflection and buckling of the elastic plate structure in regions of maximum curvature that may trigger earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 220-223
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Tracking of the Beacon Explorer-C satellite by a precision laser system was used to measure the polar motion and solid earth tide. The tidal perturbation of satellite latitude is plotted as variation in maximum latitude in seconds of arc on earth's surface as a function of the date, and polar motion is shown by plotting the variation in latitude of the laser in seconds of arc along the earth's surface as a function of date
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 216-219
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: A computer program was developed for the calculation of a goid based upon a combination of satellite and surface gravity data. A detailed gravimetric geoid of North America, the North Atlantic, Eurasia, and Australia was derived by using this program.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 212-215
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Satellite applications in earth and ocean dynamic studies are considered for: earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation; prediction of general ocean circulation, surface currents, and heat transport; monitoring of transient phenomena of the ocean surface, such as sea state and wave conditions, wind-surface interactions and storm searches; and refinement of the global geoid, the gravity and magnetic fields of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 211
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Diurnal temperature variations in the upper atmosphere are caused by heating resulting from the absorption of solar energy by ozone near the stratopause and by water vapor in the troposphere. Theoretical temperature variations given as a function of time and height show a discrepancy for the maximum temperature variation. A comprehensive set of acoustic grande soundings establish phase changes with altitude in agreement with the theory although times of maximum and minimum are not aligned at all altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 205-208
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Atmospheric radiation models and methods of computing radiation effects are reported that are important both in the meteorological and Earth Resources Satellite programs. Results of using them to compute the atmospheric effects on just the ERTS observations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 193-195
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Medium resolution infrared radiometer observations at the 6.7 micrometer and the 11 micrometer regions by satellite during the maximum intensification phase of hurricane Camille show increasing black body temperatures near the center. This is attributed to increased upward vertical motion in the interior of the cyclone, which is an indication of rapid intensification.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 196-200
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Spectral signatures of phytoplankton and other obscuring effects are considered in order to determine how to best use satellite data. The results of this study were then used to analyze the spectral data obtained from the ERTS-1 multispectral scanner (MSS). The analyzed satellite data were finally compared with surface ship measurements of chlorophyll concentration. It was found that the effects of water turbidity on the multispectral imagery can be discriminated by rationing the two shortest wavelength channels so that the effect of phytoplankton is enhanced.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 190-192
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Remote sensing by ERTS-1 provides overlapping coverage on sequential days of dynamic changes in Arctic Sea ice and allows for route planning of shipping in the polar region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 182-186
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The applicability of multispectral ERTS-1 imagery to polar ice detection, local current effects, map corrections, relative lake depth measurements, and estimates of ice breakup is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 178-181
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: An overview is given of research and development activities at the Laboratory for Meteorology and Earth Sciences. Highlights of satellite techniques in earth observation missions and projects are outlined, as are remote sensing methods by aircraft overflights; most noteworthy among these is the development of multispectral scanners that monitor both the reflected infrared solar radiation and the emitted terrestrial radiation. The application of observations to the survey of environmental conditions and resource management is emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 161-177
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  • 16
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of theories and observations of current sheets in the magnetosphere, emphasizing the magnetopause and tail current sheets. Theoretical models of the magnetopause current sheet can be divided into two types: specular reflection and fluid models containing no external magnetic field, and models with an interplanetary/magnetosheath magnetic field. Our understanding of the first type is much better than of the second, although magnetospheric observations indicate that the external magnetic field plays an important role. Most of the theoretical models of the tail current sheet attempt to arrive at an understanding of the reconnection process or start with the assumption that reconnection is important. Observations are reviewed and implications for the models are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 17
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that the fields of velocity, eddy viscosity, potential temperature, and specific humidity in a planetary boundary layer are decoupled by the introduction of a free parameter, Q, which combines the effects of thermal and humidity stratification. Solutions of the whole system are shown to be obtainable by the method of trial and error on Q. Results show good agreement when both the thermal and humidity stratification are accounted for.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 101; Aug. 197
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  • 19
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the magnetospheric morphology, using the method of the Delta B topology, where Delta B is the difference between the observed and a reference field. It is confirmed that Delta B continuously decreases inward to close distances from the earth at all local times. Extrapolating the statistical relation between Dst at the ground and the equatorial Delta B obtained from OGO-5 near perigee, it is shown that Dst is 54 gammas, when Delta B is zero at approximately 2 to 3 earth radii. Conversely, for a magnetically quiet condition as defined by Dst = 0, the average equatorial Delta B at these distances is -45 gammas. These results demonstrate the significance of the effects of the magnetospheric equatorial current that exists even at quiet times. A preliminary study of inclination shows that the field lines on the dusk side are more stretched out than on the dawn side. A comparison of declination on both sides indicates that the bending of the field lines toward the tail is greater near dusk than near dawn. These results suggest an appreciable dawn-dusk asymmetry in the configuration of the inner magnetospheric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 21
