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  • Elsevier  (507,770)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (157,656)
  • American Physical Society  (40,875)
  • Public Library of Science  (38,373)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)  (21,781)
  • Hindawi  (18,975)
  • MDPI Publishing  (18,900)
  • 2015-2019  (804,330)
  • 1940-1944
  • 2019  (450,113)
  • 2018  (354,219)
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  • 1
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    Dynamics and effects of the Vesuvius Pomici di Avellino Plinian eruption and related phenomena on the Bronze Age landscape of Campania region (Southern Italy) (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The Pomici di Avellino eruption is the Plinian event of Vesuvius with the highest territorial impact. It affected an area densely inhabited by Early Bronze Age human communities and resulted in the long- term abandonment of an extensive zone surrounding the volcano. Traces of human life beneath the eruption products are very common throughout the Campania Region. A systematic review of the available archaeological data, the study of geological and archaeological sequences exposed in excava- tions, and the reconstruction of the volcanic phenomena affecting single sites has yielded an under- standing of local effects and their duration. The archaeological and volcanological analyses have shown that the territory was rapidly abandoned before and during the eruption, with rare post-eruption at- tempts at resettlement of the same sites inhabited previously. The definition of the distribution and stratigraphy of alluvial deposits in many of the studied sequences leads us to hypothesise that the scarce presence of humans during phases 1 and 2 of the Middle Bronze Age in the wide area affected by the eruption was due to diffuse phenomena of remobilisation of the eruption products, generating long- lasting alluvial processes. These were favoured by the deposition of loose fine pyroclastic material on the slopes of the volcano and the Apennines, and by climatic conditions. A significant resettlement of the territory occurred only hundreds of years after the Pomici di Avellino eruption, during phase 3 of the Middle Bronze Age. This study show the role of volcanic and related phenomena from a Plinian event in the settlement dynamics of a complex territory like Campania.
    Description: Published
    Description: 231-244
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Plinian eruption Eruption impact ; Volcanoclastic mass flow ; Vesuvius ; Bronze Age ; Eruption impact
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    High-resolution geological investigations to reconstruct the long-term ground movements in the last 15 kyr at Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: Ground deformations are among the main volcanic phenomena occurring within the caldera system and pres- ently recorded at different volcanoes worldwide including the Campi Flegrei active caldera (southern Italy). A new stratigraphic, sedimentological and paleontological survey carried out in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera both along the already known La Starza succession and through a new excavated tunnel provided new insights into the ground movement episodes occurred in the last 15 kyr. This study, which has also benefited of unpublished boreholes stratigraphic data, shows that the most uplifted sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera, presently marked by the morphological structure of the La Starza cliff close to the Pozzuoli coastline, was charac- terized by a complex sedimentary evolution. It results from different phases of alternating marine transgressions and regressions, the latter marked by both continental volcanic and/or palustrine/lacustrine sediments. These al- ternations result from the interplay between (i) subsidence and uplift episodes of the caldera floor and (ii) sea level variations during the Holocene. A rest period of volcanism accompanied by a sea level rise determined a sig- nificant submersion phase in about 3000 years between 8.59 and 5.5 ka. This phase was defined by a sea level with a maximum water depth value of 60–80 m and a late stage recording significant episodes of ground move- ments. Subsequently, between 5.5 and 3.5 ka, a ground uplift of about 100 m occurred, with short subsidence around 4.5 ka following the Plinian Agnano-Monte Spina eruption. The net vertical displacement represents the recorded deformation linked with a volcanism period in which ~2.5 km3 of magma were erupted by different vents within the caldera. It is worth to note as the general trend of ground movement through the time indicates a similarity in the pattern, beyond its scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 143-158
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ground deformation ; Campi Flegrei ; Paleoenvironment ; Coastal marine sediments ; Volcanism ; Unrest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    The added value of time-variable microgravimetry to the understanding of how volcanoes work (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: During the last few decades, 4D volcano gravimetry has shown great potential for illuminating subsurface processes at active volcanoes (including some that might otherwise remain “hidden”), especially when combined with other methods (e.g., ground deformation, seismicity, and gas emissions). By supplying information on changes in the distribution of bulk mass over time, gravimetry can provide unique information regarding such processes as magma accumulation in void space, gas segregation at shallow depths, and mechanisms driving volcanic uplift and subsidence. Despite its potential, 4D volcano gravimetry is an underexploited method, not widely adopted by volcano researchers or observatories. The cost of instrumentation and the difficulty in using it under harsh environmental conditions is a significant impediment to the exploitation of gravity at many volcanoes. In addition, retrieving useful information from gravity changes in noisy volcanic environments is a major challenge. While these difficulties are not trivial, neither are they insurmountable; indeed, creative efforts in a variety of volcanic settings highlight the value of 4D gravimetry for understanding hazards as well as revealing fundamental insights into how volcanoes work. Building on previous work, we provide a comprehensive review of 4D volcano gravimetry, including discussions of instrumentation, modeling and analysis techniques, and case studies that emphasize what can be learned from, campaign, continuous, and hybrid gravity observations. We are hopeful that this exploration of 4D volcano gravimetry will excite more scientists about the potential of the method, spurring further application, development, and innovation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 146-179
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: time-variable microgravimetry ; volcano gravimetry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Vapour discharges on Nevado del Ruiz during the recent activity: Clues on the composition of the deep hydrothermal system and its effects on thermal springs (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-16
    Description: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano is considered one of the most active volcanoes in Colombia, which can potentially threaten approximately 600,000 inhabitants. The existence of a glacier and several streams channelling in some main rivers, flowing downslope, increases the risk for the population living on the flank of the volcano in case of unrest, because of the generation of lahars and mudflows. Indeed, during the November 1985 subplinian eruption, a lahar generated by the sudden melting of the glacier killed twenty thousand people in the town of Armero. Moreover, the involvement of the local hydrothermal system has produced in the past phreatic and phreatomagmatic activity, as occurred in 1989. Therefore, the physico-chemical conditions of the hydrothermal system as well as its contribution to the shallow thermal groundwater and freshwater in terms of enthalpy and chemicals require a close monitoring. The phase of unrest occurred since 2010 and culminated with an eruption in 2012, after several years of relative stability, stillmaintains amoderate alert, as required by the high seismicity and SO2 degassing. In October 2013, a sampling campaign has been performed on thermal springs and stream water, located at 2600–5000 m of elevation on the slope of Nevado del Ruiz, analyzed for water chemistry and stable isotopes. Some of these waters are typically steam-heated (low pH and high sulfate content) by the vapour probably separating from a zoned hydrothermal system. By applying a model of steam-heating, based on mass and enthalpy balances, we have estimated themass rate of hydrothermal steam discharging in the different springs. The composition of the hottest thermal spring (Botero Londono) is probably representative of a marginal part of the hydrothermal system, having a temperature of 250 °C and low salinity (Cl ~1500 mg/l), which suggest, along with the retrieved isotope composition, a chiefly meteoric origin. The vapour discharged at the steam vent “Nereidas” (3600 m asl) is hypothesized to be separated from a high temperature hydrothermal system. Based on its composition and on literature data on fluid inclusions, we have retrieved the P-T-X conditions of the deep hydrothermal system, aswell as its pH and fO2. The vapour feeding Nereidas would separate from a biphasic hydrothermal system characterized by the following parameters: t= 315 °C, P= 15 MPa, NaCl = 10 wt%, CO2=5 wt%, and similar proportion between liquid and vapour. Considering also the equilibria involving S-bearing gases and HCl, pH would approach the value of 1.5 while fO2 would correspond to the FeO-Fe2O3 buffer. Chlorine content is estimated at 10,300mg/l. Changes in the magmatic input into the hydrothermal system couldmodify its degree of vapourization and/or P-T-X conditions, thus inducing corresponding variations in vapour discharges and thermal waters. These findings, paralleled by contemporary measurements of water flow rates, could give significant clues on risk evaluation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 40-53
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Nevado del Ruiz ; Water isotopes ; Geothermal system ; Equilibrium modelling ; Water chemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Anthropogenic seismicity in Italy and its relation to tectonics: State of the art and perspectives (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-02
    Description: Since hydrofracking is used for shale gas production, human caused seismicity have become a subject of increasing interest. Seismic monitoring is common for earthquakes generated by human operations like mining, reservoir impoundments, hydrocarbon and geothermal production, as well as reinjection of fluids. In Italy the Mw6.1 Reggio-Emilia earthquake of 20 May 2012 triggered particular interest in anthropogenic seismicity. It also raised the question of whether hydrocarbon exploitation induced variations in crustal stress that influenced the generation of these earthquakes. The Italian government commissioned a technical report compiling cases of documented and hypothesized anthropogenic seismicity. Following a governmental request, a technical report was compiled, describing the relation between anthropogenic activities and induced or triggered seismicity in Italy. This paper reviews these cases, on the basis of previously published works, and additional new analyses. Three cases of seismicity in Central Italy, occurring close to anthropogenic activities, are: (i) extraction of carbon dioxide (CO_2) from a borehole near Pieve Santo Stefano, (ii) the impoundment of the Montedoglio reservoir and (iii) geothermal energy production at Mt. Amiata. Since the sites are situated in the seismically active area of the Northern Apennines, we illustrate both by standard seismological analysis as well as by modeling to tackle the challenge of discriminating anthropogenic from natural seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 80-94
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: triggered/induced seismicity ; Italy ; CO2 extraction ; reservoir impoundment ; Mt. Amiata ; Upper Tiber Valley ; Solid Earth, Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    The Lusi drone: A multidisciplinary tool to access extreme environments (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: Extreme and inaccessible environments are a new frontier that unmanned and remotely operated ve-hicles can today safely access and monitor. The Lusi mud eruption (NE Java Island, Indonesia) representsone of these harsh environments that are totally unreachable with traditional techniques. Here boilingmud is constantly spewed tens of meters in height and tall gas clouds surround the 100 m wide activecrater. The crater is surrounded by a ~600 m diameter circular zone of hot mud that prevents anyapproach to investigate and sample the eruption site. In order to access this active crater we designedand assembled a multipurpose drone.The Lusi drone is equipped with numerous airborne devices suitable for use on board of other mul-ticopters. During the missions, three cameras can complete 1) video survey, 2) high resolution photo-grammetry of desired and preselected polygons, and 3) thermal photogrammetry surveys with infra-redcamera to locate hotfluids seepage areas or faulted zones. Crater sampling and monitoring operationscan be pre-planned with aflight software, and the pilot is required only for take-off and landing. A winchallows the deployment of gas, mud and water samplers and contact thermometers to be operated withno risk for the aircraft. During the winch operations (that can be performed automatically), the aircrafthovers at a safety height until the tasks controlled by the winch-embedded processor are completed. Thedrone is also equipped with GPS-connected CO2and CH4sensors. Gridded surveys using these devicesallowed obtaining 2D maps of the concentration and distribution of various gasses over the area coveredby theflight path.The device is solid, stable even with significant wind, affordable, and easy to transport. The Lusi dronesuccessfully operated during several expeditions at the ongoing active Lusi eruption site and proved to bean excellent tool to study other harsh or unreachable sites, where operations with more conventionalmethods are too expensive, dangerous or simply impossible
    Description: LUSI LAB project, PI A. Mazzini; esearch Council of Norway through itsCenters of Excellence funding scheme, Project Number 223272; BPLS (Badan Penanggulangan Lumpur Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo Mudflow Management Agency)
    Description: Published
    Description: 26-37
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lusi mud eruption ; Drone-UAV ; Multirotor ; Remote sampling ; Remote sensing ; Indonesia ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Retrieval and intercomparison of volcanic SO2 injection height and eruption time from satellite maps and ground-based observations (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Syneruptive gas flux time series can, in principle, be retrieved from satellite maps of SO2 collected during and immediately after volcanic eruptions, and used to gain insights into the volcanic processes which drive the volcanic activity. Determination of the age and height of volcanic plumes are key prerequisites for such calculations. However, these parameters are challenging to constrain using satellite-based techniques. Here, we use imagery from OMI and GOME-2 satellite sensors and a novel numerical procedure based on back-trajectory analysis to calculate plume height as a function of position at the satellite measurement time together with plume injection height and time at a volcanic vent location. We applied this new procedure to three Etna eruptions (12 August 2011, 18 March 2012 and 12 April 2013) and compared our results with independent satellite and ground-based estimations. We also compare our injection height time-series with measurements of volcanic tremor, which reflects the eruption intensity, showing a good match between these two datasets. Our results are a milestone in progressing towards reliable determination of gas flux data from satellite-derived SO2 maps during volcanic eruptions, which would be of great value for operational management of explosive eruptions.
    Description: 1) European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2.007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 279802, project 283 CO2Volc. 2) MEDiterranean SUpersite Volcanoes 280 (MED-SUV) WP 3.3.3
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-91
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcanic SO2 ; Trajectory modelling ; Remote sensing ; Volcanic tremor ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Complexity of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault system (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) and effects on the Middle Aterno Quaternary basin arrangement (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: An Mw 6.1, devastating earthquake, on April 6, 2009, struck the Middle Aterno Valley (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) due to the activation of a poorly known normal fault system. Structural analysis of the fault population and investigation of the relationships with the Quaternary continental deposits through integrated field and laboratory techniques were conducted in order to reconstruct the long-term, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin and hypothesize the size of the fault segment. A polyphasic evolution of the Middle Aterno Valley is characterized by a conjugate, ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking fault system, during the early stage of basin development, and by a dip-slip, NW-striking fault system in a later phase. The old conjugate fault system controlled the generation of the largest sedimentary traps in the area and is responsible for the horst and graben structures within the basin. During the Early Pleistocene the E-W and NS system reactivated with dip-slip kinematics. This gave rise to intra-basin bedrock highs and a significant syn-tectonic deposition, causing variable thickness and hiatuses of the continental infill. Subsequently, since the end of the Early Pleistocene, with the inception of the NW-striking fault system, several NW-strands linked into longer splays and their activity migrated toward a leading segment affecting the Paganica-San Demetrio basin: the Paganica-San Demetrio fault alignment. The findings from this work constrain and are consistent with the subsurface basin geometry inferred from previous geophysical investigations. Notably, two major elements of the ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking faults likely act as transfer to the nearby stepping active fault systems or form the boundaries, as geometric complexities, that limit the Paganica-San Demetrio fault segment overall length to 19 ± 3 km. The resulting size of the leading fault segment is coherent with the extent of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault. The positive match between the geologic long-term and coseismic images of the 2009 seismogenic fault highlights that the comprehensive reconstruction of the deformation history offers a unique contribution to the understanding faults seismic potential.
    Description: MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012–2021
    Description: Published
    Description: 30-66
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Quaternary geology ; L'Aquila earthquake ; structural geology ; Middle Aterno Valley ; neotectonics ; active fault ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    The effects of environmental parameters on diffuse degassing at Stromboli volcano: Insights from joint monitoring of soil CO2 flux and radon activity (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Soil CO2 flux and 222Rn activity measurements may positively contribute to the geochemicalmonitoring of active volcanoes. The influence of several environmental parameters on the gas signals has been substantially demonstrated. Therefore, the implementation of tools capable of removing (or minimising) the contribution of the atmospheric effects from the acquired time series is a challenge in volcano surveillance. Here, we present 4 years-long continuousmonitoring (fromApril 2007 to September 2011) of radon activity and soil CO2 flux collected on the NE flank of Stromboli volcano. Both gases record higher emissions during fall–winter (up to 2700 Bq * m−3 for radon and 750 g m−2 day−1 for CO2) than during spring–summer seasons. Short-time variations on 222Rn activity aremodulated by changes in soil humidity (rainfall), and changes in soil CO2 flux that may be ascribed to variations in wind speed and direction. The spectral analyses reveal diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles on both gases, outlining that atmospheric variations are capable to modify the gas release rate fromthe soil. The long-termsoil CO2 flux shows a slow decreasing trend, not visible in 222Rn activity, suggesting a possible difference in the source depth of the of the gases, CO2 being deeper and likely related to degassing at depth of the magma batch involved in the February–April 2007 effusive eruption. To minimise the effect of the environmental parameters on the 222Rn concentrations and soil CO2 fluxes, two different statistical treatments were applied: the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and the Principal Component Regression (PCR). These approaches allow to quantify theweight of each environmental factor on the two gas species and showa strong influence of some parameters on the gas transfer processes through soils. The residual values of radon and CO2 flux, i.e. the values obtained after correction for the environmental influence, were then compared with the eruptive episodes that occurred at Stromboli during the analysed time span (2007–2011) but no clear correlations emerge between soil gas release and volcanic activity. This is probably due to i) the distal location of the monitoring stations with respect to the active craters and to ii) the fact that during the investigated period no major eruptive phenomena (paroxysmal explosion, flank eruption) occurred. Comparison of MLR and PCR methods in time-series analysis indicates thatMLR can bemore easily applied to real time data processing in monitoring of open conduit active volcanoes (like Stromboli) where the transition to an eruptive phase may occur in relatively short times.
