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  • General Chemistry  (1.021)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (429)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (305)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (1.942)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1972  (1.942)
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  • 1970-1974  (1.942)
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  • 1
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    Cosmic ray experiment. Part A: Composition and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray nuclei (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The GE experiment consisted of two types of detectors: plastics and glasses located in panel 2 and the lower half of panel 3. In panel 2, the entire exposed detector area of 14.7 by 22.6 cm was composed of 31 sheets of 0.025-cm polycarbonate plastic 9070-112. In panel 3, 39 sheets of 0.02-cm cellulose triacetate with no plasticizer made up the major volume fraction. The lower part of panel 3 contained five types of glass detectors. Particles that entered the array after it was folded were recognized, if they crossed from one sheet to another, by means of a 2-mm relative shift of alternate sheets.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 2
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    Composition of interplanetary particles at energies from 0.1 to 150 MeV/nucleon, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: During the Apollo 16 mission, a solar flare produced an enormous amount of low-energy nuclei, many orders of magnitude greater than the level inferred from studies of tracks in the window of the Apollo 12 spacecraft during a time when the sun was quiet. The differential energy spectrum of nuclei with Z less than or equal to 6 falls by seven orders of magnitude over the interval from 0.1 to 20 MeV/nucleon, then remains almost flat up to approximately 100 MeV/nucleon. The two parts correspond to contributions from the sun and from galactic cosmic rays. Any maximum in the spectrum occurs below the lowest energy studied.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 3
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    Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 4
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    Solar flares, the lunar surface, and gas rich meteorites (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Investigations on the Fe-group nuclei track density vs depth in lunar rocks and Surveyor 3 TV camera filter glass were critically examined considering more factors than previously. The analysis gives a firmer basis to the observation of the preferential leakage of low energy Fe nuclei from the accelerating region of the sun. The track density gradients in lunar rock 12022 and filter glass are used to determine the lunar erosion rate of 3 angstroms/yr. Track gradients are less steep than predicted from energy spectrum observed in the Surveyor glass, perhaps due to sputtering. High densities of etchable tracks were found at all depths down to 60 cm in fines from Apollo cores and also in thin sections of the Pesjanoe, Pantar, and Fayetteville gas-rich meteorites. It is felt unlikely that suprathermal heavy ions were responsible for the high track densities.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 221-226
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  • 5
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    Very heavy solar cosmic rays: Energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Particle tracks were investigated in the glass plate of a neutral density (clear flint) optical filter housed in the Surveyor 3 TV camera but exposed directly to space. The track density vs depth curve was determined and descends sharply from approximately 2.6 million tracks/sq cm at a depth of 3.6 mg/sq cm to about 35/sq cm at 700 mg/sq cm. Several tracks were of V-shapes characteristic of high energy induced fission. The erosion rate on the moon due to solar wind ions was determined from the energy spectrum, and was found to be low (0 to 2 x 10 to the minus 8th power cm/yr).
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 213-216
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  • 6
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    Solar and galactic cosmic ray exposure of Surveyor 3 as determined from cosmogenic radionuclide measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The proton-produced Na-22 content of samples of Surveyor 3 TV camera, surface sampler scoop, and other components was determined by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry. The contributions of the nine most prominent solar flares to Na-22 production were calculated to be 18 dpm/kg. The observed activity in the Surveyor 3 samples was 62 + or - dpm/kg. This indicates a galactic proton contribution of about 44 dpm/kg, which adjusted for spallation of Al gives a value of 42 dpm/kg. This is compared to measurements of 88 dpm/kg in the Lost City meteorite which had an orbit extending to 2.35 AU, with a 4 pi bombardment as compared to the 2 pi bombardment of the samples on the lunar surface. The agreement between Na-22 production in Surveyor 3 and the Lost City meteorite offers evidence that the galactic cosmic ray flux is almost the same at 1 Au and at 2.35 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 196-200
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  • 7
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    Long duration solar active regions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Nimbus 3 and 4 observations of ultraviolet active regions of the sun have been investigated. It is not clear what is producing these UV-active regions, however, it could be changes in the overall intensity of the solar continuum near the region of the temperature minimum, or the solar flux variations that have been seen could be due to a continuous type of absorption like that associated with the ionization limits of elements such as aluminum, silicon, or magnesium.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 159-163
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  • 8
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    The stability of tangential discontinuities (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Intuition regarding the stability of MHD tangential discontinuities of solar wind has been borne out by a linear stability analysis of the MHD equations. In performing the calculation, the model used had no plasma flow and thus corresponded to the solar wind rest frame. The method calculated the change in total energy, plasma plus magnetic, due to the perturbation. This type of stability analysis is analogous to the test of the stability of an equilibrium point in a mechanical potential.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 134-139
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  • 9
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    Solar wind heat flow (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The ability of a theoretical solar wind model to predict the energy flux density due to heat conduction was investigated. In order to demonstrate this capability, the analysis used simultaneous data from the electron plasma experiment of Ogilvie and Lind, and the vector magnetic field data of Heppner and Sugiura on OGO-5. On the strength of two independent, different, and consistent experimental determinations of the conduction of heat flux by electrons at 149.6 gigameters(1 AU), it was determined that the models for the solar wind must be able to predict a value for the heat conduction in the range 0.007 to 0.008 in order to be in agreement with the observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 144-148
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  • 10
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    Solar X-rays and particle acceleration (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The process of solar flare acceleration of interplanetary particles, as measured by the fifth orbiting solar observatory, is explained. Data show the acceleration proceeds in two stages: (1) particle acceleration by induced electric fields arising from annihilating magnetic fields at the beginning stages of flares, and (2) a Fermi acceleration mechanism operating in a shock front produced by the flare.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 171-175
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  • 11
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    Solar particle tracks in glass from Surveyor 3 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Samples of glass from the Surveyor 3 TV camera filter were examined for particle tracks by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrected density value is 1.7 million + or - 0.1 million tracks/sq cm, and the track density vs depth curve is determined. Comparisons with other estimated and calculated data are discussed, and lack of agreement between data sets is considered. It is felt that considerable erosion occurs, and that erosion also occurs by a flaking of small thicknesses of material, possibly caused by solar wind irradiation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 209-212
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  • 12
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    Enhanced emission of iron nuclei in solar flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: A silica glass window from Apollo 12 CM and a piece of flint glass from the Surveyor 3 camera filter were examined for Fe nuclei tracks. A large difference between observed and predicted track densitites was found. At low rigidity (or energy), the solar particle Fe/He ratio is much higher than the photospheric abundance ratio, but decreases with increasing rigidity until it approaches the photospheric value at a rigidity of about 500 MV. It is felt that the low-energy Fe tracks are of solar origin. The implications that heavy nuclei can be preferentially emitted from a source of energetic particles are discussed. Other conclusions are the following: Rocks exposed on the lunar surface for 10 million yr would accumulate about 6 x 10 to the 12th power tracks/sq cm, and the rate of radiation-induced erosion is about 10 to the -9 cm/yr. The lunar soil should contain heavily irradiated small grains, some with track densities of about 10 to the 12th power/sq cm that have flaked from radiation-damaged rock surfaces and some that were irradiated while at the top of the soil layer.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 217-220