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recently, Svalgaard and Heppner reported two separate features of the polar electromagnetic field that correlate with the dawn-dusk component of the interplanetary magnetic field. This work attempts to explain these findings in terms of properties of the open magnetosphere. The topology and qualitative properties of the open magnetosphere are first studied by means of a simple model, consisting of a dipole in a constant field. Many such properties are found to depend on the separation line, a curve connecting neutral points and separating different field line regimes. In the simple model it turns out that the electric field in the central polar cap tends to point from dawn to dusk for a wide variety of external fields, but, near the boundary of the polar cap, electric equipotentials are deformed into crescents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A computer program is developed which predicts the vertical distribution of an absorbing species in an isotropically-scattering, finite planetary atmosphere from measurements of the upwelling band radiance determined by a vertically traversing 2-channel radiometer. Comparison is made with experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the altitude profile of electron temperature in the ionospheric D region with the aid of a symmetric double probe flown on a Nike-Cajun payload launched on Oct. 13, 1971. The procedure for determining the electron temperature from the parameters of the double probe's current-voltage characteristic under conditions of nonnegligible ion-atom collision frequencies is described. It is shown that in its first lower ionospheric application the technique of the symmetric double probe has yielded the lowest values of electron temperature yet measured and has provided the very first direct measurement of electron temperature in the D region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the temperature-density phase anomaly on the basis of a quasi-three-dimensional model in which the thermosphere dynamics associated with wind circulation is considered in a self-consistent form. Included in this analysis are the first three harmonics, which involve nonlinear coupling between diurnal and semidiurnal tides. It is shown that the phase anomaly with exospheric temperature peaks near 1600 LT and mass density peaks between 1400 and 1445 LT can be reproduced in a self-consistent theory without invoking ad hoc assumptions and boundary conditions that would mask the physical processes to be explored. A number of factors and processes are found to contribute to the phase anomaly, including the semidiurnal and particularly the terdiurnal components, heat advection, diffusion, and energy coupling with the lower atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 25
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The fundamental physical and chemical processes in an idealized planetary ionosphere are considered as a general abstraction, with actual planetary ionospheres representing special cases. After describing the structure of the neutral atmospheres (the barosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere) and noting the principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres, a detailed study is made of the thermal structure of these ionospheres and of the chemical processes and plasma-transport processes occurring in them. The features of equilibrium and realistic models of planetary ionospheres are discussed, and an attempt is made to determine the extent of these ionospheres. Considering the ionosphere as a plasma, a plasma kinetic approach is developed for determining the effects of interactions between individual particles and waves in this plasma. The use of remote-sensing radio techniques and direct measurement or in situ techniques is discussed. Finally, the observed properties of the ionospheres of the Earth, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter are reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The meaning and characteristics of basic and average convection (i.e., electric field) patterns are described. The continuous existence of the basic convection pattern argues against treating magnetic field merging mechanisms as the fundamental cause of magnetospheric convection. However, whether related to merging or to some other mechanism, interplanetary magnetic field conditions significantly modulate the distribution, magnitudes, and boundaries of the convection pattern. A previous correlation between azimuthal angles of the interplanetary magnetic field and asymmetries in polar cap electric field distributions as seen by OGO-6 is reviewed. A new approach is taken to reveal correlations with the north-south angle and magnitude of the interplanetary field as well as additional features which correlate with the azimuthal angle. Both significant correlations and conditions which show a lack of correlation are found. Several aspects of the correlations appear to be particularly important.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations, from the Apollo 16 Spacecraft, in lunar orbit, of the total radiance of the K + F corona, from 3 to 55 solar radii are presented and discussed. The logarithmic slope of the K + F coronal radiance, at distances greater than 20 solar radii, is found to be n equals 1.93, slightly less steep than previous determinations. The photometric axis of the radiance is found to be displaced 3 plus or minus 1 deg north of the ecliptic, at distances greater than 20 solar radii, and this displacement is interpreted as an annual variation due to non-coincidence of the ecliptic and the symmetry axis of the zodiacal cloud.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 28
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetic hysteresis loops and the derived hysteresis ratios R sub H and R sub I are used to classify the various natural dilute magnetic materials. R sub I is the ratio of saturation isothermal remanence (I sub R) to saturation (I sub S) magnetization, and R sub H is the ratio of remanent coercive force (H sub R) to coercive force (H sub C). The R sub H and R sub I values depend on grain size, the characteristics of separate size modes in mixtures of grains of high and low coercivity, and the packing characteristics. Both R sub H and R sub I are affected by thermochemical alterations of the ferromagnetic fraction. Hysteresis loop constriction is observed in lunar samples, chondrite meteorites, and thermochemically altered basaltic rocks, and is due to mixtures of components of high and low coercivity. Discrete ranges of R sub H and R sub I for terrestrial and lunar samples and for chondrite meteorites provide for a classification of these natural materials based on their hysteresis properties.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 20; 1, Se; Sept
