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  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (76)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2023  (84)
  • 2020  (84)
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  • 1
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 November 1960 - 30 April 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 2
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    Some current measurements in the Sargasso Sea (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: Deep-Sea Research 12 (1965): 805-814
    Description: Long-term current measurements at depths of 50 and 100m obtained with Richardson current meters at two deep-water moorings south of Bermuda are reported. The records are dominated by anticyclonic rotations which appear and degenerate, possibly in response to the passage of storms. Spectral analysis of the records indicates that this motion has a period of 24 hours at a depth of 50 m, and 25·3 hours at a depth of 100m. No explanation is given to account for this difference in period over a 50-m separation. Both records indicate the existence of semidiurnal tidal motion. The long-term motions at both depths indicate a systematic change in the net direction of flow over a three-month period.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents--Measurement ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-14 2017 mooring turnaround cruise report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS), located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring instrumented for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the thirteenth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-13) and deployment of the fourteenth mooring (WHOTS-14). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos and Iridium satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with Dr. Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system and ancillary sensors were installed on the buoys in cooperation with Adrienne J. Sutton at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was conducted on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai (R/V HA). Operations were a joint effort undertaken by the Upper Ocean Processes group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the University of Hawaii’s (UH) Hawaii Ocean Time-series group (HOT), and the able-bodied crew of R/V HA. The cruise took place between 25 July and August 3 2017. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-14 mooring on 27 July. This was followed by a period of intercomparison, where meteorological measurements and CTDs were collected at both the W13 and W14 stations. Recovery of the WHOTS-13 mooring took place on 31 July. This report details the in-port operations, pre-cruise buoy preparations, cruise operations and data collected.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hydrography--North Pacific Ocean--Observations ; Oceanographic instruments--North Pacific Ocean--Observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Alvin instrumentation (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: 1967 NEREM record : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9 (1967): 196-197
    Description: THIS PAPER DESCRIBES the equipments used to establish the relative position of ALVIN from her mother ship, the R/V LULU. Operating procedures used at sea are also discussed. A recent review within the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Program at WHOI established a set of conclusions and guidelines, for internal use, governing the ALVIN locating equipments and procedures.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 3484(00).
    Keywords: Underwater navigation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    POWER-US Workshop Final Report on Offshore Wind Energy and Passive Acoustic Monitoring: Establishing Standards for Operational Real-time Systems (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Workshop held November 21, 2019, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
    Description: Real-time autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring systems (real-time PAMS) have the ability to detect marine mammal species, including the North Atlantic Right Whale, and provide notification of their presence. This workshop, held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on November 21st, 2019, sought to develop an initial framework for creating equipment and performance standards that could be used to benchmark all real-time PAMS as well as data standards that ensure system interoperability. Forty attendees were present, spanning industry, regulatory, scientific, and conservation stakeholder groups. Through presentations and breakout sessions, the group identified and discussed the potential abilities of real-time PAMS to improve situational awareness during wind energy development activities, the types of implementations that are possible in the coming years, and the roadblocks preventing near-term, widespread use of this technology as a risk mitigation solution. Participants agreed that real-time autonomous PAMS hold tremendous promise for reducing the potential risk associated with development activities while at the same time allowing more flexibility to developers. Successful implementation of real-time PAMS for offshore wind energy use was seen as possible now based on existing technology. Workshop attendees identified a number next steps that would further the effectiveness of real-time PAMS within the offshore wind energy industry. However, the lack of a regulatory process for defining the sensing requirements for a particular implementation, as well as the dynamic operational framework within which real-time PAMS would be used were seen as the biggest challenges to effective near-term use.
    Description: Workshop Sponsors: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and POWER-US
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 6
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    Preliminary report CHAIN #11 : 22 February - 22 March 1960 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The second half of CHAIN Cruise #11, 22 February until 22 March, 1960, is detailed as to type of measurements made with their specific locations. The cruise areas were in the St. Croix region, the Puerto' Rico Trench and the tracks from the Bahamas to Bermuda to Woods Hole. Camera lowerings, lowerings of the thermal probe and accompanying cores, dredging, sound velocimeter lowerings, and acoustic studies of the scattering layer were the special events undertaken while precision bathymetry and towing of the Continuous Temperature Recording Chain were on a watch standing basis.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr- 1367(00) (NR- 261-10 2)
    Keywords: Underwater photography ; Submarine topography ; Marine sediments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    On the estimation of the directional spectrum of ocean waves from time series observations of surface elevations (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem. Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions. After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed. Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.
    Description: This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143.
    Keywords: Ocean waves--Mathematical models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May 1966 - 31 October 1966 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.
    Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
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  • 9
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .
    Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Final Report on Gravity Program (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The report presented is the final one under Air Force Cambridge Research Center Contract 19(604)·2157 with the Woods Role Oceanographic Institution. The report covers a program of pendulum and gravimeter measurements conducted over the period 1950·1959. The original objective of the program was to establish a series of reliable gravity control measurements through the use of pendulums over a sufficient range of gravity to permit the calibration of geodetic gravimeters with an accuracy of one part in 5000 over a range of 5000 mgals and thus assure a potential accuracy of 1 mgal or better with such gravimeters on any global series of measurements. With time this objective was modified to include the establishment of pendulum gravity measurements outside of North America as there appeared to be no unanimity of international opinion regarding a gravity standard. A second objective of the program was to expand the gravity coverage and standardize existing gravity surveys within the United States so that reliable gravity anomaly maps could be prepared. A third objective was to strengthen and expand the world network of airport gravity bases established earlier under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research so that data in all parts of the world could be integrated onto the same datum and gravity standard. The report is subdivided on the basis of these objectives into three principal parts plus an introductory chapter giving the history o~ the program, and a final chapter presenting recommendations as to further work deemed desirable. Dr. J. C. Rose, who has been in charge of the pendulum program since its inception, prepared the second portion of the report, which deals with the pendulum measurements, and the writer prepared the remainder.
    Description: Work carried out under Contract AF19 (604)2157 with the Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command.
    Keywords: Gravity--Measurement
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 January - 31 March 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.
    Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
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  • 12
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Description: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 13
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    Mechanisms of exchange flow in an estuary with a narrow, deep channel and wide, shallow shoals (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Delaware Bay is a large estuary with a deep, relatively narrow channel and wide, shallow banks, providing a clear example of a “channel-shoal” estuary. This numerical modeling study addresses the exchange flow in this channel-shoal estuary, specifically to examine how the lateral geometry affects the strength and mechanisms of exchange flow. We find that the exchange flow is exclusively confined to the channel region during spring tides, when stratification is weak, and it broadens laterally over the shoals during the more stratified neap tides, but still occupies a small fraction of the total width of the estuary. Exchange flow is relatively weak during spring tides, resulting from oscillatory shear dispersion in the channel augmented by weak Eulerian exchange flow. During neap tides, stratification and shear increase markedly, resulting in a strong Eulerian residual shear flow, with a net exchange flow roughly 5 times that of the spring tide. During both spring and neap tides, lateral salinity gradients generated by differential advection at the edge of the channel drive a tidally oscillating cross-channel flow, which strongly influences the stratification, along-estuary salt balance and momentum balance. The lateral flow also causes the phase variation in salinity that results in oscillatory shear dispersion during both spring and neap tides and is a significant advective momentum source driving the residual circulation. Thus, although the shoals make a negligible direct contribution to the exchange flow, the salinity gradients between the channel and the shoal are critical to the stratification and exchange flow within the estuarine channel.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF): OCE-1325136; National Science Foundation (NSF): OCE-1634490; National Science Foundation (NSF): Jia-Lin Chen OCE-1736539
    Keywords: Estuarine circulation ; Tidal dispersion ; Lateral circulation
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  • 14
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    Increased typhoon activity in the Pacific deep tropics driven by Little Ice Age circulation changes (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: The instrumental record reveals that tropical cyclone activity is sensitive to oceanic and atmospheric variability on inter-annual and decadal scales. However, our understanding of climate’s influence on tropical cyclone behavior is restricted by the short historical record and sparse prehistorical reconstructions, particularly in the western North Pacific where coastal communities suffer loss of life and livelihood from typhoons annually. Here we reconstruct three millennia of deep tropical North Pacific cyclogenesis and compare with other records to explore past regional typhoon dynamics. These records demonstrate low baseline activity prior to 1350 C.E. followed by a rapid culmination in activity during the Little Ice Age. This pattern is concurrent with hydroclimate proxy variability, suggesting a centennial-scale link between Pacific hydroclimate and tropical cyclone climatology. Using an ensemble of global climate models, we demonstrate that migration of the Pacific Walker circulation and variability in two Pacific climate modes during the Little Ice Age contributed to enhanced tropical cyclone activity in the tropical western North Pacific. Changes to Walker Circulation and expansion of the tropics projected for the next century invert Little Ice Age hydroclimate trends, potentially reducing typhoon activity in the deep tropical Pacific.
    Description: This project was supported by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program through award SERDP RC-2336
    Keywords: Tropical cyclones ; Little Ice Age ; Last millennium ; Paleoclimate
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  • 15
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    Code and Software: How would you share yours? [poster] (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Presented at Ocean Sciences, San Diego, 16-21, February 2020
    Description: BCO-DMO curates earth science data where models become increasingly important. The Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) is a publicly accessible earth science data repository created to curate, publicly serve (publish), and archive digital data and information from biological, chemical and biogeochemical research conducted in coastal, marine, great lakes and laboratory environments. Recently, more and more of the projects submitted to BCO-DMO represent modeling efforts which further increase our knowledge of chemical and biological properties within the ocean ecosystem. We feel the time is at hand for the scientific community to begin a concerted and holistic approach to the curation of code and software.
    Description: Award(s): NSF #1924618
    Keywords: Data management ; Open science ; Survey ; Research needs
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  • 16
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    Data Science Training Camp at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Syllabus and slide presentations in 2020 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Presented at Data Science Training Camp, Woods Hole, MA, January, 22 - 23, 2020.