    Description: This researchwas partly funded by ItalianMinistry of University and Research (MIUR) and by University of Torino-Fondazione Compagnia di San Paolo. Additional fundswere provided by the Italian “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC)” through the DEVnet Project (a cooperative program between the Departments of Earth Sciences of the University of Torino and the University of Florence) and through the “Potenziamento Monitoraggio Stromboli” project. Additional funds for improving our computing hardware were provided by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Torino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 65-78
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; Continuous geochemical monitoring ; Soil CO2 flux ; Radon activity ; Environmental parameters ; Time series analyses ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Transient numerical model of magma ascent dynamics: application to the explosive eruptions at the Soufrière Hills Volcano (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Volcanic activity exhibits a wide range of eruption styles, from relatively slow effusive eruptions that produce lava flows and lava domes, to explosive eruptions that can inject large volumes of fragmented magma and volcanic gases high into the atmosphere. Although controls on eruption style and scale are not fully understood, previous research suggests that the dynamics of magma ascent in the shallow subsurface (〈 10 km depth) may in part control the transition from effusive to explosive eruption and variations in eruption style and scale. Here we investigate the initial stages of explosive eruptions using a 1D transient model for magma ascent through a conduit based on the theory of the thermodynamically compatible systems. The model is novel in that it implements finite rates of volatile exsolution and velocity and pressure relaxation between the phases. We validate the model against a simple two-phase Riemann problem, the Air-Water Shock Tube problem, which contains strong shock and rarefaction waves. We then use the model to explore the role of the aforementioned finite rates in controlling eruption style and duration, within the context of two types of eruptions at the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: Vulcanian and sub-Plinian eruptions. Exsolution, pressure, and velocity relaxation rates all appear to exert important controls on eruption duration. More significantly, however, a single finite exsolution rate characteristic of the Soufrière Hills magma composition is able to produce both end-member eruption durations observed in nature. The duration therefore appears to be largely controlled by the timescales available for exsolution, which depend on dynamic processes such as ascent rate and fragmentation wave speed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110-139
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Magma ascent ; Conduit dynamics ; Soufrière Hills Volcano ; Finite-rate exsolution ; Pressure relaxation ; Velocity relaxation ; 04.08. Volcanology ; Numerical modeling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Biogeochemical markers across a pollution gradient in a Patagonian estuary: A multidimensional approach of fatty acids and stable isotopes (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Marine Pollution Bulletin, Elsevier, 137, pp. 617 - 626
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: A combined approach merging stable isotopes and fatty acids was applied to study anthropogenic pollution in the Río Negro estuary. Fatty acid markers of vegetal detritus indicated considerable allochthonous inputs at freshwater sites. Correlative evidence of diatom fatty acids, δ13C, chlorophyll and particulate organic matter suggested the importance of diatoms for the autochthonous organic matter production at the river mouth. Low δ15N values (~0�) and high fatty acid 18:1(n-7) concentrations in the suspended particulate matter, in combination with the peaks of coliforms and ammonium, indicated a strong impact of untreated sewage discharge. The 15N depletion was related to oxygen-limited ammonification processes and incorporation of 15N depleted ammonium to microorganisms. This work demonstrates that the combined use of lipid and isotopic markers can greatly increase our understanding of biogeochemical factors and pollutants influencing estuaries, and our findings highlight the urgent need for water management actions to reduce eutrophication.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 12
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    Ecological network analysis metrics: The need for an entire ecosystem approach in management and policy (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ocean and Coastal Management, Elsevier, 174, pp. 1-14
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Do molecular phylogenies unravel the relationships among the evolutionary young “Bradfordian” families (Copepoda; Calanoida)? (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Elsevier, 130, pp. 330-345, ISSN: 10557903
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-19
    Description: Among the most derived calanoid copepod superfamily Clausocalanoidea about half of the genera belong to the so-called “Bradfordian” families that are defined by the presence of sensory setae at the maxilla and maxilliped. Many of these “Bradfordian” taxa are insufficiently well described, because their taxonomy is complicated and phylogenetic relationships are not completely resolved. We therefore aimed to unravel their phylogenetic relationships using molecular multi-gene analyses. We conducted molecular multi-gene analysis on 26 species from 15 genera representing all seven “Bradfordian” families using five gene fragments, the nuclear ribosomal 18S, 28S and internal transcribed spacer 2 DNA, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b. The monophyly of “Bradfordians” as one lineage in the superfamily Clausocalanoidea was supported by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference multi-gene analyses. Except for the support of species belonging to the same genus and specimens belonging to the same species, no phylogenetic relationships among genera and families were supported. The impossibility of resolving phylogenetic relationships among “Bradfordian” genera and families may be due to the young age or fast radiation of “Bradfordians” within the mostly derived calanoid superfamily Clausocalanoidea. Therefore, mutation rates might be not sufficient to track phylogenetic relationships. Evidence on phylogenetic relationships between genera and families remain unresolved after implementing integrated morphological and molecular taxonomic approaches.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Could offspring predation offset the successful reproduction of the arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus under reduced sea-ice cover conditions? (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 170, pp. 107-118, ISSN: 00796611
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-28
    Description: Life cycle and reproduction of Calanus hyperboreus were studied during a year of record low ice cover in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. Stages CIV, adult females and CV dominated the overwintering population, suggesting a 2- to 3-year life cycle. Within two spring-summer months in the upper water column females filled their energy reserves before initiating their downward seasonal migration. From February to March, vigorous reproduction (20–65 eggs f−1 d−1) delivered numerous eggs (29 000 eggs m−2) at depth and nauplii N1-N3 (17 000 ind. m−2) in the water column. However, CI copepodite recruitment in May, coincident with the phytoplankton bloom, was modest in Amundsen Gulf compared to sites outside the gulf. Consequently, C. hyperboreus abundance and biomass stagnated throughout summer in Amundsen Gulf. As a mismatch between the first-feeding stages and food was unlikely under the favourable feeding conditions of April-May 2008, predation on the egg and larval stages in late winter presumably limited subsequent recruitment and population growth. Particularly abundant in Amundsen Gulf, the copepods Metridia longa and C. glacialis were likely important consumers of C. hyperboreus eggs and nauplii. With the ongoing climate-driven lengthening of the ice-free season, intensification of top-down control of C. hyperboreus recruitment by thriving populations of mesopelagic omnivores and carnivores like M. longa may counteract the potential benefits of increased primary production over the Arctic shelves margins for this key prey of pelagic fish, seabirds and the bowhead whale.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    Comment on “Scrutinizing the carbon cycle and CO2 residence time in the atmosphere” by H. Harde (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 164, pp. 67-71, ISSN: 09218181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-03
    Description: Harde (2017) proposes an alternative accounting scheme for the modern carbon cycle and concludes that only 4.3% of today's atmospheric CO2 is a result of anthropogenic emissions. As we will show, this alternative scheme is too simple, is based on invalid assumptions, and does not address many of the key processes involved in the global carbon cycle that are important on the timescale of interest. Harde (2017) therefore reaches an incorrect conclusion about the role of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Harde (2017) tries to explain changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration with a single equation, while the most simple model of the carbon cycle must at minimum contain equations of at least two reservoirs (the atmosphere and the surface ocean), which are solved simultaneously. A single equation is fundamentally at odds with basic theory and observations. In the following we will (i) clarify the difference between CO2 atmospheric residence time and adjustment time, (ii) present recently published information about anthropogenic carbon, (iii) present details about the processes that are missing in Harde (2017), (iv) briefly discuss shortcoming in Harde's generalization to paleo timescales, (v) and comment on deficiencies in some of the literature cited in Harde (2017).
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  • 16
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    Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine mineral phases in sediments (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier, 375, pp. 27-35, ISSN: 00370738
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-01
    Description: In paleoenvironmental studies, the mineralogical composition of sediments is an important indicator. In combination with other indicators, they contribute to the understanding of changes in sediment sourcing as well as in weathering and depositional processes. Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) spectra contain information on mineralogical composition because eachmineral has a unique absorption pattern in the mid-IR range. Although easily obtained, FTIR spectra are often too complex to infermineral concentrations directly. In this study, we use a calibration set of ca. 200 sediment samples conventionally measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to developmultivariate, partial least squares (PLS) regressionmodels relatingmineral contents to sediment spectra. Good correlations were obtained for the most common minerals (e.g. quartz, K-feldspar, illite, plagioclase, smectite, calcite). Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.85 to 0.92, coefficients for the validation varied from 0.64 to 0.80, the number of latent variables (PLS regression components) in the models ranged between 3 and 7 and the range of variation of the RMSEcv gradient was from 15.28 to 5.7.
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  • 17
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    Comparing methods for analysing time scale dependent correlations in irregularly sampled time series data (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Computers and Geosciences, Elsevier, (123), pp. 65-72, ISSN: 0098-3004
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-20
    Description: Time series derived from paleoclimate archives are often irregularly sampled in time and thus not analysable using standard statistical methods such as correlation analyses. Although measures for the similarity between time series have been proposed for irregular time series, they do not account for the time scale dependency of the relationship. Stochastically distributed temporal sampling irregularities act qualitatively as a low-pass filter reducing the influence of fast variations from frequencies higher than about 0.5 (Δtmax) − 1, where Δtmax is the maximum time interval between observations. This may lead to overestimated correlations if the true correlation increases with time scale. Typically, correlations are underestimated due to a non-simultaneous sampling of time series. Here, we investigated different techniques to estimate time scale dependent correlations of weakly irregularly sampled time series, with a particular focus on different resampling methods and filters of varying complexity. The methods were tested on ensembles of synthetic time series that mimic the characteristics of Holocene marine sediment temperature proxy records. We found that a linear interpolation of the irregular time series onto a regular grid, followed by a simple Gaussian filter was the best approach to deal with the irregularity and account for the time scale dependence. This approach had both, minimal filter artefacts, particularly on short time scales, and a minimal loss of information due to filter length.
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  • 18
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    Towards reliable Arctic sea ice prediction using multivariate data assimilation (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Science Bulletin, Elsevier, 64, pp. 63-72
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-29
    Description: Rapid declines in Arctic sea ice have captured attention and pose significant challenges to a variety of stakeholders. There is a rising demand for Arctic sea ice prediction at daily to seasonal time scales, which is partly a sea ice initial condition problem. Thus, a multivariate data assimilation that integrates sea ice observations to generate realistic and skillful model initialization is needed to improve predictive skill of Arctic sea ice. Sea ice data assimilation is a relatively new research area. In this review paper, we focus on two challenges for implementing multivariate data assimilation systems for sea ice forecast. First, to address the challenge of limited spatiotemporal coverage and large uncertainties of observations, we discuss sea ice parameters derived from satellite remote sensing that (1) have been utilized for improved model initialization, including concentration, thickness and drift, and (2) are currently under development with the potential for enhancing the predictability of Arctic sea ice, including melt ponds and sea ice leads. Second, to strive to generate the “best” estimate of sea ice initial conditions by combining model simulations/forecasts and observations, we review capabilities and limitations of different data assimilation techniques that have been developed and used to assimilate observed sea ice parameters in dynamical models.
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  • 19
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    Diagenesis of mollusc aragonite and the role of fluid reservoirs (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 514, pp. 130-142, ISSN: 0012821X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Stable carbon isotopes in paleoceanography: atmosphere, oceans, and sediments (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth-Science Reviews, Elsevier, 197, pp. 102893, ISSN: 00128252
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
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  • 21
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    Predatory zooplankton on the move: Themisto amphipods in high-latitude marine pelagic food webs (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Advances in Marine Biology Vol. 82, Advances in Marine Biology, Elsevier, 42 p., pp. 51-92, ISBN: 978-0-08-102914-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-01
    Description: Hyperiid amphipods are predatory pelagic crustaceans that are particularly prevalent in high-latitude oceans. Many species are likely to have co-evolved with soft-bodied zooplankton groups such as salps and medusae, using them as substrate, for food, shelter or reproduction. Compared to other pelagic groups, such as fish, euphausiids and soft-bodied zooplankton, hyperiid amphipods are poorly studied especially in terms of their distribution and ecology. Hyperiids of the genus Themisto, comprising seven distinct species, are key players in temperate and cold-water pelagic ecosystems where they reach enormous levels of biomass. In these areas, they are important components of marine food webs, and they are major prey for many commercially important fish and squid stocks. In northern parts of the Southern Ocean, Themisto are so prevalent that they are considered to take on the role that Antarctic krill play further south. Nevertheless, although they are around the same size as krill, and may also occur in swarms, their feeding behaviour and mode of reproduction are completely different, hence their respective impacts on ecosystem structure differ. Themisto are major predators of meso- and macrozooplankton in several major oceanic regions covering shelves to open ocean from the polar regions to the subtropics. Based on a combination of published and unpublished occurrence data, we plot out the distributions of the seven species of Themisto. Further, we consider the different predators that rely on Themisto for a large fraction of their diet, demonstrating their major importance for higher trophic levels such as fish, seabirds and mammals. For instance, T. gaudichaudii in the Southern Ocean comprises a major part of the diets of around 80 different species of squid, fish, seabirds and marine mammals, while T. libellula in the Bering Sea and Greenland waters is a main prey item for commercially exploited fish species. We also consider the ongoing and predicted range expansions of Themisto species in light of environmental changes. In northern high latitudes, sub-Arctic Themisto species are replacing truly Arctic, ice-bound, species. In the Southern Ocean, a range expansion of T. gaudichaudii is expected as water masses warm, impacting higher trophic levels and biogeochemical cycles. We identify the many knowlegde gaps that must be filled in order to evaluate, monitor and predict the ecological shifts that will result from the changing patterns of distribution and abundance of this important pelagic group.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Review of Ostracoda (Crustacea) living below the Carbonate Compensation Depth and the deepest record of a calcified ostracod (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 178, pp. 102144, ISSN: 00796611
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-17
    Description: Ostracods are small-sized crustaceans, which inhabit all aquatic ecosystems and, because they have a comprehensive fossil record, are important environmental and paleoenvironmental indicators. However several aspects of the ecology of modern species (the basis for the paleontological investigations) are still controversial. Previous authors have raised the hypothesis that benthic ostracods, because of their calcified carapaces, are unable to survive below the Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD). Herein we test this hypothesis based on (1) ostracods newly collected from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench at depths far below the CCD during the KuramBio II expedition; and (2) a compilation of all previously published records of (geologically) Recent deep-sea Ostracoda in regions deeper than 3500 m. The KuramBio II expedition provided hundreds of living, hadal ostracods from at least 30 species and 21 genera from thousands of meters deeper than the CCD in the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench region. Additionally, the KuramBio II expedition provided the deepest record (9307 m) of a living ostracod with calcified carapaces: specimens of the genus Krithe. Finally, the compilation of all published information on living ostracods show that a highly diverse assemblage both at high and low taxonomic levels (2 subclasses, 4 suborders, 25 families, 89 genera and at least 206 species) occur below 3500 m. Therefore, we conclude that contrary to previous beliefs, the new data from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench and the compilation of the literature show that ostracods do live and are even sometimes abundant below the CCD.
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  • 23
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    Indonesian throughflow controlled the westward extent of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during glacial-interglacial intervals (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 183, pp. 103031, ISSN: 09218181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-01
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 24
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    Insight into deep-sea life – Cibicidoides pachyderma substrate and pHdependent behaviour following disturbance (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Deep-Sea Research Part I, Elsevier, 138, pp. 34-45
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-29
    Description: Most palaeo-deep-water reconstructions are based on geochemical information stored in the calcareous shells of Cibicidoides species but hardly anything is known about their life cycle, population dynamics or ecology. The number of specimens of a single Cibicidoides species can locally be very limited and species may be lacking completely during certain intervals in the geological past. As a consequence, geochemical analyses are often carried out on lumped Cibicidoides spp. assuming that they share the same epizoic to epifaunal habitat and precipitated their shell in comparable offsets to surrounding bottom water mass properties. However, there is a growing body of evidence that particularly Cibicidoides pachyderma and its morphotypes C. mundulus and C. kullenbergi, may not be reliable bottom water recorders. We have recently developed aquaria that allowed, for the first time, observations of Cibicidoides pachyderma var. C. mundulus under in situ pressure and temperature. Experiments were carried out with and without artificial sediments to simulate soft sediments and rocks, respectively. Seawater was set to pH 8 and pH 7.4 to simulate more or less particulate carbon export or more or less ventilation of bottom water. Our experiments demonstrate that C. mundulus may opt for an epifaunal or an infaunal habitat depending on elapsed time following physical disturbance, pH, current activity, the availability of sediments and growth. The specimen's initial response following transfer from atmospheric pressure into the high-pressure aquaria was to immerse into the sediment or to cover more or less parts of the test with aggregated sediments or algae. However, within 24 h a strong rheotaxis became apparent and most specimens moved to sites of increased current activity under normal pH conditions (pH 8). Only few specimens remained in algae cysts or in the sediment in the pH-8 experiment. On the contrary, all specimens under pH 7.4 agglutinated a firm sediment cyst around their test and remained infaunal throughout the experimental period of three months. Independent of pH, growth was only observed in specimens that lived within an agglutinated cyst or infaunal. A solid thick cyst covered the specimens of the pH 7.4 experiment throughout the experiment and possibly restricted water exchange between the in-cyst water and the surrounding artificial bottom water mass. We suggest that a more fragile and possibly more porous sedimentary envelope may, at least temporally, have covered the infaunal specimens under pH 8 but no evidence for this was found upon termination of the experiment.
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  • 25
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    Ocean acidification increases domoic acid contents during a spring to summer succession of coastal phytoplankton (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, pp. 101697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-19
    Description: Enrichment of the oceans with CO2 may be beneficial for some marine phytoplankton, including harmful algae. Numerous laboratory experiments provided valuable insights into the effects of elevated pCO2 on the growth and physiology of harmful algal species, including the production of phycotoxins. Experiments close to natural conditions are the next step to improve predictions, as they consider the complex interplay between biotic and abiotic factors that can confound the direct effects of ocean acidification. We therefore investigated the effect of ocean acidification on the occurrence and abundance of phycotoxins in bulk plankton samples during a long-term mesocosm experiment in the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden, an area frequently experiencing harmful algal blooms. During the experimental period, a total of seven phycotoxin-producing harmful algal genera were identified in the fjord, and in accordance, six toxin classes were detected. However, within the mesocosms, only domoic acid and the corresponding producer Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was observed. Despite high variation within treatments, significantly higher particulate domoic acid contents were measured in the mesocosms with elevated pCO2. Higher particulate domoic acid contents were additionally associated with macronutrient limitation. The risks associated with potentially higher phycotoxin levels in the future ocean warrants attention and should be considered in prospective monitoring strategies for coastal marine waters.
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  • 26
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    Modelling the life cycle of Salpa thompsoni (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological MOdelling, Elsevier, 387, pp. 17-26
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-21
    Description: Salpa thompsoni is an important grazer in the Southern Ocean. It is found from the Subtropical Convergence southward to the coastal Antarctic Seas but being most abundant in the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Low temperatures appear to negatively affect their development, limiting their ability to occur in the krill dominated high Antarctic ecosystems. Yet reports indicate that with ocean warming S. thompsoni have experienced a southward shift in their distribution. As they are efficient filter feeders, this shift can result in large-scale changes in the Southern Ocean ecosystem by increasing competitive or predatory interactions with Antarctic krill. To explore salp bloom dynamics in the Southern Ocean a size-structured S. thompsoni population model was developed with growth, consumption, reproduction and mortality rates dependent on temperature and chlorophyll a conditions. The largest uncertainties in S. thompsoni population ecology are individual and population growth rates, with a recent study identifying the possibility that the life cycle could be much shorter than previously considered. Here we run a suite of hypothesis scenarios under various environmental conditions to determine the most appropriate growth rate. Temperature and chlorophyll a were sufficient drivers to recreate seasonal and interannual dynamics of salp populations at two locations. The most suitable growth model suggests that mean S. thompsoni growth rates are likely to be ∼1mm body length d−1, 2-fold higher than previous calculations. S. thompsoni biomass was dependent on bud release time, with larger biomass years corresponding to bud release occurring during favorable environmental conditions; increasing the survival and growth of blastozooids and resulting in higher embryo release. This model confirms that it is necessary for growth and reproductive rates to be flexible in order for the salp population to adapt to varying environmental conditions and provides a framework that can examine how future salp populations might respond to climate change.
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  • 27
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    Biogeographical Shifts and Climate Change (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, Elsevier, 3, pp. 217-228
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-09
    Description: Human influence on the climate system, through greenhouse gas emissions, is clear and climate warming unequivocal. Recent climate change has had widespread impacts on natural systems including shifts in the ranges (distributions) of land, freshwater, and marine organisms. Effects of these biogeographical shifts transcend single-species to impact on ecosystem goods and services resulting in significant social and economic costs to human communities. In this article we provide a general overview of these factors by reviewing current evidence from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.
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  • 28
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    The Bari Manifesto: An interoperability framework for essential biodiversity variables (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological informatics, Elsevier, 49, pp. 22-31
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-26
    Description: Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) are fundamental variables that can be used for assessing biodiversity change over time, for determining adherence to biodiversity policy, for monitoring progress towards sustainable development goals, and for tracking biodiversity responses to disturbances and management interventions. Data from observations or models that provide measured or estimated EBV values, which we refer to as EBV data products, can help to capture the above processes and trends and can serve as a coherent framework for documenting trends in biodiversity. Using primary biodiversity records and other raw data as sources to produce EBV data products depends on cooperation and interoperability among multiple stakeholders, including those collecting and mobilising data for EBVs and those producing, publishing and preserving EBV data products. Here, we encapsulate ten principles for the current best practice in EBV-focused biodiversity informatics as ‘The Bari Manifesto’, serving as implementation guidelines for data and research infrastructure providers to support the emerging EBV operational framework based on trans-national and cross-infrastructure scientific workflows. The principles provide guidance on how to contribute towards the production of EBV data products that are globally oriented, while remaining appropriate to the producer's own mission, vision and goals. These ten principles cover: data management planning; data structure; metadata; services; data quality; workflows; provenance; ontologies/vocabularies; data preservation; and accessibility. For each principle, desired outcomes and goals have been formulated. Some specific actions related to fulfilling the Bari Manifesto principles are highlighted in the context of each of four groups of organizations contributing to enabling data interoperability - data standards bodies, research data infrastructures, the pertinent research communities, and funders. The Bari Manifesto provides a roadmap enabling support for routine generation of EBV data products, and increases the likelihood of success for a global EBV framework.