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ultraviolet earth radiance data from the backscatter ultraviolet experiment on Nimbus 4 have been inverted to infer ozone profiles using a single Rayleigh scattering model. Two methods of solution give essentially the same results. Comparison of these profiles with simultaneous rocket sounding data shows satisfactory agreement at low and middle latitudes. Vertical cross-sections of ozone mixing ratio along the orbital tracks indicate that while the gross characteristics of the ozone field above 10 mb are under photochemical control, the influence of atmospheric motions can be found up to the 4 mb level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some of the procedures and results of the double monochromator and colinear photometer Nimbus-4 satellite experiment that measures ultraviolet terrestrial radiance, Lambert reflectivity of the lower boundary of the scattering atmosphere, and extraterrestrial solar irradiance. The experiment has produced nearly three years of almost continuous data which are being used to infer the high-level ozone distribution and total ozone on a global basis. The high-level ozone data have been verified by independent coincident rocket ozone soundings, and the total ozone values show good agreement with Dobson spectrophotometer determinations. An increase has been observed in equatorial radiance at 2550 A relative to 2900 A, which seems to indicate that the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere is related to the eleven-year solar cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent Jimsphere/Jimsonde measurements of tropospheric temperature profile spectra in the wavelength band from 50 to 2000 meters above the atmospheric boundary layer, taken over Cape Kennedy, Florida, are summarized. The results suggest that the spectra can be represented in the nondimensional form (omega sub g/sigma sub w)phi(k)/sigma sub T squared = S(K), where phi(k) is the temperature profile spectrum at wave number k, omega sub g is the Brunt-Vasala frequency, sigma sub w and sigma sub T denote the standard deviations of the vertical velocity and temperature profiles, and S is a universal function of nondimensional wave number K = k sigma sub w/omega sub g.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 20
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Since May 1970, personnel on several campuses of the University of California have been conducting investigations which seek to determine the usefulness of modern remote sensing techniques for studying various components of California's earth resources complex. Emphasis has been given to California's water resources as exemplified by the Feather River project and other aspects of the California Water Plan. This study is designed to consider in detail the supply, demand, and impact relationships. The specific geographic areas studied are the Feather River drainage in northern California, the Chino-Riverside Basin and Imperial Valley areas in southern California, and selected portions of the west side of San Joaquin Valley in central California. An analysis is also given on how an effective benefit-cost study of remote sensing in relation to California's water resources might best be made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The areas of focus of the Santa Barbara and Riverside groups in conducting water demand studies are the central and southern California regional test sites, respectively. Within each test site, sub-areas have been selected for use in the making of detailed investigations. Within each of these sub-areas an in-depth evaluation is being made as to the capability of remote sensing systems to provide pertinent data relative to water demand phenomena. These more limited sub-areas are: (1) Kern County and the San Joaquin Basin; (2) Chino-Riverside Basin; and (3) the Imperial Valley. Rational for the selection of these subareas included the following: Much of the previous remote sensing research had been conducted in these areas and therefore a great deal of remote sensing imagery and pertinent ground truth for the areas was already available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 71 p
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The primary test site for water supply investigations continues to be the Feather River watershed in northeastern California. This test site includes all of the area draining into and including the Oroville Reservoir. The principal effort is to determine the extent to which remote sensing techniques, when properly employed, can provide information useful to those persons concerned with the management and planning of lands and facilities for the production of water, using the Oroville Reservoir and the California Water Project as the focus for the study. In particular, emphasis is being placed on determining the cost effectiveness of information derived through remote sensing as compared with that currently being derived through more conventional means.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 110 p
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The barium cloud injection deep into the magnetosphere of Sept. 21, 1971, has revealed that the quiet-time near-equatorial nightside magnetic field is significantly different from that predicted by existing quite-time models. The influence of currents flowing on or near the geomagnetic equator gives the field a more tail-like structure at a distance as close as 5 earth radii. Several models have been tried out to obtain a best fit to the experimental observations of the shape of the field-aligned ion cloud. Although this method does not lead to a unique solution, the most acceptable option emerging from this analysis is a quiet-time tilted image-dipole model with a Williams-Mead tail field and a disclike ring current on the geomagnetic equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reviews the optical data obtained by NASA in the joint NASA-MPE experiment conducted on September 21, 1971, involving the release of a barium cloud at an altitude of about 31,500 km over Colombia, South America. The data indicated an anomalously high rate of elongation and an unexpectedly large rate of deceleration of the main core of the ion cloud. The outermost striational features achieved a steady velocity within a few minutes, thus indicating that they had acquired the velocity of the ambient plasma. From the observed drift of these striations, one deduces an electric field that, when referred to a coordinate system rotating with the earth, has a meridional component directed toward the interior of the magnetic loop of 0.14 mV/m and a component perpendicular to the meridional plane of 0.15 mV/m directed to the west.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Amplitudes and phases for the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of thermospheric molecular nitrogen density and temperature are determined from data obtained by six rocket-launched thermosphere probes. The semidiurnal tide is significant for the lower thermosphere variations, where it could dominate in the N2 density at 140 km and in the temperature for altitudes between 170 and 200 km. At exospheric heights, the magnitudes of the semidiurnal modes in density and temperature are significantly smaller than those of the diurnal mode. The temperature phase is height-dependent in both diurnal and semidiurnal components below 200 km, thus contributing to phase differences between N2 density and temperature in both modes. No significant phase differences are apparent between N2 density and thermospheric temperature above 250 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The atomic oxygen emission line at 6300 A as measured in the nadir direction by a photometer on the polar-orbiting satellite Ogo 4 has been plotted between 40 deg N and 40 deg S latitude on a series of maps for the moon-free periods between Aug. 30, 1967, and Jan. 10, 1968. Readily apparent are the longitudinal and local time variations that occur during the northern fall-winter season. The northern tropical arc is more widespread; the southern arc is not present at all longitudes. The arcs in early evening are strong and distinct, separated by very low emission rates at the magnetic equator. The arcs lie generally along magnetic parallels, move toward the magnetic equator as the night progresses, and, in the early morning hours, decrease in emission rate and degenerate into patches.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 39
