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  • Elsevier  (141,454)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 2015-2019  (145,442)
  • 2016  (145,442)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A measurement of τ polarization in Z^0 decays (1992-8977)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(92)91549-O
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the average lifetime of b hadrons (1993-4325)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(93)91027-K
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Uncovering deformation processes from surface displacements (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Today, satellite remote sensing has reached a key role in Earth Sciences. In particular, Synthetic ApertureRadar (SAR) sensors and SAR Interferometry (InSAR) techniques are widely used for the study of dynamicprocesses occurring inside our living planet. Over the past 3 decades, InSAR has been applied for mappingtopography and deformation at the Earth’s surface. These maps are widely used in tectonics, seismology,geomorphology, and volcanology, in order to investigate the kinematics and dynamics of crustal faulting,the causes of postseismic and interseismic displacements, the dynamics of gravity driven slope failures,and the deformation associated with subsurface movement of water, hydrocarbons or magmatic fluids.
    Description: Published
    Description: 58-82
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: SAR ; InSAR ; Earth observation ; Surface displacements ; Satellite missions ; Advanced InSAR ; Earthquake studies ; Volcanic studies ; Tectonic process ; Coseismic studies ; Soil liquefaction ; Post-seismic studies ; Interseismic studies ; Volcanic unrest ; Pre-eruptive phase ; Eruptive phase ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    The crustal structure of Beira High, central Mozambique—Combined investigation of wide-angle seismic and potential field data (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Tectonophysics, Elsevier, 683, pp. 233-254, ISSN: 00401951
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-19
    Description: The timing and geometry of the initial Gondwana break-up between Africa and East Antarctica is still poorly known due to missing information about the continent-ocean boundaries along the rifted margins. In this context, the Beira High off central Mozambique forms a critical geological feature of uncertain crustal fabric. Based on new wide-angle seismic and potential field data across Beira High a P-wave velocity model, supported by amplitude and gravity modelling, provides constraints on the crustal composition of this area. In the Mozambique Basin mainly normal oceanic crust of 5.5–7 km thickness with velocities of 6.5–7.0 km/s in the lower crust is present. A sharp transition towards Beira High marks the continent-ocean boundary. Here the crust thickens to 23 km at maximum. A small velocity-depth gradient and a constant increase in velocity with basal velocities of maximum 7.0 km/s are in good agreement with typical velocities of continental crust and continental fragments. The density model indicates the existence of felsicmaterial in greater depths and supports a fabric of stretched, but highly intruded continental crust below Beira High. A gradual decrease in crustal thickness characterizes the transition towards the Mozambican shelf area. Here, in the Zambezi Delta Depression 12 km of sediments cover the underlying 7 km thick crust. The presence of a high-velocity lower crustal body with velocities of 7.1–7.4 km/s indicates underplated, magmatic material in this part of the profile. However, the velocity structure in the shelf area allows no definite interpretation because of the experimental setup. Thus, the crustal nature below the Zambezi Delta and consequently the landward position of the continentocean boundary remains unknown. The difference in stretching below the margins of Beira High suggests the presence of different thinning directions and a rift jump during the early rifting stage.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    2014 iAREA campaign on aerosol in Spitsbergen Part 1: Study of physical and chemical properties (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier, (140), pp. 150-166
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-06
    Description: This paper presents the results of measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties during iAREA2014 campaign that took place on Svalbard between 15th of Mar and 4th of May 2014. With respect to field area, the experiment consisted of two sites: NyeÅlesund (78�550N, 11�560E) and Longyearbyen (78�130N, 15�330E) with further integration of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station in Hornsund (77�000N, 15�330E). The subject of this study is to investigate the inesitu, passive and active remote sensing observations as well as numerical simulations to describe the temporal variability of aerosol singleescattering properties during spring season on Spitsbergen. The retrieval of the data indicates several event days with enhanced singleescattering properties due to the existence of sulphate and additional seaesalt load in the atmosphere which is possibly caused by relatively high wind speed. Optical results were confirmed by numerical simulations made by the GEMeAQ model and by chemical observations that indicated up to 45% contribution of the seaesalt to a PM10 total aerosol mass concentration. An agreement between the in-situ optical and microphysical properties was found, namely: the positive correlation between aerosol scattering coefficient measured by the nephelometer and effective radius obtained from laser aerosol spectrometer as well as negative correlation between aerosol scattering coefficient and the Ångstrom exponent indicated that slightly larger particles dominated during special events. The inesitu surface observations do not show any significant enhancement of the absorption coefficient as well as the black carbon concentration which might occur during spring. All of extensive singleescattering properties indicate a diurnal cycle in Longyearbyen, where 21:00e5:00 data stays at the background level, however increasing during the day by the factor of 3e4. It is considered to be highly connected with local emissions originating in combustion, traffic and harbour activities. On the other hand, no daily fluctuations in NyeÅlesund are observed. Mean values in NyeÅlesund are equal to 8.2, 0.8 Mm�1 and 103 ng/m3 for scattering, absorption coefficients and black carbon concentration; however in Longyearbyen (only data from 21:00e05:00 UTC) they reach 7.9, 0.6 Mm�1 as well as 83 ng/ m3 respectively. Overall, the spring 2014 was considerably clean and seaesalt was the major aerosol component
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    The evolution of a thermokarst-lake landscape: Late Quaternary permafrost degradation and stabilization in interior Alaska (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier, 340, pp. 3-14, ISSN: 00370738
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-24
    Description: Thermokarst processes characterize a variety of ice-rich permafrost terrains and often lead to lake formation. The long-term evolution of thermokarst landscapes and the stability and longevity of lakes depend upon climate, vegetation and ground conditions, including the volume of excess ground ice and its distribution. The current lake status of thermokarst-lake landscapes and their future trajectories under climatewarming are better understood in the light of their long-term development. We studied the lake-rich southern marginal upland of the Yukon Flats (northern interior Alaska) using dated lake-sediment cores, observations of river-cut exposures, and remotely-sensed data. The region features thick (up to 40 m)Quaternary deposits (mainly loess) that contain massive ground ice. Two of three studied lakes formed ~11,000–12,000 cal yr BP through inferred thermokarst processes, and fire may have played a role in initiating thermokarst development. From ~9000 cal yr BP, all lakes exhibited steady sedimentation, and pollen stratigraphies are consistentwith regional patterns. The current lake expansion rates are low (0 to b7 cmyr−1 shoreline retreat) compared with other regions (~30 cm yr−1 or more). This thermokarst lake-rich region does not showevidence of extensive landscape lowering by lake drainage, nor of multiple lake generations within a basin. However, LiDAR images reveal linear “corrugations” (N5 m amplitude), deep thermo-erosional gullies, and features resembling lake drainage channels, suggesting that highly dynamic surface processes have previously shaped the landscape. Evidently, widespread early Holocene permafrost degradation and thermokarst lake initiation were followed by lake longevity and landscape stabilization, the latter possibly related to establishment of dense forest cover. Partial or complete drainage of three lakes in 2013 reveals that there is some contemporary landscape dynamism. Holocene landscape evolution in the study area differs from that described from other thermokarst-affected regions; regional responses to future environmental change may be equally individualistic.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Facies analysis of yedoma thermokarst lakes on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier, 340, pp. 25-37, ISSN: 00370738
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-23
    Description: Thermokarst lakes develop as a result of the thaw and collapse of ice-rich, permanently frozen ground (permafrost). Of particular sedimentological importance are thermokarst lakes forming in late Pleistocene icy silt (yedoma),which dramatically alter the land surface by lowering surface elevation and redistributing upland sediment into lower basins. Our study provides the first description of yedoma thermokarst lake sedimentology based on the crossbasin sampling of an existing lake. We present lake sediment facies descriptions based on data from sediment cores from two thermokarst lakes of medium depth, Claudi and Jaeger (informal names), which formed in previously non thermokarst-affected upland yedoma on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. We identify four prominent facies using sedimentological, biogeochemical, and macrofossil indicators: a massive silt lacking aquatic macrofossils and other aquatic indicators situated below a sub-lacustrine unconformity (Facies 1); two basal deposits: interbedded organic silt and chaotic silt (Facies 2–3); and a silt-rich mud (Facies 4). Facies 1 is interpreted as yedoma that has thawed during lake formation. Facies 3 formed adjacent to the margin due to thaw and collapse events from the lake shore. Material from Facies 3 was reworked by wave action to form Facies 2 in a medium energy margin environment. Facies 4 formed in a lower energy environment toward the lake basin center. This facies classification and description should enhance our ability (i) to interpret the spatial and temporal development of lakes and (ii) to reconstruct long-term patterns of landscape change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Linking education and science to increase awareness of marine plastic litter - Distribution of plastic waste on beaches of the German Bight (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems, Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems, Elsevier, 1 p., pp. 162-163, ISBN: 978-0-12-812271-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-21