    Description: With data and software increasingly recognized as scholarly research products, and aiming towards open science and reproducibility, it is imperative for today's oceanographers to learn foundational practices and skills for data management and research computing, as well as practices specific to the ocean sciences. This educational package was developed as a data science training camp for graduate students and professionals in the ocean sciences and implemented at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in 2019 and 2020. Here we provide materials for the 2020 camp which was delivered in-person during two afternoons (total of 8 hours), with two modules per afternoon. We aimed for ~40 participants per camp, with disciplines spanning Earth and life sciences and engineering. Disciplines at each table were mixed on the first afternoon but similar on the second afternoon. Contents of this package include the syllabus and slide presentations for each of the four modules: 1 "Good enough practices in scientific computing," 2 Data management, 3 Software development and research computing, and 4 Best practices in the ocean sciences. The 3rd module is split into two parts. We also include a poster presented at the 2020 Ocean Science Meeting, which has some results from pre- and post-surveys. Funding: The camp was funded by WHOI Academic Programs Office through a Doherty Chair in Education Award, with additional support from WHOI Ocean Informatics Working Group, WHOI Information Services, MBLWHOI Library, the NSF-funded Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO), and an NSF-funded XSEDE Jetstream Education Allocation TG-OCE190011. We also utilized resources from the NSF-funded Pangeo project.
    Description: The camp was funded by WHOI Academic Programs Office through a Doherty Chair in Education Award, with additional support from WHOI Ocean Informatics Working Group, WHOI Information Services, MBLWHOI Library, the NSF-funded Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO), and an NSF-funded XSEDE Jetstream Education Allocation TG-OCE190011. We also utilized resources from the NSF-funded Pangeo project.
    Keywords: Data science ; Best practices ; Data management ; Scientific computing ; Training ; Workshop ; Professional development ; Curriculum development
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  • 17
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    Data Management in (Ocean) Sciences – Interactive Class (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Presented at Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA, February 26, 2020
    Description: Ocean 101, engaging classes to help SEA students understand the frontiers of ocean climate science. This particular class focuses on data management in oceanography. Covered topics are the importance of open data, the data life cycle and F.A.I.R. Principles. The interactive part consists of creating the content for a data management plan and applying general data management practices.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Data management practices ; Open data ; Teaching ; Outreach
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  • 18
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    Share Your Thoughts [poster] (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Presented at Ocean Sciences, San Diego, 16-21, February 2020
    Description: Oceanographic data, when well-documented and stewarded toward preservation, have the potential to accelerate new science and facilitate our understanding of complex natural systems. The Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) is funded by the NSF to document and manage marine biological, chemical, physical, and biogeochemical data, ensuring their discovery and access, and facilitating their reuse. The task of curating and providing access to research data is a collaborative process, with associated actors and critical activities occurring throughout the data’s life cycle. BCO-DMO supports all phases of the data life cycle and works closely with investigators to ensure open access of well-documented project data and information. Supporting this curation process is a flexible cyberinfrastructure that provides the means for data submission, discovery, and access; ultimately enabling reuse. Based upon community feedback, this infrastructure is undergoing evaluation and improvement to better meet oceanographic research needs. This poster will introduce the repository and describe some of the strategic enhancements coming to BCO-DMO, and presents an opportunity for you to provide feedback on enhancements yet to come. We invite you to think about your own research workflow of searching and accessing new data for research, and to provide your feedback through the poster’s interactive sections. Your input can help BCO-DMO improve its service to the research community.
    Description: Award(s): NSF #1924618
    Keywords: Data management ; Open science ; Survey ; Research needs
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  • 19
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    Stable barotropic coastal trapped wave modes: edge, shelf and Kelvin waves (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: This set of Matlab mfiles (all with names beginning with “bwavesp”) can be used to calculate barotropic coastal wave properties in the absence of density stratification. The wave frequency is taken to be entirely real (hence stable). You are allowed to have a mean alongshore flow, if desired, and you can apply the rigid lid and/or coastal long wave approximations. The model can be run in the non-rotating limit if desired. Once a wave’s frequency is found, the modal structure is displayed, and a perturbation (weak friction) imaginary correction to the wave frequency is found. The code can use an exact open boundary condition or a closed condition at either side of the domain.
    Keywords: Matlab ; Wave modal structures ; Dispersion curves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Sharing Data Through the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office [talk] (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Presented as Sharing Data Through the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office Webinar, online, January, 2020
    Description: This talk provides an overview of the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office and the collaborative data sharing process that occurs between individual investigators and the BCO-DMO repository. The presentation includes background on the repository, what to expect after submitting your data, and helpful data management practices that can streamline data sharing and support open science.
    Description: GBMF #8453
    Keywords: Marine Microbiology Initiative ; Data management ; Data sharing ; Repository overview ; Best practices
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  • 21
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    Barotropic coastal trapped wave modes with complex frequency: edge, shelf and Kelvin waves (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: This set of Matlab mfiles (all with names beginning with “bwavesc”) can be used to calculate barotropic coastal wave properties in the absence of density stratification. The wave frequency is complex so that unstable or strongly damped modes can be treated. You are allowed to have a mean alongshore flow, if desired, and you can apply the rigid lid approximation. The model can be run in the non-rotating limit if desired. Once a wave’s frequency is found, the modal structure is displayed. The code can use an exact open boundary condition or a closed condition at either side of the domain.
    Keywords: Matlab ; Wave modal structures ; Dispersion curves
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  • 22
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    Overturning of the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP): RAFOS Float Data Report June 2014 - January 2019 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: The Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) is an international effort started in 2014 dedicated to achieving a better understanding of the link between dense-water formation and the meridional overturning circulation in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Moorings, gliders, and subsurface acoustically-tracked RAFOS floats have been used to collect temperature, salinity, and current data across the Labrador Sea, Irminger Sea, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland Basin, Rockall-Hatton Plateau, and Rockall Trough. The specific objective of the OSNAP float program is to gather information on the pathways of the dense overflow waters transported by the deep limb of the overturning circulation and assess the connection of those pathways with currents observed crossing the OSNAP mooring line. This data report details the observations collected by 148 floats that were deployed for OSNAP during the summers of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Deployment locations were in the Iceland Basin, Irminger Sea, and in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. Mission lengths ranged from 540-730 days, and the floats were ballasted to passively drift at a fixed pressure of either 1800, 2000, 2200, 2500, or 2800 dbar to tag the deep overflow water masses of the subpolar North Atlantic (Iceland-Scotland and Denmark Strait Overflow Waters).
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-1259618 & OCE-1756361
    Keywords: RAFOS ; Trajectory ; Subpolar North Atlantic
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  • 23
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    The Deep Water Dispersion Experiment: RAFOS float data report June 2016 - January 2019 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: This is the final data report for all acoustically-tracked subsurface RAFOS floats deployed for the “Deep Water Dispersion Experiment: RAFOS Float Study in Support of Analysis of Possible Consequences of Large Scale Oil-Spills under Various Scenarios” (DWDE). This study is part of the larger program “Deep and Shallow Particle Dispersion and Biological Connectivity over the Continental Slope in the Western Gulf of Mexico”, of the Gulf of Mexico Research Consortium (CIGoM). The objective of the DWDE project was to measure and evaluate the ocean circulation at various depths in order to estimate the rates and pathways by which a passive tracer (e.g. pollutant, nutrients, etc.) would spread. The experiment consisted of the deployment 93 RAFOS floats and five sound source moorings (needed for tracking the floats underwater) over the course of five cruises, between June 2016 and January 2019, in the Perdido region of the Gulf of Mexico. The floats were deployed nearly simultaneously at stacked depths of 300 and 1500 dbar, in sets of 2-4 instruments per station, for calculating dispersion statistics. Mission lengths for the floats were set to ~12 to 18 months. Included in this report are cruise summaries, statistics and notes on sound source and float performance, sound source drift calculations, description of the RAFOS float data processing steps, and figures.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology - Mexican Ministry of Energy - Hydrocarbon Fund, project 201441. This work was completed through a contract by the Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada (CICESE) under Grant No. 188355 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: RAFOS ; Trajectory ; Gulf of Mexico ; Deep Water Dispersion Experiment ; Ocean circulation
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  • 24
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    Seismic reflection study of the geologic structure underlying southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A subbottom reflection survey of southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was made by means of a continuous seismic reflection technique (the Continuous Seismic Profiler)developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Knott and Hersey, 1956). The observational program was conducted in May, 1958 under contract with the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and in May, 1960 under contract with the Bureau of Ships, U . S. Navy, to obtain foundation data for locating hurricane barriers (Corps of Engineers, 1957) and to develop techniques for studying the geologic structure of shallow water areas. At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution this work is part of a continuing, broader program directed toward describing the structures and tracing the geologic history of continental margins. The Continuous Seismic Profiler employs a wide-band sound source the pulses from which are reflected from the bottom and from sediment and rock layers beneath the bottom. The sound pulse is synchronized with the sweep of a Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), which records sound energy received at an underwater detector. (In 1958 the sound source was an early form of the Sparker, while in 1960 the Edgerton Thumper was the source. (These instruments are described below.) When the sound source and the detector are towed from a boat, the reflected sound energy is recorded to present a continuously correlated picture of subbottom structure. Measurements in Narragansett Bay were made south of the Jamestown Bridge in the West Passage and between Conanicut Island and Newport Neck in the East Passage (Fig . 1A and lB). Two additional traverses were made across the bay in areas to the north where core data are available (Fig. 2).
    Description: The Bureau of Ships under Contract NObsr 72521 and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-19-016 CIVENG-58-65
    Keywords: Seismic reflection method ; Narragansett Bay (R.I.)