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photoelectric observations are reported of two occultations of Jupiter's satellite Europa by the satellite Io. The reductions in the intensity during these events exceeds predicted values by 80% and 55% for the nights of June 17, 1973, and June 24, 1973, respectively. It is concluded that Europa has a bright polar cap extending from the north pole to latitude 30 deg. The light curves for the Europa occultations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 244; Aug. 31
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is given for obtaining exact analytical solutions for wind-driven currents in a shallow lake or sea with a large class of bottom topographies which may or may not contain an island. Welander's second-order partial differential equation for the lake's surface displacement is used for determining the lake circulation. The technique, together with some results based on conformal mapping, is used to reduce the problem of finding solutions to Welander's equation for a closed body of water to the problem of solving an ordinary differential equation. The method is applied to an elliptically shaped lake and a circular lake containing an eccentrically located circular island.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics; 26; Aug. 197
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous rocket measurements of electric field and optical aurora during a weak PCA event are presented. The aurora consisted of faint structures superposed on a homogeneous glow, and on-board photometers showed that the rocket passed through two discrete auroral forms. These enhanced auroral emissions coincided with variations in the dc electric field and an increase in the ac field. A detailed comparison between electric fields and optical emissions shows that the relation is quite complex. The results are compared with earlier electric field and optical auroral measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 35; Oct. 197
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Numerical calculations for the electric current in the polar ionosphere have been made by assuming some realistic distributions of the electric field and conductivity. Two dynamo actions are taken into account; one of which is induced by ionospheric winds and the other by the solar wind. For the solar wind dynamo action, it is found that the secondary polarization field caused by nonuniform distribution of ionospheric conductivity is much larger than the primary field induced by the solar wind, suggesting its important effect on charged particles in the magnetosphere, and that the irrotational current having a source and sink is of the same order of magnitude as the solenoidal current closing its circuit in the ionosphere. It is also found that the solar wind is, in general, more effective than the ionospheric winds in producing polar current systems such as DP 1 and 2, but in some cases the ionospheric winds have a significant effect on the current distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Aug. 197
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A photochemical model with vertical transport is employed to compute profiles of CO, CH4, CH3, CH2, CHO, CH2O, CH3O, CH3O2, and CH4O2 from 10- to 90-km altitude. The upper boundary condition is taken as diffusive equilibrium at 120 km, and the lower boundary condition as chemical equilibrium or a flux condition at 10 km. The results are in reasonable agreement with observations and with the results of other model studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 20
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent high-resolution observations by Reynolds, Roesler, and Scherb identify the low-intensity nighttime H-alpha and H-beta emission components that originate in the geocorona. They suggest that a Balmer-line-producing mechanism such as the one proposed by Kondo and Kupperian is perhaps responsible for generating the H-alpha and H-beta components of the geocorona. A theoretical calculation was performed using this model in which the geocorona hydrogen is excited through collision with the electrons. The results agree well with the observed intensity ratio, H-alpha/H-beta = 4 to 5. Other consequences of this excitation mechanism are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of magnetic field variations and proton energy densities on Explorer 45 during the double magnetic storm of Dec. 16 through 19, 1971. Data are given for the magnetic signature of the ring current and for the proton ring current up to distances of 5.24 earth radii. Diagrams are included for orbits 99, 101, 102, and 103.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Model calculations are made to explain the behavior of the potential of a pair of symmetrical floating probes used for the measurement of dc electric fields inside the plasmapause on the S3-A satellite launched on Nov. 15, 1971, into an eccentric orbit. Data representing the behavior of three regions of the plasmapause on and around Dec. 17, 1971, are discussed. The behavior of the plasmapause is found to be generally similar to that determined by previous observations involving variable magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the energy spectra and pitch angle distributions of ring current protons observed with the solid-state proton detector of Explorer 45 during the main and fast recovery phases of a storm on Dec. 17, 1971. Appearances of characteristic changes in the pitch angle distributions of roughly 100-eV protons are interpreted as pitch angle dispersion of rapidly injected protons during their azimuthal drift at L values above 5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Proton density energy distributions during two magnetic storms on Dec. 16 and 18, 1971, are derived from proton detector data of the S3-A satellite and are analyzed to show the contrast in the ring current developments during the two events. Ground magnetograms are also used in the analysis to show the magnetic field variations during the storms. Satellite orbits 97 through 103 are covered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from several Isis-2 spacecraft passes are described in which the 6300-A atomic oxygen red line photometer mapped intensity steps resembling the predawn enhancement. Comparison with the electron density measured at the spacecraft indicates a plasmapause influence on the 6300-A emission rate, in that the intensity varies roughly inversely with the electron density at 1400 km. A simple calculation demonstrates the idea that field line opacity differences for photoelectrons are significant across the plasmapause. The measured electron temperatures are inadequate to account for the 6300-A excitation, thus confirming that it must arise from another mechanism.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron temperatures that would be determined (using the conventional single-temperature analysis) by the electrostatic probe, the diffuse resonance, and the radar backscatter techniques in an isotropic two-temperature plasma are presented. Plasma models corresponding to the addition of a minor component of energetic electrons and models corresponding to a process that cools a fraction of the ionospheric electrons are considered. The diffuse resonance temperature is found to lie between the probe and radar backscatter temperatures. The isotropic models corresponding to the addition of energetic electrons cannot support the reported discrepancies between radio wave and probe electron temperature measurements. Temperature differences similar to the observed differences can be produced by models with a fraction of the electrons at a temperature cooler than that of the main component of electrons. These models, however, are difficult to explain in terms of present understanding of the ionospheric plasma.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; July 197