    Description: Since the 1950s more than 6.1 billion tons of plastics have been produced. It has been estimated that about 10% of this amount will be deposited long-term in theOceans. The problem is highlighted by several currentstudies using different environmental sampling protocols and analytical methods. Effects of this anthropogenic litter on the environment and organisms are heavily on debate, emphasizing the need to transfer this knowledge to young educated people and to fuel educational programs. The school lab OPENSEA at the Alfred-Wegener-Institute on Helgoland started a joint high school project on marine plastic litter in cooperation with the experts of the marine microplastics group at AWI to link science and education more closely. Based on the OSPAR protocol for beach monitoring of marine litter we developed an experimental set up focusing on sampling and identification of plastic litter on beaches, shores and in sediments in the course of the OPENSEA science and education program for grammar and high school scholars. This monitoring provides environmental data on marine plastic litter and will be integrated in a long term data monitoring program in the course of a citizen science study. In addition we plan to integrate also smaller plastic particles into the project. Fractionated sediment samples will be screened for particles 〉 0.5mm, which then will be analyzed by ATR-FT-IR. These educational activities, with a strong link to the latest science and to sophisticated technology will raise the awareness of younger people for the marine litter problematic. We aim at increasingtheir concerns after taking part in this program. We will present background information, sampling strategies, identification efforts and results based on this scholar science project.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 9
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    Automated Analysis of µFTIR Imaging Data for Microplastic Samples (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems, Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-29
    Description: The pollution of the oceans with plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, called microplastics is moving into the focus of science and governments. To determine the amount of microplastics several steps are necessary, starting with the sampling, work up and finally analysis. Each step has its own challenges due to small size of the particles. For analysis the imaging with µFTIR microscopy is a powerful tool allowing the analysis of complete filters. Systematic screening for optimal conditions and filter materials have already been performed. This method has a high time demand regarding the measurement and data interpretation. While the measurement is performed mostly by the spectrometer, the interpretation has to be made by hand on the basis of false color images. To overcome the manual part we developed a novel approach based on the Bruker OPUS© Software to decrease the high time demand for the analysis of microplastics. With this approach it was possible to analyze measurement files from focal plane array (FPA) FTIR mapping containing up to 1.8 million single spectra. These spectra were compared with a database of different synthetic and natural polymers by various methods. By benchmark tests their performance was monitored with the focus on accuracy and data quality. After optimization high quality data was generated, which allowed image analysis. Based on these results an approach for image analysis was developed, giving information for the particle size distribution for each polymer type, particle distribution on the filter and polymer distribution for the particles. It was possible to collect all data with relative ease even for complex sample matrices. This approach has significantly decreased the time demand for the interpretation of FTIR-imaging data and increased the generated data quality.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 10
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    Dynamics of the Terra Nova Bay Polynya: The potential of multi-sensor satellite observations (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Remote Sensing of Environment, Elsevier, 187, pp. 30-48, ISSN: 0034-4257
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-20
    Description: Research on processes leading to formation, maintenance, and disappearance of polynyas in the Polar Regions benefits significantly from the use of different types of remote sensing data. The Sentinels of the European Space Agency (ESA), together with other satellite missions, provide a variety of data from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, at different spatial scales, and with different temporal resolutions. In a case study we demonstrate the advantage of merging data from different spaceborne instruments for analysing ice conditions and ice dynamics in and around the frequently occurring Terra Nova Bay Polynya (TNBP) in the Ross Sea in the Antarctic. Starting with a list of polynya parameters that are typically retrieved from satellite images, we assess the usefulness of different sensor types. On regional scales (several 100 km), passive microwave radiometers provide a view on the mutual influence of the three Ross Sea polynyas on sea ice drift and deformation patterns. Optical sensors with meter-scale resolution, on the other hand, allow very localized analyses of different polynya zones. The combination of different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum is essential for recognition and classification of ice types and structures. Radar images together with data from thermal infrared sensors, operated at tens to hundreds of meters resolution, improve the separation of the outlet zone of the polynya from the adjacent pack ice. The direct comparison of radar and passive microwave images reveals the visibility of deformed ice zone in the latter. A sequence of radar images was employed to retrieve ice drift around the TNB, which allows analysing the temporal changes of the polynya area and the extension and structure of the outlet zone as well as ice movements and deformation that are influenced by the katabatic winds.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Mapping of the air–sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Polar Science, Elsevier, 10(3), pp. 323-334, ISSN: 18739652
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-10
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Ocean Current Changes (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change, Ocean Current Changes, Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 253-269
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-05
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    On the warm inflow at the eastern boundary of the Weddell Gyre (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, Elsevier, 107, pp. 70-81
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: The Weddell Sea plays an important role for the global oceans and climate by being one of the biggest production and export areas of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) enters the Weddell Gyre (WG) at its eastern boundary. Then called Warm Deep Water (WDW), it is a major contributor to the formation of deep and bottom waters due to ocean-ice shelf interactions in the southern and soutwestern Weddell Sea. Hydrographic data collected between 0 and 30°E on the RV Polarstern cruise ANT XX/2 reveals a two-core structure for the eastern inflow of warm water at roughly 20°E but not further downstream at the Greenwich meridian (GM). Model results and climatological fields suggest that the two cores represent two separate modes of warm inflow. One mode is driven by eddy mixing in the northeastern corner of the WG and the other one is an advective mode, forming the southern branch of the inflow which extends beyond 30°E before turning westward. Both pathways are likely to carry waters from different origins within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), where more ventilated CDW is found at the Southern Boundary (SB) compared to the centre. The southern route shows considerable interannual variability in the model. A variable inflow of two types of CDW together with admixed recirculated and cooler waters from the Weddell Sea can potentially contribute to the observed variability and warming trend of WDW over the last decade at the GM.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Growth, toxin production, active oxygen species and catalase activity of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) exposed to temperature stress (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Elsevier, 189, pp. 22-30, ISSN: 1532-0456
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Microcystis are known for their potential ability to synthesize toxins, mainly microcystins (MCs). In order to evaluate the effects of temperature on chlorophyll a (Chl a), growth, physiological responses and toxin production of a native Microcystis aeruginosa, we exposed the cells to low (23 °C) and high (29 °C) temperature in addition to a 26 °C control treatment. Exponential growth rate was significantly higher at 29 °C compared to 23 °C and control, reaching 0.43, 0.32 and 0.33 day−1 respectively. In addition, there was a delay of the start of exponential growth at 23 °C. However, the intracellular concentration of Chl a decreased significantly due to temperature change. A significant increase in intracellular ROS was observed in coincidence with the activation of enzymatic antioxidant catalase (CAT) during the first two days of exposure to 23° and 29 °C in comparison to the control experiment, decreasing thereafter to nearly initial values. Five MCs were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. In the experiments, the highest MC concentration, 205 fg [Leu1] MC-LR.cell− 1 expressed as MC-LR equivalent was measured in the beginning of the experiment and subsequently declined to 160 fg.cell− 1 on day 2 and 70 fg.cell− 1 on day 4 in cells exposed to 29 °C. The same trend was observed for all other MCs except for the least abundant MC-LR which showed a continuous increase during exposure time. Our results suggest a high ability of M. aeruginosa to perceive ROS and to rapidly initiate antioxidant defenses with a differential response on MC production.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Marine Environmental Research, Elsevier, 120, pp. 1-8, ISSN: 01411136
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-01
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    Defining the Baselines and Standards for Microplastics Analyses in European Waters (JPI-O BASEMAN) (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3MICRO 2016. Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems, MICRO 2016. Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems, Elsevier, 1 p., pp. 120-120, ISBN: 9780128122716
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Ice core record of dust sources in the western United States over the last 300 years (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Chemical Geology, Elsevier, 442, pp. 160-173, ISSN: 00092541
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-07
    Description: Over the past ~ 5000 years, amplified dust generation and deposition in the American West has been linked to human activity. In recent decades, intensified rates of agriculture and livestock grazing have been correlated with greater dust production detected on seasonal to annual timescales. The combination of land use intensification and climate change (i.e. increased drought frequency) in North America highlights the importance of characterizing the sources of dust both before and after the influence of anthropogenic activity. We apply high-precision geochemical and isotopic (Sr and Nd isotopes) techniques to an ice core from the Upper Fremont Glacier (Wyoming, USA) to produce the first glacial dataset from the American West. Our Sr-Nd isotopic composition data indicates the evolving dust provenance to the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG) from a long-range transport of mineral dust to a local source. This increasing input of dust from a local source is supported by a rise in average dust particle diameter combined with greater average dust concentration throughout the record. The greater presence of dust particles smaller than 2.5 μm in the most recent samples from UFG ice core record support existing satellite and sediment core data regarding the effects of anthropogenic activity upon dust sources and pathways in the American West. Although the Sr-Nd isotope database in North America needs be expanded, our results provide a survey of windborne dust through the past 270 years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Determination of the stable iron isotopic composition of sequentially leached iron phases in marine sediments (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Chemical Geology, Elsevier, 421, pp. 93-102