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  • 25
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 October - 31 December 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Research at sea during this three month period, supported by Contract NObsr-72521, was carried out mostly during the latter portion of the CHAIN Cruise 21 to the eastern Mediterranean. Near-surface sound transmission runs were made with the aid of two foreign ships in the eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea. Sound velocity measurements were made there also. Reverberation and back-scatter measurements using half pound explosives as sound sources were recorded on magnetic tape for future analysis. Further, at several places during the cruise acoustic reflectivity of the sea-floor was measured by means of a semi-automatic system employing the Precision Graphic Recorder and the Edo UQN Echo Sounder. Research other than that on CHAIN Cruise 21, included ambient noise studies of recorded signals from finback whales, and analysis of data from previous observations at sea.
    Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr - 72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
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  • 26
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    Narrative of CHAIN cruise #36 : Woods Hole to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico and the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles, and back, 4 June - 10 July, 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This narrative report of CHAIN Cruise 36 includes the chief scientist's journal, a summary track chart, and a log of stations occupied. The cruise was made in two parts : the first, to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico for seismic reflection and refraction work with ATLANTIS II, and the second from the Outer Ridge to the area of the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles for bathymetric and gravity surveys and a detailed geophysical study of the area between 16° and 17 °N and 57 ° and 59 °W. The scientific program included echo sounding, continuous seismic reflection profiling, seismic refraction profiles , gravity measurements, dredging, bottom photography, and heat flow measurements.
    Description: This cruise was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant GP - 1123.
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research ; Marine geophysics
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  • 27
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    The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, ALVIN (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents mechanical and chemical test data from the three pressure hulls fabricated for the Deep Research Submarine, ALVIN. The data is discussed briefly, the low Charpy V-Notch values after stress relief noted, and recommendations made for further testing required for design and evaluation. The three hulls are compared with reference to failure criteria.
    Description: Director of Undersea Programs Office of Naval Research prepared under Contract Nonr-3484 (00)
    Keywords: Hulls (Naval architecture)
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  • 28
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1964 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00)NR260-101 and Nonr-3243(00)NR260-108
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
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  • 29
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    A computer program for grain-size data (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The computer program presented here seeks to improve estimation of statistical parameters for grain-size data by use of interpolated values. Interpolation is made by fitting a series of overlapping parabolas to the data, and follows the method of Snyder (1961). The values are used in moment formulas to compute standard statistical measures. Skewness and kurtosis are reduced by the interpolation data, and extreme positive values of kurtosis tend to be greatly reduced. The program also picks major modes, the median, and sediment type .
    Description: The United States Geological Survey under Contract USGS-14-08-0001-8358
    Keywords: Marine sediments--Computer programs
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  • 30
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    The normally-incident reflectivity of the sea floor at 12 kc and its correlation with physical and geological properties of naturally-occurring sediments (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The objective of this investigation was to measure bottom loss in normal incident reflection of pulses of twelve kcps sound and to study its geological significance. To this end a semi-automatic instrument system was developed which is capable of making continuous measurements of the peak pressure and the time integral of the square of the pressure of the sea floor echo, from a vessel underway. Observations were taken in both deep and shallow water areas in the Western North Atlantic. The early cruises were conducted in deep water to investigate the range and variability of bottom loss values. Geological control consisted mainly of a precise bathymetric record. The later cruises were conducted in shall ow water, in areas where the geology has been well studied previously by investigators using techniques of classical geology. In these latter cruises the acoustic measurements were correlated with a schedule of sediment dredging and underwater photography. Thirty-one thousand acoustic measurements were made. Median bottom loss values and standard deviations were computed and the results summarized in eleven hundred sets, each set corresponding to a location at sea. Seventy-seven sediment stations were occupied. A complete particle size analysis and a water content analysis were performed on these sediments to determine their size and mass characteristics . The size characteristics included the median grain size, the sorting coefficient, and the percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. A sediment class name was determined from the gravel, sand, silt, and clay percentages according to the Shepard system of classification. The mass characteristics included porosity, bulk density, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, Rayleigh reflection coefficient, and theoretical bottom loss. The combined results show a good correlation between measurements of bottom loss and both mass and size characteristics of the sediment. The measured bottom loss increases as the porosity increases. The measured bottom loss also increases as the silt-clay percentage increases since the porosity of sediments generally increases as this fraction increases. It seems that the Rayleigh reflection coefficient can be used to predict acoustic bottom loss at normal incidence. Conversely, normally-incident bottom loss can be used under the assumption of a Rayleigh reflection process to determine the nature of the bottom sediment. The acoustical and geological results have been made available in tabulations, scatter diagrams, and as geographical plots. Except for the initial measurements, all operations, including the final displays, were accomplished through automatic digital processing machines.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029 ~ Nonr-13 67~ Nonr-1841 (74) ~ NR 083 -15 7~ and the Bureau of Ships under Contracts NObsr-72521 and NObsr-89464.
    Keywords: Marine sediments ; Ocean bottom ; Underwater acoustics--Instruments
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  • 31
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    Resonance scattering of sound by a small gaseous object of arbitrary form (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The acoustic scattering amplitude for a dilute gaseous object of arbitrary form in a liquid medium is determined self-consistently for the case of linear dimension small as compared to the wavelength. A scatterer of bulk modulus β, and density p, in a medium of bulk modulus II and density p may exhibit monopole resonance scattering at a frequency w,= (4πβoC / pV)l, in which V is the volume and C is the capacitance in electrostatic units of a conducting replica of the scatterer. The criterion for occurrence of the resonance phenomenon is 3Fβo/β 〈〈«1, in which the shape factor F = 4πC3 / 3V〉 1 is minimum for a sphere. Dipole scattering is given in terms of the polarizability dyadic of a nonconducting replica of dielectric constant p/po, and is negligibly small in a neighborhood of the resonance frequency.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-1367(00), NR 261-102.
    Keywords: Sound ; Integral equations
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  • 32
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    Summary of investigations conducted in 1962 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Summary of investigations conduction in 1962 in the following departments: Department of Applied Oceanography Department of Biology Department of Chemistry and Geology Department of Geophysics Department of Physical Oceanography Department of Theoretical Oceanography and Meteorology
    Description: Funding sponsored by: Contract Nonr-891(OO)NR 385-207 Contract Nonr-2196(OO)NR 083-004 ContractNonr-2129(OO)NR 261-104 Contract Nonr-3351(OO)NR 083-501 Contract Nonr-2672(OO)NR 385-905 Contract Nonr-3484(00)NR 261-140 Contract Nonr-2866(OO)NR 287-004 Contract Nonr-1367(OO)NR 261-102 Contract Nonr-3243(OO)NR 261-136 Contract Nonr-4029(OO)NR 260-101 Contract Nonr-4035(OO)NR 082-124 Contract Nonr-1721(OO) NR 082-021 NIH Grant GM 05748-05 NSF Grant 16355 NSF Grant 23427 NSF Grant 10693 NSF Grant 12178 NSF Grant 22389 NSF G020702 NSF Gl9251 AEC Contract AT(30-1)-1918 AEC AT(30-l)-3010, AT (30-1)-3145, AT(30-l)-2174 USGS 8358 Contract NObsr 72521 Contract SC 90784
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research
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  • 33
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Description: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Description: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
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    Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponnudurai, R., Heiden, S. E., Sayavedra, L., Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Hentschker, C., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Schlüter, R., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 649–656, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6.
    Description: Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
    Description: Thanks to captain, crew, and pilots of the research vessels Atlantis (ROV Jason cruise AT26–10 in 2014) and Meteor (cruise M82–3 in 2010). We thank Jana Matulla, Sebastian Grund, and Annette Meuche for excellent technical assistance during sample preparation, MS measurements in the Orbitrap Classic, and TEM imaging preparation, respectively. We appreciate Nikolaus Leisch’s help with TEM image interpretation, Inna Sokolova’s advice on bivalve physiology, and Marie Zühlke’s support during manuscript revision. RP was supported by the EU-funded Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘Symbiomics’ (project no. 264774) and by a fellowship of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. TH was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM). The Atlantis cruise was funded by a grant of the US National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity program to SMS (OCE-1136727).
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  • 35
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    Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miller, C. A., Holm, H. C., Horstmann, L., George, J. C., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Apprill, A. Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 688-701, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
    Description: Whale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
    Description: Devonshire Foundation (to CAM), Marine Mammal Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; to CAM), WHOI Ocean Life Institute (to AA and CAM), Dalio Foundation’s Dalio Ocean Initiative (now ‘OceanX’) (to AA), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756254 and OPP-1543328 to BASVM). Samples were collected under Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service permit numbers 17350-00, 17350-01, and 17350-02 to North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management.
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  • 36
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    Hudson '70 : gravity observations 62.9S̊ - 57.5N̊ along 150W̊ (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: To provide geoidal topography over the world oceans, a radar altimeter carried by earth satellite is planned. Ground truth calibration will be provided by a grid comprised of the equatorial belt and meridional traverses along the 30°W and 150°W meridians. Ground truth topography is derived from gravity values measured along these traverses. This report presents the free air gravity values and the computed free air anomalies obtained from 62.9°S to 57.5°N along the 150°W meridian.
    Description: Supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.
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    Distribution of Water Masses on the Northeast U.S. Shelf: presentation slides and links to electronic notebook and code (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at 2020 Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP) Symposium, Woods Hole, MA, August 7, 2020
    Description: The water above the Northeast U.S Shelf is home to many different species, and environmental conditions can change the abundance and location of these species. Within our oceans are water masses, pockets of water with their own unique qualities i.e temperature, salinity, etc. The objective of this project was to develop a workflow to identify locations of water masses based on the R/V Endeavor research cruise data. The purpose of this research was to interpret shelf data in order to make analyses efficient for scientists of all professions. The software RStudio was used to create temperature and salinity plots based on the path of the cruise to identify the changes in these parameters. A plot was also created to map the different water masses based on the salinity readings. Users can use the scripts to identify water masses for data from a variety of different time periods, observe the changes and locations of the water masses, and help to understand the changes in biodiversity along the shelf. Link to electronic notebook html: https://ayanna421.github.io/water-masses/. Link to R markdown code: https://github.com/Ayanna421/water-masses. This is a final research presentation for a Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) project Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) in the 2020 Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP).