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; July 197
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The EOLE experiment with 480 constant-volume balloons distributed over the Southern Hemisphere approximately at the 200-mb level, has provided a unique, highly accurate set of tracer trajectories in the general westerly circulation. The trajectories of neighboring balloons are analyzed to estimate the horizontal divergence from the Lagrangian derivative of the area of one cluster. The variance of the divergence estimates results from two almost comparable effects: the true divergence of the horizontal flow and eddy diffusion due to small-scale, two-dimensional turbulence. Taking this into account, the rms divergence is found to be of the order of 0.00001 per sec and decreases logarithmically with cluster size. This scale dependence is shown to be consistent with the quasi-geostrophic turbulence model of the general circulation in midlatitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; July 197
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 244; July 13
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An airborne laser fluorosensor for the detection of algae in the sea has been developed. The system transmits dye laser radiation at 590 nm and monitors the fluorescent emission at 685 nm from chlorophyll-a bearing microorganisms. The system was successfully flown over the test areas of Lake Ontario and Chesapeake Bay. The device is sensitive to a fraction of mg/cu-M chlorophyll-a density in the water from an altitude of 30 m.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; July 197
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: During an investigation of C-13 NMR shifts and the structural correspondence of pentacyclic triterpenes a C-13 NMR study was conducted on one of the most abundant components of the hexane soluble fraction of oil shale bitumen of the Green River formation. A rigorous proof was derived exclusively from C-13 NMR data for the structure of the important triterpenoid fossil molecule. It was established that the structure of the isolated triterpane was 17alpha(H) hopane.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 242; Apr. 27
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Raman scattering by SO2 in an electrical generating plant stack plume has been observed using an optical radar system. Good qualitative agreement is evident between SO2 backscatter intensity and the plant's electrical power output.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 22; Apr. 15
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aerometric studies concerning the level of atmospheric mercury were conducted at a number of sites in Iceland during June and July 1972. Samples from widely separated locations yielded Hg concentrations well above the range commonly cited for unpolluted air. Atmospheric mercury may be introduced in part by degassing fluid magmas. However, the release from fine ash could also serve as a vehicle. It is pointed out that from the mid-17th century to the present, Iceland has recorded nearly 50 volcanic eruptions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 241; Feb. 23
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the simulation studies intended to provide information to planners of the First Garp Global Experiment (FGGE) on the capabilities of alternative systems for meeting specific FGGE requirements. Following a description of the method and of the FGGE observing system the objectives of, and the limitations on, the FGGE simulation studies are defined. A discussion of data insertion procedures, specific experiments, and recent and future studies concludes the review.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 54
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of the space shuttle and of spacelab in earth resources surveys is reviewed. Advantages for viewing earth resources from space are summarized and research and development requirements are dealt with. Man's role in spacelab and shuttle operations is discussed and flight schedules are tabulated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO The Implications for European Space Programmes of the Possibilities of Manned Missions, 4; 15 p
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: At typical protonospheric electron densities the electron mean free path is sufficiently long so that the coefficient of thermal conductivity is no longer given by Spitzer's expression. The effect on the temperature profile of using the corrected expression for conductivity is investigated. The corrected thermal conduction coefficient is density-dependent and has a more complicated temperature dependence than the coefficient applicable to higher density plasmas. The results indicate that the effect is not negligible even under quiet conditions and at low latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 29; Jan
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Resonance phenomena have been observed in swept frequency experiments carried out on two mother-daughter Nike-Tomahawk rocket flights at auroral latitudes. The experimental method is briefly described and characteristic samples of the results are presented. A possible interpretation of some main resonances is offered, involving cold plasma cone resonances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO European Sounding-Rocket and Related Res. at High Latitudes; p 69-75
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Grumman Ecosystems Corp. ERTS-1 Virgin Islands Expt. 589. Determine Boundaries of ERTS and Aircraft Data Within Which Useful Water Quality Information Can Be Obtained; 71 p
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Remote sensing applications to agriculture in the areas of: (1) general land use mapping and stratification, (2) identification, and inventory of distinct crops, and (3) detection of stress conditions and other factors affecting crop yields are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mich. State Univ. Proc. of the Conf. of Pract. Appl. of Remote Sensing; p 42-43
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of remote sensing techniques in forestry studies is investigated. In particular, inventory, monitoring, detection, and management are discussed. Data show that infrared imagery appears to be the best technique for forestry studies. Data also show that color photographs are more easily interpreted than black and white ones.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mich. State Univ. Proc. of the Conf. on Pract. Appl. of Remote Sensing; p 40-41
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of STAR a computer project designed to provide urban planners with needed information rapidly and accurately. Particular attention was given to planning for the New Orleans area. Attempts were also made to analyze interactive effects of urban problems and predict their effects on each other.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mich. State Univ. Proc. of the Conf. on Pract. Appl. of Remote Sensing; p 19-20
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The usefulness of remote sensing in urban planning and development relative to social and economic factors as well as physical factors is examined. Particular attention was given to environmental quality assessment and land use problems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mich. State Univ. Proc. of the Conf. on Pract. Appl. of Remote Sensing; p 9-18