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Reactive iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals preferentially undergo early diagenetic redox cycling which can result in the production of dissolved Fe(II), the adsorption of Fe(II) onto particle surfaces, and the formation of authigenic Fe minerals. The partitioning of iron in sediments has traditionally been studied by applying sequential extractions that target operationally-defined iron phases. Here, we complement an existing sequential leaching method by developing a sample processing protocol for δ56Fe analysis, which we subsequently use to study Fe phase-specific fractionation related to dissimilatory iron reduction in a modern marine sediment. Carbonate-Fe was extracted by acetate, easily reducible oxides (e.g. ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite) by hydroxylamine–HCl, reducible oxides (e.g. goethite and hematite) by dithionite–citrate, and magnetite by ammonium oxalate. Subsequently, the samples were repeatedly oxidized, heated and purified via Fe precipitation and column chromatography. The method was applied to surface sediments collected from the North Sea, south of the island of Helgoland. The acetate-soluble fraction (targeting siderite and ankerite) showed a pronounced downcore δ56Fe trend. This iron pool was most depleted in 56Fe close to the sediment–water interface, similar to trends observed for pore-water Fe(II). We interpret this pool as surface-reduced Fe(II), rather than siderite or ankerite, that was open to electron and atom exchange with the oxide surface. Common extractions using 0.5 M HCl or Na-dithionite alone may not resolve such trends, as they dissolve iron from isotopically distinct pools leading to a mixed signal. Na-dithionite leaching alone, for example, targets the sum of reducible Fe oxides that potentially differ in their isotopic fingerprint. Hence, the development of a sequential extraction Fe isotope protocol provides a new opportunity for detailed study of the behavior of iron in a wide range of environmental settings.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Satellite-derived changes in the permafrost landscape of central Yakutia, 2000–2011: Wetting, drying, and fires (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 139, pp. 116-127, ISSN: 09218181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-12
    Description: The focus of this research has been on detecting changes in lake areas, vegetation, land surface temperatures, and the area covered by snow, using data from remote sensing. The study area covers the main (central) part of the Lena River catchment in the Yakutia region of Siberia (Russia), extending from east of Yakutsk to the central Siberian Plateau, and from the southern Lena River to north of the Vilyui River. Approximately 90% of the area is underlain by continuous permafrost. Remote sensing products were used to analyze changes in water bodies, land surface temperature (LST), and leaf area index (LAI), as well as the occurrence and extent of forest fires, and the area and duration of snow cover. The remote sensing analyses (for LST, snow cover, LAI, and fire) were based on MODIS–derived NASA products (250–1000 m) for 2000 to 2011. Changes in water bodies were calculated from two mosaics of (USGS) Landsat (30 m) satellite images from 2002 and 2009. Within the study area's 315,000 km2 the total area covered by lakes increased by 17.9% between 2002 and 2009, but this increase varied in different parts of the study area, ranging between 11% and 42%. The land surface temperatures showed a consistent warming trend, with an average increase of about 0.12 °C/year. The average rate of warming during the April–May transition period was 0.17 °C/year and 0.19 °C/year in the September–October period, but ranged up to 0.49 °C/year during September–October. Regional differences in the rates of land surface temperature change, and possible reasons for the temperature changes, are discussed with respect to changes in the land cover. Our analysis of a broad spectrum of variables over the study area suggests that the spring warming trend is very likely to be due to changes in the area covered by snow. The warming trend observed in fall does not, however, appear to be directly related to any changes in the area of snow cover, or to the atmospheric conditions, or to the proportion of the land surface that is covered by water (i.e., to wetting and drying). Supplementary data (original data, digitized version of the maps, metadata) are archived under PANGAEA (http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.855124).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plant Physiology, Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: The Southern Ocean (SO) is a major sink for anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), potentially harbouring even greater potential for additional sequestration of CO2 through enhanced phytoplankton productivity. In the SO, primary productivity is primarily driven by bottom up processes (physical and chemical conditions) which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Due to a paucity of trace metals (such as iron) and high variability in light, much of the SO is characterised by an ecological paradox of high macronutrient concentrations yet uncharacteristically low chlorophyll concentrations. It is expected that with increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the coincident warming, the major physical and chemical process that govern the SO will alter, influencing the biological capacity and functioning of the ecosystem. This review focuses on the SO primary producers and the bottom up processes that underpin their health and productivity. It looks at the major physico-chemical drivers of change in the SO, and based on current physiological knowledge, explores how these changes will likely manifest in phytoplankton, specifically, what are the physiological changes and floristic shifts that are likely to ensue and how this may translate into changes in the carbon sink capacity, net primary productivity and functionality of the SO.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 149, pp. 40-81
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-14
    Description: We compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal. In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal regions, with the upward mixing of iron, maintain greatly enhanced rates of production, especially in coastal polynyas. In these coastal areas, elevated primary production supports large biomasses of zooplankton, fish, seabirds, and mammals. As climate warming affects these advective processes and their heat content, there will likely be major changes in the distribution and abundance of polar biota, in particular the biota dependent on sea ice.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model to understand ecosystem and carbon dynamics of complex tropical forests (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, 326, pp. 124-133, ISSN: 03043800
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: Forests worldwide are threatened by various environmental and anthropogenic hazards, especially tropical forests. Knowledge on the impacts of these hazards on forest structure and dynamics has been compiled in empirical studies. However, the results of these studies are often not sufficient for long-term projections and extrapolations to large spatial scales especially for unprecedented environmental conditions, which require both the identification and understanding of key underlying processes. Forest models bridge this gap by incorporating multiple ecological processes in a dynamic framework (i.e. including a realistic model structure) and addressing the complexity of forest ecosystems. Here, we describe the evolution of the individual-based and process-based forest gap model FORMIND and its application to tropical forests. At its core, the model includes physiological processes on tree level (photosynthesis, respiration, tree growth, mortality, regeneration, competition). During the past two decades, FORMIND has been used to address various scientific questions arising from different forest types by continuously extending the model structure. The model applications thus provided understanding in three main aspects: (1) the grouping of single tree species into plant functional types is a successful approach to reduce complexity in vegetation models, (2) structural realism was necessary to analyze impacts of natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as logging, fragmentation, or drought, and (3) complex ecological processes such as carbon fluxes in tropical forests – starting from the individual tree level up to the entire forest ecosystem – can be explored as a function of forest structure, species composition and disturbance regime. Overall, this review shows how the evolution of long-term modelling projects not only provides scientific understanding of forest ecosystems, but also provides benefits for ecological theory and empirical study design.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    The impact of glacier retreat from the Ross Sea on local climate: Characterization of mineral dust in the Taylor Dome ice core, EastAntarctica (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 444, pp. 34-44
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-02
    Description: Recent declines in ice shelf and sea ice extent experienced in polar regions highlight the importance of evaluating variations in local weather patterns in response to climate change. Airborne mineral particles (dust) transported through the atmosphere and deposited on ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland can provide a robust set of tools for resolving the evolution of climatic systems through time. Here we present the first high time resolution radiogenic isotope (strontium and neodymium) data for Holocene dust in a coastal East Antarctic ice core, accompanied by rare earth element composition, dust concentration, and particle size distribution during the last deglaciation. We aim to use these combined ice core data to determine dust provenance, with variations indicative of shifts in either dust production, sources, and/or transport pathways. We analyzed a series of 17 samples from the Taylor Dome (77◦47'47''S, 158◦43'26''E) ice core, 113–391m in depth from 1.1–31.4ka. Radiogenic isotopic and rare earth element compositions of dust during the last glacial period are in good agreement with previously measured East Antarctic ice core dust records. In contrast, the Holocene dust dataset displays a broad range in isotopic and rare earth element compositions, suggesting a shift from long-range transported dust to a more variable, local input that may be linked to the retreat of the Ross Ice Shelf during the last deglaciation. Observed changes in the dust cycle inferred from a coastal East Antarctic ice core can thus be used to infer an evolving local climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 24
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    Surface and bottom temperature and salinity climatology along the continental shelf off the Canadian and U.S. East Coasts (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Continental Shelf Research 124 (2016): 165-181, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.06.005.