    Description: This work was supported by NSF OCE # 1655686.
    Keywords: underway data ; temperature-salinity plot ; water masses ; shelfbreak front ; Northeast U.S. Shelf ; workflow ; code:R ; electronic notebook
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  • 38
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    Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gazitua, M. C., Vik, D. R., Roux, S., Gregory, A. C., Bolduc, B., Widner, B., Mulholland, M. R., Hallam, S. J., Ulloa, O., & Sullivan, M. B. Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00825-6.
    Description: Viruses play an important role in the ecology and biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. Beyond mortality and gene transfer, viruses can reprogram microbial metabolism during infection by expressing auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and nutrient cycling. While previous studies have focused on AMG diversity in the sunlit and dark ocean, less is known about the role of viruses in shaping metabolic networks along redox gradients associated with marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Here, we analyzed relatively quantitative viral metagenomic datasets that profiled the oxygen gradient across Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ waters, assessing whether OMZ viruses might impact nitrogen (N) cycling via AMGs. Identified viral genomes encoded six N-cycle AMGs associated with denitrification, nitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and nitrite transport. The majority of these AMGs (80%) were identified in T4-like Myoviridae phages, predicted to infect Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, or in unclassified archaeal viruses predicted to infect Thaumarchaeota. Four AMGs were exclusive to anoxic waters and had distributions that paralleled homologous microbial genes. Together, these findings suggest viruses modulate N-cycling processes within the ETSP OMZ and may contribute to nitrogen loss throughout the global oceans thus providing a baseline for their inclusion in the ecosystem and geochemical models.
    Description: We thank Sullivan Lab members and Heather Maughan for comments on the paper, Bess Ward for her contribution in the N-cycle context of our story, Kurt Hanselmann for his assistance in the calculations of the Gibbs-free energies, and the scientific party and crew of the R/V Atlantis (grant OCE-1356056 to MRM) for the sampling opportunity and support at sea. This work was funded in part by awards from the Agouron Institute to OU and MBS, a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator Award (#3790) and NSF Biological Oceanography Awards (#1536989 and #1829831) to MBS, and the Millennium Science Initiative (grant ICN12_019-IMO) to OU. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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  • 39
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    Long range sound transmission : interim report no. 1, March 1, 1944 - January 20, 1945 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Experiments are described to demonstrate a new method of sonic signalling at extremely long ranges in the oceans, utilizing the natural sound channel. Signals were made by causing a four pound charge of TNT to explode at about 4000 feet depth. These signals have the following qualities: (a) Extremely long range transmission (probably 10,000 miles). (b) Signal is positively identifiable. (c) Abrupt termination of the signal allows the arrival time to be read with an accuracy better than l/20th second. This permits location of source to better than a mile, if the signal is received at three suitably located stations. (d) The signal duration is related in such a way to the distance that the distance may be estimated to 30 miles in 1000 from reception at a single station. The limitations are: (a) It is required that the great circle path which the sound follows between source and receiver lie entirely in deep water (probably at least 1000 fathoms). (b) Sound travels in water at a speed of roughly 1 mile per second so that the interval between the origin of the signal and its reception becomes sufficiently great to be a handicap for some uses, particularly with aircraft. The signals were received to distances up to 900 miles. Two receiving arrangements have been used, a hydrophone hung 4000 feet over the side of a ship which was hove to, and a shore connected. hydrophone which lay on bottom 4000 feet deep. Extrapolation of the results indicate a range of at least 10,000 miles from this size charge. Recommendation is made to utilize a network of monitoring stations to locate planes, ships, and life rafts in distress on the open oceans. Three or more stations receiving a signal could locate the source better than one mile.
    Description: Con tract NObs - 2083, Formerly OEM: sr - 31
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Sonar
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  • 40
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    The rheological behavior of CO2 ice: application to glacial flow on Mars (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Vast amounts of solid CO2 reside in topographic basins of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) on Mars and exhibit morphological features indicative of glacial flow. Previous experimental studies showed that coarse-grained CO2 ice is 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than water ice under Martian polar conditions. Here we present data from a series of deformation experiments on high-purity, fine-grained CO2 ice over a broader range of temperatures than previously explored (158–213 K). The experiments confirm previous observations of highly non-linear power-law creep at larger stresses, but also show a transition to a previously-unseen linear-viscous creep regime at lower stresses. We examine the viscosity of CO2 within the SPLD and predict that the CO2-rich layers may be stronger than previously thought. We also predict that CO2 ice flows much more readily than H2O ice on steep flanks of SPLD topographic basins, allowing the CO2 to pond as observed.
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NNH16ZDA001N-SSW
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  • 41
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    Bathymetry, control positions and aspect of proposed SOFAR stations in the Pacific Ocean (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The purpose of this memorandum is to present the available information on the nature of the bottom off the coasts of California and Hawaii adjacent to the proposed SOFAR stations in the Pacific Ocean, the best probable location for the hydrophones, the probable areas of reception, the positions of fixed land control points, and other information that will facilitate the establishment of an efficient monitoring system. The writer is indebted to the Director and personnel of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for copies of boat sheets containing soundings, data on the deflection of the vertical, and triangulation station data in the areas involved.
    Description: Contract Nobs 2083
    Keywords: Hydrophone ; Ocean bottom ; Pacific Ocean
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  • 42
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    NSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data Meeting Report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: NSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data, C-MORE Hale Center, Honolulu, HI, September 13-15, 2019
    Description: Prior to the OceanObs’19 Meeting, the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office planned and hosted an NSF EarthCube Workshop focused on shipboard ocean time series data (https://www.us-ocb.org/earthcube-workshop-ocean-time-series-data/). Data synthesis and modeling efforts across ocean time series represent important and necessary steps forward in broadening our view of a changing ocean, and maximizing the return on our continued investment in these programs. Despite the scientific insights and technology advances of the past couple of decades, significant barriers remain that hinder important synthesis work across time series. This workshop convened 37 participants, including seagoing oceanographers, data managers, and experts in data science and informatics. The goal of the workshop was to identify key ocean time series data challenges related to access and discoverability, metadata reporting, interoperability across databases, and broadening users; and developing recommendations to address those challenges. The workshop adopted the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable; Wilkinson et al., 2016) Guiding Principles to frame these issues, and included presentations on existing data models and use of controlled vocabularies, guidelines and frameworks for conducting data synthesis and establishing community best practices, and existing and planned ocean time series data products.
    Description: The authors wish to acknowledge NSF EarthCube for the workshop funding and Michael Sieracki (NSF Biological Oceanography) and Hedy Edmonds (NSF Chemical Oceanography) for connecting us with this opportunity. We thank David Karl, Angelicque White, Jennifer Kondo, and all of our wonderful hosts at the C-MORE Hale Center at the University of Hawaii. EarthCube Science Committee representatives Emma Aronson and D. Sarah Stamps provided valuable input throughout the planning of the workshop. Although unable to attend, organizing committee member Rod Johnson also provided assistance with the content and organization of the workshop. We thank the workshop participants for stimulating discussions.
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  • 43
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    Development of sound analysis equipment for sonar research, part II (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Late in 1955 the Deep Water Propagation Committee recommended procurement of 10 sets of sound analysis equipment to be distributed to laboratories working in the field of underwater acoustics. This recommendation was made to be one of the objectives of Contract Nonr-2129. The equipment, including filters for spectrum analysis, was to compute the time integral of the square of the filter output voltages as discussed by Officer and Dietz (1953), WHOI Ref. No. 53-46. In view of the fact that correlation studies are becoming more important it was recommended that the equipment have an optional mode of operation in which it could compute the time integral of the product of two voltages. Multichannel computers were recommended because analysis of data from one hydrophone for one frequency band at one time is much too slow in view of the large amount of data to be processed. Eight channels per computer were chosen because this is the largest number available in standard direct-writing recorders.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research, under Contract Nonr- 2129(00) (NR 261-104).
    Keywords: Sound analyzers ; Sonar
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  • 44
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    High Frequency Radar Wind Turbine Interference Community Working Group Report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Land-based High Frequency (HF) Radars provide critically important observations of the coastal ocean that will be adversely affected by the spinning blades of utility-scale wind turbines. Pathways to mitigate the interference of turbines on HF radar observations exist for small number of turbines; however, a greatly increased pace of research is required to understand how to minimize the complex interference patterns that will be caused by the large arrays of turbines planned for the U.S. outer continental shelf. To support the U.S.’s operational and scientific needs, HF radars must be able to collect high-quality measurements of the ocean’s surface inand around areas with significant numbers of wind turbines. This is a solvable problem, but given the rapid pace of wind energy development, immediate action is needed to ensure that HF radar wind turbine interference mitigation efforts keep pace with the planned build out of turbines.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 45
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    Gravity investigations : August 1 - October 31, 1959 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Pendulum Program: During subject period Dr. Rose completed the rebuilding of the recording system for the pendulum so that visual records could be obtained with a standard oscillograph type camera. The first teat runs with this equipment showed that the accuracy of observataion was materially improved in that the period could be read with greater precision than was obtainable with the Berkeley counter direct read out system. A field run was made the last of October, which included observations at the following sites: Madison, Wisconsin Washington, D. C. Charleston, S. C. Key West, Florida Lamont Geological Observatory, N. Y. Otta, Canada Measurements were taken on a repeat basis on the return leg at each site and the reliability on the basis of a statistical analysis of the results was approximately 0.1 mgal.