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of using remote sensing techniques for land use and environmental assessment in the Norfolk-Portsmouth area is discussed. Data cover the use of high altitude aircraft and satellite remote sensing data for: (1) identifying various heirarchial levels of land use, (2) monitoring land use changes for repetitive basis, (3) assessing the impact of competing land uses, and (4) identifying areas of potential environmental deterioration. High altitude aircraft photographs (scale 1:120,000) acquired in 1959, 1970, and 1972, plus Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) color composite images acquired in 1972 were used for the land use and environmental assessments. The high altitude aircraft photography, as expected, was successfully used to map Level 1, Level 2, as well as some urban Level 3 land use categories. However, the detail of land use analysis obtainable from the ERTS imagery exceeded the expectations for the U.S. Geological Survey's land use classification scheme. Study results are consistent with the initial investigation which determined Level 1 land use change to be 16.7 square km per year.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mich. State Univ. Proc. of the Conf. on Pract. Appl. of Remote Sensing; p 21-35
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Forty eight selected bibliographic references dealing with the remote sensing of the environment are given. Emphasis was placed on data that deal with fundamental aspects and principles of the technique.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mich. State Univ. Proc. of the Conf. on Pract. Appl. of Remote Sensing; p 3-6
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A determination of the composition of the earth's atmosphere obtained from onboard radiometer measurements of the spectra emitted from the bow shock layer of a high-speed entry probe is reported. The N2, O2, CO2, and noble gas concentrations in the earth's atmosphere were determined to good accuracy by this technique. The results demonstrate unequivocally the feasibility of determining the composition of an unknown planetary atmosphere by means of a multichannel radiometer viewing optical emission from the heated atmospheric gases in the region between the bow shock wave and the vehicle surface. The spectral locations in this experiment were preselected to enable the observation of CN violet, N2(+) first negative and atomic oxygen emission at 3870, 3910, and 7775 A, respectively. The atmospheric gases were heated and compressed by the shock wave to a peak temperature of about 6100 K and a corresponding pressure of 0.4 atm. Complete descriptions of the data analysis technique and the onboard radiometer and its calibration are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 13; Sept
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The question of whether correlation or anticorrelation should occur is complex and depends on many factors, e.g., the internal impedance of the source; the Pedersen conductivity, which in turn is dependent on the incident energy of the precipitated particles; whether space charge can build up; and the magnitude of the incoming flux. Data are presented from a case in which an anticorrelation between auroral particles and electric fields is especially striking. The data were obtained from a Nike Tomahawk launched from the Norwegian rocket range at Andoya. The experiments carried are described briefly. The data support the anticorrelation model as one mechanism that can affect the electric field strength in auroral regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; July 1
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: By using a wide-angle photomultiplier system a class of millisecond time scale diffuse atmospheric light emission of terrestrial origin has been discovered. These fast atmospheric pulsation events also show damped oscillations around 10-kHz frequency, which distinguishes them from ordinary lightning-type events. Evidence is presented for the enhancement in the rate of these events induced by solar flare activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 1
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This is a preliminary but comprehensive report on coordinated data obtained with the ISIS-II spacecraft, fourth in the ISIS series, launched 1 April 1971, into a near circular 1400 km orbit. The capabilities of the ISIS-I spacecraft have been extended in a number of ways, including the global mapping of the 3914, 5577 and 6300 A emissions. Data obtained during a 30-min pass over the south pole depict the nightside oval and polar cap, as well as mid-latitude airglow effects; these data are described and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; May 1973
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; Mar. 197
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  • 75
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The positive nitrogen peroxide ion is discussed as an ionic constituent of the lower ionosphere in the light of recently observed concentrations at altitudes between 87.8 and 93.2 km. Photoionization and charge exchange reactions appear to be insufficient to account for the positive nitrogen peroxide ion concentration observed at 90 km. A possible alternative reaction is proposed, and its implications are briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Mar. 1
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Mar. 1
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Jan. 10
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ion measurements from the Explorer 31 satellite were used to determine the angular distribution of ions around the satellite. The ion distributions were compared with the electron distributions measured on the same satellite. It is shown that the electron currents (fluxes) in the wake are always larger than the ion currents for a wide domain of plasma parameters. A quantitative comparison of the ion fluxes with a neutral approximation model for the angular distribution is considered. It is found that the ion fluxes become progressively larger than the corresponding computed neutral fluxes as the angle of attack increases from 0 to 180 deg.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 35; Mar. 197
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: During each 4-min satellite interrogation period the Explorer 32 density gages measured the atmospheric density approximately every 2 sec. Over certain segments of the satellite orbit these measurements determined the neutral atmospheric density scale height. The scale heights measured at an altitude of 400 (plus or minus 50) km have been analyzed to infer thermospheric temperatures. The results confirm an earlier conclusion from the density data of the same experiment that the diurnal temperature variation is latitude dependent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Feb. 1
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron temperatures deduced from Alouette 2 diffuse resonance observations are compared with the temperatures obtained from the Alouette 2 cylindrical electrostatic probe experiment using data from five mid- to high-latitude telemetry stations. The probe temperature is consistently higher than the diffuse resonance temperature. The average difference ranged from approximately 10% to 40%, the lower values occurring at the lowest altitudes sampled (near 500 km) and at high latitudes (dip latitude greater than 55 deg) and the larger values occurring at higher altitudes and lower latitudes. The discrepancy appears to be of geophysical origin, since it is dependent on the location of the data sample. These observations support the view that the discrepancy often observed between radar backscatter and probe electron temperature is of geophysical origin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Oct. 1