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  • 13
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    Solar wind composition experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The Apollo 16 SWC experiment is a continuation of the earlier experiments; however, an essential change was introduced in the solar wind particle collection technique. Platinum surfaces were incorporated in the collector foil, and use was made of a layer technique for distinguishing particles of different energies and different directions of arrival. The improvements and the expanded scope of the Apollo 16 experiment, relative to the earlier SWC experiments, can be summarized as follows: elimination of possible residual dust contamination by treating the platinum foil sections with dilute hydrofluoric acid before analysis; increased accuracy of solar wind argon abundance; determination of solar wind albedo; and search for helium in the energy range above approximately 40 KeV/nucleon.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 14
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    The flare forecasting fiasco: Is everybody looking at the same sun? (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The passionate dream of the oppressed solar flare forecaster is the scientific discovery of the cause, the energy source, and the observable antecedent conditions for the solar flare. This tunnel vision has had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific search for the underlying physical mechanisms. Examples of neglected aspects of the problem cover the entire range from observing techniques and equipment to the availability and accuracy of the archived scientific data. A cursory inspection of this data leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 157-171
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  • 15
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    Solar wind rare gas analysis: Trapped solar wind helium and neon in Surveyor 3 material (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The He-4 and Ne-20 contents in sections of the Surveyor 3 support strut samples were determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and are compared to the results of the Apollo solar wind composition (SWC) experiments. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio in the samples from the sunlit side of the strut was approximately 300; the ratios determined in Apollo 12 lunar fines and SWC foil were below 100. The He-4/He-3 ratios were also determined, and the ratio obtained from Surveyor 3 material is higher than those found with Apollo 11 and 12 SWC experiments. The effects of spallation by cosmic rays or solar protons, stripping by cosmic ray or energetic solar alpha particles, recycling of solar wind He and radiogenic Ne, He from terrestrial atmosphere, mass discrimination near the moon, mass dependence of trapping probability, diffusion, and contamination by lunar dust are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 201-208
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  • 16
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    Quasi-seasonal variation in the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: The results of an investigation on the effects of earth seasonal changes on solar activity, particularly sunspots, are given. These results show corpuscular and electromagnetic activity increased during the equinoctial months. In addition the electromagnetic aspect tends to increase during the winter months. It was suggested that seasonal changes in sunspot numbers may be caused by the tidal forces and the processional torques exerted by the various planets in the solar atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 164-170
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  • 17
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    Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-30
    Beschreibung: Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind was investigated using the heating model in which fast-mode hydromagnetic waves propagate outward from below the base and deposit energy by collisionless damping. Ray paths were found by solving Hamilton's equations. As the ray propagates along its path, it will damp, supplying thermal energy to the solar wind gas. The strong agreement of these results with observations is clear indication that the primary nonthermal heat source in the solar wind is the collisionless damping of hydromagnetic waves.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 140-143
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  • 18
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    Investigation of traveler acceptance factors in short haul air carrier operations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: The development of a mathematical model for human reaction to variables involved in transportation systems is discussed. The techniques, activities, and results related to defining certain specific inputs to the model are presented. A general schematic diagram of the problem solution is developed. The application of the model to short haul air carrier operations is examined.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 211-228
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  • 19
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    Statistical accuracy of cosmic radiation neutron component recorders (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: A method is examined for calculating the error of experimental data from a standard neutron monitor with the multiplicity of neutron generation. It is shown that use of the Poisson distribution to estimate the real statistical error is inadequate. The method proposed is for analysis of low-amplitude periodicities in the cosmic-ray variations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 79-81
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  • 20
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    Ride quality research activities at NASA Langley Research Center (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Ride quality research to determine criteria to describe vehicle performance characteristics which will insure passenger comfort is discussed. The manner in which disciplines of vehicle environmental dynamics, structural dynamics, and electromechanical measurements are combined to define passenger environments is described. The activities of many governmental and private agencies in the field of passenger comfort are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 229-246
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  • 21
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    Cosmic ray variations during PCA type absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: It is shown based on data on the cosmic-ray neutron component, ionospheric soundings, and measurements of cosmic radio-emission absorption at Vostok station (Antarctica) that the ionization of the lower ionosphere increases during low intensity of Forbush-type cosmic rays. This is manifested in increased absorption and the appearance of strong sporadic layers in the E-region.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 74-77
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  • 22
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    Variations of cosmic rays associated with chromospheric flares on the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Features of the cosmic-ray variations in the geomagnetic pole region and a smooth decrease in the cosmic rays intensity as a result of increased solar activity are reported. A 66-day variation of the cosmic rays was registered, in agreement with the maximum frequency and power of solar chromospheric flares.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 113-116
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  • 23
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    Miniature biotelemeter gives multichannel wideband biomedical data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-22
    Beschreibung: A miniature biotelemeter was developed for sensing and transmitting multiple channels of biomedical data over a radio link. The design of this miniature, 10-channel, wideband (5 kHz/channel), pulse amplitude modulation/ frequency modulation biotelemeter takes advantage of modern device technology (e.g., integrated circuit operational amplifiers, complementary symmetry/metal oxide semiconductor logic, and solid state switches) and hybrid packaging techniques. The telemeter is being used to monitor 10 channels of neuron firings from specific regions of the brain in rats implanted with chronic electrodes. Design, fabrication, and testing of an engineering model biotelemeter are described.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: JPL Quarterly Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 1; p 152-166
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  • 24
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    Factors influencing public acceptance of STOL noise (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The responses of people to special noise characteristics associated with short takeoff aircraft are discussed. The findings of studies which have yielded data that may be pertinent to community acceptance of short takeoff aircraft noise are presented. A three step program to evaluate public acceptance of short takeoff aircraft noise was conducted. The three steps were: (1) definition of short takeoff aircraft noise characteristics, (2) laboratory tests to evaluate individual responses, and (3) the use of community survey data to extrapolate conventional takeoff aircraft experience.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: STOL Technol.; p 353-365