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  • 29
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    Seasonal dynamics and functioning of the Sylt-Römö Bight, northern Wadden Sea (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-26
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  • 30
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    Micro- and nanostructures reflect the degree of diagenetic alteration in modern and fossil brachiopod shell calcite: A multi-analytical screening approach (CL, FE-SEM, AFM, EBSD) (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Elsevier, 502, pp. 13-30, ISSN: 0031-0182
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: Fossil carbonate skeletons of marine organisms are archives for understanding the development and evolution of palaeo-environments. However, the correct assessment of past environment dynamics is only possible when pristine skeletons and their biogenic characteristics are unequivocally distinguishable from diagenetically-alteredskeletal elements and non-biogenic features. In this study, we extend our work on diagenesis of biogenic aragonite (Casella et al. 2017) to the investigation of biogenic low-Mg calcite using brachiopod shells. We examined and compared microstructural characteristics inducedby laboratory-based alteration to structural features derived from diagenetic alteration in natural environments. We used four screening methods: cathodoluminescence (CL), cryogenic and conventional field emission-scanning electronmicroscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).We base our assessments of diagenetic alteration and overprint on measurements of, a) images of optical overprint signals, b) changes in calcite crystal orientation patterns, and c) crystal co-orientation statistics. According to the screening process, altered and overprinted samples define two groups. In Group 1 the entire shell is diagenetically overprinted, whereas in Group 2 the shell contains pristine as well as overprinted parts. In the case of Group 2 shells, alteration occurred either along the periphery of the shell including the primary layer or at the interior-facing surface of the fibrous/columnar layer. In addition, we observed an important mode of the overprinting process, namely the migration of diagenetic fluids through the endopunctae corroborated by mineral formation and overprinting in their immediate vicinity, while leaving shell parts between endopunctae in pristine condition. Luminescence (CL) and microstructural imaging (FE-SEM) screening give first-order observations of the degree of overprint as they cover macro-to micron scale alteration features. For a comprehensive assessment of diagenetic overprint these screening methods should be complemented by screening techniques such as EBSD and AFM. They visualise diagenetic changes at submicron and nanoscale levels depicting the replacement of pristine nanocomposite mesocrystal biocarbonate (NMB) by inorganic rhombohedral calcite (IRC). The integration of screening methods allows for the unequivocal identification of highly-detailed alteration features as well as an assessment of the degree of diagenetic alteration.
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  • 31
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    Separate and combined effects of neurotoxic and lytic compounds of Alexandrium strains on Mytilus edulis feeding activity and hemocyte function (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Fish and Shellfish Immunology, Elsevier, 84, pp. 414-422
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-01
    Description: Multiple toxic and bioactive compounds produced by Alexandrium spp. cause adverse effects on bivalves, but these effects are frequently difficult to attribute to a single compound class. To disentangle the effect of neurotoxic vs lytic secondary metabolites, we exposed blue mussels to either a paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producing Alexandrium spp. strain, or to an exclusively lytic compound (LC) producing strain, or a strain containing both compound classes, to evaluate the time dependent effects after 3 and 7 days of feeding. Tested parameters comprised signs of paralysis, feeding activity, and immune cell integrity (hemocyte numbers and viability; lysosomal membrane destabilization) and function (ROS production). Both compound classes caused paralysis and immune impairment. The only effect attributable exclusively to PST was increased phagocytic activity after 3 days and impaired feeding activity after 7 days, which curtailed toxin accumulation in digestive glands. Paralysis signals and lysosomal membrane destabilization were more closely, but not exclusively, matched with LC exposure. Effects on circulating hemocyte integrity and immune related functions were mostly transient or remain stable within 7 days; except for increased lysosomal labialization and decreased extracellular ROS production when mussels were exposed to the toxin combination. M. edulis displays adaptive fitness traits to survive and maintain immune capacity upon prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PST and/or LC producing Alexandrium strains.
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    Kelp belt ecosystem response to a changing environment in Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen) (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ocean and Coastal Management, Elsevier, 167, pp. 60-77
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 33
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    Evidence for mantle exhumation since the early evolution of the slow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geodynamics, Elsevier, 118, pp. 154-165, ISSN: 0264-3707
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-05
    Description: We study the basement configuration in the slow-spreading Eurasia Basin, Arctic Ocean. Two multichannel seismic (MCS) profiles, which we acquired during ice-free conditions with a 3600 m long streamer, image the transition from the North Barents Sea Margin into the southern Eurasia Basin. The seismic lines resolve the up to 5000 m thick sedimentary section, as well as the crustal architecture of the southern Eurasia Basin along 120 km and 170 km, respectively. The seismic data show large faulted and rotated basement blocks. Gravity modeling indicates a thin basement with a thickness of 1–3 km and a density of 2.8*103 kg/m3 between the base of the sediments and the top of the mantle, which indicates exhumed and serpentinized mantle. The Gakkel spreading ridge, located in northern prolongation of the seismic lines is characterized by an amagmatic or sparsely magmatic segment. From the structural similarity between the basement close to the ultra-slow spreading ridge and our study area, we conclude that the basement in the Eurasia Basin is predominantly formed by exhumed and serpentinized mantle, with magmatic additions. An initial strike-slip movement of the Lomonosov Ridge along the North Barents Sea Margin and subsequent near-orthogonal opening of the Nansen Basin is supposed to have brought mantle material to the surface, which was serpentinized during this process. Continuous spreading thinned the serpentinized mantle and subsequent normal faulting produced distinct basement blocks. We propose that mantle exhumation has likely been active since the opening of the Eurasia Basin.
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    On the ventilation of Bransfield Strait deep basins (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Elsevier, 149, pp. 25-30, ISSN: 09670645
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-19
    Description: The deep basins of the Bransfield Strait (BS) are ventilated by Weddell Sea (WS) waters from different origins. Depending on the source and density, these water masses follow different routes across the complex topography near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and thus into the Bransfield Strait abyss. Using a global setup of the Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model (FESOM) we show that the WS waters found at the western WS continental shelf break have a higher influence on the short period variability of BS bottom waters than the waters present over the continental shelf. Adding passive tracers to the glacial melt water (GMW) from two different origins, Larsen Ice Shelf (LIS) and Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS), we show that the GMW from FRIS has a larger influence on BS bottom waters than the GMW from LIS. FRIS GMW has a higher concentration in the BS eastern basin, while LIS GMW is more abundant in the BS central basin. This duality mainly leads to the difference between BS central and eastern basins seen on the observations. This is a novel result and we believe is a significant contribution to the understanding of the BS-WS circulation and interactions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    How to include ecological network analysis results in management? A case study of three tidal basins of the Wadden Sea, south-eastern North Sea (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ocean and Coastal Management, Elsevier, 163, pp. 401-416
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-04
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Research Support Services in Higher Education and Research Institutions: Approaches, Tools and Trends (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-08
    Description: Which are the trends that are transforming research management and how do research organizations respond to these changes? What are the available services to support research during EC projects’ life-cycles? Are there research information systems in use and to which extent are they integrated? The paper is structured as follows: a survey conducted over a sample of universities and research centers in Italy is presented in section 2. Section 3 describes significant case studies. Section 4 illustrates mobility figures and trends in EU funded projects. Section 5 concludes with considerations about trends and suggestions for improvement.
    Description: Published
    Description: 309-314
    Description: 7TM. Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Research support services ; CRIS ; research information management ; Human Resources Strategy for Researchers
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Changes of heat and fluid release from crater and peripheral areas during solphataric activity (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Description: At Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), different measurement methods have been developed for more than 30 years and models were formulated to account for the real time evolution of the actual solphataric activity. The results of a long term monitoring of surface temperature and of CO2 flux from soil, reviewed in a multidisciplinary framework, are presented here. These two parameters, monitored at the ground surface, highlighted local variations of the hydrothermal release and the time series of data showed in several instances, different range of values. The background and anomalous ranges defined by this long term monitoring are robust by a statistical point of view. The long term data-series offered a useful tool to verify conceptual framework and to better define the natural hazard evaluation integrating “classical” and “new” investigation techniques. Moreover, La Fossa area lays in a geodynamic context with active seismo- tectonic processes, frequently perturbing the pressure field of the hydrothermal system under investigation. Any perturbation in the pressure state variable (P) of the system, results in an excited state of its components and a relevant transfer of energy and mass towards the surface starts to counterbalance the perturbation. The continuous monitoring of surface temperature reveals the effects of the forces guiding the heat flows whereas the space variation of temperature indicates the rising paths of hydrothermal and magmatic fluids. The occurrence of new fumaroles and mofetes, or even changing emission rates of fluids by these vents, rises questions about the evolution of the equilibrium state of buried hydrothermal system, or about changing physical condition of overburden rocks. The conceptual framework suggesting the potential of our time series of field data is that a rock body, can be seen as a multiphase geochemical system where the fluid phases play a crucial role in defining the physical changes of the body and its response to the different forces acting on it. The changes of pore pressure depend on the balance between gas phases production and gas leaked out from a geochemical system. Analyses of fluxes at the system boundaries can give information on the equilibrium of the interacting geospheres. Even if playing variables are too many, some specific compounds and parameters can be selected as indicators of the state of the system.#
    Description: Published
    Description: Yokohama, Japan
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Keywords: Long term monitoring ; Vulcano ; Fluid geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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    Ethical Behavior in Relation to the Scholarly Community (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-02
    Description: The action of using someone else’s production, ideas, or research without acknowledging the source and then claiming credit for them is known as plagiarism. Plagiarism is in principle a moral offense; it is not always an illegal action but certainly is an ethical complex case. Copying without permission or stealing someone else’s work violates the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in professional scientific research. Science may be somewhat more prone to plagiarism in that scholars exchange ideas and proposals more frequently than artists, for example. Workshops, scientific meetings, and round tables are places where primitive and preliminary researches are presented and discussed before their official presentation. This chapter discusses plagiarism and self plagiarism and tries to point out the role of the scientific community toward this kind of scientific misconduct.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5TM. Informazione ed editoria
    Keywords: Copyright infringement, Ethical conduct, Plagiarism. ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Dimension stone industry should meet the fundamental values of geoethics (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: The term “Dimension Stone” refers to natural stone that has been quarried, selected and processed into specific sizes or shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as building facing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials, and various industrial products. The dimension stone industry is currently increasing the volume of its activities: based on a prudent medium-term development forecast, the net product could reach one hundred million tons in 2020. For this reason, geoscientists and stakeholders need to reason about methods and technologies in the dimension stone sector and how to operate responsibly and sustainably in accordance with the following geoethical values. After a definition of geoethics and an overview of the dimension stone industry, the paper focuses on fundamental values of geoethics as stated in the Cape Town Statement on Geoethics. More precisely, geoethical values have been referred to real and practical cases of dimension stone subsectors, by presenting some examples recorded in Sardinia (Italy). This region has a long history of production of ornamental stones. Finally, tips and suggestions on how geoscientists (in particular geologists and mining engineers) can help the dimension stone sector in a geoethical way, i.e., responsibly and sustainably are herein offered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101468
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geoethics ; dimension stone ; quarrying ; natural resources ; sustainability ; geoheritage ; geo-education ; 04.04. Geology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A new technique for probing the internal structure of volcanoes using cosmic-ray muons (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Among the considerable number of studies that can be carried out using muons, we pay specific attention to the radiography of volcanoes based on the same principle of the X-ray radiography of human body. Thanks to their high penetration capability, cosmic-ray muons can be used to reconstruct the density distribution of the interior of huge structures by measuring the attenuation induced by the material on the muon flux. In particular, the quantitative understanding of the inner structure of volcanoes is a key-point to forecast the dangerous stages of activity and mitigate volcanic hazards. The instrumental approach is currently based on the detection of muons crossing hodoscopes made up of scintillator planes. Unfortunately, these detectors are affected by a strong background comprised by accidental coincidence of vertical shower particles, horizontal high-energy electrons and upward going particles. We propose an alternative technique based on the detection of the Cherenkov light produced by muons. This can be achieved with an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope composed of a high reflectivity optical system that focus the Cherenkov light onto a multi-pixel focal camera with fast read-out electronics. The Cherenkov light emitted by a muon is imaged on the camera as an annular pattern which contains information to reconstruct the direction of the incident muon. We have estimated that using the Cherenkov imaging technique for muon radiography of volcanoes gives the advantage of a negligible background and improved spatial resolution, compared to the majority of the particle detectors. We present results of simulations based on a telescope with a positioning resolution of 13.5 m which corresponds to an acceptance of 9 cm2 sr. The telescope is located 1500 m far from a toy-model volcano, namely, a cone with a base diameter of 500 m and a height of 240 m. We test the feasibility of the proposed method by estimating the minimum number of observation nights needed to resolve inner empty conduits of different diameter.
    Description: Published
    Description: 122–125
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope ; Volcano radiography ; Muons, ; Volcano monitoring ; Mount Etna
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
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    Continuous monitoring of heat flux from steam heated soils of Etna (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Description: We present soil temperature data from a peripheral fumarole emission of Mt Etna at the top end of a radial fracture called Bottoniera. This area lies in the northern flank of the volcano (2,500m a.s.l.), and was interested by fissure eruption during 2002/2003. In the steam heated soil lying around the fumarole release, a shallow vertical profile has been monitored from October 2009 to September 2012. We estimated the local surface heat flux and compared its time variations to the eruptive activity occurred during the monitoring period. The eruptive vents were located on the opposite flank, (〉3200m a.s.l.), far about 4km. The heat flux from this peripheral emission has been highly influenced by the eruptive activity. Its time variations are correlated to the variable rates of products emitted from January 2011 to April 2012. Different ranges of heat flux values have been associated to the pre-eruptive phase, to the productive eruption period and to the end of this eruptive cycle. The decrease of heat flux was registered before the end of the eruptive cycle. The continuous thermal monitoring revealed in real time that ascending magma through the active conduits is the heating bottom source of the heat flux dispersed by a complex network of active fractures present in this area. The recorded data suggest the steam heated soil around fumaroles vents as a possible new investigation field for a low cost monitoring of the local variation in the structural weakness of the apparatus. Extending this thermal monitoring to the other steaming grounds of this complex volcanic system we could also follow variations of the fluid circulation paths and obtain direct information about local pore pressure changes. A multivariate analysis of recorded data could suggest, which part of this complex apparatus is being involved, time by time, with the ongoing evolution. It would contribute to the evaluation of flank instability caused by physical changes occurring on the network of active fractures, and inferred by multidisciplinary investigations (such as deformation patterns, tectonic lineaments and geochemical features of underground waters and diffuse gas emissions).
    Description: Published
    Description: Yokohama, Japan
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Keywords: Fumaroles ; Steam heated Soil ; Thermal monitoring ; Eruptive cycle ; Fluid geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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    Pathways and fate of REE in the shallow hydrothermal aquifer of Vulcano island (Italy) (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-15
    Description: We investigated the geochemical behaviour of major and Rare Earth Elements (REE), together with oxygen and deuterium isotopic composition in the aquifer of Vulcano, the southernmost island of the Aeolian archipelago (Italy). Studied wells, located at different distances from the crater, are characterised by different contributions of the rising volcanic fluids. In particular, those located in the proximity of La Fossa crater are affected by a strong interaction with volcanic-hydrothermal fluids and show REE behaviour similar to that of fresh rocks, suggesting a congruent dissolution of the solid matrix. Samples from the other wells, located in an area where the volcanic deposits are hydrothermally altered as an “advanced argillic facies”, are enriched in HREE and mirror the corresponding depletion observed in the altered rocks. Moreover, the different grade of interaction with hydrothermal fluids determines the main ligand that complexes the REE. The main ligand is CO3 2– in the wells that are more directly affected by hydrothermal circulation, whereas SO4 2− dominates in those located at greater distances from La Fossa crater. This information provides further clues to the complex groundwater circulation model of Vulcano Island, which is regulated by the variable mixing and interacting of rising volcano-hydrothermal fluids, meteoric infiltration and seawater, differently interacting with fresh and altered rocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-129
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Review of the evolution of geochemical monitoring, networks and methodologies applied to the volcanoes of the Aeolian Arc (Italy) (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: The examples of geochemical monitoring results provided in this review article show the close relationships among data analysis, interpretation, and modeling. We particularly focus on describing the fieldwork procedures, since any theoretical approach must always be verified and supported by field data, rather than just by experiments controlled in laboratory.
    Description: Fluids discharged from volcanic systems are the direct surface manifestation of magma degassing at depth and provide primary insights for evaluating the state of volcanic activity. We review the geochemical best practice in volcanic surveillance based to a huge amount of monitoring data collected at different active volcanoes using both continuous and discontinuous approaches. The targeted volcanoes belong to the Aeolian Arc located in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), and they have exhibited different activity states during the monitoring activities reported here. La Fossa cone on Vulcano Island has been in an uninterrupted quiescent stage characterized by variable solfataric activity. In contrast, Stromboli Island has shown a persistent mild explosive activity, episodically interrupted by effusive eruptions (in 1985, 2002, 2007, and 2014). Panarea Island, which is the summit of a seamount rising from the seafloor of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, showed only undersea fluid release. The only observable clues of active volcanism at Panarea Island have been impulsive changes in the undersea fluid release, with the last submarine gas burst event being observed in November 2002. The geochemical monitoring and observations at each of these volcanoes has directly involved the volcanic plume and/or the fumarole vents, thermal waters, and diffuse soil degassing, depending on the type of manifestations and the level of activity encountered. Through direct access to the magmatic samples (when possible) and the collection of as much observable data related to the fluid release as possible, the aim has been (i) to verify the thermodynamic equilibrium condition, (ii) to discern among the possible hydrothermal, magmatic, marine, and meteoric sources in the fluid mixtures, (iii) to develop models of the fluid circulation supported by data, (iv) to follow the evolution of these natural systems by long-term monitoring, and (v) to support surveillance actions related to defining the volcanic risk and the evaluation and possible mitigation of related hazards. The examples provided in this review article show the close relationships among data analysis, interpretation, and modeling. We particularly focus on describing the fieldwork procedures, since any theoretical approach must always be verified and supported by field data, rather than just by experiments controlled in laboratory. Indeed the natural systems involve many variables producing effects that cannot be neglected. The monitored volcanic systems have been regarded as natural laboratories, and all of the activities have focused on both volcanological research and surveillance purposes in order to ensure that these two goals have overlapped. An appendix is also included that explains the scientific approach to the systematic activities, regarding geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 241-276
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geochemical methodologies ; Vulcano ; Stromboli ; Panarea ; Geochemical Monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Micromagnetic understanding of the skyrmion Hall angle current dependence in perpendicular magnetized ferromagnets (2019)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-28
    Description: The understanding of the dynamical properties of skyrmion is a fundamental aspect for the realization of a competitive skyrmion based technology beyond CMOS. Most of the theoretical approaches are based on the approximation of a rigid skyrmion. However, thermal fluctuations can drive a continuous change of the skyrmion size via the excitation of thermal modes. Here, by taking advantage of the Hilbert-Huang transform, we demonstrate that at least two thermal modes can be excited which are non-stationary in time. In addition, one limit of the rigid skyrmion approximation is that this hypothesis does not allow for correctly describing the recent experimental evidence of skyrmion Hall angle dependence on the amplitude of the driving force, which is proportional to the injected current. In this work, we show that, in an ideal sample, the combined effect of field-like and damping-like torques on a breathing skyrmion can indeed give rise to such a current dependent skyrmion Hall angle. While here we design and control the breathing mode of the skyrmion, our results can be linked to the experiments by considering that the thermal fluctuations and/or disorder can excite the breathing mode. We also propose an experiment to validate our findings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 224418
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ; Physics - Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Parametric investigation of Urban Heat Island dynamics through TEB 1D model for a case study: Assessment of adaptation measures (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-29
    Description: At present, the urban population has to cope with the effects caused from Urban Heat Island (UHI), poor air quality and increased frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather and climate events. The expected increase of these extremes in areas of the planet and the way to adapt to them has emphasized the need to investigate in detail the climate of the cities. Local vulnerability and risk assessments, supported by using regional climate models at very high resolution, are key to support development and implementation of effective local adaptation measures to make well-adapted and climate-resilient cities, i.e. more sustainable ones. This study aims to provide some quantitative information on the effectiveness of main local adaptation measures to reduce the magnitude of UHI, in terms of temperature and energy fluxes. The investigation was conducted by adopting the TEB 1D model for the Toulouse city case-study. Different urban configurations and adaptation measures have been considered in the model set up. The results confirm that different adaptation measures may reduce the temperature on the town elements during the daylight hours; among the different measures, the green roof prevent the radiative cooling, increasing the roof night temperature and contributing to the night UHI.