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ground-based photometric measurements of spectral sky radiation have been made using a simple filter instrument. Sky radiation intensities measured in the solar vertical at 3200 and 3600 A are compared to infer total ozone. A model of a multiple scattering Rayleigh atmosphere serves as a primary reduction parameter. Spectral measurements of all-sky radiance distribution are used to study the effects of haze and clouds on the inference of total ozone. The brightness distribution of clear and overcast sky in ultraviolet is also described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: University of California activities in the development of remote sensing techniques and their application in the study of water resources within the state are summarized. It is pointed out that the summary is very lengthy due to fact that NASA had requested a dramatic reorientation of the study. For this reason it was felt that the co-investigators and other participants, need a rather detailed and systematic tabulation of the relevant facts that have been uncovered during the period since the reorientation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 20 p
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigations have continued into the possibility that significant information on stream flow rates can be obtained from aerial and satellite imagery of river meander patterns by seeking a correlation between the meander and discharge spectra of rivers. Such a correlation could provide the basis for a simple and inexpensive technique for remote sensing of the water resources of large geographical areas, eliminating the need for much hydrologic recording. The investigation of the nature of the meander and discharge spectra and their interrelationship can also contribute to a more fundamental understanding of the processes of both river meander formation and drainage of large basins. It has been found that floods decay with an inverse power law dependence on time. The exponent of this dependence varies from river to river and even from station to station along the same river. This power law time dependence makes possible the forecasting of river discharge with an uncertainty of about 5% for as long as a month following the flood peak.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 11 p
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A significant problem in the use of ERTS-1 data is the extraction of information pertinent to each application and the presentation of that information in a form most suitable to users. When the information is to be displayed for visual study by an observer, the problem can be reduced to two steps: (1) Dimensionality reduction, an objective procedure which attempts to preserve most of the ERTS-1 information in a smaller number of components. (2) Display of the reduced number of components for optimum visibility by an observer. A specific dimensionality reduction technique has been applied to ERTS-1 data for several geographical areas in California and distinct types of earth resources. In the display of the reduced number of components, consideration has to be given to properties of the human visual system and the statistics of the data to be displayed. Previous work on digital image enhancement was applied to this problem to generate color composites which contain and display most of the information provided by the ERTS-1 sensors. Results of this approach were interesting, both in terms of the small mean-square caused by the dimensionality reduction, as well as for the examples of enhanced images that have been obtained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 9 p
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following step-wise procedure for making a benefit-cost analysis of using remote sensing techniques could be used either in the limited context of California water resources, or a context as broad as the making of integrated resource surveys of the entire earth resource complex on a statewide, regional, national, or global basis. (1) Survey all data collection efforts which can be accomplished by remote sensing techniques. (2) Carefully inspect the State of California budget and the Budget of the United States Government to find annual cost of data collection efforts. (3) Decide the extent to which remote sensing can obviate each of the collection efforts. (4) Sum the annual costs of all data collection which can be equivalently accomplished through remote sensing. (5) Decide what additional data could and would be collected through remote sensing. (6) Estimate the value of this information. It is not harmful to do a benefit-cost analysis so long as its severe limitations are recalled and it is supplemented with socio-economic impact studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 88
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation has begun into the potential impact of using modern remote sensing techniques as an aid in managing, even on a day-to-day basis, the storage, flow, and delivery of water made available through the California Water Project. It is obvious that the amount of this impact depends upon the extent to which remote sensing is proven to be useful in improving predictions of both the amount of water that will be available and the amount that will be needed. It is also proposed to investigate the potential impact of remote sensing techniques as an aid in monitoring, and perhaps even in directing, changes in land use and life style being brought about through the increased availability of water in central and southern California as a result of the California Water Project. The impact of remote sensing can be of appreciable significance only if: (1) the induced changes are very substantial ones; (2) remote sensing is found, in this context, to be very useful and potentially very cost effective; and (3) resource managers adopt this new technology. Analyses will be conducted of the changing economic bases and the new land use demands resulting from increased water availability in central and southern California.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 3 p
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  • 89
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The initial expansion of a barium ion cloud release in the distant earth's magnetosphere is numerically investigated by means of a computer model with self-consistent electric and magnetic interactions. Initial conditions for the calculations are an expanding neutral cloud that is photoionized with a time constant of 20 sec. The results show that after the first 30 sec, the large fluctuations in the magnetic field and in other parameters are damped out and the magnetic field in the central region of the cloud is reduced to near zero. Also, after only 10 sec, a relatively high central ion density has developed and remains for the duration of the calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Remote sensing by the ERTS-1 satellite was compared with selected water quality parameters including pH, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water depth, water temperature, turbidity, plankton concentration, current variables, chlorophylla, total carotenoids, and species diversity of the benthic community. Strong correlation between turbidity and MSS-sensed radiance was recorded and less strong correlations between the two plankton pigments and radiance. Turbidity and benthic species diversity were highly correlated furnishing an inferential tie between an easily sensed water quality variable and a sensitive indicator of average water quality conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Grumman Ecosystems Corp. ERTS-1 Virgin Islands Expt. 589. Determine Boundaries of ERTS and Aircraft Data Within Which Useful Water Quality Information Can Be Obtained; 54 p
