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  • 1
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    Conduit dynamics of highly explosive basaltic eruptions: The 1085 CE Sunset Crater sub-Plinian events (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Basaltic volcanoes produce a range of eruptive styles, from Strombolian to low-intensity fire fountaining to, much more rarely, highly explosive Plinian eruptions. Although the hazards posed by highly explosive eruptions are considerable, controlling mechanisms remain unclear, and thus improving our understanding of such mechanisms is an important research objective. To elucidate these mechanisms, we investigate the magma ascent dynamics of basaltic systems using a 1D numerical conduit model. We find that variations in magmatic pressure at depth play a key role in controlling modelled eruption characteristics. Our most significant result is that a decrease in pressure at depth, consistent with the emptying of a magma chamber, results in enhanced volatile exsolution and in deepening fragmentation depth. The corresponding decrease in conduit pressure ultimately produces a collapse of the conduit walls. This type of collapse may be a key mechanism responsible for the cessation of individual explosive eruptions, a notion previously explored for silicic eruptions, but never before for basaltic systems. Using previously published field and sample analysis to constrain model parameters, we simulate scenarios consistent with sub-Plinian eruptions, similar to those at Sunset Crater volcano in ~1085 CE in terms of mass eruption rates and duration. By combining these analyses with a chamber-emptying model, we constrain the size of the magma chamber at Sunset Crater to be on the order of tens of km3. During the 1085 CE Sunset Crater eruption, there were three main sub-Plinian events that erupted between 0.12 and 0.33 km3 of tephra (non-DRE), indicating that ~1% of the total chamber volume was erupted during each sub-Plinian pulse.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106658
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Timescales of water accumulation in magmas and implications for short warning times of explosive eruptions (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Water plays a key role in magma genesis, differentiation, ascent and, finally, eruption. Despite the recognized crucial function of water, there are still several issues that continue to blur our view about its role in magmatic systems. What are the timescales of H2O accumulation in crystallizing magmas? What are the ascent rates of water-rich residual melts leading to explosive eruptions? Here, we track the timescale of water accumulation in a residual melt resulting from crystallization of a hydrous CO2-bearing magmatic mass stored at mid- to deep-crustal levels in a subduction-related geodynamic setting. Our results indicate that, after a repose period ranging from few to several thousand years, water-rich melts with water concentrations larger than 6-9 wt.% can migrate towards the Earth surface in very short timescales, on the order of days or even hours, possibly triggering explosive eruptions with short warning times and devoid of long-term geophysical precursors.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 770
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology ; Petrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Mobility of REE from a hyperacid brine to secondary minerals precipitated in a volcanic hydrothermal system: Kawah Ijen crater lake (Java, Indonesia) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: Rare Earth Elements (REE; lanthanides and yttrium) are elements with high economic interest because they are critical elements for modern technologies. This study mainly focuses on the geochemical behavior of REE in hyperacid sulphate brines in volcanic-hydrothermal systems, where the precipitation of sulphate minerals occurs. Kawah Ijen lake, a hyperacid brine hosted in the Ijen caldera (Indonesia), was used as natural laboratory. ∑REE concentration in the lake water is high, ranging from 5.86 to 6.52 mg kg-1. The REE pattern of lake waters normalized to the average local volcanic rock is flat, suggesting isochemical dissolution. Minerals spontaneously precipitated in laboratory at 25 °C from water samples of Kawah Ijen were identified by XRD as gypsum. Microprobe analyses and the chemical composition of major constituents allow to identify possible other minerals precipitated: jarosite, Al-sulphate and Sr, Ba-sulphate. ∑REE concentration in minerals precipitated (mainly gypsum) range from 59.53 to 78.64 mg kg-1. The REE patterns of minerals precipitated normalized to the average local magmatic rock show enrichment in LREE. The REE distribution coefficient (KD), obtained from a ratio of its concentration in the minerals precipitated (mainly gypsum) and the lake water, shows higher values for LREE than HREE. KD-LREE/KD-HREE increases in the studied samples when the concentrations of BaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Na2O and the sum of total oxides (except SO3 and CaO) decrease in the solid phase. The presence of secondary minerals different than gypsum can be the cause of the distribution coefficient variations. High concentrations of REE in Kawah Ijen volcanic lake have to enhance the interest on these environments as possible REE reservoir, stimulating future investigations. The comparison of the KD calculated for REE after mineral precipitation (mainly gypsum) from Kawah Ijen and Poás hyperacid volcanic lakes allow to generalize that the gypsum precipitation removes the LREE from water.