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  • 25
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    Comparison of the sensitivity to rotation of pilots and nonpilots. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Thirty-six airline pilots and 56 nonpilots were tested to determine their sensitivity to rotation. A staircase procedure was used to determine oculogyral illusion and perception of rotation thresholds, in a precision rotation device. The results indicated that (1) there were no significant differences between the two groups for either threshold measure, (2) the thresholds for the oculogyral illusion were significantly lower than the perception of rotation thresholds for both groups, and (3) changes in threshold as a function of age were minimal for 91 of the men. The validity and results of the tests are discussed with regard to the pilot's use of motion information in control tasks for aircraft and simulators.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Aerospace Medicine; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 26
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    Passenger fluid volumes measured before and after a prolonged commercial jet flight. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Interstitial and intracellular fluid volumes were calculated from measured plasma volume, extracellular volume and total body water of six subjects before and after a 24-hour commercial overseas flight. No change occurred in these spaces or in peripheral hematocrit or total serum protein concentration. The subjective feeling of dehydration and the actual swelling of the lower extremities characteristically found among passengers at the end of a long trip of this type seems to represent a shift in body fluids to the dependent portions of the body rather than water retention or a decrease in the intravascular water volume.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Aerospace Medicine; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 27
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    The effect of secondary autoionization on dielectronic recombination. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Demonstration that, during the process of dielectronic recombination, the energy of a recombined ion after a resonance capture and subsequent stabilization may still be higher than the first ionization limit. If that happens, a secondary autoionization can take place and reduce the recombination coefficient. The importance of this effect is considered for iron ions Fe(9+) to Fe(13+).
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Letters; 10; Apr. 197
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  • 28
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    Metagalactic gamma rays from relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Evaluation of gamma-ray spectra calculated for relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions at cosmological distances under the assumption of a single power-law source spectrum for the electrons. It is concluded that such spectra cannot match the form of the observed cosmic gamma-ray spectrum above 1 MeV, as has previously been suggested.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 15
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  • 29
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    Contamination threats to critical surfaces from handling and storage practices. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Review of the procedures and results of a program designed to remove the threat of sources of molecular and particulate contamination of critical optical, electrical, and mechanical elements in spacecraft. The results of recent contamination-probing thermal-vacuum tests indicate that some of the materials and practices commonly used to protect critical surfaces from molecular or particulate contamination can themselves represent significant threats. These contamination sources include clean-room and clean-tent materials, gloves, tissues, and covering or packaging materials. Mass and infrared spectral analyses of these materials and the environments and instruments exposed to them show that the contaminants are mostly plasticizers, slip or antistatic agents, and binders used in the manufacture of these products. Products of particular threat include vinyl gloves, boots, clean-tent walls, and some polyethylene sheets and bags. Techniques for reducing these threats are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 30
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    Heavy ions from interplanetary dust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Most atoms that are evaporated from interplanetary dust near the sun are quickly ionized and are probably carried away by the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind. The contribution of these heavy ions to the solar-wind flux has been estimated by using estimates of the mass required to maintain the zodiacal cloud. This contribution appears to be small compared with the heavy-ion flux of coronal origin. Many ions from dust remain singly ionized; some of these, such as Ca(+), can resonantly scatter solar radiation. The contribution of this interplanetary glow to the background of twilight glow has been estimated. Interplanetary glow may be detectable. Some atoms from dust may be accelerated by radiation pressure before being ionized. Estimates of velocities and fluxes for Fe indicate that this acceleration is not very effective.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 31
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    Explorer 35 observations of solar-wind electron density, temperature, and anisotropy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurement of the solar wind electron integral spectrum yielding electron temperatures ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 K and having an average value of 182,000 K, electron densities having an average value of 4.6 per cu cm, and electron-temperature anisotropies ranging from 1 to 1.4. The electron temperature is found to be independent of solar-wind speed over the range from 290 to 675 km/sec. Comparison of the simultaneous alignment of the local magnetic-field vector with the direction of the electron-temperature anisotropy reveals a high correlation. Necessary conditions for the fire-hose instabilities were satisfied in the electron and proton components of the solar-wind plasma immediately behind an interplanetary shock.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 32
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    A high-sensitivity search for X-rays from supernova remnants in Aquila. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A high-sensitivity scan of the galactic plane from 70 to 30 deg was performed to search for 2-20-keV X rays from supernova remnants. The spectra of five X-ray sources detected between 44 and 31 deg longitude are presented, of which only two might be associated with suggested supernova remnants. Upper limits are given for the 19 possible supernova remnants scanned.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 173; Apr. 15
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  • 33
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    Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to more than 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 (plus or minus 0.03) for protons and of -2.77 (plus or minus 0.05) for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 (plus or minus 3) at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
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  • 34
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    The use of magnetometers on balloon-borne X-ray astronomy experiments. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The use of magnetometers for azimuth determination of balloon-borne X-ray astronomy payloads is examined, with special emphasis placed on the experiments of the University of Adelaide Cosmic Ray Group. A critical evaluation is made of the effectiveness of the magnetometers, including discussion of effects due to geomagnetic field variations, magnetometer misorientation and spurious contaminant magnetic fields. Calibration techniques and details of in-flight performance are also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 35
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    Remarks about X-rays from Eta Carinae. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Two current models for Eta Carinae are discussed. It is shown that the recently observed soft X-ray flux seems to indicate a surprisingly high density for the ambient gas around Eta Carinae, and that some useful constraints on models of this object may result from X-ray observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 236; Mar. 20
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  • 36
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    Lunar fossil magnetism and perturbations of the solar wind. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Perturbations of the solar wind downstream of the moon and lying outside of the rarefaction wave that defines the diamagnetic cavity are used to define possible source regions comprised of intrinsically magnetized areas of the moon. A map of the moon is constructed showing that a model in which the sources are exposed to the grazing solar wind during the lunation yields a selenographically invariant set of regions strongly favoring the lunar highlands over the maria. An alternative model with the source due to electromagnetic induction is explored. The ages of the field sources should be consistent with those based on the basalt ages and possibly far older if the sources are connected with the formation of the highland rocks themselves. The perturbations are tentatively identified as weak shock waves, and a Mach angle in accord with nominal values for the solar wind is found.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 37