    Description: A new hydrographic climatology has been created for the continental shelf region, extending from the Labrador shelf to the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The 0.2-degree climatology combines all available observations of surface and bottom temperature and salinity collected between 1950 and 2010 along with the location, depth and date of these measurements. While climatological studies of surface and bottom temperature and salinity have been presented previously for various regions along the Canadian and U.S. shelves, studies also suggest that all these regions are part of one coherent system. This study focuses on the coherent structure of the mean seasonal cycle of surface and bottom temperature and salinity and its variation along the shelf and upper slope. The seasonal cycle of surface temperature is mainly driven by the surface heat flux and exhibits strong dependency on latitude (r≈−0.9). The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of bottom temperature is rather dependent on the depth, while the spatial distribution of bottom temperature is correlated with latitude. The seasonal cycle of surface salinity is influenced by several components, such as sea-ice on the northern shelves and river discharge in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The bottom salinity exhibits no clear seasonal cycle, but its spatial distribution is highly correlated with bathymetry, thus Slope Water and its intrusion on the shelf can be identified by its relatively high salinity compared to shallow, fresher shelf water. Two different regimes can be identified, especially on the shelf, separated by the Laurentian Channel: advection influences the phasing of the seasonal cycle of surface salinity and bottom temperature to the north, while in the southern region, river runoff and air-sea heat flux forcing are dominant, especially over the shallower bathymetry.
    Description: Support from NSF OCE PO to Y-OK (OCE-1242989 and OCE-1435602) and SJL (OCE-1332666).
    Keywords: Seasonal climatology ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Dataset ; Shelf
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    A new Holocene eruptive history of Erebus volcano, Antarctica using cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl exposure ages (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Quaternary Geochronology 30 (2015): 114–131, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2015.09.001.
    Description: The ages of recent effusive eruptions on Erebus volcano, Antarctica are poorly known. Published 40Ar/39Ar ages of the 10 youngest “post-caldera” lava flows are unreliable because of the young ages of the flows (〈10 ka) and the presence of excess 40Ar. Here we use cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl to provide new ages for the 10 youngest flows and 3 older summit flows, including a newly recognized flow distinguished by its exposure age. Estimated eruption ages of the post-caldera flows, assuming no erosion or prior snow cover, range from 4.52 ± 0.08 ka to 8.50 ± 0.19 ka, using Lifton et al. (2014) to scale cosmogenic production rates. If the older Lal (1991)/Stone (2000) model is used to scale production rates, calculated ages are older by 16–25%. Helium-3 and chlorine-36 exposure ages measured on the same samples show excellent agreement. Helium-3 ages measured on clinopyroxene and olivine from the same samples are discordant, probably due in part to lower-than-expected 3He production rates in the Fe-rich olivine. Close agreement of multiple clinopyroxene 3He ages from each flow indicates that the effects of past snow coverage on the exposure ages have been minimal. The new cosmogenic ages differ considerably from published 40Ar/39Ar and 36Cl ages and reveal that the post-caldera flows were erupted during relatively brief periods of effusive activity spread over an interval of ∼4 ka. The average eruption rate over this interval is estimated to be 0.01 km3/ka. Because the last eruption was at least 4 ka ago, and the longest repose interval between the 10 youngest eruptions is ∼1 ka, we consider the most recent period of effusive activity to have ended.
    Description: This research was supported by grant ANT-1142083 from the National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs.
    Keywords: Erebus volcano ; Cosmogenic nuclides ; Exposure age ; Helium-3 ; Chlorine-36
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    Corrigendum to “Formation and erosion of the seasonal thermocline in the Kuroshio Extension Recirculation gyre” [Deep-Sea Res. II 85 (2013) 62–74] (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 132 (2016): 263–264, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.001.
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  • 27
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    Evaluation of an acoustic remote sensing method for frontal-zone studies using double-diffusive instability microstructure data and density interface data from intrusions (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Methods in Oceanography 17 (2016): 264-281, doi:10.1016/j.mio.2016.09.004.
    Description: Understanding intrusive exchange at oceanic water mass fronts may depend on building data-constrained models of the processes, but obtaining the needed representative and comprehensive data is challenging. Acoustic imaging (remote sensing) is an attractive method for mapping the three-dimensional intrusion geometry to enable the required focused in situ sampling of the mixing processes in intrusions. The method depends on backscatter of sound from sharp interfaces and from microstructure resulting from double-diffusive instability (DDI), a probable occurrence at intrusions. The potential of the method is evaluated using data collected using established methods in a field of intrusions south of New England. Above and beneath warm and salty intrusions may lie diffusive–convective DDI microstructure and salt-fingering microstructure, respectively, marking the intrusion boundaries, providing the backscattering features. The data show that both types of microstructure can occur in close proximity within intrusions, but the question of whether this is common or not is unanswered by the modest amount of data, as are questions about continuity of DDI-microstructure in intrusions (to facilitate intrusion acoustic imaging) and variability of DDI-driven heat, salt and buoyancy fluxes. Analysis here shows that detectable backscatter from DDI-microstructure will occur, and can be easily measured when plankton scattering is low enough. Interface scattering is also likely to be detectable. The DDI-linked microstructure data used here are inherently interesting in their own right and are presented in some detail.
    Description: The data were collected under Office of Naval Research grant N00014-03-1-0335. Acoustic analysis was done under grant N00014-14-1-0223/N00014-16-1-2372.
    Keywords: Intrusions ; Double-diffusive microstructure ; Ocean mixing ; Acoustic backscatter ; Echosounder ; South New England shelf
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  • 28
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    Late Cenozoic sea level and the rise of modern rimmed atolls (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 451 (2016): 73-83, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.03.018.
    Description: Sea-level records from atolls, potentially spanning the Cenozoic, have been largely overlooked, in part because the processes that control atoll form (reef accretion, carbonate dissolution, sediment transport, vertical motion) are complex and, for many islands, unconstrained on million-year timescales. Here we combine existing observations of atoll morphology and corelog stratigraphy from Enewetak Atoll with a numerical model to (1) constrain the relative rates of subsidence, dissolution and sedimentation that have shaped modern Pacific atolls and (2) construct a record of sea level over the past 8.5 million years. Both the stratigraphy from Enewetak Atoll (constrained by a subsidence rate of ~ 20 m/Myr) and our numerical modeling results suggest that low sea levels (50–125 m below present), and presumably bi-polar glaciations, occurred throughout much of the late Miocene, preceding the warmer climate of the Pliocene, when sea level was higher than present. Carbonate dissolution through the subsequent sea-level fall that accompanied the onset of large glacial cycles in the late Pliocene, along with rapid highstand constructional reef growth, likely drove development of the rimmed atoll morphology we see today.
    Description: Support for this work was provided through a Jackson School Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship to Michael Toomey.
    Keywords: Reef ; Coral ; Dissolution ; Late Miocene ; Oxygen isotope stack
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    Analysis of isoform-specific tau aggregates suggests a common toxic mechanism involving similar pathological conformations and axonal transport inhibition (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Neurobiology of Aging 47 (2016): 113–126, doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.015.