    Description: Contract AF19(604) 2157 with the Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command
    Keywords: Gravity--Measurement
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  • 46
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 April - 30 June 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is a progress report of the Institution's research between April and 30 June 1961 supported under Contract NObsr-72521 with the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. The program consists of studies of compressional wave transmission (sound and seismic waves) through sea water and the underlying earth's crust, the ambient noise of the ocean, and the scattering of sound in the sea and beneath the ocean floor. During the present reporting period sound transmission studies have included laboratory analysis of data taken previously in a continuing program directed toward describing near-surface transmission into the shadow zone, and toward accounting for the variability of near-surface . transmission under nominally "good" sonar conditions . Seismic studies consisted of analysis of seismic refraction data taken two years ago in: the Mediterranean, completion of a report of a seismic reflection study of the southern part of Narragansett Bay, extension of this latter study into Rhode Island Sound, and a series of new measurements of the apparent reflectivity of the bottom at 12 kcps. In the sound-scattering program we accepted delivery of a small towed fish containing sound gear for scattering experiments over near-horizontal paths. This instrument was taken to sea on CHAIN for initial testing and self-noise measurements. A series of tests of new sound sources, supported under Contract Nonr-1367, have demonstrated that seismic reflection observations can be made in deep ocean basins from a ship underway slowly using only such electrically-powered sources as Thumper or Sparker. Sub-bottom structures have been mapped in fine detail experimentally in water over 2600 fathoms deep. This work was done with a Thumper having a 5000-joule electrical input . Plans have been made for increasing the electrical input of Thumper to about 13, 000 joules and Sparker to 25, 000 joules. We plan to use these new sound sources in sound transmission experiments this summer and fall in the Mediterranean Sea. As an extra-curricular hobby Miss Broughton, a technical assistant at the Institution, made interesting magnetic tape recordings of the sounds of a small pilot whale stranded on a local beach. She held microphones on the whale's head near the blow hole. The recorded sounds are rather different from those heard through the water near pilot whales. These and other parts of our work are detailed below.
    Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
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  • 47
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research conducted during the period 1 May 1961-31 October 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is a status report for the six-month's period indicated. It includes the closing phase of a long cruise of CHAIN to the Mediterranean Sea during which circulation of the waters of the eastern Mediterranean were studied and sound transmission, seismic reflection, and shallow thermal structure measurements were made at various places in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic. During the remainder of the period various geophysical, geological, and hydroacoustical analyses were conducted at Woods Hole and preparations for the summer cruising season were made.
    Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr - 1367 (OO)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
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  • 48
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    Final report on 1961-62 gravity standardization studies (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The successful promulgation of any regional gravity program carried out with gravimeters depends upon several factors. These can be described as (1) instrumental characteristics, (2) calibration standard, (3) method of survey, and (4) reduction procedure. It is assumed the instrument is reliable, has adequate range, and that the observer takes normal precautions to secure good data. Although much research has been devoted to the study of the effect of slight imperfections in the pitch of the reading dial screw, reading dial graduation error, effect of pressure and temperature changes on instrumental drift rate and readings, linearity of response, and calibration stability, all that has been ascertained is that each instrument constitutes an individual problem, and that no 'two instruments have the same characteristics although in gross terms they may be identical. Therefore, in order for data obtained using several gravimeters, or data obtained by several unrelated groups to be integrated it is necessary that there be some standards for either evaluating the instruments used directly or the data obtained through spot check observations with a standardized instrument.
    Description: Contract AF 08 (614) • 2923 with the Air Force 138lst Geodetic Squadron, Air Photo and Charting Service, Orlando A.F .B. • Florida
    Keywords: Gravity
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  • 49
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    Sweep-synchronized positionable trigger and supplementary components (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report describes the Sweep-Synchronized Positionable Trigger, together with its functions and supplementary components, as designed and built for use with the Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The positionable trigger provides a means for plotting a variable on the PGR record as a function of time, for triggering equipment such as oscilloscopes at any time, for displaying ship's heading, and for supplying, semi-automatically, ocean depth to a ship- board computer.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 40 29(00)
    Keywords: Recording instruments
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  • 50
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    Zooplankton distribution and isotope turnover during Operation Swordfish (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: An evaluation was made of the importance of marine zooplankton in elemental cycling and transport of elements through the thermocline. Zooplankton density was measured in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Some measurement of elemental elimination rates were made using zooplankton labeled by fallout from a nuclear test; other measurements used animals tagged with tracer Il31 or ca58. The turnover time for cobalt in the upper 100 m of the sea is not more than 100 years based on cobalt flux rates in zooplankton alone (U).
    Description: U. S. Atomic Energy Commission contract AT(30-l) -3145
    Keywords: Zooplankton ; Marine ecology
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  • 51
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    Reflection of seismic waves at oblique angles from deep sea sediments (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The theory of oblique-angle seismic reflectivity, as applied to oceanographic research, is presented. An experiment has been developed in which continuous oblique reflection profiles were made by towing an acoustic source behind a ship and listening with a hydrophone suspended beneath a free-floating radio buoy. Information received at the hydrophone was transmitted to the ship and recorded on magnetic tape. Energies of the bottom-reflected signals have been calculated for varying angles of incidence and the corresponding reflectivities produced. Results from the Tyrrhenian Sea and from north of Puerto Rico indicate the possibility that the sound velocity in the first-layer sediments is less than the sound velocity of the bottom water.
    Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-89464
    Keywords: Marine sediments
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  • 52
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    Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 January through 31 December 1966 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Deep Submergence Research Program at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) entered into the first full operational year during 1966. ALVIN and the support catamaran underwent modification and overhaul during the winter months. ALVIN played a key role in the successful recovery of an H-Bomb lost in the sea off Palomares, Spain. This operation is reported in some detail . ALVIN then embarked on a series of dives supported by the catamaran . One series off Bermuda was to inspect the ARTEMIS array. Transit was then made to Tongue-of-the-Ocean (TOTO) in the Bahamas. There portions of the AUTEC range were inspected, several WHOI science dives were made, and a diving program carried out for the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) . After tow back to Woods Hole, two science dives were made and both ALVIN and the catamaran went into an extensive refit and inspection period. The plans for this activity are reported in some detail. A new ALVIN-type submersible is under design and construction at Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-3484(00) NR 260-107.
    Keywords: Manned undersea research stations ; Oceanographic submersibles
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  • 53
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    Current measurements from moored buoys (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Buoy Technology, Transactions 2nd International Buoy Technology Symposium/Exposition, Washington, D.C., September 18-20, 1967, pp.409-418, 1967.
    Description: Since January 1965,a program has been underway at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to measure currents at a limited number of fixed sites on a year round basis. Initially, one site was instrumented with both surface and subsurface moorings. The program has now been expanded to 4 major sites, extending along 70°W, from 39°20 ' N to the Hatteras Abyssal Plain at 30°N . In nearly three years of operation, a total of 65 moorings have been placed at the working sites, for periods up to six months. Recoveries from these sites have provided many velocity records of excellent quality. The repetitive exposure of moorings of essentially similar design under relatively standardized conditions has served to define clearly the design and operational problems that are inherent in such a program. A brief account is given of some of the problems encountered in routine buoy setting operations, and some of the results obtained from the measurements.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241~ NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Oceanographic buoys
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  • 54
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    Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Breusing, C., Mitchell, J., Delaney, J., Sylva, S. P., Seewald, J. S., Girguis, P. R., & Beinart, R. A. Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0707-2.
    Description: Symbioses between invertebrate animals and chemosynthetic bacteria form the basis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems worldwide. In the Lau Basin, deep-sea vent snails of the genus Alviniconcha associate with either Gammaproteobacteria (A. kojimai, A. strummeri) or Campylobacteria (A. boucheti) that use sulfide and/or hydrogen as energy sources. While the A. boucheti host–symbiont combination (holobiont) dominates at vents with higher concentrations of sulfide and hydrogen, the A. kojimai and A. strummeri holobionts are more abundant at sites with lower concentrations of these reductants. We posit that adaptive differences in symbiont physiology and gene regulation might influence the observed niche partitioning between host taxa. To test this hypothesis, we used high-pressure respirometers to measure symbiont metabolic rates and examine changes in gene expression among holobionts exposed to in situ concentrations of hydrogen (H2: ~25 µM) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S: ~120 µM). The campylobacterial symbiont exhibited the lowest rate of H2S oxidation but the highest rate of H2 oxidation, with fewer transcriptional changes and less carbon fixation relative to the gammaproteobacterial symbionts under each experimental condition. These data reveal potential physiological adaptations among symbiont types, which may account for the observed net differences in metabolic activity and contribute to the observed niche segregation among holobionts.
    Description: We thank the Schmidt Ocean Institute, the crew of the R/V Falkor and the pilots of the ROV ROPOS for facilitating the sample collections and shipboard experiments, and the Broad Institute Microbial ‘Omics Core for preparing and sequencing the transcriptomic libraries. This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers NSF OCE-1536653 (to PRG), OCE-1536331 (to RAB and JSS), OCE-1819530 and OCE-1736932 (to RAB).
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    Value beyond view: illuminating the human benefits of the ocean twilight zone (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Hoagland, Porter; Jin, Di; Holland, Michael; Kostel, Ken; Taylor, Eric; Renier, Natalie; Holmes, Mark. 2019. Value beyond view: illuminating the human benefits of the ocean twilight zone. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 35 pp.
    Description: The twilight zone is a fundamental part of the ocean ecosystem, playing an important role in carbon sequestration and marine food webs and supporting the natural function of many planetary processes. Ecosystem services provided by the twilight zone are highly beneficial to humans, but they occur largely out of sight and they are undervalued by society as a result. To better evaluate the benefits that the twilight zone provides, an ecosystem service framework provides a way to organize our thinking about them and even to quantify their economic value. With this information at hand, leaders and policymakers can think more carefully about what we stand to gain or lose from actions that affect the twilight zone and the broader ocean environment to which it is tightly linked, particularly as we strive for the sustainable use of marine resources. The title was changed from "Ecosystem Services of the Mesopelagic" to "Value beyond view: illuminating the human benefits of the ocean twilight zone."