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    Search for antimatter in primary cosmic rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data from two flights of a new superconducting magnetic spectrometer are reported. This instrument was capable of a direct matter-antimatter separation in the cosmic rays. Antimatter events would appear in the spectrometer as trajectories which curve in the opposite direction to common matter, because of their negative charge. A brief description of the equipment and of the characteristics of the instrument is presented, along with the data processing techniques used. A new upper limit on the amount of antimatter in primary cosmic rays has been established. The limits are considerably lower than those for any previous experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 236; Apr. 14
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  • 38
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    Mechanism for the X-ray pulsations in Cyg X-1. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The mechanism proposed involves the occurrence of a flare in a region of high magnetic field on the surface of a star. The flare produces oscillations in the magnetic field structure. The oscillations lead to heating of the plasma in a flux tube which emits thermal radiation. The heating may be caused by magnetic pumping or particles accelerated in periodic bursts by the flare. Synchrotron radiation from high energy particles accounts for the hard X-ray emission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 235; Jan. 14
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  • 39
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    Gamma-ray absorption for a beam model of NP0532. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The model involves an assessment of the effect of beaming as indicated by the pulsations themselves rather than by assuming gamma-ray absorption by interaction with an isotropic photon field. The chief absorption process to be taken into account is that of pair production in the intense photon field. Most important is the pair production in the intense photon field which occurs during the pulse.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 235; Jan. 3
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  • 40
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    Rocket observations of solar UV radiation during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Results of observations of the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970, with photometers sensitive to narrow bands of radiation at Lyman-alpha (1216 A) and at 2600 A included in the payloads of four Nike Apache rockets flown before and during the eclipse. At the center of totality, the flux of Lyman-alpha from the solar corona is 0.15% of the flux from the unobscured sun. The flux at second contact is 0.64%; at third contact, two observations give 0.52 and 0.59%. The brightness of the chromosphere in Lyman-alpha decreases exponentially over the range from 5 to 30 arc-sec from the limb with a scale height of 3835 plus or minus 70 km. In addition to the coronal and chromospheric Lyman-alpha a diffuse source is found. This is restricted to within 20 deg of the earth's horizon and is nearly uniform in azimuth at 170 km, the flux is about 3% of that from the unobscured sun. The flux of Lyman-alpha during the eclipse is considered in relation to the observed variation in electron density. It is concluded that, in totality, the ionosphere near 80 km is not in equilibrium with the ionizing radiation and that the production rate for electrons is not negligible if the loss process is recombination; it is negligible if the loss process is attachment-like.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 41
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    Rocket observations of solar X-rays during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurement of the absorption profiles and residual fluxes of three bands of solar X-rays before and during the eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. In the bands 2 to 8 A, 8 to 20 A, and 44 to 60 A the residual flux in totality is found to be respectively 5, 7, and 16% of the flux from the uneclipsed sun. It is shown that the radiation maintaining the E-layer varies in proportion to the 44- to 60-A flux. In the D-layer, ionization by the residual flux of 2 to 8 A is less important in totality than is ionization of nitric oxide by Lyman-alpha.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 42
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    Nuclear composition and energy spectra in the 1969 April 12 solar-particle event. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurement of the charge composition for several of the multicharged nuclei and the energy spectra for hydrogen, helium, and medium (6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 9) nuclei in the Apr. 12, 1969, solar-particle event. The energy/nucleon spectral shape of the medium nuclei was again the same as that of the helium nuclei, and the ratio of these two species was consistent with the present best average of 58 plus or minus 5. By combining the results obtained here with previous work, improved estimates of the Ne/O and Mg/O values of 0.16 plus or minus 0.03 and 0.056 plus or minus 0.014, respectively, were obtained. Silicon and sulfur abundances relative to O were determined to be 0.208 plus or minus 0.008 plus or minus 0.006, respectively, and 85% confidence upper limits for Ar and Ca relative to O of 0.017 and 0.010 were obtained. Previously, these last four nuclei had only been listed as a group.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 1
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  • 43
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    Physical examinations of workers exposed to trichlorotrifluoroethane. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A group of 50 workers, exposed for an average of 2.77 years in an environment, samples of which contained from 46 to 4700 ppm of trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113), was examined. There were no subjective complaints, other than one case of dryness of the skin, referable to this occupational exposure. At this time, it is our opinion that there is no evidence of adverse effects from exposure to trichlorotrifluoroethane under the conditions encountered by these personnel. We believe that continued, periodic, follow-up examinations of these workers will be helpful in further evaluating any possible long-range effects of this material.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Archives of Environmental Health; 24; Apr. 197
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  • 44
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    An all-sky X-ray monitor for the UK-5 satellite. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An X-ray imaging system using a pin-hole camera and a position sensitive proportional counter at the image plane has been designed for an all-sky X-ray monitor for UK-5 satellite. This high-sensitivity device with real-time coverage of the entire celestial sphere would aid in programming satellite maneuvers such that transient events in the X-ray sky could be investigated in detail by the other primary satellite experiments. Discussion of design criteria for the camera geometry, the position sensitive proportional detector, and electronics to handle the data is presented in this paper.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 45
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    Biological experiments - The Viking Mars Lander. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: From the biological point of view, the Viking 1975 mission might be regarded as a test of the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis concerning the chemical evolution of living systems. Mars is a planet whose early history was probably similar to that of the earth and whose present environmental conditions may be compatible with the maintenance of living organisms. Thus, the biological experiments aboard the Viking I spacecraft are primarily concerned with the question of whether chemical evolution on Mars took place, and, if so, whether the process reached a level of complexity characteristic of replicating systems.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Icarus; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 46
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    Effects of n-dominance and group composition on task efficiency in laboratory triads. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Task-oriented triads were formed into various homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations according to their scores on the n-dominance personality trait of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Five group categories were used. The group task required a consensus decision on each trial. High cooperation and interdependence were reinforced by partially restricting the communication network. Results showed heterogeneous groups significantly better at organizing their group communication processes. They consequently performed the task more efficiently than homogeneous triads.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Organizational Behavior and Human Performance; 7; Apr. 197
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  • 47