    Description: Misfolded tau proteins are characteristic of tauopathies, but the isoform composition of tau inclusions varies by tauopathy. Using aggregates of the longest tau isoform (containing 4 microtubule-binding repeats and 4-repeat tau), we recently described a direct mechanism of toxicity that involves exposure of the N-terminal phosphatase-activating domain (PAD) in tau, which triggers a signaling pathway that disrupts axonal transport. However, the impact of aggregation on PAD exposure for other tau isoforms was unexplored. Here, results from immunochemical assays indicate that aggregation-induced increases in PAD exposure and oligomerization are common features among all tau isoforms. The extent of PAD exposure and oligomerization was larger for tau aggregates composed of 4-repeat isoforms compared with those made of 3-repeat isoforms. Most important, aggregates of all isoforms exhibited enough PAD exposure to significantly impair axonal transport in the squid axoplasm. We also show that PAD exposure and oligomerization represent common pathological characteristics in multiple tauopathies. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanism of toxicity common to each tau isoform that likely contributes to degeneration in different tauopathies.
    Description: This work was supported by NIH grants R01 AG044372 (Nicholas M. Kanaan), R01 NS082730 (Nicholas M. Kanaan and Scott T. Brady), BrightFocus Foundation (A2013364S, Nicholas M. Kanaan), the Jean P. Schultz Biomedical Research Endowment (Nicholas M. Kanaan), the Secchia Family Foundation (Nicholas M. Kanaan) and NS066942A (Gerardo Morfini).
    Keywords: Tauopathy ; Alzheimer's disease ; Oligomer ; Axon ; Aggregation ; Microtubule-associated protein ; Pathological conformations
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    Environmental metabolomics : databases and tools for data analysis (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Chemistry 177 (2015): 366–373, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.012.
    Description: Metabolomics is the study of small molecules, or ‘metabolites’, that are the end products of biological processes. While -omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics measure the metabolic potential of organisms, metabolomics provides detailed information on the organic compounds produced during metabolism and found within cells and in the environment. Improvements in analytical techniques have expanded our understanding of metabolomics and developments in computational tools have made metabolomics data accessible to a broad segment of the scientific community. Yet, metabolomics methods have only been applied to a limited number of projects in the marine environment. Here, we review analysis techniques for mass spectrometry data and summarize the current state of metabolomics databases. We then describe a boutique database developed in our laboratory for efficient data analysis and selection of mass spectral targets for metabolite identification. The code to implement the database is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/joefutrelle/domdb). Data organization and analysis are critical, but often under-appreciated, components of metabolomics research. Future advances in environmental metabolomics will take advantage of continued development of new tools that facilitate analysis of large metabolomics datasets.
    Description: The field data populating the database comes from scientific cruises funded by grants from the National Science Foundation to EBK and KL (Atlantic Ocean, OCE-1154320) and E.V. Armbrust (Pacific Ocean, OCE-1205233). The laboratory experiment with coastal seawater was funded by a grant from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative to EBK and H.K. White. The laboratory experiments with microbial isolates and the database development are funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF3304 to EBK.
    Keywords: Metabolomics ; Data analysis ; Database design
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    Decoupling processes and scales of shoreline morphodynamics (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 381 (2016): 42–53, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2016.08.008.
    Description: Behavior of coastal systems on time scales ranging from single storm events to years and decades is controlled by both small-scale sediment transport processes and large-scale geologic, oceanographic, and morphologic processes. Improved understanding of coastal behavior at multiple time scales is required for refining models that predict potential erosion hazards and for coastal management planning and decision-making. Here we investigate the primary controls on shoreline response along a geologically-variable barrier island on time scales resolving extreme storms and decadal variations over a period of nearly one century. An empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to a time series of shoreline positions at Fire Island, NY to identify patterns of shoreline variance along the length of the island. We establish that there are separable patterns of shoreline behavior that represent response to oceanographic forcing as well as patterns that are not explained by this forcing. The dominant shoreline behavior occurs over large length scales in the form of alternating episodes of shoreline retreat and advance, presumably in response to storms cycles. Two secondary responses include long-term response that is correlated to known geologic variations of the island and the other reflects geomorphic patterns with medium length scale. Our study also includes the response to Hurricane Sandy and a period of post-storm recovery. It was expected that the impacts from Hurricane Sandy would disrupt long-term trends and spatial patterns. We found that the response to Sandy at Fire Island is not notable or distinguishable from several other large storms of the prior decade.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program and the USGS Natural Resource Preservation Program.
    Keywords: Shoreline change ; Coastal evolution ; Storm response ; Empirical orthogonal function ; Fire Island
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    Seismic evidence of glacial-age river incision into the Tahaa barrier reef, French Polynesia (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 380 (2016): 284–289, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2016.04.008.
    Description: Rivers have long been recognized for their ability to shape reef-bound volcanic islands. On the time-scale of glacial–interglacial sea-level cycles, fluvial incision of exposed barrier reef lagoons may compete with constructional coral growth to shape the coastal geomorphology of ocean islands. However, overprinting of Pleistocene landscapes by Holocene erosion or sedimentation has largely obscured the role lowstand river incision may have played in developing the deep lagoons typical of modern barrier reefs. Here we use high-resolution seismic imagery and core stratigraphy to examine how erosion and/or deposition by upland drainage networks has shaped coastal morphology on Tahaa, a barrier reef-bound island located along the Society Islands hotspot chain in French Polynesia. At Tahaa, we find that many channels, incised into the lagoon floor during Pleistocene sea-level lowstands, are located near the mouths of upstream terrestrial drainages. Steeper antecedent topography appears to have enhanced lowstand fluvial erosion along Tahaa's southwestern coast and maintained a deep pass. During highstands, upland drainages appear to contribute little sediment to refilling accommodation space in the lagoon. Rather, the flushing of fine carbonate sediment out of incised fluvial channels by storms and currents appears to have limited lagoonal infilling and further reinforced development of deep barrier reef lagoons during periods of highstand submersion.
    Description: This project was supported by a Jackson School Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship to Michael Toomey and the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute and Ocean and Climate Change Institute.
    Keywords: Coral ; Island ; Lagoon ; Dissolution ; Morphology
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    Clumped isotope composition of cold-water corals : a role for vital effects? (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-23
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 179 (2016): 123-141, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.023.
    Description: The carbonate clumped isotope thermometer is a promising tool for determining past ocean temperatures. It is based on the temperature dependence of rare isotopes ‘clumping’ into the same carbonate ion group in the carbonate mineral lattice. The extent of this clumping effect is independent of the isotope composition of the water from which carbonate precipitates, providing unique advantages over many other paleotemperature proxies. Existing calibrations of this thermometer in cold-water and warm-water corals suggest clumped isotope ‘vital effects’ are negligible in cold-water corals but may be significant in warm-water corals. Here, we test the calibration of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer in cold-water corals with a recently collected and well characterised sample set spanning a range of coral genera (Balanophyllia, Caryophyllia, Dasmosmilia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsammia and Javania). The clumped isotope compositions (Δ47) of these corals exhibit systematic dependences on their growth temperatures, confirming the basis of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer. However, some cold-water coral genera show Δ47 values that are higher than the expected equilibrium values by up to 0.05‰ (equivalent to underestimating temperature by ∼9 °C) similar to previous findings for some warm-water corals. This finding suggests that the vital effects affecting corals Δ47 are common to both warm- and cold-water corals. By comparison with models of the coral calcification process we suggest that the clumped isotope offsets in these genera are related to the kinetic isotope effects associated with CO2 hydration/hydroxylation reactions in the corals’ calcifying fluid. Our findings complicate the use of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer in corals, but suggest that species- or genus-specific calibrations could be useful for the future application of this paleotemperature proxy.
    Description: This work was supported by a British National Environment Research Council studentship to P. Spooner (NE/K500823/1), National Science Foundation Grant NSF-ANT-1246387 and The Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists (WHOI) to W. Guo, and by funds from the European Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust and a Marie Curie Reintegration grant.