    Description: Published
    Description: 140133
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gypsum precipitation ; Rare Earth Elements ; Hyperacid crater lake ; Kawah Ijen volcano ; Poás volcano ; REE fractionation ; Geochemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Quantifying the Uncertainty of a Coupled Plume and Tephra Dispersal Model: PLUME‐MOM/HYSPLIT Simulations Applied to Andean Volcanoes (2020)
    Wiley Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Numerical modeling of tephra dispersal and deposition is essential for evaluation of volcanic hazards. Many models consider reasonable physical approximations in order to reduce computational times, but this may introduce a certain degree of uncertainty in the simulation outputs. The important step of uncertainty quantification is dealt in this paper with respect to a coupled version of a plume model (PLUME‐MoM) and a tephra dispersal model (HYSPLIT). The performances of this model are evaluated through simulations of four past eruptions of different magnitudes and styles from three Andean volcanoes, and the uncertainty is quantified by evaluating the differences between modeled and observed data of plume height (at different time steps above the vent) as well as mass loading and grain size at given stratigraphic sections. Different meteorological data sets were also tested and had a sensible influence on the model outputs. Other results highlight that the model tends to underestimate plume heights while overestimating mass loading values, especially for higher‐magnitude eruptions. Moreover, the advective part of HYSPLIT seems to work more efficiently than the diffusive part. Finally, though the coupled PLUME‐MoM/HYSPLIT model generally is less efficient in reproducing deposit grain sizes, we propose that it may be used for hazard map production for higher‐magnitude eruptions (sub‐Plinian or Plinian) for what concern mass loading.
    Description: This research was financed by the French government IDEX‐ISITE initiative 16‐IDEX‐0001 (CAP 20‐25), the Institute de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) in the context of the Laboratoire Mixte International “Séismes et Volcans dans les Andes du Nord” (SVAN), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Tellus programme.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB018390
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tephra deposit ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Preliminary studies on the geothermal fluids of the island of Ischia: gas geochemistry (2020)
    Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: Fumarolic gases and dissolved gases in some thermal waters of Ischia were analyzed.
    Description: GNV-CNR
    Description: Published
    Description: 967-973
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Gas geochemistry, fumarolic gas, Ischia ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Fluid geochemistry of the San Vicente geothermal field (El Salvador). (2020)
    Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: The volcano Chichontepeque (San Vicente) is one of the nine recent volcanoes making up the El Salvador sector of the WNW-ESE-trending active Central American volcanic belt. Thermal activity is at present reduced to a few thermal springs and fumaroles. The most important manifestations (Agua Agria and Los Infernillos Ciegos) are boiling springs and fumaroles located on the northern slope of the volcano (850 m a.s.l.) along two radial faults. The chloride acid waters of the Los Infernillos area are partly fed by a deep hydrothermal aquifer (crossed at 1100–1300 m by a geothermal exploration well), which finds a preferential path to the surface through the radial fault system. C02 is the most important gas (〉90%) of the Los Infernillos Ciegos and Agua Agria fumaroles. Part of the Los Infernillos gases may also come from a deeper, hotter source, given their high HCl/Stot. ratio and their more reducing conditions. The application of geothermometric and geobarometric methods to the gases and thermal waters suggests that both thermal areas are linked to the identified 1100–1300 m reservoir, whose temperature (250°C), lateral extension and chemical composition, as resulting from this study, are of interest for industrial development.
    Description: Salvadorian State Agency for Electric Power (CEL)
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-97
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geochemistry, thermal springs, fumaroles, San Vicente, El Salvador ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A Christmas gift: Signature of the 24th December 2018 eruption of Mt. Etna on the chemical composition of bulk deposition in eastern Sicily (2020)
    Società Geologica Italiana
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: The eruption of Mt. Etna which occurred on December 24th 2018 was characterized by strombolian activity and fire fountains, emitted by the New South-East Crater and along a fissure that propagated towards the SE. The influence of volcanic emissions on atmospheric deposition was clearly detectable at several kilometres from the source. Wet and dry (bulk) deposition samples were collected each month, through a network of eleven collectors, in the areas of Milazzo, and Priolo between June 2018 and June 2019. They were analysed for major ions and trace elements concentrations. The pH values range from 3.9 to 8.3, while the EC values range from 7 to 396 μS cm-1. An extensive neutralization of the acidity has been recognised mainly due to the suspended alkaline dust particles, which have a buffering role in rainwater. A high load of Na+ and Cl- was observed at all sites, related to the closeness of the study areas to the coast, showing a high positive correlation (R2 = 0.989) along the line of Na+/Cl- ratio in seawater. During the eruption, the volcanic plume was carried by the winds for long distance (more than 300 km) affecting the area of Priolo but not that of Milazzo, which was upwind with respect to Mt. Etna. The impact of volcanic HF was clearly recognised in the samples collected after the eruption. Volcanic SO2 and HCl had a lower impact due to the overwhelming input of anthropogenic sulfate and marine chloride. On the contrary, the signature of the Mt. Etna eruption can be well recognised in the high concentrations of certain trace elements in the samples collected immediately after the eruption. The strongest contrast between affected and non-affected samples was recognised in Al, Cd, and especially in the volatile elements Tl and Te, which are typically enriched in volcanic emissions. The results showed that volcanic eruptions might have a relevant effect on the atmospheric chemistry and on the composition of rainwater up to distances of 80 km from the emission vents.