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    External auditory canal temperature as an estimate of core temperature. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurement of rectal (T sub re), auditory canal (T sub ac), positioned 8 to 10 mm from the tympanic membrane, and mean skin temperature (mean T sub sk) in five men during various exercise regimens at an ambient temperature (T sub a) of 25 C (phase one) and in two men during rest and exercise at 5, 15, 25, and 35 C T sub a (phase two). The purpose was to determine if T sub ac can be used as an accurate estimate of core temperature. Previous observations that T sub ac was highly correlated with T sub re but T sub ac was consistently lower than T sub re are confirmed; the mean difference varied from 0.4 C at rest to 1.1 C at the end of exercise. It is concluded that auditory canal temperature cannot be utilized as an estimate of core temperature, but T sub ac may be used to estimate mean body temperature where very accurate measurements are not required.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Physiology; 32; Feb. 197
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  • 48
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    Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 49
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    Quiet-time electron increases - A measure of conditions in the outer solar system. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Discussion of a possible explanation for the increases in the intensity range of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons that McDonald et al. (1972) have labeled as 'quiet-time electron increases.' It is argued that the electrons in quiet-time increases are galactic in origin but that the observed increases are not the result of any variation in the modulation of these particles in the inner solar system. It is suggested instead that quiet-time increases may occur when more electrons than normal penetrate a modulating region that lies far beyond the orbit of the earth. The number of electrons penetrating this region may increase when field lines that have experienced an unusually large random walk in the photosphere are carried by the solar wind out to the region. As evidence of this increased random walk, it is shown that five solar rotations before most of the quiet-time increases occur there is an extended period when the amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy (measured by the Deep River neutron monitor) is relatively low. A delay time of five rotations implies that the proposed modulating region lies at about 30 AU from the sun if the average solar-wind speed is assumed to be constant at about 400 km/sec over this distance. The implications for the correlation between periods of low-amplitude diurnal anisotropy and quiet-time increases on interplanetary conditions out to about 30 AU and some possible models for the proposed modulating region are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 50
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    Automatic surface inoculation of agar trays. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Description of a machine and technique for the automatic inoculation of a plastic tray containing agar media with a culture, using either a conventional inoculation loop or a cotton swab. The design of the machine is simple, it is easy to use, and it relieves the operator from the manual task of streaking cultures. The described technique makes possible the visualization of the overall qualitative and, to some extent, quantitative relationships of various bacterial types in a sample tested.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Applied Microbiology; 24; Nov. 197
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  • 51
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    Life detection systems. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Some promising newer approaches for detecting microorganisms are discussed, giving particular attention to the integration of different methods into a single instrument. Life detection methods may be divided into biological, chemical, and cytological methods. Biological methods are based on the biological properties of assimilation, metabolism, and growth. Devices for the detection of organic materials are considered, taking into account an instrument which volatilizes, separates, and analyzes a sample sequentially. Other instrumental systems described make use of a microscope and the cytochemical staining principle.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 52
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    Observational evidence relating to a recent theory on the origin of the universal X-ray background /Research note/. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science; 16; May 1972
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  • 53
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    Search for a visible counterpart of the September 2, 1972 radio outburst in Cygnus. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 239; Oct. 23
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  • 54
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    Some characteristics of microwave type IV radio bursts and the acceleration of solar cosmic rays. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 84
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  • 55
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    Free oscillations of the sun and their possible stimulation by solar flares. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The main characteristics of free oscillations of the sun are described, and the sources and sinks of energy are estimated. Adiabatic oscillations and damping are considered. It is shown how a large solar flare can exert a significant mechanical impulse on the sun by causing a wave of compression to move subsonically into the interior. The solar interior does not easily dissipate low-amplitude acoustical energy, and therefore a relatively large fraction of the energy should remain available to go into the normal modes. An estimate is made of how this energy might be distributed among the more interesting modes.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 56
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    Observation of several X-ray sources in 1970 September. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Position and intensity measurements made with proportional counters in the 2 to 12 keV band are described. The instruments were launched from Johnson Atoll, and four scans were carried out during the 525 sec spent above 200 km. In comparing the results with the Uhuru survey, only a few differences are noted. One variable source, 2U 1908+0, was weaker. The case of the Magellanic Cloud sources is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 57
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    Upper limit of the torque of the solar wind on the earth. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An upper limit is presented for the torque exerted on the earth by the solar wind. It is found that the maximum possible torque is 3 or 4 orders of magnitude too small to be responsible for the slowing of the earth's rotation, contrary to Coleman's (1971) suggestion.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 58
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    Magnetic field structure in flare-associated solar-wind disturbances. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Review of the solar-wind disturbance models proposed by Piddington (1958), Gold (1959, 1962), Parker (1961), and De Young and Hundhausen (1971), in an attempt to determine what information and conclusions can be drawn about these models by examining the interplanetary magnetic field. The conclusions reached suggest that little, if any, flux is permanently ejected during the average solar-wind disturbance.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 59
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    Relativistic electrons associated with solar flares. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Solar flares which produce relativistic electrons generally occur within sunspot groups which are active in the emission of meter type I noise storms. It is suggested that relativistic electrons in solar flares are accelerated from the keV-energy electrons responsible for the type I noise storms. The relationship between flare developments and the ejection of keV-electrons is briefly considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Aug. 197
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  • 60
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    Search for 1/3e and 2/3e charged quarks in the cosmic radiation at 2750-m altitude. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A scintillation counter telescope consisting of eight liquid scintillation counters and four wide-gap spark chambers was used to search for particles with electric charge 1/3e and 2/3e in cosmic rays at 2750 m above sea level. No such particles were detected during the 1500-hr experimental run. Upper limits on the vertical fluxes are established, and estimates of the corresponding sea-level fluxes are made for comparison with previous results.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 6
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    An integrated medical system for long-duration space missions. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A description is given of the Integrated Medical and Behavioral Laboratory Measurement System (IMBLMS) being developed for onboard medical support of the crew and for medical research during space missions. The system is suitable for use during early extended space flights and for accommodating measurement and diagnostic apparatus as well as treatment and surgical facilities developed for later missions.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; Aug. 197
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  • 62