    Description: Published
    Description: 662-673
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Urban Heat Island ; Adaptation measures
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    Searching for the 1912 Maymyo earthquake: New evidence from paleoseismic investigations along the Kyaukkyan Fault, Myanmar (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-12
    Description: The Great Burma earthquake (MsGR 8.0; Ms 7.6–7.7) occurred on May 23rd, 1912, and was one of the most remarkable early 1900's seismic events in Asia as described by Gutenberg and Richter (1954). The earthquake, focused near Maymyo, struck the Northern Shan State in eastern Myanmar. Contemporary evaluation of damage distribution and oral accounts led to a correlation between the earthquake and the topographically prominent Kyaukkyan Fault near the western margin of the Shan Plateau, although direct evidence has never been reported. This study aims to find evidence of paleoseismic activity, and to better understand the relationship between the 1912 earthquake and the Kyaukkyan Fault. Paleoseismic trenching along the Kyaukkyan Fault revealed evidence of several surface rupturing events. The northernmost trench exposes at least two visible rupture events since 4660 ± 30 BP: an older rupture stratigraphically constrained by AMS 14C dating to between 4660 ± 30 BP and 1270 ± 30 BP, and a younger rupture formed after 1270 ± 30 BP. The presence of pottery, bricks and cookingrelated charcoal in the younger faulted stratigraphy demonstrates Kyaukkyan Fault activity within human times, and a possible correlation between the younger rupture and the 1912 Maymyo earthquake is not excluded. The southern paleoseismic trench, within a broad transtensional basin far from bounding faults, exposes two (undated) surface ruptures. Further study is required to correlate those ruptures to the events dated in the north. These preliminary paleoseismological results constitute the first quantitative evidence of paleoseismic activity along the northern ~160 km of the Kyaukkyan Fault, and support existing evidence that the Kyaukkyan Fault is an active but slow-slipping structure with a long interseismic period.
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-86
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Paleoseismology ; active tectonics ; Myanmar ; 1912 earthquake ; strike-slip faulting ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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    Deciphering textural and chemical zoning of K-feldspar megacrysts from Mt. Amiata Volcano (Southern Tuscany, Italy): Insights into the petrogenesis and abnormal crystal growth (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-05
    Description: This study reports the complex textural and chemical features of K-feldspar megacrysts (up to 5 cm long) hosted in trachydacitic lava flows, lava domes, and coulées from Mt. Amiata volcano (Tuscan Magmatic Province, Central Italy). Backscattering and cathodoluminescence imaging, coupled with core to rim major and trace elements patterns, reveal a complex zoning, and resorption surfaces associated with sharp chemical variations (e.g., Sr and Ba). These zoning patterns originated by disequilibrium and re-equilibration events, related to the repetitive influx of mafic magmas or convective motions in the trachydacitic magma reservoir. Multiple mafic magma refilling events are also supported by the field occurrence of abundant microgranular magmatic enclaves in the studied products. Our results highlight that the abnormal dimension of the studied K-feldspars originates by the interplay between petrological and kinetic processes involving: (i) extensive dissolution; (ii) heterogeneous nucleation; (iii) alternation of spasmodic growth events in disequilibrium and near-equilibrium crystallization. Repetitive influx of hotter magmas and reheating can determine the thermal condition to the growth of few, large K-felspar megacrysts. Also, the strong textural and chemical similarities observed in the K-feldspar megacrysts from Mt. Amiata volcanic rocks and Mt. Capanne monzogranite (Elba Island, Central Italy) support the hypothesis of a phenocrystic origin of intrusive K-feldspar megacrysts.
    Description: Tuscan regional authority (Regione Toscana) in the framework of the LAMMA-CNR Project “Monografia vulcanologica del Monte Amiata”
    Description: Published
    Description: 569-583
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: K-feldspar megacrysts ; feldspar microtexture ; chemical zoning ; trace elements ; magma mixing ; dissolution/recrystallization ; Mount Amiata ; Textural and chemical zoning of K-feldspar megacrysts from Mt. Amiata Volcano
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  • 48
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    Elevated geothermal surface heat flow in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 506, pp. 530-539
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The thermal state of polar continental crust plays a crucial role for understanding the stability and thickness of large ice sheets, the visco-elastic response of the solid Earth due to unloading when large ice caps melt and, in turn, the accuracy of future sea-level rise prediction. Various studies demonstrate the need for precise measurements and estimation of geothermal heat flow (GHF) in Antarctica for better constrained boundary conditions to enhance the ice sheet model performance. This study provides ground-truth for regional indirect GHF estimates in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, which is part of the West Antarctic Rift System, by presenting in situ temperature measurements in continental shelf sediments. Our results show regionally elevated and heterogeneous GHF (mean of 65 mWm−2) in the Amundsen Sea Embayment. Considering thermal blanketing effects, induced by inflow of warmer water and sedimentary processes, the estimated GHF ranges between 65 mWm−2and 95 mWm−2.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Assessment of muscular energy metabolism and heat shock response of the green abalone Haliotis fulgens (Gastropoda: Philipi) at extreme temperatures combined with acute hypoxia and hypercapnia. (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elsevier, 227, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 1096-4959
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-04
    Description: The interaction between ocean warming, hypoxia and hypercapnia, suggested by climate projections, may push an organism earlier to the limits of its thermal tolerance window. In a previous study on juveniles of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens), combined exposure to hypoxia and hypercapnia during heat stress induced a lowered critical thermal maximum (CTmax), indicated by constrained oxygen consumption, muscular spams and loss of attachment. Thus, the present study investigated the cell physiology in foot muscle of H. fulgens juveniles exposed to acute warming (18 °C to 32 °C at +3 °C day−1) under hypoxia (50% air saturation) and hypercapnia (~1000 μatm PCO2), alone and in combination, to decipher the mechanisms leading to functional loss in this tissue. Under exposure to either hypoxia or hypercapnia, citrate synthase (CS) activity decreased with initial warming, in line with thermal compensation, but returned to control levels at 32 °C. The anaerobic enzymes lactate and tauropine dehydrogenase increased only under hypoxia at 32 °C. Under the combined treatment, CS overcame thermal compensation and remained stable overall, indicating active mitochondrial regulation under these conditions. Limited accumulation of anaerobic metabolites indicates unchanged mode of energy production. In all treatments, upregulation of Hsp70 mRNA was observed already at 30 °C. However, lack of evidence for Hsp70 protein accumulation provides only limited support to thermal denaturation of proteins. We conclude that under combined hypoxia and hypercapnia, metabolic depression allowed the H. fulgens musculature to retain an aerobic mode of metabolism in response to warming but may have contributed to functional loss. Keywords: 1H NMR spectroscopy; Citrate synthase; CTmax; Hsp70; Lactate dehydrogenase; Tauropine; Tauropine dehydrogenase
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Refining the interpretation of lacustrine carbonate isotope records: Implications of a mineralogy-specific Lake Van case study (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Chemical Geology, Elsevier, 513, pp. 167-183, ISSN: 00092541
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Measurements (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Third Edition, Vol 1, Elsevier, 10 p., pp. 235-244, ISBN: 978-0-12-813081-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Foraging behaviour of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in connection to oceanographic conditions in the southern Weddell Sea (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 173, pp. 165-179, ISSN: 00796611
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-04
    Description: The region of the Filchner Outflow System (FOS) in the southeastern Weddell Sea is characterized by intensive and complex interactions of different water masses. Dense Ice Shelf Water (ISW) emerging from beneath the ice shelf cavities on the continental shelf, meets Modified Warm Deep Water (MWDW) originating from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at the sill of the Filchner Trough. These hydrographic features convert the FOS into an oceanographic key region, which may also show enhanced biological productivity and corresponding aggregations of marine top predators. In this context, six adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) were instrumented with CTD-combined satellite relay data loggers in austral summer 2014. By means of these long-term data loggers we aimed at investigating the influence of environmental conditions on the seals’ foraging behaviour throughout seasons, focussing on the local oceanographic features. Weddell seals performed pelagic and demersal dives, mainly on the continental shelf, where they presumably exploited the abundant bentho-pelagic fish fauna. Diurnal and seasonal variations in light availability affected foraging activities. MWDW was associated with increased foraging effort. However, we observed differences in movements and habitat use between two different groups of Weddell seals. Seals tagged in the pack ice of the FOS focussed their foraging activities to the western and, partly, eastern flank of the Filchner Trough, which coincides with inflow pathways of MWDW. In contrast, Weddell seals tagged on the coastal fast ice exhibited typical central-place foraging and utilized resources close to their colony. High foraging effort in MWDW and high utilization of areas associated with an inflow of MWDW raise questions on the underlying biological features. This emphasizes the importance of further interdisciplinary ecological investigations in the near future, as the FOS may soon be impacted by predicted climatic changes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The Role of Sea Ice in Sub-seasonal Predictability (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction: The Gap Between Weather and Climate Forecasting, Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction: The Gap Between Weather and Climate Forecasting, Elsevier, 21 p., pp. 201-221
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-03
    Description: The chapter presents a review of sea ice properties in relation to sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) predictions in the Arctic and the Antarctic. After a concise presentation of the main processes governing sea ice physics, the spatial distribution, seasonal cycle, and variability of sea ice in both poles are described. Using a variety of observations and model reconstructions of the four recent decades, the memory of the main descriptors of the sea ice state is quantified. In both the Arctic and the Antarctic, persistence of the sea ice areal properties emerges as the primarily source of sea ice sub-seasonal predictability, with strong dependence on season. Further memory can be obtained from reemergence mechanisms, implying processes internal to sea ice and coupling with the atmosphere and the ocean. In addition, lessons from modeling studies are addressed in terms of potential sea ice predictability and actual predictive skill. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of our understanding of the possible role of sea ice as a source of S2S atmospheric predictability, both in the polar regions and beyond.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The effect of dynamic recrystallisation on the rheology and microstructures of partially molten rocks (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Structural Geology, Elsevier, 118, pp. 224-235, ISSN: 01918141
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: The present study is based on a series of two-dimensional simple shear numerical simulations of two-phase non-linear viscous materials used to investigate the mechanical behaviour of two-phase aggregates representing partially molten rocks. These simulations couple viscoplastic deformation with dynamic recrystallisation (DRX). The aim of these simulations is to investigate the competition between deformation and recrystallisation, and how they affect the mechanical behaviour and resulting microstructures of the deforming material. We systematically vary the melt to solid rock ratio, the dihedral angle of melt and the ratio of DRX vs. deformation. The results show that the amount of DRX and the dihedral angle have a first-order impact on the bulk rheology and the melt distribution in the aggregate. The numerical results allow defining two regimes, depending on the relative contribution of deformation and DRX: (1) a deformation-dominated regime at high strain rates (i.e., with a low ratio of recrystallisation vs. viscoplastic deformation) and (2) a recrystallisation-dominated regime at low strain rates (i.e., with a high ratio of recrystallisation vs. viscoplastic deformation). The first case results in systems bearing large connected melt pockets whose viscous flow controls the deformation of the aggregate, while disconnected smaller melt pockets develop in models where dynamic recrystallisation dominates. The results of this study allow us to better understand the development of connected melt pockets, which may focus melt flow. The distribution of the melt phase plays a key role in the formation of larger-scale melt-enriched shear bands, which in turn has a direct influence on large-scale convective mantle flow.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 55
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    Mechanisms of millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 change in numerical model simulations (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 220, pp. 30-74, ISSN: 02773791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-12
    Description: Numerical models are important tools for understanding the processes and feedbacks in the Earth system, including those involving changes in atmospheric CO2 (CO2,atm) concentrations. Here, we compile 55 published model studies (consisting of 778 individual simulations) that assess the impact of six forcing mechanisms on millennial-scale CO2,atm variations: changes in freshwater supply to the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean, the strength and position of the southern-hemisphere westerlies, Antarctic sea ice extent, and aeolian dust fluxes. We generally find agreement on the direction of simulated CO2,atm change across simulations, but the amplitude of change is inconsistent, primarily due to the different complexities of the model representation of Earth system processes. When freshwater is added to the North Atlantic, a reduced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is generally accompanied by an increase in Southern Ocean- and Pacific overturning, reduced Antarctic sea ice extent, spatially varying export production, and changes in carbon storage in the Atlantic (rising), in other ocean basins (generally decreasing) and on land (more varied). Positive or negative CO2,atm changes are simulated during AMOC minima due to a spatially and temporally varying dominance of individual terrestrial and oceanic drivers (and compensating effects between them) across the different models. In contrast, AMOC recoveries are often accompanied by rising CO2,atm levels, which are mostly driven by ocean carbon release (albeit from different regions). The magnitude of simulated CO2,atm rise broadly scales with the duration of the AMOC perturbation (i.e., the stadial length). When freshwater is added to the Southern Ocean, reduced deep-ocean ventilation drives a CO2,atm drop via reduced carbon release from the Southern Ocean. Although the impacts of shifted southern-hemisphere westerlies are inconsistent across model simulations, their intensification raises CO2,atm via enhanced Southern Ocean Ekman pumping. Increased supply of aeolian dust to the ocean, and thus iron fertilisation of marine productivity, consistently lowers modelled CO2,atm concentrations via more efficient nutrient utilisation. The magni- tude of CO2,atm change in response to dust flux variations, however, largely depends on the complexity of models' marine ecosystem and iron cycle. This especially applies to simulations forced by Antarctic sea ice changes, in which the direction of simulated CO2,atm change varies greatly across model hierarchies. Our compilation highlights that no single (forcing) mechanism can explain observed past millennial-scale CO2,atm variability, and identifies important future needs in coupled carbon cycle-climate modelling to better understand the mechanisms governing CO2,atm changes in the past.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Modeling the effect of water quality on the recreational shellfishing cultural ecosystem service of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-12
    Description: © The Authors, 2019. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. The definitive version was published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140, (2019):364-373, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.047.
    Description: Estuaries provide significant cultural ecosystem services, including recreation and tourism. Disruptions of estuarine biogeochemical processes resulting from environmental degradation could interrupt the flow of these services, reducing benefits and diminishing the welfare of local communities. This study focused on recreational shellfishing in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (41.55°N, 70.80°W). Relationships among measures of recreational shellfishing, estuarine water quality, and local socioeconomic conditions were tested to understand how the benefits of cultural ecosystem services to local communities might be affected by declining water quality. Transferring estimated economic benefits from an analysis of nearby municipalities, the study finds that increases in Chl a during the 24-year period were associated with losses in recreational shellfishing benefits of $0.08–0.67 million per decade. The approach presented here suggests a more broadly applicable framework for assessing the impacts of changes in coastal ecosystem water quality on the welfare of local communities.
    Description: We would like to thank the Buzzards Bay Coalition, the Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program, and the Massachusetts Department of Marine Fisheries for providing data for this analysis. We thank the 1074 citizen volunteers of the Buzzards Bay Coalition who collected the water quality samples and Mark Rasmussen for his leadership in sustaining the Baywatchers Program. Support for this analysis was provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Grant no. 14-106159-000-CFP), MIT Sea Grant (subaward number 5710004045), the Johnson Endowment of the WHOI Marine Policy Center, and SCD acknowledges support from the University of Virginia.
    Keywords: Estuarine water quality ; Eutrophication ; Recreational shellfishing ; Cultural ecosystem services ; Economic benefits transfer
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    Seasonal variations of hydrographic parameters off the Sudanese coast of the Red Sea, 2009–2015 (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Regional Studies in Marine Science 18 (2018): 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2017.12.004.
    Description: The variations of temperature and salinity in the Sudanese coastal zone of the Red Sea are studied for the first time using measurements acquired from survey cruises during 2009–2013 and from a mooring during 2014–2015. The measurements show that temperature and salinity variability above the permanent pycnocline is dominated by seasonal signals, similar in character to seasonal temperature and salinity oscillations observed further north on the eastern side of the Red Sea. Using estimates of heat flux, circulation and horizontal temperature/salinity gradients derived from a number of sources, we determined that the observed seasonal signals of temperature and salinity are not the product of local heat and mass flux alone, but are also due to alongshore advection of waters with spatially varying temperature and salinity. As the temperature and salinity gradients, characterized by warmer and less saline water to the south, exhibit little seasonal variation, the seasonal salinity and temperature variations are closely linked to an observed seasonal oscillation in the along-shore flow, which also has a mean northward component. We find that the inclusion of the advection terms in the heat and mass balance has two principal effects on the computed temperature and salinity series. One is that the steady influx of warmer and less saline water from the south counteracts the long-term trend of declining temperatures and rising salinities computed with only the local surface flux terms, and produces a long-term steady state in temperature and salinity. The second effect is produced by the seasonal alongshore velocity oscillation and most profoundly affects the computed salinity, which shows no seasonal signal without the inclusion of the advective term. In both the observations and computed results, the seasonal salinity signal lags that of temperature by roughly 3 months.
    Description: The SPS surveys were funded by the Norwegian Norad’s Program for Master Studies and organized by IMR–RSU in Port Sudan. The central Red Sea mooring data were acquired as part of a WHOI–KAUST collaboration funded by Award Nos. USA00001, USA00002, and KSA00011 to the WHOI by the KAUST in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The work of I. Skjelvan and A.M. Omar was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through the MIMT Center for Research-based Innovation. This work is part of a Ph.D. project at GFI–UiB funded by the Norwegian Quota program .
    Keywords: Coastal Red Sea ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Time series ; Seasonality ; Alongshore advection
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    The giant Mauritanian cold-water coral mound province : oxygen control on coral mound formation (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Quaternary Science Reviews 185 (2018): 135-152, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.012.
    Description: The largest coherent cold-water coral (CWC) mound province in the Atlantic Ocean exists along the Mauritanian margin, where up to 100 m high mounds extend over a distance of ∼400 km, arranged in two slope-parallel chains in 400–550 m water depth. Additionally, CWCs are present in the numerous submarine canyons with isolated coral mounds being developed on some canyon flanks. Seventy-seven Uranium-series coral ages were assessed to elucidate the timing of CWC colonisation and coral mound development along the Mauritanian margin for the last ∼120,000 years. Our results show that CWCs were present on the mounds during the Last Interglacial, though in low numbers corresponding to coral mound aggradation rates of 16 cm kyr−1. Most prolific periods for CWC growth are identified for the last glacial and deglaciation, resulting in enhanced mound aggradation (〉1000 cm kyr−1), before mound formation stagnated along the entire margin with the onset of the Holocene. Until today, the Mauritanian mounds are in a dormant state with only scarce CWC growth. In the canyons, live CWCs are abundant since the Late Holocene at least. Thus, the canyons may serve as a refuge to CWCs potentially enabling the observed modest re-colonisation pulse on the mounds along the open slope. The timing and rate of the pre-Holocene coral mound aggradation, and the cessation of mound formation varied between the individual mounds, which was likely the consequence of vertical/lateral changes in water mass structure that placed the mounds near or out of oxygen-depleted waters, respectively.
    Description: This study received funding from and contributes to the DFG-projects "Palaeo-WACOM" (HE 3412/17-1) and "Cold-water coral mound development in a tropical upwelling cell – the great wall of(f) Mauritania" (Ti 706/3-1). A. Freiwald received funding from the Hessian initiative for the development of scientific and economic excellence (LOEWE) at the Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.