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  • 91
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ERTS-1 Virgin Islands Expt. 589. Determine Boundaries of ERTS and Aircraft Data Within Which Useful Water Quality Information Can Be Obtained; 42 p
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Attempts to correlate optical aircraft remote sensing of water quality with the optical data from the ERTS-1 satellite using calibrated imagery of Charlotte Amalie harbor, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands are reported. The harbor at Charlotte Amalie has a concentration of a number of factors affecting water quality: untreated sewage, land runoff, and sediment from navigation and dredging operations. Calibration procedures have been originated and applied to ERTS-1 and I2S camera imagery. The results indicate that the ERTS-1 and I2S imagery are correlated with optical in situ measurements of the harbor water. The aircraft green photographic and ERTS-1 MSS-4 bands have been found most suitable for monitoring the scattered light levels under the conditions of the investigation. The chemical parameters of the harbor water were found to be correlated to the optical properties for two stations investigated in detail. The biological properties of the harbor water (chlorophyll and carotenoids), correlate inversely with the optical data near the pollution sources compared to further away. Calibration procedures developed in this investigation were essential to the interpretation of the photographic and ERTS-1 photometric responses.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Grumman Ecosystems Corp. ERTS-1 Virgin Islands Expt. 589. Determine Boundaries of ERTS and Aircraft Data Within Which Useful Water Quality Information Can Be Obtained; 65 p
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There are two external heat sources known that oscillate with a period of half a year: (1) the solar heat input associated with the semiannual migration of the subsolar point between both hemispheres, which peaks at the equator and which is small in comparison with that in the annual component, and (2) the auroral heat input associated with the semiannual component in the occurrence of magnetic storms. An attempt is made to show that a number of apparent conflicts in the description and interpretation of the semiannual effect can be resolved by considering some of the dynamic properties of the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; July 1
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A combination of remote sensing from an aircraft and simultaneous surface measurements have confirmed the feasibility of identifying old and new sea ice according to its emission of thermal radiation at wavelengths between 0.3 and 3 cm. Emissivity of first-year thick ice with a surface temperature of about 260 K is 0.95 or greater for wavelengths between 0.81 and 11 cm; the emissivity of multiyear ice is 0.8 at 0.81 cm and 0.95 at 11 cm, increasing monotonically in this wavelength interval. The ease with which multiyear ice can be distinguished from first-year ice using a passive microwave radiometer is demonstrated by comparing mosaics prepared both from photographs and images of 1.55-cm radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 20
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An airborne differential radiometer was demonstrated to be a sensitive, real-time detector of surface chlorophyll content in water bodies. The instrument continuously measures the difference in radiance between two wavelength bands, one centered near the maximum of the blue chlorophyll a absorption region and the other at a reference wavelength outside this region. Flights were made over fresh water lakes, marine waters, and an estuary, and the results were compared with 'ground truth' measurements of chlorophyll concentration. A correlation between output signal of the differential radiometer and the chlorophyll concentration was obtained. Examples of flight data are illustrated. Simultaneous airborne measurements of chlorophyll content and water temperature revealed that variations in chlorophyll are often associated with changes in temperature. Thus, simultaneous sensing of chlorophyll and temperature provides useful information for studies of marine food production, water pollution, and physical processes such as upwelling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astronautica Acta; 18; June 197
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; May 1973
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; May 1
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the effects of atmosphere state, nadir angle, cloud amount, cloud height, and random noise on ocean surface temperature sensing from the NOAA series satellites. The results obtained include the finding that a 10% cloud cover can introduce errors that range from 0.5 K to 4 K depending on cumuloform cloud height, which makes necessary a complete cloud elimination in the analysis. A correction scheme for cloud-free conditions is developed that is essentially free of bias.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Apr. 20
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  • 99
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Barium and lithium vapors were released from sounding rockets in the thermosphere and observed from aboard a jet aircraft at an altitude of 40,000 ft. The purpose of the releases was to demonstrate the feasibility of an all-weather technique for observing chemical releases and to evaluate methods of observing daytime releases. The selected flight plan of the aircraft allowed a series of observations of the trail from two different straight line paths. Data were recorded photographically. The reduction in sky brightness at the 40,000-ft altitude as compared to the ground allows the use of a filter with a 10-A bandwidth for trail photography in the daytime. These photographs verified the calculation of the usable angular field of the narrow-band filters. Photographs of a 45-min-old trail of lithium vapor were obtained up to 20 min after sunrise at the aircraft. It is concluded that now vapor trail observations may be made during the daytime without regard to weather and logistic restrictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 35; Feb. 197
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The simultaneous time-dependent continuity equations for O(+), H(+) and He(+) in the low latitude F-region are solved. Account is taken of E x B drift, a meridional neutral wind, and ion-ion and ion-neutral drag. The calculated profiles of O(+) and H(+) concentrations at 1630 LT are in fair agreement with the observations of Hanson et al. The He(+) field-aligned velocity is almost matched to the O(+) field-aligned velocity and, above the chemical equilibrium region and around the He(+) peak, the He(+) concentration is determined largely by production and transport. There is disagreement between the theoretical vertical He(+) profile and the profile observed by Hanson et al. Satisfactory agreement is obtained with Taylor's satellite results at fixed height for O(+) and H(+). It is found that the He(+) concentration is greater in the winter hemisphere than in the summer hemisphere, even if the neutral helium distribution is symmetrical about the Equator. The He(+) results are consistent with Taylor's results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 35; Feb. 197
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