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    Impact of climate warming on snow processes in Ny-Ålesund, a polar maritime site at Svalbard (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 146, pp. 10-21, ISSN: 09218181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: The impact of observed changes in air temperature and precipitation from 1969 to 2013 and climate projections for 2050 and 2080 at Ny-Ålesund, an arctic research station on Spitzbergen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago on snow hydrological processes, were analyzed using snow accumulation and ablation algorithms in the physically based Cold Regions HydrologicalModelling platform(CRHM). The climate projectionswere obtained from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), with a focus on the snow-dominated period (October to June). To identify the potential effects of increasing temperature and precipitation, a model sensitivity analysis (1 °C to 5 °C), with and without a 25% increase in precipitation, was run on CRHM snow processes. The results indicated that the greatest observed warming was during the early snow season (October–February), with increases of 0.8 and 0.9 °C decade−1 for maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures, respectively. Therewas also a significant increase in annual and winter precipitation (24mmdecade−1). The late snowseason (March–June) also had a marked increase in temperature (0.5 and 0.69 °C decade−1 for Tmax and Tmin respectively), but no significant change in precipitation. These changes lead to a significant increase in the number of dayswith rainfall rather than snowfall. The sensitivity analysis indicated that mean snowwater equivalent snowpack will decrease by 10.2% (early snow season) and 11.1% (late snow season) per degree of increased air temperature. For each degree of temperature increase, the modelled peak snow-water-equivalent (SWE) declined by 6.9%, duration of snowpack declined 11 days, and the number of days with rain increased 43% for the early snow season and 12.8% for the late snowseason. Awarmer climate also leads to markedly decreased surface snowsublimation and the fraction of snowfall eroded and transported by blowing snow. For most snowpack parameters analyzed, the response to warming accelerates with increased warming, especially above 3 °C. A 25% increase in precipitation partially counteracted the response to warming, with the greatest effect on peak SWE.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 35
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    Embryos, microscopes, and society (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 57 (2016): 129-136, doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.003.
    Description: Embryos have different meanings for different people and in different contexts. Seen under the microscope, the biological embryo starts out as one cell and then becomes a bunch of cells. Gradually these divide and differentiate to make up the embryo, which in humans becomes a fetus at eight weeks, and then eventually a baby. At least, that happens in those cases that carry through normally and successfully. Yet a popular public perception imagines the embryo as already a little person in the very earliest stages of development, as if it were predictably to become an adult. In actuality, cells can combine, pull apart, and recombine in a variety of ways and still produce embryos, whereas most embryos never develop into adults at all. Biological embryos and popular imaginations of embryos diverge. This paper looks at some of the historical reasons for and social implications of that divergence.
    Description: Thanks to the National Science Foundation for support through a series of grants.
    Keywords: Embryos ; Microscopes ; Science and society ; Bioethics ; Science policy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 36
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    Biological effects of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) in vivo are enhanced by loss of CYP1A function in an Ahr2-dependent manner (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biochemical Pharmacology 110-111 (2016): 117-129, doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.012.
    Description: 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) is a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist that is efficiently metabolized by AHR-regulated cytochrome P4501 enzymes. FICZ is a proposed physiological AHR ligand that induces its own degradation as part of a regulatory negative feedback loop. In vitro studies in cells show that CYP1 inhibition in the presence of FICZ results in enhanced AHR activation, suggesting that FICZ accumulates in the cell when its metabolism is blocked. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to investigate the in vivo effects of FICZ when CYP1A is knocked down or inhibited. Embryos were injected with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides targeting CYP1A (CYP1A-MO), Ahr2, or a combination of both. FICZ exposure of non-injected embryos or embryos injected with control morpholino had little effect. In CYP1A-MO-injected embryos, however, FICZ dramatically increased mortality, incidence and severity of pericardial edema and circulation failure, reduced hatching frequency, blocked swim bladder inflation, and strongly potentiated expression of Ahr2-regulated genes. These effects were substantially reduced in embryos with a combined knockdown of Ahr2 and CYP1A, indicating that the toxicity was mediated at least partly by Ahr2. Co-exposure to the CYP1 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF) and FICZ had similar effects as the combination of CYP1A-MO and FICZ. HPLC analysis of FICZ-exposed embryos showed increased levels of FICZ after concomitant CYP1A-MO injection or αNF co-exposure. Together, these results show that a functioning CYP1/AHR feedback loop is crucial for regulation of AHR signaling by a potential physiological ligand in vivo and further highlights the role of CYP1 enzymes in regulating biological effects of FICZ.
    Description: This work was supported by Swedish Research Council Formas grants 2011-963 (EW) and 2008-1249 (MJ), by a European Commission Horizon 2020 grant, Project ID 634880 (MJ), by a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) grant P42ES007381 (JJS and MEH), R01ES006272 (MEH) and F32ES017585 (ART-L), by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad194313 (AK), by Grant-in-Aids for Research Activity Start-up26881001 (AK) and for Young Scientists (A)15H05334 (AK).
    Keywords: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; Cytochrome P4501 ; 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole ; Enzyme inhibition ; Zebrafish embryo toxicity ; Synergistic receptor activation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Defining planktonic protist functional groups on mechanisms for energy and nutrient acquisition : incorporation of diverse mixotrophic strategies (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Protist 167 (2016): 106–120, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003.
    Description: Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic “phytoplankton” and phagotrophic “microzooplankton”. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding, we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco-physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity, (iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accordingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.
    Description: This work was funded by grants to KJF and AM from the Leverhulme Trust (International Network Grant F00391 V) and NERC (UK) through its iMARNET programme NE/K001345/1.
    Keywords: Plankton functional types (PFTs) ; Phagotroph ; Phototroph ; Mixotroph ; Phytoplankton ; Microzooplankton
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 38
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    The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Chemistry 177 (2015): 1-8, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.005.
    Description: The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 (IDP2014) is the first publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2013. It consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 200 trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) as well as classical hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing a strongly inter-linked on-line atlas including more than 300 section plots and 90 animated 3D scenes. The IDP2014 covers the Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian oceans, exhibiting highest data density in the Atlantic. The TEI data in the IDP2014 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at cross-over stations. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII spreadsheet, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. In addition to the actual data values the IDP2014 also contains data quality flags and 1-σ data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked to the data in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2014 data providing section plots and a new kind of animated 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes allow for viewing of data from many cruises at the same time, thereby providing quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. In addition, the 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of observed tracer plumes, as well as for making inferences about controlling processes.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) through grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation, including grants OCE-0608600, OCE-0938349, and OCE-1243377. Financial support was also provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, the Ministry of Earth Science of India, the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, l'Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse, the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées Toulouse, the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, the Kiel Excellence Cluster The Future Ocean, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, The University of Tokyo, The University of British Columbia, The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, the GEOMAR-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, and the Alfred Wegener Institute.
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Trace elements ; Isotopes ; Electronic atlas
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 39
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    High-resolution water column survey to identify active sublacustrine hydrothermal discharge zones within Lake Rotomahana, North Island, New Zealand (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 314 (2016): 142-155, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.037.
    Description: Autonomous underwater vehicles were used to conduct a high-resolution water column survey of Lake Rotomahana using temperature, pH, turbidity, and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) to identify active hydrothermal discharge zones within the lake. Five areas with active sublacustrine venting were identified: (1) the area of the historic Pink Terraces; (2) adjacent to the western shoreline subaerial “Steaming Cliffs,” boiling springs and geyser; (3) along the northern shoreline to the east of the Pink Terrace site; (4) the newly discovered Patiti hydrothermal system along the south margin of the 1886 Tarawera eruption rift zone; and (5) a location in the east basin (northeast of Patiti Island). The Pink Terrace hydrothermal system was active prior to the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, but venting along the western shoreline, in the east basin, and the Patiti hydrothermal system appear to have been initiated in the aftermath of the eruption, similar to Waimangu Valley to the southwest. Different combinations of turbidity, pH anomalies (both positive and negative), and ORP responses suggest vent fluid compositions vary over short distances within the lake. The seasonal period of stratification limits vertical transport of heat to the surface layer and the hypolimnion temperature of Lake Rotomahana consequently increases with an average warming rate of ~ 0.010 °C/day due to both convective hydrothermal discharge and conductive geothermal heating. A sudden temperature increase occurred during our 2011 survey and was likely the response to an earthquake swarm just 11 days prior.
    Description: Funding was provided by GNS Strategic Development Fund.
    Keywords: Lake Rotomahana ; Hydrothermal venting ; pH ; Turbidity ; Oxidation–reduction potential ; Freshwater lakes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 40
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    Triple oxygen isotopic composition of the high-3He/4He mantle (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 176 (2016): 227–238, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.027.