    Keywords: Lophelia pertusa ; Coral mound ; Submarine canyon ; Uranium-series dating ; Mound aggradation rate ; Last glacial ; Dissolved oxygen concentration ; South Atlantic Central Water ; Mauritanian margin
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    Bio-optical discrimination of diatoms from other phytoplankton in the surface ocean: Evaluation and refinement of a model for the Northwest Atlantic (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Remote Sensing of Environment 217 (2018): 126-143, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.010.
    Description: Diatoms dominate global silica production and export production in the ocean; they form the base of productive food webs and fisheries. Thus, a remote sensing algorithm to identify diatoms has great potential to describe ecological and biogeochemical trends and fluctuations in the surface ocean. Despite the importance of detecting diatoms from remote sensing and the demand for reliable methods of diatom identification, there has not been a systematic evaluation of algorithms that are being applied to this end. The efficacy of these models remains difficult to constrain in part due to limited datasets for validation. In this study, we test a bio-optical algorithm developed by Sathyendranath et al. (2004) to identify diatom dominance from the relationship between ratios of remote sensing reflectance and chlorophyll concentration. We evaluate and refine the original model with data collected at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO), a near-shore location on the New England shelf. We then validated the refined model with data collected in Harpswell Sound, Maine, a site with greater optical complexity than MVCO. At both sites, despite relatively large changes in diatom fraction (0.8–82% of chlorophyll concentration), the magnitude of variability in optical properties due to the dominance or non-dominance of diatoms is less than the variability induced by other absorbing and scattering constituents of the water. While the original model performance was improved through successive re-parameterizations and re-formulations of the absorption and backscattering coefficients, we show that even a model originally parameterized for the Northwest Atlantic and re-parameterized for sites such as MVCO and Harpswell Sound performs poorly in discriminating diatom-dominance from optical properties.
    Description: This work was supported by: a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Student Fellowship (NSF REU award #1156952) and a Bowdoin College Grua/O'Connell Research Award to SJK; grants to HMS from NASA (Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program and Biodiversity and Ecological Forecasting program), NSF (Ocean Sciences), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Simons Foundation, and NOAA through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) under Cooperative Agreement NA14OAR4320158; and grants to CSR from NASA (Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program).
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Community structure ; Ocean color ; Diatoms
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    The dynamics of weather-band sea level variations in the Red Sea (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Regional Studies in Marine Science 24 (2018): 336-342, doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2018.09.006.
    Description: The variations of sea level over the Red Sea may be divided into three broad categories: tidal, seasonal and weather-band. Our study employs a variety of in situ and satellite-derived data in the first comprehensive examination of the Red Sea water level variations in the weather-band (covering periods of 4–30 days). In the central Red Sea, the range of the weather-band sea level signal is of order 0.7 m, which exceeds the tidal and seasonal sea level ranges. From EOF and correlation analysis, we find that a large fraction of the weather-band sea level variation is due to a single mode of motion that extends over the entire Red Sea. In this mode, the water level rises and falls in unison with an amplitude that declines going southward over the southern Red Sea. The temporal signal of this mode is highly correlated with the along-axis surface wind stress over the southern Red Sea, and is closely reproduced by a simple one-dimensional barotropic model with forcing by the along-axis wind stress. Although this model does not account for the full suite of dynamics affecting weather-band sea level variations in the Red Sea, it may serve as a useful predictive tool. Sea level changes associated with the development and movement of sub-mesoscale features (e.g., eddies and boundary currents) are also shown to contribute to weather-band sea level motions in the Red Sea.
    Description: The pressure sensor and meteorological buoy data were acquired as part of a program supported by Award Nos. USA00001, USA00002 and KSA00011 made by KAUST to WHOI. The data analysis and modeling work of this study were supported General Commission for Survey (GCS), under a project number RGC/3/1612-01-01 made by Office of Sponsored research (ORS)/KAUST, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
    Keywords: Red Sea water levels ; Wind-driven sea level variations
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    Light control of G protein signaling pathways by a novel photopigment (2018)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 13 (2018): e0205015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205015.
    Description: Channelopsins and photo-regulated ion channels make it possible to use light to control electrical activity of cells. This powerful approach has lead to a veritable explosion of applications, though it is limited to changing membrane voltage of the target cells. An enormous potential could be tapped if similar opto-genetic techniques could be extended to the control of chemical signaling pathways. Photopigments from invertebrate photoreceptors are an obvious choice—as they do not bleach upon illumination -however, their functional expression has been problematic. We exploited an unusual opsin, pScop2, recently identified in ciliary photoreceptors of scallop. Phylogenetically, it is closer to vertebrate opsins, and offers the advantage of being a bi-stable photopigment. We inserted its coding sequence and a fluorescent protein reporter into plasmid vectors and demonstrated heterologous expression in various mammalian cell lines. HEK 293 cells were selected as a heterologous system for functional analysis, because wild type cells displayed the largest currents in response to the G-protein activator, GTP-γ-S. A line of HEK cells stably transfected with pScop2 was generated; after reconstitution of the photopigment with retinal, light responses were obtained in some cells, albeit of modest amplitude. In native photoreceptors pScop2 couples to Go; HEK cells express poorly this G-protein, but have a prominent Gq/PLC pathway linked to internal Ca mobilization. To enhance pScop2 competence to tap into this pathway, we swapped its third intracellular loop—important to confer specificity of interaction between 7TMDRs and G-proteins—with that of a Gq-linked opsin which we cloned from microvillar photoreceptors present in the same retina. The chimeric construct was evaluated by a Ca fluorescence assay, and was shown to mediate a robust mobilization of internal calcium in response to illumination. The results project pScop2 as a potentially powerful optogenetic tool to control signaling pathways.
    Description: This work was funded by Colciencias grant FP44842-010-2015 and Connecticut Fund for Science.
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    Petrocarbon evolution: Ramped pyrolysis/oxidation and isotopic studies of contaminated oil sediments from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. (2019)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Authors, 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rogers, K. L., Bosman, S. H., Lardie-Gaylord, M., McNichol, A., Rosenheim, B. E., Montoya, J. P., & Chanton, J. P. (2019). Petrocarbon evolution: Ramped pyrolysis/oxidation and isotopic studies of contaminated oil sediments from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One, 14(2), (2019):e0212433, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212433.
    Description: Hydrocarbons released during the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill weathered due to exposure to oxygen, light, and microbes. During weathering, the hydrocarbons’ reactivity and lability was altered, but it remained identifiable as “petrocarbon” due to its retention of the distinctive isotope signatures (14C and 13C) of petroleum. Relative to the initial estimates of the quantity of oil-residue deposited in Gulf sediments based on 2010–2011 data, the overall coverage and quantity of the fossil carbon on the seafloor has been attenuated. To analyze recovery of oil contaminated deep-sea sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico we tracked the carbon isotopic composition (13C and 14C, radiocarbon) of bulk sedimentary organic carbon through time at 4 sites. Using ramped pyrolysis/oxidation, we determined the thermochemical stability of sediment organic matter at 5 sites, two of these in time series. There were clear differences between crude oil (which decomposed at a lower temperature during ramped oxidation), natural hydrocarbon seep sediment (decomposing at a higher temperature; Δ14C = -912‰) and our control site (decomposing at a moderate temperature; Δ14C = -189‰), in both the stability (ability to withstand ramped temperatures in oxic conditions) and carbon isotope signatures. We observed recovery toward our control site bulk Δ14C composition at sites further from the wellhead in ~4 years, whereas sites in closer proximity had longer recovery times. The thermographs also indicated temporal changes in the composition of contaminated sediment, with shifts towards higher temperature CO2 evolution over time at a site near the wellhead, and loss of higher temperature CO2 peaks at a more distant site.
    Description: This research was made possible by grants from The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative through its consortiums: Ecosystem Impacts of Oil & Gas Inputs to the Gulf (ECOGIG), The Center for the Integrated Modeling and Analysis of the Gulf Ecosystem (C-Image), and Deep Sea to Coast Connectivity in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico (Deep-C) and the Resuspension, Redistribution and Deposition of DWH Recalcitrant Material (Re-Direct) project. This is ECOGIG Contribution # 521. Funding was also provided by the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) Graduate Student Internship Program (NSF OCE-1239667). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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    The rise and fall of the Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse climate (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Global and Planetary Change 167 (2018): 1-23, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.04.004.
    Description: A compilation of foraminiferal stable isotope measurements from southern high latitude (SHL) deep-sea sites provides a novel perspective important for understanding Earth's paleotemperature and paleoceanographic changes across the rise and fall of the Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse climate and the subsequent Paleogene climatic optimum. Both new and previously published results are placed within an improved chronostratigraphic framework for southern South Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean sites. Sites studied were located between 58° and 65°S paleolatitude and were deposited at middle to upper bathyal paleodepths. Oxygen isotope records suggest similar trends in both bottom and surface water temperatures in the southern sectors of the South Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean basins. Warm conditions were present throughout the Albian, extreme warmth existed during the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum (early-mid-Turonian) through late Santonian, and long-term cooling began in the Campanian and culminated in Cretaceous temperature minima during the Maastrichtian. Gradients between surface and seafloor δ18O and δ13C values were unusually high throughout the 11.5 m.y. of extreme warmth during the Turonian-early Campanian, but these vertical gradients nearly disappeared by the early Maastrichtian. In absolute terms, paleotemperature estimates that use standard assumptions for pre-glacial seawater suggest sub-Antarctic bottom waters were ≥21 °C and sub-Antarctic surface waters were ≥27 °C during the Turonian, values warmer than published climate models support. Alternatively, estimated temperatures can be reduced to the upper limits of model results through freshening of high latitude waters but only if there were enhanced precipitation of water with quite low δ18O values. Regardless, Turonian planktonic δ18O values are ~1.5‰ lower than minimum values reported for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) from the same region, a difference which corresponds to Turonian surface temperatures ~6 °C warmer than peak PETM temperatures if Turonian and Paleocene temperatures are estimated using the same assumptions. It is likely that warm oceans surrounding and penetrating interior Antarctica (given higher relative sea level) prevented growth of Antarctic ice sheets at all but the highest elevations from the late Aptian through late Campanian; however, Maastrichtian temperatures may have been cool enough to allow growth of small, ephemeral ice sheets. The standard explanation for the sustained warmth during Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse climate invokes higher atmospheric CO2 levels from volcanic outgassing, but correlation among temperature estimates, proxy estimates of pCO2, and intervals of high fluxes of both mafic and silicic volcanism are mostly poor. This comparison demonstrates that the relative timing between events and their putative consequences need to be better constrained to test and more fully understand relationships among volcanism, pCO2, temperature ocean circulation, Earth's biota and the carbon cycle.
    Description: Funding from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and the National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE 1261586) helped support this research.
    Keywords: Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse ; Foraminiferal stable isotopes ; Volcanic outgassing ; pCO2 proxies ; Greenhouse glacier hypothesis ; Southern high latitudes
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    Shipboard design and fabrication of custom 3D-printed soft robotic manipulators for the investigation of delicate deep-sea organisms (2018)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLos One 13 (2018): e0200386, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200386.
    Description: Soft robotics is an emerging technology that has shown considerable promise in deep-sea marine biological applications. It is particularly useful in facilitating delicate interactions with fragile marine organisms. This study describes the shipboard design, 3D printing and integration of custom soft robotic manipulators for investigating and interacting with deep-sea organisms. Soft robotics manipulators were tested down to 2224m via a Remotely-Operated Vehicle (ROV) in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) and facilitated the study of a diverse suite of soft-bodied and fragile marine life. Instantaneous feedback from the ROV pilots and biologists allowed for rapid re-design, such as adding “fingernails”, and re-fabrication of soft manipulators at sea. These were then used to successfully grasp fragile deep-sea animals, such as goniasterids and holothurians, which have historically been difficult to collect undamaged via rigid mechanical arms and suction samplers. As scientific expeditions to remote parts of the world are costly and lengthy to plan, on-the-fly soft robot actuator printing offers a real-time solution to better understand and interact with delicate deep-sea environments, soft-bodied, brittle, and otherwise fragile organisms. This also offers a less invasive means of interacting with slow-growing deep marine organisms, some of which can be up to 18,000 years old.
    Description: This work is supported by NOAA OER Grant # NA17OAR0110083 “Exploration of the Seamounts of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area” to RDR, EEC, TMS and DFG and Schmidt Ocean Institute Grant: “What is the Current State of the Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystem in the Phoenix Island Protected Area?” to EEC, RDR, TMS and DFG; NSF Instrument Development for Biological Research Award # 1556164 to RJW and #1556123 to DFG; the National Academies Keck Futures Initiative of the National Academy of Sciences under award #NAKFI DBS21 to RJW and DFG; and NFS Research Fellowship awarded to KPB (#DGE1144152). It is also supported by the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University. We are grateful for the support from the National Geographic Society Innovation Challenge (Grant No.: SP 12-14) to RJW and DFG.
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    The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 493 (2018): 210-223, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040.
    Description: The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 (IDP2017) is the second publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2016. The IDP2017 includes data from the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Southern and Indian oceans, with about twice the data volume of the previous IDP2014. For the first time, the IDP2017 contains data for a large suite of biogeochemical parameters as well as aerosol and rain data characterising atmospheric trace element and isotope (TEI) sources. The TEI data in the IDP2017 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at crossover stations. The IDP2017 consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 450 TEIs as well as standard hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing an on-line atlas that includes more than 590 section plots and 130 animated 3D scenes. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. Users can download the full data packages or make their own custom selections with a new on-line data extraction service. In addition to the actual data values, the IDP2017 also contains data quality flags and 1-σ data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering and for statistical analysis. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2017 as section plots and rotating 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes combine data from many cruises and provide quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. These 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of tracer plumes near ocean margins or along ridges. The IDP2017 is the result of a truly international effort involving 326 researchers from 25 countries. This publication provides the critical reference for unpublished data, as well as for studies that make use of a large cross-section of data from the IDP2017. This article is part of a special issue entitled: Conway GEOTRACES - edited by Tim M. Conway, Tristan Horner, Yves Plancherel, and Aridane G. González.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) through grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation, including grants OCE-0608600, OCE-0938349, OCE-1243377, and OCE-1546580. Financial support was also provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the Ministry of Earth Science of India, the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, l'Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse, the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées Toulouse, the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, the Kiel Excellence Cluster The Future Ocean, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, The University of Tokyo, The University of British Columbia, The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, the GEOMAR-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, and the Alfred Wegener Institute.
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Trace elements ; Isotopes ; Electronic atlas ; IDP2017
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    Resonance control of acoustic focusing systems through an environmental reference table and impedance spectroscopy (2018)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 13 (2018): e0207532, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207532.
    Description: Acoustic standing waves can precisely focus flowing particles or cells into tightly positioned streams for interrogation or downstream separations. The efficiency of an acoustic standing wave device is dependent upon operating at a resonance frequency. Small changes in a system’s temperature and sample salinity can shift the device’s resonance condition, leading to poor focusing. Practical implementation of an acoustic standing wave system requires an automated resonance control system to adjust the standing wave frequency in response to environmental changes. Here we have developed a rigorous approach for quantifying the optimal acoustic focusing frequency at any given environmental condition. We have demonstrated our approach across a wide range of temperature and salinity conditions to provide a robust characterization of how the optimal acoustic focusing resonance frequency shifts across these conditions. To generalize these results, two microfluidic bulk acoustic standing wave systems (a steel capillary and an etched silicon wafer) were examined. Models of these temperature and salinity effects suggest that it is the speed of sound within the liquid sample that dominates the resonance frequency shift. Using these results, a simple reference table can be generated to predict the optimal resonance condition as a function of temperature and salinity. Additionally, we show that there is a local impedance minimum associated with the optimal system resonance. The integration of the environmental results for coarse frequency tuning followed by a local impedance characterization for fine frequency adjustments, yields a highly accurate method of resonance control. Such an approach works across a wide range of environmental conditions, is easy to automate, and could have a significant impact across a wide range of microfluidic acoustic standing wave systems.
    Description: This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number R21GM107805 and the NSF under award number (OCE-1130140 and OCE-1131134) to SWG, RJO, and HMS.
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    Regenerative capacity in the lamprey spinal cord is not altered after a repeated transection (2019)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 14(1), (2019):e0204193, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204193.
    Description: The resilience of regeneration in vertebrates is not very well understood. Yet understanding if tissues can regenerate after repeated insults, and identifying limitations, is important for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of tissue plasticity. This is particularly challenging in tissues, such as the nervous system, which possess a large number of terminally differentiated cells and often exhibit limited regeneration in the first place. However, unlike mammals, which exhibit very limited regeneration of spinal cord tissues, many non-mammalian vertebrates, including lampreys, bony fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, regenerate their spinal cords and functionally recover even after a complete spinal cord transection. It is well established that lampreys undergo full functional recovery of swimming behaviors after a single spinal cord transection, which is accompanied by tissue repair at the lesion site, as well as axon and synapse regeneration. Here we begin to explore the resilience of spinal cord regeneration in lampreys after a second spinal transection (re-transection). We report that by all functional and anatomical measures tested, lampreys regenerate after spinal re-transection just as robustly as after single transections. Recovery of swimming, synapse and cytoskeletal distributions, axon regeneration, and neuronal survival were nearly identical after spinal transection or re-transection. Only minor differences in tissue repair at the lesion site were observed in re-transected spinal cords. Thus, regenerative potential in the lamprey spinal cord is largely unaffected by spinal re-transection, indicating a greater persistent regenerative potential than exists in some other highly regenerative models. These findings establish a new path for uncovering pro-regenerative targets that could be deployed in non-regenerative conditions.
    Description: The authors would like to thank Dr. Cristina Roman-Vendrell and Louie Kerr, Director of the Central Microscopy Facility at the MBL, for technical support. We also thank Dr. Juan Diaz-Quiroz for helpful comments on the manuscript. EG was supported in part by an NSF REU Award (#1659604: Biological Discovery in Woods Hole at the Marine Biological Laboratory).
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    Formation and transport of corrosive water in the Pacific Arctic region (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 152 (2018): 67-81, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.05.020.
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA), driven by rising anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), is rapidly advancing in the Pacific Arctic Region (PAR), producing conditions newly corrosive to biologically important carbonate minerals like aragonite. Naturally short linkages across the PAR food web mean that species-specific acidification stress can be rapidly transmitted across multiple trophic levels, resulting in widespread impacts. Therefore, it is critical to understand the formation, transport, and persistence of acidified conditions in the PAR in order to better understand and project potential impacts to this delicately balanced ecosystem. Here, we synthesize data from process studies across the PAR to show the formation of corrosive conditions in colder, denser winter-modified Pacific waters over shallow shelves, resulting from the combination of seasonal terrestrial and marine organic matter respiration with anthropogenic CO2. When these waters are subsequently transported off the shelf, they acidify the Pacific halocline. We estimate that Barrow Canyon outflow delivers ~2.24 Tg C yr-1 to the Arctic Ocean through corrosive winter water transport. This synthesis also allows the combination of spatial data with temporal data to show the persistence of these conditions in halocline waters. For example, one study in this synthesis indicated that 0.5–1.7 Tg C yr-1 may be returned to the atmosphere via air-sea gas exchange of CO2 during upwelling events along the Beaufort Sea shelf that bring Pacific halocline waters to the ocean surface. The loss of CO2 during these events is more than sufficient to eliminate corrosive conditions in the upwelled Pacific halocline waters. However, corresponding moored and discrete data records indicate that potentially corrosive Pacific waters are present in the Beaufort shelfbreak jet during 80% of the year, indicating that the persistence of acidified waters in the Pacific halocline far outweighs any seasonal mitigation from upwelling. Across the datasets in this large-scale synthesis, we estimate that the persistent corrosivity of the Pacific halocline is a recent phenomenon that appeared between 1975 and 1985. Over that short time, these potentially corrosive waters originating over the continental shelves have been observed as far as the entrances to Amundsen Gulf and M’Clure Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The formation and transport of corrosive waters on the Pacific Arctic shelves may have widespread impact on the Arctic biogeochemical system and food web reaching all the way to the North Atlantic.