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Capturing Provenance of Data Curation at BCO-DMO (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at Data Curation Network, May 15, 2020
    Description: At domain-specific data repositories, curation that strives for FAIR principles often entails transforming data submissions to improve understanding and reuse. The Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO, https://www.bco-dmo.org) has been adopting the data containerization specification of the Frictionless Data project (https://frictionlessdata.io) in an effort to improve its data curation process efficiency. In doing so, BCO-DMO has been using the Frictionless Data Package Pipelines library (https://github.com/frictionlessdata/datapackage-pipelines) to define the processing steps that transform original submissions to final data products. Because these pipelines are defined using a declarative language they can be serialized into formal provenance data structures using the Provenance Ontology (PROV-O, https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/). While there may still be some curation steps that cannot be easily automated, this method is a step towards reproducible transforms that bridge the original data submission to its published state in machine-actionable ways that benefit the research community through transparency in the data curation process. BCO-DMO has built a user interface on top of these modular tools for making it easer for data managers to process submission, reuse existing workflows, and make transparent the added value of domain-specific data curation.
    Description: NSF #1924618
    Keywords: Data Curation ; Provenance ; Workflows ; Frictionless Data ; Data management ; Data repository
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    Long range sound transmission : interim report no. 2, SOFAR bombs and detonators (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The use of the natural sound channel in the oceans in transmitting sound signals over distances as great as 3000 miles is known as SOFAR. The sound signal is initiated at the axis of the sound channel by some sort of bomb and the signal so generated is picked up at great distance by a hydrophone lying at or near the axis of the channel. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the design and performance of the bombs developed to date for use in SOFAR. The bombs fall into two general classes, namely explosion bombs and implosion bombs. Explosion bombs consist of a detonator which by means of a booster fires a main charge usually of TNT or other high explosive. The only practical method of actuating the detonator at the present time is on the basis of pressure, the detonator being designed to fire at a pressure corresponding to that at the sound channel axis. As the depth of the axis varies with the geographical location it is necessary that the detonator be replaceable or that it be adjustable to meet the requirements of a given area. Typical firing depth requirements to be met are 100 fathoms in the temperate latitudes in tho Atlantic and 350 fathoms in corresponding latitudes in the Pacific. Explosion bombs have varied in design from uncased demolition blocks fired by a simple dotonator to a cast charge of TNT in a pressure proof case fired by an intricate mechanism with elaborate safety devices. Detonators have been principally of three types; (1) the Woods Hole pressure detonator, (2) the diaphram-percussion pin, and (3) the bourdon-electric. Implosion bombs consist of empty containers designed to collapse at or near the axis of the sound channel and thus to release sound energy. It is not know how efficient this sound source is as development work on it has been somewhat limited. The advantages of this device is that it is perfectly safe to use under all conditions, and that it is simple to manufacture. The main disadvantage is that it is rather bulky.
    Description: Work carried out under contract NObs - 2083 formerly OENsr-31 for Bureau of Ships, Navy Department.
    Keywords: Bombs ; Sound -- Transmission ; Bombs Sound -- Transmission Detonators
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    Long range sound transmission : interim report no. 3, SOFAR position triangulation (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The first sounds to arrive at the receiver commence at low intensity and with long intervals between them. Gradually 1 the interval shortens, the sounds become louder until they blend in to one loud sound which ceases abruptly. This peak cut-off is so marked, that when recorded on suitable equipment synchronized with an accurate time piece, the instant of its occurrence may be determined within an accuracy of .01 seconds. In this report, all computations will be based on this interval as a limit of accuracy attainable.
    Description: Work carried out under Contract NObs 2083, formerly OEMsr-31, for Bureau of Ships, Navy Department.
    Keywords: Sound -- Transmission
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    Capturing Provenance of Data Curation at BCO-DMO (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at USGS Data Management Working Group, 9, November 2020
    Description: At domain-specific data repositories, curation that strives for FAIR principles often entails transforming data submissions to improve understanding and reuse. The Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO, https://www.bco-dmo.org) has been adopting the data containerization specification of the Frictionless Data project (https://frictionlessdata.io) in an effort to improve its data curation process efficiency. In doing so, BCO-DMO has been using the Frictionless Data Package Pipelines library (https://github.com/frictionlessdata/datapackage-pipelines) to define the processing steps that transform original submissions to final data products. Because these pipelines are defined using a declarative language they can be serialized into formal provenance data structures using the Provenance Ontology (PROV-O, https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/). While there may still be some curation steps that cannot be easily automated, this method is a step towards reproducible transforms that bridge the original data submission to its published state in machine-actionable ways that benefit the research community through transparency in the data curation process. BCO-DMO has built a user interface on top of these modular tools for making it easier for data managers to process submission, reuse existing workflows, and make transparent the added value of domain-specific data curation.
    Description: NSF #1924618
    Keywords: Data Curation ; Provenance ; Workflows ; Frictionless Data ; Data management ; Data repository
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    Deep-sea corehead camera photography and piston coring (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Cameras were mounted in a newly designed corehead of a piston corer and used to photograph coring operations during 36 stations on CHAIN cruise 75 and 28 stations on ATLANTIS II cruise 42. Through the analysis of these photographs, the deep-water operation of a piston corer during its descent, tripping, impact with the bottom, and ascent has been studied, providing information on the corer's stability, effectiveness in obtaining a bottom sample, and influence on the nearby sea-floor. Accurate determinations of the amount of penetration were possible, allowing comparisons to be made with the more indirect methods of determining penetration and with the length of core recovered. Sediment clouds produced by bottom currents were noticed in many of the bottom photographs. A number of suggestions are made for future piston coring operations. The corer descends with little rotation and swinging. Free-fall and penetration generally take place in less than 5 seconds, with a rotation of 20-60° and an increase of about 6° in vertical deviation. During penetration, the corer disturbs the surrounding sea floor, producing both mounds and depressions around the core barrels. While resting in the bottom, the corer is very stable although some wobbling does occur. Considerable rotation takes place during both pull-out and ascent; frequent sediment discharges from the piston corer occur. No consistent relationship was found between the amount of penetration and the length of core recovered, and thus with the degree of core shortening. Comparisons between piston and pilot cores indicate that the piston cores have been shortened and disturbed relative to the pilot cores, and that as much as a meter of the upper portion of the piston core has been lost. The position of the mud-mark appears to be a reliable indicator of the amount of penetration; estimates by extrapolation of the thermal gradient to the surface are less reliable. The vertical deviation of the corer in the bottom does not influence the amount of penetration. Stratigraphic dips in the recovered cores correspond poorly to this vertical deviation in the bottom.
    Description: The National Science Foundation Grants GA-1077 and GA-1209 and submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029(00); NR 260-101, and N00014-66-C0241; NR 083- 004.
    Keywords: Underwater photography
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    Gravity data obtained during Chain cruise 73 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents the results of gravity measurements obtained aboard the Research Vessel CHAIN of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during cruise 7 3, 6 to 26 September 1967. Information on bathymetry and other studies conducted during CHAIN cruise 73 may be found in W.H.O.I. Reference No. 68-50 (Knott, et al., 1968). Gravity measurements were made simultaneously with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) vibrating string gravity meter and with LaCoste and Romberg sea gravity meter number S-13. The data presented is a selective composite of information from both meters . The base reference station used for the measurements is at the W. H. 0. I. dock in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Its gravity value was taken to be 980327. 0 mgal, however, recent ties of this station to national gravity network stations (Anonymous, 1965) in the Boston, Massachusetts area indicate that this reading is high by about 1. 4 mgal. Thermal and electrical difficulties with the MIT meter made port-to-port drift prediction uncertain (Bowin, Wing and Aldrich, in press). Drift rate for this meter was determined on the basis of its continuous averaged differences with the LaCoste and Romberg meter. This method showed the MIT meter drifting with respect to the LaCoste and Romberg meter by+ 1. 611 mgal per day for the cruise period. Drift of the LaCoste and Romberg gravity meter during CHAIN 73 was - 0.026 mgal/day from in-port measurements at beginning and end of cruise. This last drift value is anomalous in sign and magnitude with respect to the meter's over-all drift rate , and was not applied. The accuracy of the sea measurements is estimated to be about ±10 mgal (Bowin, Wing, and Aldrich, in press). Free -air anomaly values were calculated using the 1930 International Gravity Formula. Water depths are in meters corrected according to the tables of Matthews ( 1939). Bouguer anomaly values were calculated using an infinite slab correction and an assumed crustal density of 2. 67 gm/cm3 . A density of 1. 03 gm/cm3 was assumed for sea water.
    Description: The National Science Foundation Grant GA-9?6 and submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029(00)~ NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Gravity--Measuremnent--Caribbean Sea ; Gravity--Measurement--North Atlantic Ocean ; Gravity anomalies
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    Atlantic oceanography conducted during the period July 1, 1962 -June 30, 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In July 1962 a short cruise was made on CHAIN to investigate the hypothesis (Worthington 1962) that the major circulation of the North Atlantic is divided into two anti-cyclonic eddies or gyres. Evidence from International Geophysical Year data indicated that the thermocline water east of the Grand Banks had different characteristics from Sargasso Sea water. In particular, the dissolved oxygen content throughout the thermocline was at a much higher level in the more northerly waters than in the Sargasso Sea. It was deduced from this that the Gulf Stream, which transports a large volume of water of the Sargasso Sea type, does not turn south around the Tail of the Banks, but that the strong, narrow currents found to the East of the Banks transport water of different origin.
    Description: The Geqphysics Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract-Nonr-2196(00) (NR-083-004)
    Keywords: Oceanography--North Atlantic Ocean ; Ocean circulation--North Atlantic Ocean ; Oceanographic instruments
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  • 63
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    How variable is mixing efficiency in the abyss? (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This directory contains BBTRE/DoMORE processed data (“all_BBTRE.mat” and “all_DoMORE.mat”) that was used to produce all figures in the above research letter. Each mat file has two structure arrays named “location” and “patch10”. The “location” array includes microstructure profile information used in this study (Table D1). The “patch10” array includes 10-m patch-wise parameter estimates used in this study (Table D2). Note that bulk averaged parameters can be constructed from parameters saved in “patch10” (see the above paper).