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    Solar wind heating. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The difference in objectives, physical assumptions, and results among the most recent detailed models aimed at understanding energy transport in the solar wind are analyzed. Models have been judged primarily by comparing their predictions against spacecraft observations near 1 AU. However, the observed values of flow speed, density, and temperature fluctuate over a wide range so that the criteria for agreement between theory and observation are necessarily somewhat subjective.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Cosmic Electrodynamics; 3; July 197
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  • 63
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    Stardust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Rocket experiments were conducted to collect particles from noctilucent clouds at Kiruna, Sweden. The Pandora II inflight shadowing technique considered by Hallgren and Hemenway (1971) was used in the experiments. This technique makes it possible to study the collected particles as a function of time and altitude intervals. The particles observed consisted of an irregular electron-opaque core surrounded by a rounded, low density material. X-ray and electron opacity data suggest that the abundances of the heavy elements, such as Hf and Ta, in the particles are comparable to those of the light elements, such as Al and Si.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 238; Aug. 4
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  • 64
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    Helium abundance variations. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Use of observations of the solar wind by Explorers 34 and 43 to confirm the existence of a linear relationship between the relative abundance of helium and the bulk speed of the wind, recently described by Hirshberg et al. (1972). Use of this relationship allows the dependence of the relative abundance of helium on solar activity to be separated from its dependence on bulk speed. The proportion of helium in the solar wind at a given bulk speed is found to increase with increasing sunspot number, averaged over the period of observation. It is shown that the relationship between average relative abundance and temperature, deduced by using the bulk speed/temperature relation, is consistent with the data. The relative abundance of helium is not found to increase with increasing solar-wind flux. This confirms the result of Hirshberg et al.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Aug. 1
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  • 65
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    Attenuation of X rays in interstellar space. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Calculation of the X-ray interaction cross sections for three cosmic mixtures over the range from 1 keV (12.4 A) to 1.5 MeV (0.008 A). The cosmic composition of elements as given by Aller and utilized by Bell and Kingston (1967) and the total photon interaction cross sections per atom of the elements as computed by Hubbell and collaborators are used for this purpose. The results are compared with a formula given by Heiles (1971). Approximate agreement exists between 10 to 20 keV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 66
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    A comparison of measurements of the charge spectrum of solar cosmic rays from nuclear emulsions and the Explorer 35 solid-state detector. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; July 1
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  • 67
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    Velocity and flux dependence of the solar-wind helium abundance. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The causes of the variations in the relative abundance of helium in the solar wind are not understood. To define the theoretical problem more precisely, empirical relationships between helium abundances and other pertinent solar-wind parameters are necessary. In this report we show that the average percentage of helium increases with the solar-wind velocity. We also confirm that the abundance of helium tends to be higher for low solar-wind fluxes rather than lower as expected from theory. The interpretation of these results is discussed, and it is concluded that more realistic theoretical treatments of the problem are necessary before these results can be understood in terms of models of the solar corona and solar wind.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; July 1
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  • 68
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    X-ray emission from the galactic disk. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A search was made for a diffuse component of greater than 1.5 keV X rays associated with an interarm region of the Galaxy at galactic longitudes in the vicinity of 60 degrees. A statistically significant excess associated with a narrow disk component was detected. The angular extent of this component has a most probable value of 2 degrees. The best-fit spectrum yields an intensity of 2.9 photons/sq cm per sec per sterad over the 2-10 keV range. The 3-sigma upper limit to any emission in a 1.5 keV band centered at 7 keV from galactic latitudes not greater than 3.5 deg is 0.3 photons/sq cm per sec per sterad. Several possible emission models are evaluated, with the most likely choice being a population of unresolvable low-luminosity sources.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 174; June 1
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  • 69
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    Transition radiation as a source of cosmic X-rays. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is shown that transition radiation generated during the passage of relativistic charged particles through interstellar grains can be an important source of cosmic X-rays. In order to account for recent X-ray observations below 300 eV by transition radiation, an energy density in interstellar space of about 10 eV per cu cm in 10 MeV electrons is required. This seems to rule out transition radiation as an important source of diffuse cosmic X-rays in any energy region.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Letters; 11; May 1972
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  • 70
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    Spacecraft sterilization. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Spacecraft sterilization is a vital factor in projects for the successful biological exploration of other planets. The microorganisms of major concern are the fungi and bacteria. Sterilization procedures are oriented toward the destruction of bacterial spores. Gaseous sterilants are examined, giving attention to formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone, ethylene oxide, and the chemistry of the bactericidal action of sterilants. Radiation has been seriously considered as another method for spacecraft sterilization. Dry heat sterilization is discussed together with the effects of ethylene oxide decontamination and dry heat sterilization on materials.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 71
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    Space food systems - Mercury through Apollo. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Major achievements which characterized the development of food systems used by American astronauts in manned space flight are reviewed throughout a period spanning the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs up to and including the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. Lists of food types are accompanied by information on packaging, storage, preparation, consumption, and quality of particular products. Experience gained from development efforts for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory Program is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 72
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    Radio tracking of solar energetic particles through interplanetary space. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Satellite observations of traveling solar radio bursts provide information about the propagation of energetic solar particles through interplanetary space. This information leads to data on the solar wind density and gross magnetic field configuration over distances of 1 AU. By placing a radio telescope well above the ionosphere it is possible to observe the radio emission down to frequencies that correspond to emission at distances of the order of 1 AU. The observations reported provide the first 'radio picture' over 1 AU of the spiral magnetic field configuration in interplanetary space.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Science; 178; Nov. 17
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  • 73
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    Mean lifetimes and equilibrium abundances in the fast CN cycle. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is shown that the production of small nitrogen to carbon ratios is possible, in contrast to the equilibrium production in the ordinary CN cycle. Associated with such a production are high ratios of C-13/C-12 and of N-15/N-14. The final ratios depend on the conditions under which cessation of hydrogen burning occurs under astrophysical circumstances. A table showing proton capture mean lifetimes of CN nuclei is provided together with tables of the equilibrium abundances in a fast CN cycle. The ratios of final abundances of nitrogen to carbon as functions of temperature are also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 238; July 10
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  • 74
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    Theoretical studies of the flux and energy spectrum of gamma radiation from the sun. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Science Reviews; 13; May 1972
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  • 75
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    Transport of cosmic rays in the solar corona. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Abstract missing.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 76