    Description: National Science Foundation Grant PLR-1303617.
    Keywords: Ocean acidification ; Pacific Arctic ; Arctic Ocean ; East Siberian Sea ; Chukchi Sea ; Beaufort Sea ; Transport ; Arctic Rivers ; Sea Ice ; Respiration ; Upwelling ; Biological vulnerability ; Community resilience
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    Glacier meltwater and monsoon precipitation drive Upper Ganges Basin dissolved organic matter composition (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2019. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier Ltd. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 244 (2019): 216-228, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.10.012.
    Description: Mountain glaciers store dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can be exported to river networks and subsequently respired to CO2. Despite this potential importance within the global carbon cycle, the seasonal variability and downstream transport of glacier-derived DOC in mountainous river basins remains largely unknown. To provide novel insight, here we present DOC concentrations and molecular-level dissolved organic matter (DOM) compositions from 22 nested, glaciated catchments (1.4 – 81.8 % glacier cover by area) in the Upper Ganges Basin, Western Himalaya over the course of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) in 2014. Aliphatic and peptide-like compounds were abundant in glaciated headwaters but were overprinted by soil-derived phenolic, polyphenolic and condensed aromatic material as DOC concentrations increase moving downstream. Across the basin, DOC concentrations and soil-derived compound class contributions decreased sharply from pre- to post-ISM, implying increased relative contribution of glaciated headwater signals as the monsoon progresses. Incubation experiments further revealed a strong compositional control on the fraction of bioavailable DOC (BDOC), with glacier-derived DOC exhibiting the highest bioavailability. We hypothesize that short-term (i.e. in the coming decades) increases in glacier melt flux driven by climate change will further bias exported DOM toward an aliphatic-rich, bioavailable signal, especially during the ISM and post-ISM seasons. In contrast, eventual decreases in glacier melt flux due to mass loss will likely lead to more a soil-like DOM composition and lower bioavailability of exported DOC in the long term.
    Description: We thank Britta Voss (WHOI) for assisting with sample collection; Travis Drake (FSU), and Ekaterina Bulygina (Woods Hole Research Center) for laboratory assistance; and the NHMFL ICR user program (NSF-DMR-1157490) for aiding in data acquisition and analysis. This study was partly supported by NSF-DEB-1145932 to R.G.M.S. J.D.H. was partially supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant number 2012126152, with additional support in the form of travel grants awarded by the MIT Houghten Fund and NHMFL. All data used in this study are available in the Supporting Information Tables S1 and S2.
    Keywords: Dissolved organic matter ; Eco-hydrology ; Glaciers ; Himalaya ; Monsoon
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    The future of coastal and estuarine modeling: findings from a workshop (2019)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fringer, O. B., Dawson, C. N., He, R., Ralston, D. K., & Zhang, Y. J. The future of coastal and estuarine modeling: findings from a workshop. Ocean Modelling, 143, (2019): 101458, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101458.
    Description: This paper summarizes the findings of a workshop convened in the United States in 2018 to discuss methods in coastal and estuarine modeling and to propose key areas of research and development needed to improve their accuracy and reliability. The focus of this paper is on physical processes, and we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art based on presentations and discussions at the meeting, which revolved around the four primary themes of parameterizations, numerical methods, in-situ and remote-sensing measurements, and high-performance computing. A primary outcome of the workshop was agreement on the need to reduce subjectivity and improve reproducibility in modeling of physical processes in the coastal ocean. Reduction of subjectivity can be accomplished through development of standards for benchmarks, grid generation, and validation, and reproducibility can be improved through development of standards for input/output, coupling and model nesting, and reporting. Subjectivity can also be reduced through more engagement with the applied mathematics and computer science communities to develop methods for robust parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification. Such engagement could be encouraged through more collaboration between the forward and inverse modeling communities and integration of more applied math and computer science into oceanography curricula. Another outcome of the workshop was agreement on the need to develop high-resolution models that scale on advanced HPC systems to resolve, rather than parameterize, processes with horizontal scales that range between the depth and the internal Rossby deformation scale. Unsurprisingly, more research is needed on parameterizations of processes at scales smaller than the depth, including parameterizations for drag (including bottom roughness, bedforms, vegetation and corals), wave breaking, and air–sea interactions under strong wind conditions. Other topics that require significantly more work to better parameterize include nearshore wave modeling, sediment transport modeling, and morphodynamics. Finally, it was agreed that coastal models should be considered as key infrastructure needed to support research, just like laboratory facilities, field instrumentation, and research vessels. This will require a shift in the way proposals related to coastal ocean modeling are reviewed and funded.
    Description: We thank Carmen Torres at Stanford University and Jennifer Warrillow at North Carolina State University for their assistance with workshop logistics. Helpful comments and suggestions were provided by two anonymous reviewers and Hans Burchard and John Warner. The workshop and preparation of this paper were funded by U.S. National Science Foundation Grant OCE-1749613.
    Keywords: Coastal ocean modeling ; Physical processes ; Model subjectivity ; Development of standards ; High-resolution modeling ; Parameter estimation
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    Westward mountain-gap wind jets of the northern Red Sea as seen by QuikSCAT (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Remote Sensing of Environment 209 (2018): 677-699, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.075.
    Description: We analyse ten years of QuikSCAT satellite surface winds to statistically characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the westward mountain-gap wind jets over the northern Red Sea. These wind jets bring relatively cold and dry air from the Arabian Desert, increasing heat loss and evaporation over the region similar to cold-air outbreaks from mid and subpolar latitudes. QuikSCAT captures the spatial structure of the wind jets and agrees well with in situ observations from a heavily instrumented mooring in the northern Red Sea. The local linear correlations between QuikSCAT and in situ winds are 0.96 (speed) and 0.85 (direction). QuikSCAT also reveals that cross-axis winds such as the mountain-gap wind jets are a major component of the regional wind variability. The cross-axis wind pattern appears as the second (or third) mode in the four vector Empirical Orthogonal Function analyses we performed, explaining between 6% to 11% of the wind variance. Westward wind jets are typical in winter, especially in December and January, but with strong interannual variability. Several jets can occur simultaneously and cover a large latitudinal range of the northern Red Sea, which we call large-scale westward events. QuikSCAT recorded 18 large-scale events over ten years, with duration between 3 to 8 days and strengths varying from 3–4 to 9–10 m/s. These events cause large changes in the wind stress curl pattern, imposing a remarkable sequence of positive and negative curl along the Red Sea main axis, which might be a wind forcing mechanism for the oceanic mesoscale circulation.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF grant OCE-1435665 and NASA grant NNX14AM71G.
    Keywords: QuikSCAT ; Air-sea interaction ; Wind jets ; Mountain gap ; Evaporation ; Heat loss
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    Evaluation of video-based linear depth inversion performance and applications using altimeters and hydrographic surveys in a wide range of environmental conditions (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Coastal Engineering 136 (2018): 147-160, doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.01.003.
    Description: The performance of a linear depth inversion algorithm, cBathy, applied to coastal video imagery was assessed using observations of water depth from vessel-based hydrographic surveys and in-situ altimeters for a wide range of wave conditions (0.3 〈 significant wave height 〈 4.3 m) on a sandy Atlantic Ocean beach near Duck, North Carolina. Comparisons of video-based cBathy bathymetry with surveyed bathymetry were similar to previous studies (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.75 m, bias = −0.26 m). However, the cross-shore locations of the surfzone sandbar in video-derived bathymetry were biased onshore 18–40 m relative to the survey when offshore wave heights exceeded 1.2 m or were greater than half of the bar crest depth, and broke over the sandbar. The onshore bias was 3–4 m when wave heights were less than 0.8 m and were not breaking over the sandbar. Comparisons of video-derived seafloor elevations with in-situ altimeter data at three locations onshore of, near, and offshore of the surfzone sandbar over ∼1 year provide the first assessment of the cBathy technique over a wide range of wave conditions. In the outer surf zone, video-derived results were consistent with long-term patterns of bathymetric change (r2 = 0.64, RMSE = 0.26 m, bias = −0.01 m), particularly when wave heights were less than 1.2 m (r2 = 0.83). However, during storms when wave heights exceeded 3 m, video-based cBathy over-estimated the depth by up to 2 m. Near the sandbar, the sign of depth errors depended on the location relative to wave breaking, with video-based depths overestimated (underestimated) offshore (onshore) of wave breaking in the surfzone. Wave speeds estimated by video-based cBathy at the initiation of wave breaking often were twice the speeds predicted by linear theory, and up to three times faster than linear theory during storms. Estimated wave speeds were half as fast as linear theory predictions at the termination of wave breaking shoreward of the sandbar. These results suggest that video-based cBathy should not be used to track the migration of the surfzone sandbar using data when waves are breaking over the bar nor to quantify morphological evolution during storms. However, these results show that during low energy conditions, cBathy estimates could be used to quantify seasonal patterns of seafloor evolution.
    Description: This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Field Data Collection Program, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology under ERDC's research program titled “Force Projection Entry Operations, STO D.GRD.2015.34”, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory base program from the Office of Naval Research, a Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship funded by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, and the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Remote sensing ; Beach morphology ; Depth inversion ; Bathymetry estimation ; Video imaging ; Surfzone
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    Geochemistry of fluids from Earth’s deepest ridge-crest hot-springs : Piccard hydrothermal field, Mid-Cayman Rise (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 228 (2018): 95-118, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.021.
    Description: Hosted in basaltic substrate on the ultra-slow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise, the Piccard hydrothermal field is the deepest currently known seafloor hot-spring (4957–4987 m). Due to its great depth, the Piccard site is an excellent natural system for investigating the influence of extreme pressure on the formation of submarine vent fluids. To investigate the role of rock composition and deep circulation conditions on fluid chemistry, the abundance and isotopic composition of organic, inorganic, and dissolved volatile species in high temperature vent fluids at Piccard were examined in samples collected in 2012 and 2013. Fluids from the Beebe Vents and Beebe Woods black smokers vent at a maximum temperature of 398 °C at the seafloor, however several lines of evidence derived from inorganic chemistry (Cl, SiO2, Ca, Br, Fe, Cu, Mn) support fluid formation at much higher temperatures in the subsurface. These high temperatures, potentially in excess of 500 °C, are attainable due to the great depth of the system. Our data indicate that a single deep-rooted source fluid feeds high temperature vents across the entire Piccard field. High temperature Piccard fluid H2 abundances (19.9 mM) are even higher than those observed in many ultramafic-influenced systems, such as the Rainbow (16 mM) and the Von Damm hydrothermal fields (18.2 mM). In the case of Piccard, however, these extremely high H2 abundances can be generated from fluid-basalt reaction occurring at very high temperatures. Magmatic and thermogenic sources of carbon in the high temperature black smoker vents are described. Dissolved ΣCO2 is likely of magmatic origin, CH4 may originate from a combination of thermogenic sources and leaching of abiotic CH4 from mineral-hosted fluid inclusions, and CO abundances are at equilibrium with the water–gas shift reaction. Longer-chained n-alkanes (C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, i-C4H10) may derive from thermal alteration of dissolved and particulate organic carbon sourced from the original seawater source, entrainment of microbial ecosystems peripheral to high temperature venting, and/or abiotic mantle sources. Dissolved ΣHCOOH in the Beebe Woods fluid is consistent with thermodynamic equilibrium for abiotic production via ΣCO2 reduction with H2 at 354 °C measured temperature. A lack of ΣHCOOH in the relatively higher temperature 398 °C Beebe Vent fluids demonstrates the temperature sensitivity of this equilibrium. Abundant basaltic seafloor outcrops and the axial location of the vent field, along with multiple lines of geochemical evidence, support extremely high temperature fluid-rock reaction with mafic substrate as the dominant control on Piccard fluid chemistry. These results expand the known diversity of vent fluid composition, with implications for supporting microbiological life in both the modern and ancient ocean.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets program [award number NNX09AB75G to CRG and JSS]; and the National Science Foundation [award number OCE-1061863 to CRG and JSS].
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    Formation of fast-spreading lower oceanic crust as revealed by a new Mg–REE coupled geospeedometer (2018)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 487 (2018): 165-178, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.01.032.
    Description: A new geospeedometer is developed based on the differential closures of Mg and rare earth element (REE) bulk-diffusion between coexisting plagioclase and clinopyroxene. By coupling the two elements with distinct bulk closure temperatures, this speedometer can numerically solve the initial temperatures and cooling rates for individual rock samples. As the existing Mg-exchange thermometer was calibrated for a narrow temperature range and strongly relies on model-dependent silica activities, a new thermometer is developed using literature experimental data. When the bulk closure temperatures of Mg and REE are determined, respectively, using this new Mg-exchange thermometer and the existing REE-exchange thermometer, this speedometer can be implemented for a wide range of compositions, mineral modes, and grain sizes. Applications of this new geospeedometer to oceanic gabbros from the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise at Hess Deep reveal that the lower oceanic crust crystallized at temperatures of 998–1353 °C with cooling rates of 0.003–10.2 °C/yr. Stratigraphic variations of the cooling rates and crystallization temperatures support deep hydrothermal circulations and in situ solidification of various replenished magma bodies. Together with existing petrological, geochemical and geophysical evidence, results from this new speedometry suggest that the lower crust formation at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges involves emplacement of primary mantle melts in the deep section of the crystal mush zone coupled with efficient heat removal by crustal-scale hydrothermal circulations. The replenished melts become chemically and thermally evolved, accumulate as small magma bodies at various depths, feed the shallow axial magma chamber, and may also escape from the mush zone to generate off-axial magma lenses.
    Description: C. Sun acknowledges support from the Devonshire postdoctoral scholarship at WHOI and NSF grant OCE-1637130. This work was also supported by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Grant NE/I001670/1 to J. Lissenberg.
    Keywords: Oceanic crust ; Cooling rate ; Crystallization temperature ; Plagioclase ; Clinopyroxene ; Hess Deep
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    Strength in numbers : collaborative science for new experimental model systems (2018)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The work is made available under the Creative Commons CCO public domain dedication.. The definitive version was published in PLoS Biology 16 (2018): e2006333, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006333.
    Description: Our current understanding of biology is heavily based on a small number of genetically tractable model organisms. Most eukaryotic phyla lack such experimental models, and this limits our ability to explore the molecular mechanisms that ultimately define their biology, ecology, and diversity. In particular, marine protists suffer from a paucity of model organisms despite playing critical roles in global nutrient cycles, food webs, and climate. To address this deficit, an initiative was launched in 2015 to foster the development of ecologically and taxonomically diverse marine protist genetic models. The development of new models faces many barriers, some technical and others institutional, and this often discourages the risky, long-term effort that may be required. To lower these barriers and tackle the complexity of this effort, a highly collaborative community-based approach was taken. Herein, we describe this approach, the advances achieved, and the lessons learned by participants in this novel community-based model for research.
    Description: The research efforts, connections, and collaborations described in this paper and protocols.io (https://www.protocols.io/) were supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s Marine Microbiology Initiative.
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    The nature of the crust under Cayman Trough from gravity (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine and Petroleum Geology 19 (2002): 971-987, doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00132-0.
    Description: Considerable crustal thickness variations are inferred along Cayman Trough, a slow-spreading ocean basin in the Caribbean Sea, from modeling of the gravity field. The crust to a distance of 50 km from the spreading center is only 2–3 km thick in agreement with dredge and dive results. Crustal thickness increases to ∼5.5 km at distances between 100 and 430 km west of the spreading center and to 3.5–6 km at distances between 60 and 370 km east of the spreading center. The increase in thickness is interpreted to represent serpentinization of the uppermost mantle lithosphere, rather than a true increase in the volume of accreted ocean crust. Serpentinized peridotite rocks have indeed been dredged from the base of escarpments of oceanic crust rocks in Cayman Trough. Laboratory-measured density and P-wave speed of peridotite with 40–50% serpentine are similar to the observed speed in published refraction results and to the inferred density from the model. Crustal thickness gradually increases to 7–8 km at the far ends of the trough partially in areas where sea floor magnetic anomalies were identified. Basement depth becomes gradually shallower starting 250 km west of the rise and 340 km east of the rise, in contrast to the predicted trend of increasing depth to basement from cooling models of the oceanic lithosphere. The gradual increase in apparent crustal thickness and the shallowing trend of basement depth are interpreted to indicate that the deep distal parts of Cayman Trough are underlain by highly attenuated crust, not by a continuously accreted oceanic crust.
    Description: DFC was partly supported by NSF grant EAR-92-19796.
    Keywords: Caribbean plate ; Cayman trough ; Continental margins ; Gravity anomalies ; Serpentinized peridotite ; Slow spreading
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    Deciphering the dynamics of inorganic carbon export from intertidal salt marshes using high-frequency measurements (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Chemistry 206 (2018): 7-18, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2018.08.005.
    Description: The lateral export of carbon from coastal marshes via tidal exchange is a key component of the marsh carbon budget and coastal carbon cycles. However, the magnitude of this export has been difficult to accurately quantify due to complex tidal dynamics and seasonal cycling of carbon. In this study, we use in situ, high-frequency measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and water fluxes to estimate lateral DIC fluxes from a U.S. northeastern salt marsh. DIC was measured by a CHANnelized Optical Sensor (CHANOS) that provided an in situ concentration measurement at 15-min intervals, during periods in summer (July – August) and late fall (December). Seasonal changes in the marsh had strong effects on DIC concentrations, while tidally-driven water fluxes were the fundamental vehicle of marsh carbon export. Episodic events, such as groundwater discharge and mean sea water level changes, can impact DIC flux through altered DIC concentrations and water flow. Variability between individual tides within each season was comparable to mean variability between the two seasons. Estimated mean DIC fluxes based on a multiple linear regression (MLR) model of DIC concentrations and high-frequency water fluxes agreed reasonably well with those derived from CHANOS DIC measurements for both study periods, indicating that high-frequency, modeled DIC concentrations, coupled with continuous water flux measurements and a hydrodynamic model, provide a robust estimate of DIC flux. Additionally, an analysis of sampling strategies revealed that DIC fluxes calculated using conventional sampling frequencies (hourly to two-hourly) of a single tidal cycle are unlikely to capture a representative mean DIC flux compared to longer-term measurements across multiple tidal cycles with sampling frequency on the order of tens of minutes. This results from a disproportionately large amount of the net DIC flux occurring over a small number of tidal cycles, while most tides have a near-zero DIC export. Thus, high-frequency measurements (on the order of tens of minutes or better) over the time period of interest are necessary to accurately quantify tidal exports of carbon species from salt marshes.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program, NSF Ocean Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship (OCE-1323728), Link FoundationOcean Engineering and Instrumentation Fellowship, National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST no. 60NANB10D024), the USGS LandCarbon and Coastal & Marine Geology Programs, NSF Chemical Oceanography Program (OCE-1459521), NSF Ocean Technology and Interdisciplinary Coordination program (OCE-1233654) and NOAA Science Collaborative (NA09NOS4190153).
    Keywords: Dissolved inorganic carbon ; Carbon export ; Salt marshes ; Wetlands
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Geomorphic process fingerprints in submarine canyons (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 337 (2013): 53-66, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2013.01.005.