    Description: This project was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
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  • 64
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    AT42-20 Cruise Report for the 2019-2021 Gofar Transform Fault Earthquake Prediction Experiment, Leg 1: OBS Deployment and Rock Dredging (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The goal of this cruise was to deploy 51 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) and conduct rock dredges at the Quebrada/Discovery/Gofar (QDG) transform fault systems, with a focus on the Gofar system. QDG is located in the equatorial east Pacific on the East Pacific Rise (Figure 1). Sections of the Gofar and Discovery systems rupture with large (Mw 〉 5.3) earthquakes every 5-6 years, while only one event of this size has occurred on Quebrada in the last 35 years. Variations in along-strike earthquake behavior during these seismic cycles are further constrained by results from a 2008 OBS experiment on QDG. The 2008 experiment revealed the presence of ‘rupture zones’, which fail quasi-periodically in M6 earthquakes, and ‘rupture barriers’, which repeatedly stop large ruptures, yet undergo intense foreshock sequences. The current OBS deployment on Gofar is thus aimed at recording variations in stress build up, stress release, and fault strength within the context of a well-known seismic cycle.
    Description: 2022-03-03
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    Data Help Desk BCO-DMO Lightning Talk (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at Ocean Sciences Meeting (OSM), San Diego, CA, 16 - 21 February 2020
    Description: BCO-DMO is the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office. We help oceanography researchers who are funded by the National Science Foundation’s (NSF's) Division of Ocean Sciences' (OCE) Biological or Chemical Oceanography Sections or the Division of Polar Programs' Antarctic Organisms & Ecosystems Program manage their data, making them accessible over the internet. This lightning talk gives a brief overview of who we are, who we work with, and the types of data we manage.
    Description: Award(s): NSF #1924618
    Keywords: Data Curation ; Data management ; Data repository
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  • 66
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    Performance analysis of Woods Hole taut moorings (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has been using deepsea moored buoys for acquiring serial observations of ocean currents, temperature .and other data for over twelve years. A brief description of the deep-sea mooring program is given. The mooring statistics and performance are described. Mooring failures of 1970 and 1971 have been categorized and statistics on the modes and causes of failures are presented. The reliabilities of different types of moorings are computed and compared. The role of radio telemetry for the real-time measurement of mooring line tension and its use in checking the mooring status are discussed. Examples of potential design data like tension and currents recorded by moorings that failed are provided. Finally, recommendations for research and development needed to improve mooring reliability are given.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of NavaZ Research under Contract N00014-66-C024lj NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Deep-sea moorings
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    Cloud structure and distributions over the tropical Pacific : part II (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is the second part in three of an observational study of tropical oceanic clouds and their relation to the large-scale flow patterns. The first part appeared in preliminary form in 1959 in a volume entitled "Cloud Structure am.d Distributions over the Tropical Pacific. Part I", an unpublished Technical Report (Reference No.58-62) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The four authors were the same as those of this report. In addition, a very brief summary of the work (by J. Malkus and C. Ronne) was published in Monograph No.5 of the American Geophysical Union in 1960. A review of the cloud code evolved during this program has been published by M. Alaka in the Bulletin of World Meteorological Organization for April, 1960. The basic material for this study consists of three photographic flights made during July and August 1957 on Military Air Transport (MATS) cargo aircraft flying on regular schedules between San Francisco and the Phillipines. The photographer was Claude Ronne of Woods Hole, accompanied by Joanne Malkus om. the third flight. The appropriate synoptic data were kindly collected by Prof. Colin Ramage of the University of Hawaii and were analyzed by Professor Riehl (then at the University of Chicago) and his colleague Mr. W.S.Gray. The first report described the purposes and methods of the inquiry and presented the results of the first trans-Pacific flight. This report is concerned primarily with the results of the Second flight. A third report on the last flight is planned later, as well as eventual publication of all three parts together. The part of the program reported here has been supported jointly by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation.
    Description: Office of Naval Research under Contract No. 1721(00) and to the National Science Foundation under Grantt No.7368 with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Clouds ; Marine meteorology--Tropics ; Pacific Ocean
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    Instruction manual for Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR) (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This manual describes the objectives, design, operation, and maintenance of the Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), emphasizing its application to echo-sounding. The words "precision graphic recording" describe a method for displaying data by means of successive, precisely-timed rectilinear sweeps of a recording point or "stylus" across a long, moving strip of sensitized paper (Veatch and Smith, 1939, p. 61-63). The recorded data appear as dye-markings, shaded in proportion to signal amplitude along the sweep of the moving recording point.
    Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521 and Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-1367 (00) (NR-261-102)
    Keywords: Sonar ; Echo sounding ; Oceanographic instruments
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research conducted during the period 1 May 1961-31 October 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Research during this six month period was performed during cruises of the CHAIN to the Romanche Trench, to the Puerto Rico Trench, and to the Mediterranean Sea, and during a cruise of the BEAR to the Gulf of Maine. New instrumentation aboard the CHAIN included the 12, 000 joule Boomer and a 25, 000 joule Sparker for continuous Seismic reflection profiles and other research in hydroacoustics. A semiautomatic data recording system for shipboard use was in.stalled and operated by IBM and, to facilitate launching and retrieving deep gear, a closed circuit television system was used . Also the navigational system, GEON, was installed and tested. Prior to the cruises of the summer and fall redesign and refinement of the instrumentation and equipment entailed overhaul of the thermistor chain and contouring temperature recorder, modification of the heat probe for thermal gradient measurements to lessen lowering time, and improvement of the inverted echo-sounding equipment. Research at sea included collecting samples of rock and sediment and photographing the ocean floor in support of research into the structure and dynamics of the Romanche and Puerto Rico Trenches and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , observing internal waves in the North Atlantic studying water circulation in the Mediterranean, the dynamics of flow through the Strait of Gibraltar (concentrating this year on internal waves there), observing the behavior and measuring the sound scattering properties of deep scattering layers in the Mediterranean, measuring heat flow from the inner Earth across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and in the western Mediterranean, and studying the relationship between sound transmission and the physical properties of the water and sea floor in the eastern Mediterranean. At Woods Hole various analysis programs progressed. Several of these used programs of digital computing which have been prepared lately at Woods Hole. The precision time source for remote control reported earlier was improved and tested ashore. A tape recording system for Scuba divers was devised and tested satisfactorily in thirty feet of water.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR 261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR 261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
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  • 70
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    Predicting sonic pulse shapes of underwater spark discharges (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Measurements of the acoustic pressure of spark discharges were made at a shallow depth (10 feet) for various voltages, stored energies, inductances and capacitances of the system, and electrode areas. The voltages ranged from 1500 V to 11 KV, and the energy storing capacitances from 8 to 800 ufd. In this range the peak pressure observed was proportional to peak current and the decay constant of the pressure-time curve was essentially the same as the electrical discharge decay constant.
    Description: Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr 1 367(00) NR 261-103
    Keywords: Sound pressure ; Underwater acoustics
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    A description of the weather of the island of Barbados, W. I. (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This book contains an historical account of the weather in Barbados during the sixty-year period from 1901 to 1969. No attempt is made to present a scientific commentary on the weather. The descriptive account of the weather records in this book is very largely that of rainfall; but other factors, which together with rainfall determines the "weather", are also mentioned when relevant information is available. The details are taken from the writer's personal weather diaries, where available, and from the diaries of the late Ernest Murray Skeete and Elliot Lloyd Skeete in some of those years in the period when the writer was too immature or not in the Island. Additional notes have also been obtained from other sources. Mention is made at the beginning of each chapter, in the section containing the month-to-month description of the weather, of the source or soources from which the details have been obtained. Details of the Island's rainfall and of the records of atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, temperature and sunshine, taken at Codrington Agricultural Station in the parish of St. Michael, are reproduced from published reports with the permission of the Ministry of Agriculture.
    Keywords: Weather--Barbados
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  • 72
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    Narrative of Chain cruise #17, phase I : St. George, Bermuda, to Freetown, Sierra Leone, 19 February - 22 March 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The journal of a cruise of R/V CHAIN from Bermuda to Freetown, Sierra Leone during February and March, 1961, is the basis of this report. Location of observations are given. The portion of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge lying along the equator was surveyed from 10° to 19°W, and new information concerning the slope and orientation of rift zones was obtained. A detailed bathymetric survey of the Romanche Trench was made. A continuous temperature-depth profile, from the surface to 100 meters, was made along the ship 's track with a thermistor chain. Surface shear was measured with pitotmeters mounted on the chain (surface water velocity relative to the water velocity at the depth of the pitotmeter), to determine the strength and direction of the equatorial undercurrent.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-, 2196 (00)
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Mid-Atlantic Ridge ; Romanche Trench
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  • 73
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    On the formulas for correcting reversing thermometers (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The case often arises where a thermometer which has been inserted into a medium of temperature Tw is actually read in a place where the environment is at temperature t, ≠ Tw. Such a case is the soil thermometer , where the bulb is at Tw and the stem in the air at t; and such a case is the oceanographic reversing thermometer, brought up from a depth-of-reversal (Tw) to the ship laboratory (t). In each case the different cubical expansion coefficients of mercury and glass mean that the stem mercury capillary is taken from the true reading of Tw to a reading of T/ by the action of environmental change from Tw to T/.