    Description: Measurements of Xe isotope ratios in ocean island basalts (OIB) suggest that Earth’s mantle accreted heterogeneously, and that compositional remnants of accretion are sampled by modern, high-3He/4He OIB associated with the Icelandic and Samoan plumes. If so, the high-3He/4He source may also have a distinct oxygen isotopic composition from the rest of the mantle. Here, we test if the major elements of the high-3He/4He source preserve any evidence of heterogeneous accretion using measurements of three oxygen isotopes on olivine from a variety of high-3He/4He OIB locations. To high precision, the Δ17O value of high-3He/4He olivines from Hawaii, Pitcairn, Baffin Island and Samoa, are indistinguishable from bulk mantle olivine (Δ17OBulk Mantle − Δ17OHigh 3He/4He olivine = −0.002 ± 0.004 (2 × SEM)‰). Thus, there is no resolvable oxygen isotope evidence for heterogeneous accretion in the high-3He/4He source. Modelling of mixing processes indicates that if an early-forming, oxygen-isotope distinct mantle did exist, either the anomaly was extremely small, or the anomaly was homogenised away by later mantle convection. The δ18O values of olivine with the highest 3He/4He ratios from a variety of OIB locations have a relatively uniform composition (∼5‰). This composition is intermediate to values associated with the depleted MORB mantle and the average mantle. Similarly, δ18O values of olivine from high-3He/4He OIB correlate with radiogenic isotope ratios of He, Sr, and Nd. Combined, this suggests that magmatic oxygen is sourced from the same mantle as other, more incompatible elements and that the intermediate δ18O value is a feature of the high-3He/4He mantle source. The processes responsible for the δ18O signature of high-3He/4He mantle are not certain, but δ18O–87Sr/86Sr correlations indicate that it may be connected to a predominance of a HIMU-like (high U/Pb) component or other moderate δ18O components recycled into the high-3He/4He source.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 41
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    Emerging trends in the sea state of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ocean Modelling 105 (2016): 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.02.009
    Description: The sea state of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas is controlled by the wind forcing and the amount of ice-free water available to generate surface waves. Clear trends in the annual duration of the open water season and in the extent of the seasonal sea ice minimum suggest that the sea state should be increasing, independent of changes in the wind forcing. Wave model hindcasts from four selected years spanning recent conditions are consistent with this expectation. In particular, larger waves are more common in years with less summer sea ice and/or a longer open water season, and peak wave periods are generally longer. The increase in wave energy may affect both the coastal zones and the remaining summer ice pack, as well as delay the autumn ice-edge advance. However, trends in the amount of wave energy impinging on the ice-edge are inconclusive, and the associated processes, especially in the autumn period of new ice formation, have yet to be well-described by in situ observations. There is an implicit trend and evidence for increasing wave energy along the coast of northern Alaska, and this coastal signal is corroborated by satellite altimeter estimates of wave energy.
    Description: This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research, Code 322, “Arctic and Global Prediction”, directed by Drs. Martin Jeffries and Scott Harper. (Grant numbers and Principal Investigators are: Ackley, N000141310435; Babanin, N000141310278; Doble, N000141310290; Fairall, N0001413IP20046; Gemmrich, N000141310280; Girard-Ardhuin and Ardhuin, N000141612376; Graber, N000141310288; Guest, N0001413WX20830; Holt, N0001413IP20050; Lehner, N000141310303; Maksym, N000141310446; Perrie, N00014-15-1-2611; Rogers, N0001413WX20825; Shen, N000141310294; Squire, N000141310279; Stammerjohn, N000141310434; Thomson, N000141310284; Wadhams, N000141310289.)
    Keywords: Sea ice ; Arctic Ocean ; Ocean surface waves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 42
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    Clumped isotope composition of cold-water corals : a role for vital effects? (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 179 (2016): 123-141, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.023.
    Description: The carbonate clumped isotope thermometer is a promising tool for determining past ocean temperatures. It is based on the temperature dependence of rare isotopes ‘clumping’ into the same carbonate ion group in the carbonate mineral lattice. The extent of this clumping effect is independent of the isotope composition of the water from which carbonate precipitates, providing unique advantages over many other paleotemperature proxies. Existing calibrations of this thermometer in cold-water and warm-water corals suggest clumped isotope ‘vital effects’ are negligible in cold-water corals but may be significant in warm-water corals. Here, we test the calibration of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer in cold-water corals with a recently collected and well characterised sample set spanning a range of coral genera (Balanophyllia, Caryophyllia, Dasmosmilia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsammia and Javania). The clumped isotope compositions (Δ47) of these corals exhibit systematic dependences on their growth temperatures, confirming the basis of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer. However, some cold-water coral genera show Δ47 values that are higher than the expected equilibrium values by up to 0.05‰ (equivalent to underestimating temperature by ∼9 °C) similar to previous findings for some warm-water corals. This finding suggests that the vital effects affecting corals Δ47 are common to both warm- and cold-water corals. By comparison with models of the coral calcification process we suggest that the clumped isotope offsets in these genera are related to the kinetic isotope effects associated with CO2 hydration/hydroxylation reactions in the corals’ calcifying fluid. Our findings complicate the use of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer in corals, but suggest that species- or genus-specific calibrations could be useful for the future application of this paleotemperature proxy.
    Description: This work was supported by a British National Environment Research Council studentship to P. Spooner (NE/K500823/1), National Science Foundation Grant NSF-ANT-1246387 and The Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists (WHOI) to W. Guo, and by funds from the European Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust and a Marie Curie Reintegration grant.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 43
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    Insights into methane dynamics from analysis of authigenic carbonates and chemosynthetic mussels at newly-discovered Atlantic Margin seeps (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 449 (2016): 332–344, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.023.
    Description: The recent discovery of active methane venting along the US northern and mid-Atlantic margin represents a new source of global methane not previously accounted for in carbon budgets from this region. However, uncertainty remains as to the origin and history of methane seepage along this tectonically inactive passive margin. Here we present the first isotopic analyses of authigenic carbonates and methanotrophic deep-sea mussels, Bathymodiolus sp., and the first direct constraints on the timing of past methane emission, based on samples collected at the upper slope Baltimore Canyon (∼385 m water depth) and deepwater Norfolk (∼1600 m) seep fields within the area of newly-discovered venting. The authigenic carbonates at both sites were dominated by aragonite, with an average View the MathML sourceδC13 signature of −47‰−47‰, a value consistent with microbially driven anaerobic oxidation of methane-rich fluids occurring at or near the sediment–water interface. Authigenic carbonate U and Sr isotope data further support the inference of carbonate precipitation from seawater-derived fluids rather than from formation fluids from deep aquifers. Carbonate stable and radiocarbon (View the MathML sourceδC13 and View the MathML sourceΔC13) isotope values from living Bathymodiolus sp. specimens are lighter than those of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon, highlighting the influence of fossil carbon from methane on carbonate precipitation. U–Th dates on authigenic carbonates suggest seepage at Baltimore Canyon between 14.7±0.6 ka14.7±0.6 ka to 15.7±1.6 ka15.7±1.6 ka, and at the Norfolk seep field between 1.0±0.7 ka1.0±0.7 ka to 3.3±1.3 ka3.3±1.3 ka, providing constraint on the longevity of methane efflux at these sites. The age of the brecciated authigenic carbonates and the occurrence of pockmarks at the Baltimore Canyon upper slope could suggest a link between sediment delivery during Pleistocene sea-level lowstand, accumulation of pore fluid overpressure from sediment compaction, and release of overpressure through subsequent venting. Calculations show that the Baltimore Canyon site probably has not been within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the past 20 ka, meaning that in-situ release of methane from dissociating gas hydrate cannot be sustaining the seep. We cannot rule out updip migration of methane from dissociation of gas hydrate that occurs farther down the slope as a source of the venting at Baltimore Canyon, but consider that the history of rapid sediment accumulation and overpressure may play a more important role in methane emissions at this site.
    Description: Funding for this project (sponsored by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program) included USGS Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Marine Environments Program through the Outer Continental shelf study, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) contract number M10PC00100 (contracted to CSA Ocean Sciences, Inc.). C.R. was supported by USGS–DOE Interagency Agreements DE-FE000291 and 0023495.