    Description: Submarine canyons are common features of continental margins worldwide. They are conduits that funnel vast quantities of sediment from the continents to the deep sea. Though it is known that submarine canyons form primarily from erosion induced by submarine sediment flows, we currently lack quantitative, empirically based expressions that describe the morphology of submarine canyon networks. Multibeam bathymetry data along the entire passive US Atlantic margin (USAM) and along the active central California margin near Monterey Bay provide an opportunity to examine the fine-scale morphology of 171 slope-sourced canyons. Log–log regression analyses of canyon thalweg gradient (S) versus up-canyon catchment area (A) are used to examine linkages between morphological domains and the generation and evolution of submarine sediment flows. For example, canyon reaches of the upper continental slope are characterized by steep, linear and/or convex longitudinal profiles, whereas reaches farther down canyon have distinctly concave longitudinal profiles. The transition between these geomorphic domains is inferred to represent the downslope transformation of debris flows into erosive, canyon-flushing turbidity flows. Over geologic timescales this process appears to leave behind a predictable geomorphic fingerprint that is dependent on the catchment area of the canyon head. Catchment area, in turn, may be a proxy for the volume of sediment released during geomorphically significant failures along the upper continental slope. Focused studies of slope-sourced submarine canyons may provide new insights into the relationships between fine-scale canyon morphology and down-canyon changes in sediment flow dynamics.
    Keywords: Turbidity flow ; Debris flow ; Multibeam bathymetry ; Regression ; Power law ; Landslide
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    Shear localisation in anisotropic, non-linear viscous materials that develop a CPO: A numerical study (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Structural Geology, Elsevier, 124, pp. 81-90, ISSN: 01918141
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-02
    Description: Localisation of ductile deformation in rocks is commonly found at all scales from crustal shear zones down to grain scale shear bands. Of the various mechanisms for localisation, mechanical anisotropy has received relatively little attention, especially in numerical modelling. Mechanical anisotropy can be due to dislocation creep of minerals (e.g. ice or mica) and/or layering in rocks (e.g. bedding, cleavage). We simulated simple-shear deformation of a locally anisotropic, single-phase power-law rheology material up to shear strain of five. Localisation of shear rate in narrow shear bands occurs, depending on the magnitude of anisotropy and the stress exponent. At high anisotropy values, strain-rate frequency distributions become approximately log-normal with heavy, exponential tails. Localisation due to anisotropy is scale-independent and thus provides a single mechanism for a self-organised hierarchy of shear bands and zones from mm-to km-scales. The numerical simulations are compared with the natural example of the Northern Shear Belt at Cap de Creus, NE Spain.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Ecosystem response to increasing ambient water temperatures due to climate warming in the Sylt-Römö Bight, northern Wadden Sea, Germany (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, 228
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Modelling and predicting habitats for the neobiotic American razor clam Ensis leei in the Wadden Sea (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, 231
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Multi-use of the sea: A wide array of opportunities from site-specific cases across Europe (2019)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  EPIC3PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, 14(4), pp. 1-36
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-27
    Description: The concept of multi-use of the sea has gained popularity in recent years as a result of ocean space (coastal areas and regions with relatively small sea space in particular) becoming increasingly crowded due to the development of the maritime economy. Competing claims for space can be a source of conflict, however this may also lead to mutual benefits for different users when sustainable combinations are sought. Despite increasing European-wide efforts, on-the-ground knowledge and practice of multi-use are still limited. Therefore, with the aim of investigating opportunities for multi-use development in the European seas, 10 case studies were selected, involving different site-specific contexts. This study analyses the characteristics and development potential for ocean multi-use, integrating results from desk analysis and stakeholder perceptions from different sectors in each of the case study locations. Similarities and differences between various combinations of sea uses are also identified. The results show a high heterogeneity of multi-use opportunities between case studies, with a range of combinations identified. The investigated combinations of maritime uses share an overall balance between factors promoting (drivers) and hindering (barriers) multi-use development. Based on stakeholder opinions, expected benefits (added values) of multi-use implementation outweigh potential negative impacts. Management actions are also proposed to further exploit multi-use potential at a local, regional (sub-national) and national levels.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Perennial flow through convergent hillslopes explains chemodynamic solute behavior in a shale headwater catchment (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Chemical Geology, Elsevier, 493, pp. 413-425
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-09
    Description: Stream chemistry reflects the mixture of complex biogeochemical reactions that vary across space and time within watersheds. For example, streams experience changing hydrologic connectivity to heterogeneous water sources under different flow regimes; however, it remains unclear how seasonal flow paths link these different sources and regulate concentration-discharge behavior, i.e., changes in stream solute concentration as a function of discharge. At the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) in central Pennsylvania, USA, concentrations of chemostatic solutes (K, Mg, Na, Si, Cl) vary little across a wide range of discharge values while concentrations of chemodynamic solutes (Fe, Mn, Ca) decrease sharply with increasing stream discharge. To elucidate controls on chemodynamic solute behavior, we investigated the chemistry of surface water and shallow subsurface water at the SSHCZO in early autumn when discharge was negligible and concentrations of chemodynamic solutes were high. Dissolved ions, colloids, and micron-sized particles were extracted from hillslope soils and stream sediments to evaluate how elements were mobilized into pore waters and transported from hillslopes to the stream. During the study period when flow was intermittent, the stream consisted of isolated puddles that were chemically variable along the length of the channel. Inputs of subsurface water to the stream were limited to an area of upwelling near the stream headwaters, and the water table remained over a meter below the stream bed along the rest of the channel. Chemodynamic elements Fe and Mn were preferentially mobilized from organic-rich soils as a mixture of dissolved ions, colloids, and micron-sized particles; consequently, subsurface water draining organic-rich soils in the upper catchment was enriched in Fe and Mn. Conversely, Ca increased towards the catchment outlet and was primarily mobilized from stream sediments as Ca2+. Concentrations of chemostatic solutes were relatively invariable throughout the catchment. We conclude that chemodynamic behavior at SSHCZO is driven by seasonally variable connectivity between the stream and hillslope soils. During the dry season, stream water derives from a shallow perched water table (interflow) that upwells to generate metal-rich stream headwaters. High concentrations of soluble Fe and Mn at low discharge occur when metal-rich headwaters are flushed to the catchment outlet during periodic rain events. Interflow during the dry season originates from water that infiltrates through organic-rich swales; thus, metals in the stream at low flow are ultimately derived from convergent hillslopes where biological processes have concentrated and/or mobilized these chemodynamic elements. In contrast, high concentrations of Ca2+ at low discharge are likely mobilized from stream sediments that contain secondary calcite precipitates. We infer that chemodynamic solutes are diluted at high discharge primarily due to increased flow through planar hillslopes. This study highlights how spatially heterogeneous biogeochemistry and seasonally variable flow paths regulate concentration-discharge behavior within catchments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) mitogenomics: A cautionary tale of defining sub-species from mitochondrial sequence monophyly (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-12
    Description: © The Authors, 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. The definitive version was published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2019), doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.003.
    Description: The advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies has resulted in an increase of studies based upon complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences that revisit the taxonomic status within and among species. Spatially distinct monophyly in such mitogenomic genealogies, i.e., the sharing of a recent common ancestor among con-specific samples collected in the same region has been viewed as evidence for subspecies. Several recent studies in cetaceans have employed this criterion to suggest subsequent intraspecific taxonomic revisions. We reason that employing intra-specific, spatially distinct monophyly at non-recombining, clonally inherited genomes is an unsatisfactory criterion for defining subspecies based upon theoretical (genetic drift) and practical (sampling effort) arguments. This point was illustrated by a re-analysis of a global mitogenomic assessment of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus spp., published by Archer et al. (2013), which proposed to further subdivide the Northern Hemisphere fin whale subspecies, B. p. physalus. The proposed revision was based upon the detection of spatially distinct monophyly among North Atlantic and North Pacific fin whales in a genealogy based upon complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences. The extended analysis conducted in this study (1,676 mitochondrial control region, 162 complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences and 20 microsatellite loci genotyped in 358 samples) revealed that the apparent monophyly among North Atlantic fin whales reported by Archer et al. (2013) to be due to low sample sizes. In conclusion, defining sub-species from monophyly (i.e., the absence of para- or polyphyly) can lead to erroneous conclusions due to relatively “trivial” aspects, such as sampling. Basic population genetic processes (i.e., genetic drift and migration) also affect the time to the most recent common ancestor and hence the probability that individuals in a sample are monophyletic.
    Description: We are grateful to Hanne Jørgensen, Anna Sellas, Mary Beth Rew and Christina Færch-Jensen for technical assistance. We thank Drs. P. E. Rosel and K. D. Mullin (U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center) and members of the U.S. Northeast and Southeast Region Marine Mammal Stranding Network and its response teams, including the International Fund for Animal Welfare, the Marine Mammal Stranding Center, Mystic Aquarium, the Riverhead Foundation for Marine Research and Preservation (K. Durham) and the Marine Mammal Stranding Program of the University of North Carolina Wilmington for access to fin whale samples from the western North Atlantic. We thank Gisli Vikingsson for providing samples. We are indebted to Dr. Eduardo Secchi for facilitating data sharing. Data collection in the Southern Ocean was conducted under research projects Baleias (CNPq grants 557064/2009-0 and 408096/2013-6), INTERBIOTA (CNPq 407889/2013-2) and INCT-APA (CNPq 574018/2008-5), of the Brazilian Antarctic Program and a contribution by the research consortium ‘Ecology and Conservation of Marine Megafauna – EcoMega-CNPq’. MAS was supported through a FCT Investigator contract funded by POPH, QREN European Social Fund, and Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education. Data collection in the Azores was funded by TRACE-PTDC/MAR/74071/2006 and MAPCET-M2.1.2/F/012/2011 [FEDER, COMPETE, QREN European Social Fund, and Proconvergencia Açores/EU Program]. Fin whale illustration herein is used with the permission of Frédérique Lucas. We acknowledge the Center for Information Technology of the University of Groningen for IT support and access to the Peregrine high performance-computing cluster.
    Keywords: fin whale ; Balaenoptera physalus ; North Atlantic Ocean ; subspecies ; mitochondrial genome
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    A robust vegetation-based elevation transfer function for reconstructing Arctic polygon mire palaeo-microtopography (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Elsevier, 522, pp. 12-27, ISSN: 0031-0182
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: The reconstruction of past environments by means of macrofossil and pollen analysis is commonly based on the modern ecological preferences of the taxa that may have produced these fossils. Here we present a modelling approach, in which we use modern vegetation–surface height relationships to quantify past surface heights in an Arctic ice-wedge polygon mire. Vegetation composition and ground surface height (GSH) were assessed in a polygon mire near Kytalyk (Northeastern Siberia). Cluster analysis revealed five plant communities, which are clearly separated with respect to ground surface height, frost surface height and coverages of open water and vegetation. Based on the composition of modern vegetation we constructed two sets of potential fossil types (plant macrofossils and pollen), an extensive one and a more restricted one to reflect different conditions of preservation and recognisability. We applied Canonical Correspondence Analysis to model the relationships between potential fossil types and measured GSH. Both models show a strong relationship between modelled and measured GSH values and a high accuracy in prediction. Finally, we used the models to predict GSH values for Holocene peat samples and found a fair correspondence with expert-based multi-proxy reconstruction of wetness conditions, even though only a minor part of the encountered fossils were represented in the GSH models, illustrating the robustness of the approach. Our approach can be used to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions in a more objective way and can serve as a template for further palaeoecological studies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of alkaline mafic igneous rocks from Punta delle Pietre Nere (Gargano, Southern Italy) (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-09
    Description: The Punta delle Pietre Nere (Gargano, Southern Italy) igneous body is constituted by gabbroic and syenitic rocks with lamprophyric affinity of different age (58 and 62 Ma, respectively). The chemical composition of the minerals clearly indicates that there is no genetic relationship between the two lithotypes, in agreement with their significant age difference. The chemical (trace elements) and Sr-Nd-Pb-isotopic composition of these rocks highlights an “anorogenic” geochemical affinity derived from mixed DMM-HIMU-EM mantle reservoirs, similarly to other Paleogene-Oligocenemagmatic provinces in the Circum-Mediterranean Area. In past literature, these features were interpreted as evidences for enriched asthenospheric mantle plume upwelling from deep regions beneath the Western Europe. Here we suggest that the HIMU-like composition of Punta delle Pietre Nere rocks is related to a lithosphericmantle source bearing amphibole-rich veins, resulting from crystallization of melts within the amphibole stability field in presence of H2O, as shown by several experimental works. Our results suggests partial melting at 70–90 km depth, which corresponds to the spinel-garnet transition (2.5–3.5 GPa) close to the amphibole stability limit (~90–110 km and 2.5–3.5 GPa).
    Description: Published
    Description: 316-328
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Punta delle Pietre Nere Anorogenic magmatism Isotope geochemistry Mantle plume ; Anorogenic magmatism ; Mantle plume
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Holocene thermokarst dynamics in Central Yakutia – A multi-core and robust grain-size endmember modeling approach (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 218, pp. 10-33, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-04
    Description: Differentiating thermokarst basin sediments with respect to the involved processes and environmental conditions is an important tool to understand permafrost landscape dynamics and scenarios and future trajectories in a warming Arctic and Subarctic. Thermokarst basin deposits have complex sedimentary structures due to the variability of Yedoma source sediments, reworking during the Late Glacial to Holocene climate changes, and different stages of thermokarst history. Here we reconstruct the dynamic growth of thermokarst lakes and basins and related changes of depositional conditions preserved in sediment sequences using a combination of biogeochemical data and robust grain-size endmember analysis (rEMMA). This multi-proxy approach is used on 10 sediment cores (each 300–400 cm deep) from two key thermokarst sites to distinguish four time slices that describe the Holocene thermokarst (lake) basin evolution in Central Yakutia (CY). Biogeochemical proxies and rEMMA reveal fine-grained sedimentation with rather high lake levels and/or reducing conditions, and coarse-grained sedimentation with rather shallow lake levels and/or oxidizing (i.e. terrestrial) conditions in relation to distal and proximal depositional and post-sedimentary conditions. Statistical analysis suggests that the biogeochemical parameters are almost independent of thermokarst deposit sedimentology. Thus, the biogeochemical parameters are considered as signals of secondary (post-sedimentary) reworking. The rEMMA results are clearly reflecting grain-size variations and depositional conditions. This indicates small-scale varying depositional environments, frequently changing lake levels, and predominantly lateral expansion at the edges of rapidly growing small thermokarst lakes and basins. These small bodies finally coalesced, forming the large thermokarst basins we see today in CY. Considering previous paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Siberia, we show the initiation of thaw and subsidence during the Late Glacial to Holocene transition between about 11 and 9 cal kyrs BP, intensive and extensive thermokarst activity for the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) at about 7 to 5 cal kyrs BP, severely fluctuating water levels and further lateral basin growth between 3.5 cal kyrs BP and 1.5 cal kyrs BP, and the cessation of thermokarst activity and extensive frost-induced processes (i.e. permafrost aggradation) after about 1.5 cal kyrs BP. However, gradual permafrost warming over recent decades, in addition to human impacts, has led to renewed high rates of subsidence and abrupt, rapid CY thermokarst processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Multi-method assessment of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) residency, distribution, and dispersal behavior at an aggregation site in the Red Sea (2019)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cochran, J. E. M., Braun, C. D., Cagua, E. F., Campbell, M. F., Hardenstine, R. S., Kattan, A., Priest, M. A., Sinclair-Taylor, T. H., Skomal, G. B., Sultan, S., Sun, L., Thorrold, S. R., & Berumen, M. L. Multi-method assessment of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) residency, distribution, and dispersal behavior at an aggregation site in the Red Sea. Plos One, 14(9), (2019): e0222285, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222285.
    Description: Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are typically dispersed throughout their circumtropical range, but the species is also known to aggregate in specific coastal areas. Accurate site descriptions associated with these aggregations are essential for the conservation of R. typus, an Endangered species. Although aggregations have become valuable hubs for research, most site descriptions rely heavily on sightings data. In the present study, visual census, passive acoustic monitoring, and long range satellite telemetry were combined to track the movements of R. typus from Shib Habil, a reef-associated aggregation site in the Red Sea. An array of 63 receiver stations was used to record the presence of 84 acoustically tagged sharks (35 females, 37 males, 12 undetermined) from April 2010 to May 2016. Over the same period, identification photos were taken for 76 of these tagged individuals and 38 were fitted with satellite transmitters. In total of 37,461 acoustic detections, 210 visual encounters, and 33 satellite tracks were analyzed to describe the sharks’ movement ecology. The results demonstrate that the aggregation is seasonal, mostly concentrated on the exposed side of Shib Habil, and seems to attract sharks of both sexes in roughly equal numbers. The combined methodologies also tracked 15 interannual homing-migrations, demonstrating that many sharks leave the area before returning in later years. When compared to acoustic studies from other aggregations, these results demonstrate that R. typus exhibits diverse, site-specific ecologies across its range. Sightings-independent data from acoustic telemetry and other sources are an effective means of validating more common visual surveys.
    Description: Financial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award nos. USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
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    Fluid oscillations in a laboratory geyser with a bubble trap (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Rudolph, M. L., Sohn, R. A., & Lev, E.. Fluid oscillations in a laboratory geyser with a bubble trap. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 368, (2018):100-110. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.11.003.
    Description: Geysers are rare geologic features that episodically erupt water and steam. While it is understood that the eruptions are triggered by the conversion of thermal to kinetic energy during decompression of hot uids, geysers commonly exhibit a range of dynamic behaviors in-between and during eruptions that have yet to be adequately explained. In-situ measurements of temperature and pressure as well as remote geophysical techniques have revealed oscillatory behavior across a range of timescales, ranging from eruption cycles to impulsive bubble collapse events. Many geysers, including Old faithful in Yellowstone National Park, USA, are believed to have o set subsurface reservoirs (referred to as a `bubble trap') that can trap and accumulate noncondensable gas or steam entering the system. The impact of a bubble trap on the dynamic behaviors of the system, however, has not been fully established. We constructed a laboratory bubble trap and performed a series of experiments to study how uids oscillate back and forth between the eruption conduit and laterally-offseet reservoir in-between eruptions. We present a new theoretical model based on Hamiltonian mechanics that successfully predicts the oscillation frequencies observed in our experiments based on the conduit system geometry, the amount of gas that has accumulated in the bubble trap, and the amount of liquid water in the system. We demonstrate that when scaled to Old Faithful Geyser, this mechanism is capable of producing oscillations at the observed frequencies.
    Description: The authors thank Paul Fucile and Glenn Macdonald for engineering support in designing and constructing the laboratory analog geyser rig. Funding for the laboratory geyser was provided by the US National Science Foundation grant EAR-1516361. EL was funded through a RISE award from Columbia University.
    Description: 2019-11-10
    Keywords: Geysers ; Oscillations ; Bubble trap ; Tremor
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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    Localizing individual soniferous fish using passive acoustic monitoring (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Putland, R. L., Mackiewicz, A. G., & Mensinger, A. F. Localizing individual soniferous fish using passive acoustic monitoring. Ecological Informatics, 48, (2018):60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.08.004.
    Description: Identifying where fish inhabit is a fundamentally important topic in ecology and management allowing acoustically sensitive times and areas to be prioritized. Passive acoustic localization has the benefit of being a non-invasive and non-destructive observational tool, and provides unbiased data on the position and movement of aquatic animals. This study used the time difference of arrivals (TDOA) of sound recordings on a four-hydrophone array to pinpoint the location of male oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, a cryptic fish that produces boatwhistles to attract females. Coupling the TDOA method with cross correlation of the different boatwhistles, individual toadfish were mapped during dawn (0523–0823), midday (1123–1423), dusk (1723–2023) and night (2323−0223) to examine the relationship between temporal and spatial trends. Seven individual males were identified within 0.5–24.2 m of the hydrophone array and 0.0–18.2 m of the other individuals. Uncertainty in passive acoustics localization was investigated using computer simulations as 〈2.0 m within a bearing of 033 to 148° of the linear hydrophone array. Passive acoustic monitoring is presented as a viable tool for monitoring the positions of soniferous species, like the oyster toadfish. The method used in this study could be applied to a variety of soniferous fishes, without disturbing them or their environment. Understanding the location of fishes can be linked to temporal and environmental parameters to investigate ecological trends, as well as to vessel activity to discuss how individuals' respond to anthropogenic noise.