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    Extragalactic X-ray sources. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The extended X-ray sources associated with the Virgo, Perseus, and Coma clusters of galaxies can best be explained as a result of the Compton scattering of relativistic electrons (generated in the radio sources which are present in each of these clusters) on the microwave background radiation. The same physical process involving microwave infrared or optical photons generated in the nuclei of active galaxies may account for the more compact X-ray sources. Thermal bremsstrahlung of hot gas in clusters of galaxies is a less likely source of X-rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 237; June 23
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  • 77
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    Monte Carlo treatment of Lyman-alpha radiation in a plane-parallel atmosphere. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A Monte Carlo technique involving Stokes vectors is used to obtain the state of polarization and intensity of solar Lyman-alpha photons as they diffuse through a plane-parallel homogeneous model of earth's hydrogen envelope. Fine structure of Lyman-alpha and Doppler redistribution of frequencies are taken into account. Comparison of the results with Heath's observed upper limit for polarization of 1.5 per cent implies an optical thickness tau greater than 7 and intensities of 8-10 kilorayleighs for a solar Lyman-alpha flux of 5.8 ergs per sq cm per sec.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 175; July 1
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  • 78
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    High-energy radiations from space. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Survey of past, current, and planned U.S. high-energy astronomy observation (HEAO) experiments in space, and review of their significance. It is shown that astronomical observations from spacecraft during the first decade of space flight, though they be few and modest, have provided a wealth of new results that are most exciting, and that suggest that the next 20 or 30 years of space exploration may write a new chapter in the history of astrophysics and astronomy as important as the chapters initiated by Galileo or by the five-meter telescope on Mount Palomar. Special attention is given to the planned HEAO-A and HEAO-B experiment series.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 79
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    Advances in solar and cosmic X-ray astronomy - A survey of experimental techniques and observational results. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The current status of X-ray astronomy is surveyed by reviewing observational results and theoretical conclusions gained within the past two years in areas dealing with the quiet-sun, slowly-varying, and burst components of solar X-radiation and with the features of cosmic X-ray sources. Thermal and nonthermal processes responsible for a wide variety of X-ray emission mechanisms in nature are explained, and characteristics of X radiation from specific solar structures are described. Attention is given to the effects of interstellar and intergalactic matter on cosmic X-rays; the properties of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources; and the specifications of such instruments as gas-filled ionization detectors, proportional counters, Geiger counters, scintillation detectors, photoelectric detectors, polarimeters, collimators, spectrometers, and imaging systems.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 80
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    Remarks on the heating of solar-wind protons. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The heating of solar-wind protons cannot be explained by the thermalization of those protons arising from the ionization of neutral hydrogen atoms traveling in the general direction of the sun. By requiring the heating to satisfy the experimental results of the T sub p versus V sub sw correlation, an efficiency function of thermalization of these incoming protons is obtained, and a value of the 'hot component' of the hydrogen population is about 0.05 per cu cm near 1 AU. This hot component hydrogen density is too high compared to recent estimates by satellite experiments of Lyman alpha radiation and other experiments, and therefore the suggested solar-wind heating mechanism is unimportant in explaining the T sub p versus V sub sw correlation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Nov. 1
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  • 81
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    Limit on the energy density in the submillimetre background radiation. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An analysis is made which indicates that the energy density in the submillimeter quanta cannot exceed about 0.4 eV/cu cm averaged over the galactic dimensions, independent of the exact spectral distribution of this radiation. This corresponds to an upper limit of 3.4 K on the radiation temperature in the galactic neighborhood.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 239; Sept. 18
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  • 82
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    Habitability factors in a rotating space station. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Factors aiding man to adjust to the artificial gravity environment of a rotating space station in orbit are considered. From recent experiments reported by Newsom et al. (1966), it is known that, if man is taken stepwise into a rotating environment, he can adjust (without becoming ill) to spin rates above that required for maintaining an artificial gravity environment in a space station. Little or no data are available, and much work remains to be done in the area of prehabituation and the rate at which habituation is extinguished. At least three factors must be considered in the design of an artificial gravity space station, and these factors directly affect the degree of habitability of the space-station environment. The three factors are rotation rate, stability, and Coriolis force.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Space Life Sciences; 3; June 197
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  • 83
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    The effects of various cure cycles upon the viability of Bacillus subtillis var. niger spores within solid propellant. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Saturethane solid propellant was used in all tests. The spore inoculum was evenly distributed in the propellant. Samples weighing approximately 5 g were aseptically removed, placed into curing ovens, and exposed to cure temperatures. Initial tests were conducted at 82 and 93 C. Analysis of the obtained data indicated that the survivor curves were not linear. Exposure of the inoculated propellant samples to 93 C reduced the initial population to less than 0.01% in about 20 hours. At 82 C, approximately 168 hours were required for a similar reduction. Tests involving curing temperatures of 105 and 115 C were also conducted. It is pointed out that changes in the mechanism of spore inactivation due to chemical and physical changes in the propellant could account for the nonlinear survivor curves obtained.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Space Life Sciences; 3; June 197
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  • 84
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    The solar spectrum - Wavelengths and identifications from 60 to 385 angstroms. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Abstract missing.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 175; July 15
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  • 85
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    Simulation of the human cardiovascular system - A model with normal responses to change of posture, blood loss, transfusion, and autonomic blockade. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Simulation; 18; June 197
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  • 86
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    Past and future space flight experiments on man and their spin-off contribution to world health. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The manned space-flight program has created some requirements which were new to the practice of medicine. The remoteness of the patient made it necessary to provide sensing and transmitting capability for various physiologic functions. The space and weight penalties in a spacecraft required that such sensors and related equipment be miniaturized and of a noninterfering nature as far as the crewmen were concerned. The need for continually increasing flight durations created a requirement for a type of equipment reliability previously unknown to medicine. The requirement to protect the crewmen against the environment of space and provide a habitable spacecraft has produced a series of ground-based medical applications.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Astronautica Acta; 17; Apr. 197
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  • 87
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    Advanced research to qualify man for long term weightlessness. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: NASA is in the process of conducting a broad program of research and development of technology to qualify, support, and permit the successful use of man in long-term space flight. The technological tasks include human engineering, extravehicular engineering, life support, and human research to assess the effect of space stresses on human physiology and psychology. Various testing techniques that are being used may have future relevance to world health. These include a biocybernetic approach to the study of cardiovascular stresses, measurement of blood flow by means of the Doppler effect, and a device for simulating radiation dosages similar to those produced in solar flares. The planned program includes a study of both humans and animals.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Astronautica Acta; 17; Apr. 197