    Description: Published
    Description: 341-358
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: rainwater ; fluoride ; trace elements ; volcanic emissions ; 01. Atmosphere ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Aerial strategies advance volcanic gas measurements at inaccessible, strongly degassing volcanoes (2020)
    AAAS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: Volcanic emissions are a critical pathway in Earth's carbon cycle. Here, we show that aerial measurements of volcanic gases using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) transform our ability to measure and monitor plumes remotely and to constrain global volatile fluxes from volcanoes. Combining multi-scale measurements from ground-based remote sensing, long-range aerial sampling, and satellites, we present comprehensive gas fluxes-3760 ± [600, 310] tons day-1 CO2 and 5150 ± [730, 340] tons day-1 SO2-for a strong yet previously uncharacterized volcanic emitter: Manam, Papua New Guinea. The CO2/ST ratio of 1.07 ± 0.06 suggests a modest slab sediment contribution to the sub-arc mantle. We find that aerial strategies reduce uncertainties associated with ground-based remote sensing of SO2 flux and enable near-real-time measurements of plume chemistry and carbon isotope composition. Our data emphasize the need to account for time averaging of temporal variability in volcanic gas emissions in global flux estimates.
    Description: This research was enabled through the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation's support of the Deep Carbon Observatory Deep Earth Carbon Degassing program (DECADE). Part funding also came from the EPSRC CASCADE programme grant (EP/R009953/1). EJL was supported by a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. KW was supported by the National Center for Nuclear Robotics (NCNR) EPSRC grant (EP/R02572X/1).
    Description: Published
    Description: eabb9103
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: UAS ; volcanic plume ; carbon cycle ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Continuous monitoring of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2020)
    SGI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The geochemistry of volcanic gases has been fruitfully applied to identify important changes in the volcanic activity. This study reviews the dataset of the volcanic gas survey performed during 2009 and 2010 at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands – Italy). Dry gas collection occurred discontinuously at the crater fumaroles for subsequent chemical and isotopic (δ〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) analyses in the laboratory. A tailor-made device enabled continuous survey of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 molar fraction and CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux on the same site. Evaluation of the raw data was performed in accordance with air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction dataset. Both MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analyses allowed filtering the dataset from the environmental effects. The MLR analysis indicated that wind speed and air temperature affected the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux. Changes in the atmospheric pressure promoted pumping effect of the fumarole gas and caused changes in the H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 molar fraction. The power spectral analysis revealed daily cycles in both gases. A digital signal filtering procedure enabled minimizing the environmental effects. This study confirmed that gas emissions from the crater fumaroles have both chemical ad isotopic composition similar to the magmatic gas phase. The results of the continuous survey showed that changes of both H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 correlated with changes of the volcanic activity. Therefore, H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CO2 resulted effective tracers of the dynamics involving the plumbing system of Stromboli. Identification of changes in the gas emissions at open conduit volcanoes offers a great advance over the ground gas survey. The results of the continuous survey at Stromboli showed that H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 could apply as an auxiliary parameter of the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux in the surveillance programs of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-94
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrogen monitoring ; Volcano Monitoring ; Carbon dioxide ; Gas geochemistry ; Reducing capacity ; Oxygen fugacity ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior ; 03.01. General
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Induced polarization of volcanic rocks. 3. Imaging clay cap properties in geothermal fields (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: 2019, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: Smectite-rich clay caps form permeability seals in geothermal systems. The presence of smectite is also responsible for a strong surface (interfacial) electrical conductivity and polarization due to their electrical double layer properties. We developed new complex conductivity models using both differential effective medium (DEM) and volume averaging theories accounting for both conduction and polarization of these high cation exchange capacity (CEC) materials. These models predict that the chargeability is also a non-linear function of the pore water conductivity reaching a constant value at pore water conductivity far above the so-called iso-conductivity point. The iso-conductivity point is characterized by the equality between the conductivity of the rock and the conductivity of the pore water. We apply the DEM conductivity model (which requires only two textural parameters) to smectite-rich volcanic and sedimentary rocks using data sets from the literature. When smectite is present in the volcanic rocks, the CEC of the rock is dominated by the CEC of smectite. The grain conductivity and the normalized chargeability are related to each other by a dimensionless number R = 0.10 (independent of temperature and saturation) and both are controlled by the excess of charge per unit pore volume QV, which can be determined from the CEC and porosity. Our petrophysical model is also able to predict the permeability of the rock as well from the CEC and the porosity. It is applied to a 3-D data set at Krafla volcano (Iceland). The porosity, the CEC, the percentage of smectite, and the permeability of the clay-cap are imaged by 3-D induced polarization tomography. Electrical conductivity tomography alone does not allow separation of the contribution of the bulk pore space from the interfacial properties related to alteration and therefore should be used with caution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1398–1427
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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