    Description: We would firstly like to thank the anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments. We thank John Atkins, Mark Johnson and Ben Schlaer for their guidance in the acoustic localization method used and Emily Fleissner for helping to identify toadfish boatwhistles. We also thank Jenni Stanley for help with initial hydrophone set-up and the Marine Resources Center at MBL for dock space and resources. Funding was provided by National Science Foundation grants IOS 1354745, DOB 1359230 and 1659604 awarded to AFM.
    Description: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: Passive acoustic monitoring ; Localization ; Fish ecology ; Environmental management ; Soniferous fish
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  • 91
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    Distribution of Pb-210 and Po-210 in the arctic water column during the 2007 sea-ice minimum: Particle export in the ice-covered basins. (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Roca-Marti, M., Puigcorbe, V., Friedrich, J., van der Loeff, M. R., Rabe, B., Korhonen, M., Camara-Mor, P., Garcia-Orellana, J., & Masque, P. (2018). Distribution of pb-210 and po-210 in the arctic water column during the 2007 sea-ice minimum: Particle export in the ice-covered basins. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 142, 94-106, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2018.09.011.
    Description: 210Pb and 210Po are naturally occurring radionuclides that are commonly used as a proxy for particle and carbon export. In this study, the distribution of the 210Po/210Pb pair was investigated in the water column of the Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas and the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov Basins in order to understand the particle dynamics in the Arctic Ocean during the 2007 sea-ice minimum (August-September). Minimum activities of total 210Pb and 210Po were found in the upper and lower haloclines (approx. 60-130 m), which are partly attributed to particle scavenging over the shelves, boundary current transport and subsequent advection of the water with low 210Pb and 210Po activities into the central Arctic. Widespread and substantial (〉50%) deficits of 210Po with respect to 210Pb were detected from surface waters to 200 m on the shelves, but also in the basins. This was particularly important in the Makarov Basin where, despite very low chlorophyll-a levels, estimates of annual new primary production were three times higher than in the Eurasian Basin. In the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov 32 Basins, estimates of annual new primary production correlated with the deficits of 210Po in the upper 200 m of the water column, suggesting that in situ production and subsequent export of biogenic material were the mechanisms that controlled the removal of 210Po in the central Arctic. Unlike 210Po, 234Th deficits measured during the same expedition were found to be very small and not significant below 25 m in the basins (Cai et al., 2010), which indicates, given the shorter half-life of 234Th, that particle export fluxes in the central Arctic would have been higher before July-August in 2007 than later in the season.
    Description: We would like to thank the crew of the R/V Polarstern and the scientists on board for their cooperation during the ARK-XXII/2 expedition. We greatly appreciate the hard work of Oliver Lechtenfeld who collected and processed the samples on board. Thanks to Dorothea Bauch for sharing her results on freshwater origin and Adam Ulfsbo for providing insightful comments on the estimates of primary production. This project was partly supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CTM2011-28452, Spain). We wish to acknowledge the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya to the research group MERS (2017 SGR-1588). This work is contributing to the ICTA ‘Unit of Excellence’ (MinECo, MDM2015-0552). M.R.-M. was supported by a Spanish PhD fellowship (AP2010-2510) and an Australian postdoctoral fellowship (2017 Endeavour Research Fellowship).
    Description: 2019-10-22
    Keywords: Particle export ; Annual new primary production ; Scavenging ; 210Po/210Pb ; Arctic Ocean ; 2007 sea-ice minimum
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  • 92
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    Evolution of shear zones through the brittle-ductile transition: The Calamita Schists (Elba Island, Italy) (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: A network of shear zones that evolved through the brittle-ductile transition is exposed in the Calamita Schists, Elba Island, Italy. The shear zones formed during Late Miocene contractional deformation coeval with high grade contact metamorphism (∼650 °C) related to the emplacement of plutonic rocks at shallow crustal levels (∼7–10 Km). An early stage high metamorphic grade foliation was overprinted by mylonitic deformation that progressively localized on low-metamorphic grade shear bands producing S-C mylonites during cooling of contact aureole. Localization of deformation on shear bands was driven by temperature decrease that triggered strain partitioning between ‘hard’ high grade relics and ‘soft’ shear bands. Softening of shear bands occurred likely due to fluid influx and retrograde growth of fine-grained phyllosilicates. The interconnection of anastomosing shear bands and passive rotation of the relic high grade foliation caused widening of the shear bands producing mylonites with a composite mylonitic foliation and C′ shear bands. An estimate of the vorticity number Wk of the flow of ∼0.3–0.5 was obtained from the orientation of C′ shear bands measured at the meso- and thin sectionscale. Close to the brittle-ductile transition, the growth of soft phyllosilicates allowed C′ shear bands to act as precursory structures to brittle deformation localized into an array of low-angle faults and shear fractures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100-114
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Brittle-ductile transition ; Mylonite Shear zone ; Shear band Faulting ; Strain localization ; Structural geology, brittle ductile transition
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 93
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    Integrated crustal model beneath the Po Plain (Northern Italy) from surface wave tomography and Bouguer gravity data (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: To obtain a 3-D crustal density and shear-wave velocity structure beneath the Po plain we exploit seismic records gathered from 2006 to 2014 and Bouguer gravity data assembled for the last estimation of the Italian Geoid. 2-D maps for both Love and Rayleigh fundamental mode at periods between 4 and 20 s are obtained applying a tomographic inversion. The defined local dispersion curves are then jointly inverted using a linearized scheme to obtain a 3-D isotropic shear-wave velocity model across the Po plain region. The model, transformed into density through a priori velocity-density relationships, is then the input of the Sequential Integrated Inversion algorithm, which enables us to recover a new 3-D density-shear wave velocity coupling and inferences on the lithology and tectonics. Low and fast S-wave velocities are highlighted for the shallow Pliocene–Quaternary sediments along the foredeep, in front of the Northern Apennines, and for the presence of limestone units in the upper crust, respectively. Whereas sediment trends seem to be consistent with the results obtained, the Mesozoic carbonates, which are inherently characterized by high variability, are less resolved. A major result is the recovery of a high speed (3.3 km/s) - density (2.2 kg/m3) structure in the upper crust (6–10 km) localized beneath the arcuate Po plain thrust front expanding from the external margin of the Ferrara arc toward the Alps and the Adriatic Sea. At the boundaries of this brittle body, we locate earthquakes of the Emilia 2012 seismic sequence and the historical seismicity. Mapping lateral discontinuities in density and shear wave velocity could provide insights in defining strengthening and weakening zones, and in focusing on transition zones often prone to earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 262-279
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Po plain ; 3D crustal model ; Surface waves ; Bouguer gravity anomalies
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A review of the geologic sections and the faunal assemblages of Aurelian Mammal Age of Latium (Italy) in the light of a new chronostratigraphic framework (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-04
    Description: The Aurelian Mammal Age for peninsular Italy was introduced on the basis of faunal assemblages mainly recovered at sites along the Via Aurelia west of Rome. These sites exposed a set of sedimentary deposits currently attributed to the Aurelia and to the Vitinia Formations correlated with MIS 9 and MIS 7, respectively. In the present paper we reconstruct the geologic-stratigraphic setting in the western sector of Rome within the wider context of glacio-eustatically controlled, geochronologically constrained aggradational successions defined for this region. We present a chronostratigraphic study based on dedicated field surveys, that, combined with five new 40Ar/39Ar ages and eighteen trace-element and EMP glass analyses of volcanic products, allow us to revise age and correlation with the Marine Isotopic Stages for 10 sites out of 12 previously attributed to the Aurelia Formation and the Torre in Pietra Faunal Unit. In particular, we demonstrate a MIS 13/MIS 11 age for several sections along the Via Aurelia between Malagrotta and Castel di Guido. Based on this new geochronological framework, the first occurrences of Canis lupus and Vulpes vulpes in Italy are antedated to MIS 11, within the Fontana Ranuccio Faunal Unit of the Galerian Mammal Age, consistent with the wider European context. This contribution is intended as the groundwork for a revision of the Middle Pleistocene Mammal Ages of the Italian peninsula, according to the improved chronostratigraphy of the geologic sections hosting the faunal assemblages.
    Description: Published
    Description: 173-199
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Capturing coastal water clarity variability with Landsat 8 (2019)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Luis, K. M. A., Rheuban, J. E., Kavanaugh, M. T., Glover, D. M., Wei, J., Lee, Z., & Doney, S. C. Capturing coastal water clarity variability with Landsat 8. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, (2019): 96-104, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.078.
    Description: Coastal water clarity varies at high temporal and spatial scales due to weather, climate, and human activity along coastlines. Systematic observations are crucial to assessing the impact of water clarity change on aquatic habitats. In this study, Secchi disk depths (ZSD) from Boston Harbor, Buzzards Bay, Cape Cod Bay, and Narragansett Bay water quality monitoring organizations were compiled to validate ZSD derived from Landsat 8 (L8) imagery, and to generate high spatial resolution ZSD maps. From 58 L8 images, acceptable agreement was found between in situ and L8 ZSD in Buzzards Bay (N = 42, RMSE = 0.96 m, MAPD = 28%), Cape Cod Bay (N = 11, RMSE = 0.62 m, MAPD = 10%), and Narragansett Bay (N = 8, RMSE = 0.59 m, MAPD = 26%). This work demonstrates the value of merging in situ ZSD with high spatial resolution remote sensing estimates for improved coastal water quality monitoring.
    Description: This work was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (grant 14-106159-000-CFP) and by the National Science Foundation grant DGE 1249946, Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT): Coasts and Communities – Natural and Human Systems in Urbanizing Environments. Lastly, we are indebted to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Buzzards Bay Coalition, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, Narragansett Bay Commission, and the numerous citizen scientists responsible for collecting the in situ measurements used in this study. Comments and suggestions from our anonymous reviewer were greatly appreciated.
    Keywords: Water quality ; Secchi disk depth ; Remote sensing ; Landsat
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  • 96
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    Using a Bayesian network to understand the importance of coastal storms and undeveloped landscapes for the creation and maintenance of early successional habitat (2019)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zeigler, S. L., Gutierrez, B. T., Sturdivant, E. J., Catlin, D. H., Fraser, J. D., Hecht, A., Karpanty, S. M., Plant, N. G., & Thieler, E. R. Using a Bayesian network to understand the importance of coastal storms and undeveloped landscapes for the creation and maintenance of early successional habitat. Plos One, 14(7), (2019): e0209986, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209986.
    Description: Coastal storms have consequences for human lives and infrastructure but also create important early successional habitats for myriad species. For example, storm-induced overwash creates nesting habitat for shorebirds like piping plovers (Charadrius melodus). We examined how piping plover habitat extent and location changed on barrier islands in New York, New Jersey, and Virginia after Hurricane Sandy made landfall following the 2012 breeding season. We modeled nesting habitat using a nest presence/absence dataset that included characterizations of coastal morphology and vegetation. Using a Bayesian network, we predicted nesting habitat for each study site for the years 2010/2011, 2012, and 2014/2015 based on remotely sensed spatial datasets (e.g., lidar, orthophotos). We found that Hurricane Sandy increased piping plover habitat by 9 to 300% at 4 of 5 study sites but that one site saw a decrease in habitat by 27%. The amount, location, and longevity of new habitat appeared to be influenced by the level of human development at each site. At three of the five sites, the amount of habitat created and the time new habitat persisted were inversely related to the amount of development. Furthermore, the proportion of new habitat created in high-quality overwash was inversely related to the level of development on study areas, from 17% of all new habitat in overwash at one of the most densely developed sites to 80% of all new habitat at an undeveloped site. We also show that piping plovers exploited new habitat after the storm, with 14–57% of all nests located in newly created habitat in the 2013 breeding season. Our results quantify the importance of storms in creating and maintaining coastal habitats for beach-nesting species like piping plovers, and these results suggest a negative correlation between human development and beneficial ecological impacts of these natural disturbances.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided through a U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded to S. Zeigler, with funding for this fellowship made through a grant to E.R. Thieler from the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative. Funders did not play a role in study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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  • 97
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    Storm impacts on hydrodynamics and suspended-sediment fluxes in a microtidal back-barrier estuary (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 404 (2018): 1-14, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2018.06.016.
    Description: Recent major storms have piqued interest in understanding the responses of estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment transport to these events. To that end, flow velocity, wave characteristics, and suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) were measured for 11 months at eight locations in Chincoteague Bay, MD/VA, USA, a shallow back-barrier estuary. Daily breezes and episodic storms generated sediment-resuspending waves and modified the flow velocity at all sites, which occupied channel, shoal, and sheltered-bay environments with different bed-sediment characteristics. Despite comparable SSC during calm periods, SSC at the channel locations was considerably greater than at the shoal sites during windy periods because of relatively more erodible bed sediment in the channels. Sediment fluxes were strongly wind modulated: within the bay's main channel, depth-integrated unit-width sediment flux increased nonlinearly with increasing wind speed. When averaged over all sites, about 35% of the flux occurred during windy periods (wind speed greater than 6 m s−1), which represented just 15% of the deployment time. At channel sites, the net water and sediment fluxes were opposite to the direction of the wind forcing, while at shoal sites, the fluxes generally were aligned with the wind, implying complex channel–shoal dynamics. Yearly sediment fluxes exceed previous estimates of sediment delivery to the entirety of Chincoteague Bay. These observations illustrate the dynamic sedimentary processes occurring within microtidal back-barrier lagoons and highlight the importance of storm events in the hydrodynamics and overall sediment budgets of these systems.
    Description: his study was part of the Estuarine Physical Response to Storms project (GS2-2D), supported by the Department of the Interior Hurricane Sandy Recovery program.
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  • 98
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    Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 search data reveal geomorphology and seafloor processes in the remote southeast Indian Ocean (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 395 (2018): 301-319, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2017.10.014.
    Description: A high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) dataset covering over 279,000 km2 was acquired in the southeastern Indian Ocean to assist the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) that disappeared on 8 March 2014. The data provided an essential geospatial framework for the search and is the first large-scale coverage of MBES data in this region. Here we report on geomorphic analyses of the new MBES data, including a comparison with the Global Seafloor Geomorphic Features Map (GSFM) that is based on coarser resolution satellite altimetry data, and the insights the new data provide into geological processes that have formed and are currently shaping this remote deepsea area. Our comparison between the new MBES bathymetric model and the latest global topographic/bathymetric model (SRTM15_plus) reveals that 62% of the satellite-derived data points for the study area are comparable with MBES measurements within the estimated vertical uncertainty of the SRTM15_plus model (± 100 m). However, 〉 38% of the SRTM15_plus depth estimates disagree with the MBES data by 〉 100 m, in places by up to 1900 m. The new MBES data show that abyssal plains and basins in the study area are significantly more rugged than their representation in the GSFM, with a 20% increase in the extent of hills and mountains. The new model also reveals four times more seamounts than presented in the GSFM, suggesting more of these features than previously estimated for the broader region. This is important considering the ecological significance of high-relief structures on the seabed, such as hosting high levels of biodiversity. Analyses of the new data also enabled sea knolls, fans, valleys, canyons, troughs, and holes to be identified, doubling the number of discrete features mapped. Importantly, mapping the study area using MBES data improves our understanding of the geological evolution of the region and reveals a range of modern sedimentary processes. For example, a large series of ridges extending over approximately 20% of the mapped area, in places capped by sea knolls, highlight the preserved seafloor spreading fabric and provide valuable insights into Southeast Indian Ridge seafloor spreading processes, especially volcanism. Rifting is also recorded along the Broken Ridge – Diamantina Escarpment, with rift blocks and well-bedded sedimentary bedrock outcrops discernible down to 2400 m water depth. Modern ocean floor sedimentary processes are documented by sediment mass transport features, especially along the northern margin of Broken Ridge, and in pockmarks (the finest-scale features mapped), which are numerous south of Diamantina Trench and appear to record gas and/or fluid discharge from underlying marine sediments. The new MBES data highlight the complexity of the search area and serve to demonstrate how little we know about the vast areas of the ocean that have not been mapped with MBES. The availability of high-resolution and accurate maps of the ocean floor can clearly provide new insights into the Earth's geological evolution, modern ocean floor processes, and the location of sites that are likely to have relatively high biodiversity.
    Keywords: Indian Ocean ; Multibeam echosounder ; Geomorphology ; Processes ; Deepsea ; Seamount
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  • 99
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    A high-resolution modeling study on diel and seasonal vertical migrations of high-latitude copepods (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecological Modelling 368 (2018): 357-376, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.010.
    Description: Despite diel and seasonal vertical migrations (DVM and SVM) of high-latitude zooplankton have been studied since the late-19th century, questions still remain about the influence of environmental seasonality on vertical migration, and the combined influence of DVM and SVM on zooplankton fitness. Toward addressing these, we developed a model for simulating DVM and SVM of high-latitude herbivorous copepods in high spatio-temporal resolution. In the model, a unique timing and amplitude of DVM and SVM and its ontogenetic trajectory were defined as a vertical strategy. Growth, survival and reproductive performances of numerous vertical strategies hardwired to copepods spawned in different times of the year were assessed by a fitness estimate, which was heuristically maximized by a Genetic Algorithm to derive the optimal vertical strategy for a given model environment. The modelled food concentration, temperature and visual predation risk had a significant influence on the observed vertical strategies. Under low visual predation risk, DVM was less pronounced, and SVM and reproduction occurred earlier in the season, where capital breeding played a significant role. Reproduction was delayed by higher visual predation risk, and copepods that spawned later in the season used the higher food concentrations and temperatures to attain higher growth, which was efficiently traded off for survival through DVM. Consequently, the timing of SVM did not change much from that predicted under lower visual predation risk, but the body and reserve sizes of overwintering stages and the importance of capital breeding diminished. Altogether, these findings emphasize the significance of DVM in environments with elevated visual predation risk and shows its contrasting influence on the phenology of reproduction and SVM, and moreover highlights the importance of conducting field and modeling work to study these migratory strategies in concert.
    Description: This project was funded by VISTA (project no. 6165), a basic research program in collaboration between The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and Statoil. ØV received funding from the Fulbright Arctic Initiative.
    Keywords: Vertical migration ; Seasonality ; Phenology ; Optimization model ; Genetic algorithm ; Habitat choice
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  • 100
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    Comparing methods suitable for monitoring marine mammals in low visibility conditions during seismic surveys (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Pollution Bulletin 126 (2018): 1-18, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.034.
    Description: Loud sound emitted during offshore industrial activities can impact marine mammals. Regulations typically prescribe marine mammal monitoring before and/or during these activities to implement mitigation measures that minimise potential acoustic impacts. Using seismic surveys under low visibility conditions as a case study, we review which monitoring methods are suitable and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. Passive acoustic monitoring has been implemented as either a complementary or alternative method to visual monitoring in low visibility conditions. Other methods such as RADAR, active sonar and thermal infrared have also been tested, but are rarely recommended by regulatory bodies. The efficiency of the monitoring method(s) will depend on the animal behaviour and environmental conditions, however, using a combination of complementary systems generally improves the overall detection performance. We recommend that the performance of monitoring systems, over a range of conditions, is explored in a modelling framework for a variety of species.
    Description: This work was supported by the Joint Industry Programme on E&P Sound and Marine Life - Phase III. TAM was partially supported by CEAUL (funded by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, through the project UID/MAT/00006/2013).
    Keywords: Marine mammals ; Monitoring methods ; Underwater noise ; Seismic survey ; Detection performance ; Low visibility
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