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  • 88
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    Influence of thermal anisotropy on best-fit estimates of shock normals. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This paper deals with the influence of thermal anisotropy on least-squares estimates of interplanetary shock parameters and the associated normals by using the Rankine-Hugoniot equations. A practical theorem is given for quantitatively correcting for anisotropic effects by weighting the before and after magnetic fields by the same 'anisotropy parameter' h. The quantity h depends only on the thermal anisotropies before and after the shock and on the angles between the magnetic fields and the shock normal. It is shown that, for fast shocks and for a liberal range of realistic conditions, the quantity h lies in the range from 0.90 to 1.22. The theorem can also be applied to most slow shocks, but in those instances h usually should be lower and sometimes markedly lower than unity.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
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  • 89
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    Orbit Perturbations Due to Solar Radiation Pressure (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-09
    Beschreibung: This disturbing force will be important for satellites with a large area to mass ratio and also for those whose orbits are high enough that atmospheric drag is not the more dominate force. The procedure for the analysis is to represent the radiation force as the gradient of a scalar function to be compatible with existing procedures for studying perturbations due to earth's oblateness. From this analysis, solar radiation pressure appears not to be responsible for any secular or long-periodic variations in the semi-major axis of the orbit nor does it provide any secular changes in the eccentricity of the orbit or the angle of inclination of the osculating plane. Solar radiation pressure does produce secular effects in the other orbital elements, but these are in the opposite sense of secularities caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and tend to reduce the total secularity.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 533-545
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  • 90
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    Type 1 Tails: Solar Wind Interactions (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-05
    Beschreibung: The ionization of the gas emitted by a comet is discussed along with the formation of a visible tail, and the bow shock front upstream toward the sun. Questions that a cometary probe can answer are listed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 59-64
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  • 91
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    Comment on the large velocity discontinuities in the solar wind (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Ivanov (1970) showed that rotational discontinuities can exist in an anisotropic medium, and claimed that 10 of the 11 discontinuities examined by Burlage (1969) are rotational in Hudson's sense. Using Hudson's (1970, 1971) data, it is argued that at least 5 of the 10 discontinuities are of the tangential and not rotational type. This supports Burlaga's interpretation, according to which there exist tangential discontinuities characterized by large shifts.
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  • 92
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over solar maximum /cycle 20/. (1972)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Low-energy (about 60 MeV/nucleon) galactic cosmic rays observed during the recent period of solar maximum are reviewed. For this particular cycle, a significant time lag between intensity changes in the low-energy and high-energy components has been observed. Several possible explanations of this 'hysteresis effect' are discussed. The cosmic-ray intensity gradients provided by Pioneer 10 are soon to be available and are expected to provide a more definite clue to this process of cosmic-ray modulation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Dec. 1
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  • 93
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    Unbekannt
    The spectra of highly ionized aluminum /Al VI-X/ in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 178; Nov. 15
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
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    Unbekannt
    Interplanetary gas. XVII - An astrometric determination of solar-wind velocities from orientations of ionic comet tails. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 177; Oct. 1
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
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    Unbekannt
    Origin of 200-keV interplanetary electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The suggestion by Lin et al. (1972) that a distinct spectral feature exists at about 200 keV, which could be due to a neutron-decay electron component of either solar or galactic origin, is examined. Alternative sources models, including production by nearby galactic objects or acceleration at the outer boundary of the solar system, are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physical Review Letters; 29; Oct. 9
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
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    Unbekannt
    Twenty-seven-day recurrences in the solar-wind speed - Mariner 2. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Results of an autocorrelation analysis of the Mariner 2 data concerning solar-wind speed obtained in late 1962. A statistically significant correlation associated with the solar rotation has been found near a lag of 27 days; however, the amplitude of the correlation is only about 0.4, in essential agreement with measurements of Vela 2 and 3 during the period from July 1964 to July 1967. The relatively modest correlation is interpreted to mean that a number of speed structures observed by Mariner 2 did not endure for more than one solar rotation; those structures that did endure evolved significantly in shape, amplitude, and solar longitude from one solar rotation to the next. The analysis also shows that typical solar-wind structures occupied about 30 to 45 deg in solar longitude near 1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
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    Unbekannt
    The normalization of solar X-ray data from many experiments. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A conversion factor is used to convert Geiger (GM) tube count rates or ion chamber currents into units of the incident X-ray energy flux in a specified passband. A method is described which varies the passband to optimize these conversion factors such that they are relatively independent of the spectrum of the incident photons. This method was applied to GM tubes flown on Explorers 33 and 35 and Mariner 5 and to ion chambers flown on OSO 3 and OGO 4. Revised conversion factors and passbands are presented, and the resulting absolute solar X-ray fluxes based on these are shown to improve the agreement between the various experiments. Calculations have shown that, although the GM tubes on Explorer 33 viewed the Sun off-axis, the effective passband did not change appreciably, and the simple normalization of the count rates to the count rates of a similar GM tube on Explorer 35 was justified.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 22; Feb. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
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    Unbekannt
    Heating of the solar flare plasma by high energy electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Discussion of the heating of the ambient plasma by high-energy electrons in solar flares. It is shown that for large flares the heating is enough to produce a thermal plasma with a temperature up to 10 to the 7th K rapidly in the initial phase of the flares. Thus thermal bremsstrahlung in addition to nonthermal bremsstrahlung should be considered for the X-ray emission of solar flares in the initial phase.-
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 22; Jan. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    Unbekannt
    Electroadhesive devices for zero-g intra/extravehicular activities. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Initial studies of the electroadhesive phenomenon are shown to indicate that electroadhesors are potentially usable as zero-g assistive devices for a range of intra- and extravehicular activities in space missions. These uses generally are related to astronaut and cargo maneuvering, worksite restraint, and tool and equipment tiedown.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; Apr. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
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    Medical technology advances from space research (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Details of medical research and development programs, particularly an integrated medical laboratory, as derived from space technology are given. The program covers digital biotelemetry systems, automatic visual field mapping equipment, sponge electrode caps for clinical electroencephalograms, and advanced respiratory analysis equipment. The possibility of using the medical laboratory in ground based remote areas and regional health care facilities, as well as long duration space missions is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Materialart: Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 237-244
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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