    Description: Sponsored by Grant NSF-GP 821 from the National Science Foundation
    Keywords: Ocean temperature ; Thermometers
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    A shipboard cable-hauling system for large electrical cables (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: An air -powered hauling machine and reeling device for use at sea with large electrical cable systems such as hydrophone arrays is described. The system may be used to haul cables from 0. 3 to 2 . 0 inch diameter. Hauling tensions up to 9 80 lbs . and speeds up to 4 30 ft/ min. are provided. The principal advantage of the system is that it does not cause the cable to bend while under tension. Reeling is accomplished under only sufficient tension to cause the cable to conform to the reel.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101
    Keywords: Cables ; Electric cables
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Meteorological studies conducted by contract NONR 4071 (00) : final report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: During April and August 1963 the Barbados Weather Modification Project made extensive use of whole-sky, time-lapse and conventional photography to investigate cloud and rain formation over tropical heat sources. These observations were made from land-based, ship-borne and aircraft stations. In July 1965 further photographic studies were carried out over the eastern Caribbean Sea to evaluate the effect of seeding cumulus clouds with silver iodide bombs.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4071 (00)
    Keywords: Meteorological photography ; Clouds ; Precipitation (Meteorology)
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  • 76
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    The distribution of chlorophyll in the western Indian Ocean during the northeast monsoon period, February 13-July 16, 1965 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report contains the observations of phytoplankton pigment characteristics made during ATLANTIS II Cruise No. 15 in the western Indian Ocean and its reaches during the period of February 13 through July 16, 1965. As pointed out in a previous report for this region (Laird et al., 1964), the observations should by no means be considered synoptic since short-term variation will occur in biological measurements. The value of the present observations is greatly enhanced by the fact that they repeat and extend the previous data from ATLANTIS II Cruise No. 8 for the area, but are taken at the opposite period of the year for all regions. The data permit only a first approximation of the relative fertility in the area, yet the seasonal contrast becomes an important consideration in the analysis and interpretation of the data. It is believed that this represents the first such large-scale survey for Indian Ocean waters.
    Description: The National Science Foundation under Grant NSF-GP 822
    Keywords: Chlorophyll ; Phytoplankton--Indian Ocean
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1965 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This progress report contains findings in 1) physical oceanography, 2) marine biology, 3) geology and geophysics, and 4) hydroacoustics. 1) Long-period internal waves are deduced from sound-velocity data between Bermuda and the Antilles . The region of the thermal front (usually found near 30°N) was thought on one occasion to be a generator of internal waves. 2) Midwater fishes were four times more abundant north of the front than south and midwater reverberation levels varied similarly. 3) Evidence obtained southeast of Charleston, S.C. shows that the continental shelf has been building out over the Blake Plateau. The gravity characteristics of many major rifts of the world reveal that as the width of the rift increases, the Bouguer anomalies become increasingly positive. 4) Observations support the hypothesis that diffraction effects are required to explain the sound propagation in convergence zones in the Mediterranean. A major engineering accomplishment was the installation and use of Sea Spider on the Blake Plateau. Sea Spider is a near motionless platform for scientific measurements in the deep ocean. The development of an automatic digital depth-reading system for use with echo sounders on ships were successfully completed, improvements in seismic profiling techniques were made, and special coherency studies of towed hydrophone array noise have progressed.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Re search under Contract Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments ; Blake Plateau
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  • 78
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    Part I. A continuous configuration hydrophone array for broadband continuous seismic profiling : Part II. A comparison between the responses of a continuous line array and a discrete linear array (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The signal-to-noise ratio of towed receivers employed in seismic reflection profiling is significantly improved by using a hydrophone array whose broadband directional response approaches that of a theoretically continuous sensor. Within a broad pass band all secondary lobes of an array of continuous configuration are less sensitive than the main lobe. This design improves upon the directivity and thus the signal-to -noise ratio realized in broadband work by those linear arrays in common use whose transducers are spaced widely compared to the wavelength and duration of transients of acoustical noise projected along the array from all angles of reception. Sensitivity equal to that of the main lobe is developed by the secondary lobes of these commonly used arrays at various frequencies and angles to the array. The 30 -meter arrays of 200 equally-sensitive transducers described here have a broadband response approaching that of a continuous configuration. In order to obtain uniform sensitivity along the array all transducers are calibrated and chosen to be equal in sensitivity within ±0. 4 dB. Long term stability in sensitivity is attained by the use of small, rugged, cylindrical ceramic transducers. The ratio of seismic signal-to-noise from all sources in a 20 to 1000 Hz passband is about+ 6dB while deep-ocean profiling with a 90 k joule sparker at 8 kts in a moderate sea state. The average seismic signal received 1 second after the onset of the bottom reflections during a 0. 5 second period is compared with the average noise received in the same passband for a similar period just prior to the bottom reflections.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029(00), NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Seismic reflection method ; Hydrophone
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 79
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    Eighteenth Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise On Board RV Cabo de Hornos April 8 - 27, 2019 Valparaiso, Chile - Valparaiso, Chile (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2019 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 17) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 18 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. Ancillary tasks performed were the deployments of surface drifters and ARGO floats along the track.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Acoustic and oceanographic observations collected during the Nomans Island experiment in Spring 2017 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has developed a digital acoustic monitoring (DMON) instrument and low-frequency detection and classification system (LFDCS) to detect and classify baleen whales in near real-time from autonomous platforms. This document provides a detailed description of the data, sensors, and research activities pertaining to the Nomans Island experiment, which was designed to evaluate the range-dependent accuracy of the DMON/LFDCS on mobile and fixed platforms. The experiment took place over a 4-week period (28 Feb to 31 Mar) in the spring of 2017 at a shallow (30m) site approximately 15 km Southwest of Martha’s Vineyard, USA. A DMON/LFDCS-equipped Slocum glider was deployed alongside an extant DMON/LFDCS moored buoy to provide the means to compare system performance between platforms. Vertical and horizontal hydrophone line arrays were deployed in the same area to facilitate call localization. A short transmission loss trial was conducted shortly after the array deployments. The Slocum glider and several sensors mounted to the arrays provided environmental data to characterize variability in water column structure and sound speed during the study period.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC), Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management (BOEM), and the Nova Scotia Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Viral elements and their potential influence on microbial processes along the permanently stratified Cariaco Basin redoxcline (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mara, P., Vik, D., Pachiadaki, M. G., Suter, E. A., Poulos, B., Taylor, G. T., Sullivan, M. B., & Edgcomb, V. P. Viral elements and their potential influence on microbial processes along the permanently stratified Cariaco Basin redoxcline. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00739-3.
    Description: Little is known about viruses in oxygen-deficient water columns (ODWCs). In surface ocean waters, viruses are known to act as gene vectors among susceptible hosts. Some of these genes may have metabolic functions and are thus termed auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). AMGs introduced to new hosts by viruses can enhance viral replication and/or potentially affect biogeochemical cycles by modulating key microbial pathways. Here we identify 748 viral populations that cluster into 94 genera along a vertical geochemical gradient in the Cariaco Basin, a permanently stratified and euxinic ocean basin. The viral communities in this ODWC appear to be relatively novel as 80 of these viral genera contained no reference viral sequences, likely due to the isolation and unique features of this system. We identify viral elements that encode AMGs implicated in distinctive processes, such as sulfur cycling, acetate fermentation, signal transduction, [Fe–S] formation, and N-glycosylation. These AMG-encoding viruses include two putative Mu-like viruses, and viral-like regions that may constitute degraded prophages that have been modified by transposable elements. Our results provide an insight into the ecological and biogeochemical impact of viruses oxygen-depleted and euxinic habitats.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant OCE-1336082 to VPE, OCE-1335436 to GTT, OCE-1536989, a Moore Foundation Award (#3790) to MBS, and WHOI subaward A101259 to MP. The sequencing conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 82
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    Sediment dynamics of a divergent bay-marsh complex (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Springer Nature , 2020. This article is posted here by permission of Springer Nature for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nowacki, D. J., & Ganju, N. K. Sediment dynamics of a divergent bay-marsh complex. Estuaries and Coasts, (2020), doi:10.1007/s12237-020-00855-5.
    Description: Bay–marsh systems, composed of an embayment surrounded by fringing marsh incised by tidal channels, are widely distributed coastal environments. External sediment availability, marsh-edge erosion, and sea-level rise acting on such bay–marsh complexes may drive diverse sediment-flux regimes. These factors reinforce the ephemeral and dynamic nature of fringing marshes: material released by marsh-edge erosion becomes part of a bay–marsh exchange that fuels the geomorphic evolution of the coupled system. The dynamics of this sediment exchange determine the balance among seaward export, deposition on the embayment seabed, flux into tidal channels, and import to the marsh platform. In this work, we investigate the sediment dynamics of a transgressive bay–marsh complex and link them to larger-scale considerations of its geomorphic trajectory. Grand Bay, Alabama/Mississippi, is a shallow microtidal embayment surrounded by salt marshes with lateral erosion rates of up to 5 m year−1. We collected 6 months of oceanographic data at four moorings within Grand Bay and its tidal channels to assess hydrographic conditions and net sediment-flux patterns and augmented the observations with numerical modeling. The observations imply a divergent sedimentary system in which a majority of the suspended sediment is exported seaward, while a smaller fraction is imported landward via tidal channels, assisting in vertical marsh-plain accumulation, maintenance of channel and intertidal-flat morphologies, and landward transgression. These results describe a dynamic system that is responsive to episodic atmospheric forcing in the absence of a strong tidal signal and the presence of severe lateral marsh loss.
    Description: We thank the staff of the Grand Bay NERR for their role in facilitating fieldwork within Grand Bay. Jonathan Pitchford, also of the Grand Bay NERR, provided the SET data. Giulio Mariotti and an anonymous reviewer are acknowledged for their helpful comments.
    Keywords: Salt marsh ; Geomorphic trajectory ; Sediment flux
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    WHOI Buoy Newsletter November 1999 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Other
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    A manual for Sofar observers (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This manual has been prepared primarily for the men who are engaged in field research problems connected with the use of Sofar, the installation of Sofar monitoring stations and the operation of Sofar systems of position determination. Although the manual is devoted primarily to a discussion of problems peculiar to Sofar, it also included discussion of several allied subjects of which it is felt the field observer must have cognizance in order to carry out intelligent and successful investigations. The subject matter included is as follows: a discussion of the principles involved in Sofar, Sofar bombs and detonators, present Sofar monitoring equipment, types of Sofar observational data, interpretation of Sofar observations, Sofar triangulation methods, oceanographic measurements, and methods of determining ship's position.
    Description: Work done under Contract Nobs-2083 formerly OElisr-31 with Bureau of Ships, U. S. Navy Dept., Task No. 1
    Keywords: Project Sofar ; Underwater acoustics -- Instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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