    Keywords: Authigenic carbonate ; Cold seep ; AOM ; Chemosynthesis ; Mid-Atlantic margin ; Isotope geochemistry
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  • 44
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    Calcification and growth processes in planktonic foraminifera complicate the use of B/Ca and U/Ca as carbonate chemistry proxies (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 449 (2016): 372-381, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.016.
    Description: Although boron and uranium to calcium ratios (B/Ca, U/Ca) in planktonic foraminifera have recently received much attention as potential proxies for ocean carbonate chemistry, the extent of a carbonate chemistry control on these ratios remains contentious. Here, we use bi-weekly sediment trap samples collected from the subtropical North Atlantic in combination with measured oceanographic data from the same location to evaluate the dominant oceanographic controls on B/Ca and U/Ca in three depth-stratified species of planktonic foraminifera. We also test the control of biological, growth-related, processes on planktonic foraminiferal B and U incorporation by using foraminifer test area density (μg/μm2)(μg/μm2) (a monitor of test thickness) and test size from the same samples. B/Ca and U/Ca show little or no significant correlation with carbonate system parameters both within this study and in comparison with other published works. We provide the first evidence for a strong positive relationship between area density (test thickness) and B/Ca, and reveal that this is consistent in all species studied, suggesting a likely role for calcification in controlling boron partitioning into foraminiferal calcite. This finding is consistent with previous observations of less efficient discrimination against trace element ‘impurities’ (such as B), at higher calcification rates. We observe little or no dependency of B/Ca on test size. In marked contrast, we find that U/Ca displays a strong species-specific dependency on test size in all species, but no relationship with test thickness, implicating some other biological control (possibly related to growth), rather than a calcification control, on U incorporation into foraminiferal calcite. Our results caution against the use of B/Ca and U/Ca in planktonic foraminifera as reliable proxies for the ocean carbonate system and recommend that future work should concentrate on improving the mechanistic understanding of how planktonic foraminifer calcification and growth rates regulate boron and uranium incorporation into the test.
    Description: This research was funded through the U.K. Ocean Acidification Research Program by Natural Environment Research Council grant to P. Anand and P. Sexton (grant NE/I019891/1). K.S. thanks the Cushman Foundation for their financial support through the Johanna Resig Foraminifera Fellowship. We acknowledge the National Science Foundation for its support of the Oceanic Flux Program time-series (most recently by grant OCE-1234292) and the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (most recently by grant OCE-0801991).
    Keywords: Planktonic foraminifera ; Boron ; Uranium ; Proxy ; Sediment trap
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  • 45
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    Representative value of cross-fault in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet block and case analysis of the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-11
    Description: Publication date: Available online 9 July 2016 Source: Geodesy and Geodynamics Author(s): Ruisha Li, Xi Zhang, Shouwen Gong, Hongtao Tang, Peng Jia The equation for determining cross-fault representative value is calculated based on hanging wall and foot wall reference level surfaces. The cross-fault data reliability are analyzed base on the stability of reference datum and observation points, thereby facilitating plotting of the representative value curves after removing interference. The spatial and temporal characteristics of fault deformation abnormalities before the 2016 Menyuan M s6.4 earthquake, as well as the fault-movement characteristics reflected by representative value, are summarized. The results show that many site trends had changed 1–3 years before the Menyuan M s6.4 earthquake in the Qilian Fault, reflecting certain background abnormalities. The short-term abnormalities centrally had appeared in the 6 months to 1 year period before the earthquake near and in the neighborhood of the source region, demonstrating a significantly increased number of short-term abnormalities. Many sites near and in the neighborhood of the source region had strengthened inverse activities or had changed from positive to inverse activities in the most recent 2–3 years, which reflect stress-field enhancements or adjustment features.
    Print ISSN: 1674-9847
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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    Fine-grained dengue forecasting using telephone triage services (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Thousands of lives are lost every year in developing countries for failing to detect epidemics early because of the lack of real-time disease surveillance data. We present results from a large-scale deployment of a telephone triage service as a basis for dengue forecasting in Pakistan. Our system uses statistical analysis of dengue-related phone calls to accurately forecast suspected dengue cases 2 to 3 weeks ahead of time at a subcity level (correlation of up to 0.93). Our system has been operational at scale in Pakistan for the past 3 years and has received more than 300,000 phone calls. The predictions from our system are widely disseminated to public health officials and form a critical part of active government strategies for dengue containment. Our work is the first to demonstrate, with significant empirical evidence, that an accurate, location-specific disease forecasting system can be built using analysis of call volume data from a public health hotline.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Perspective] Thinking abstractly like a duck(ling) (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, when one of a trio of bungling prison escapees angrily asks another, “Who elected you leader of this outfit?” his buddy smugly quips, “I figured it should be the one with the capacity for abstract thought.” Indeed, abstract conceptual thought is held to be so central to being human that the idea of someone being incapable of this kind of thinking is a subject for (sometimes rather cruel) humor. Interest in understanding the capacity for abstract thought has been a matter of serious consideration that dates back at least three centuries to the famous English philosopher John Locke. Locke confidently contended that “brutes abstract not” (1) and insisted that exhibiting abstract thought definitively divided humans from all other animals. However, no science then existed to confirm or refute Locke's contention. On page 286 of this issue, Martinho and Kacelnik (2) put the claim that animals are incapable of abstract thought to a strong behavioral test. Author: Edward A. Wasserman
    Keywords: Cognition
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] First farmers' motley roots (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Farming was such a good idea when it was invented 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent that it was quickly adopted by several different groups of people. According to three teams who used new techniques to gain glimpses of the nuclear DNA of the world's very first farmers, farming was adopted by at least three genetically distinct groups scattered across the Middle East and Anatolia. The research found that early farmers of Israel and Jordan were genetically distinct from those in the Zagros Mountains, and that both populations were distinct from the western Anatolians. This shows that farming wasn't spread initially by just one group of people, but that it was invented more than once—or was an idea that spread rapidly between groups. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Keywords: Ancient DNA
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Policy Forum] Crisis informatics—New data for extraordinary times (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Crisis informatics is a multidisciplinary field combining computing and social science knowledge of disasters; its central tenet is that people use personal information and communication technology to respond to disaster in creative ways to cope with uncertainty. We study and develop computational support for collection and sociobehavioral analysis of online participation (i.e., tweets and Facebook posts) to address challenges in disaster warning, response, and recovery. Because such data are rarely tidy, we offer lessons—learned the hard way, as we have made every mistake described below—with respect to the opportunities and limitations of social media research on crisis events. Authors: Leysia Palen, Kenneth M. Anderson
    Keywords: Social Media Research
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] How much biodiversity loss is too much? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Book Review] A toxic timeline (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the 1970s, residents of a Niagara Falls neighborhood realized that chemicals from a toxic waste dump had leached into their homes, parks, and neighborhood school. Their cancers, miscarriages, and myriad chronic ailments told the tale, and in 1978 they organized, filed lawsuits, and demanded intervention. The federal government eventually complied, evacuating the residents and creating the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund Act, which provides a framework for cleaning up such sites. In his new book, Love Canal: A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present, Richard S. Newman urges us to see the Love Canal disaster stretched out in time, rooted in the long history of the Niagara Falls area. The crisis itself, he says, was an outcome of patterns established generations earlier that pitted developmental pressures against environmental and human health and created a "cycle of disposable land use that had long dominated area politics and economics." Author: Jacob Darwin Hamblin
    Keywords: Environmental Policy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Introduction to Special Issue] Nature's Fury (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Brent Grocholski, Robert Coontz
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Letter] Mining undermining Brazil's environment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Hani Rocha El Bizri, Jonathan Christopher Bausch Macedo, Adriano Pereira Paglia, Thaís Queiroz Morcatty
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue News] Doomsday Machines (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In San Diego, California, a six-story tower riddled with strain gauges and accelerometers rises from the platform of one of the world's biggest earthquake machines. This device—a sort of bull ride for buildings—is one in a network built around the United States to advance natural disaster science with more realistic and sophisticated tests. The National Science Foundation initiative has helped scientists simulate some of the most powerful and destructive forces on Earth, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and landslides. The work has led to new building standards and better ways to build or retrofit everything from wharves to older concrete buildings. Now, in a new $62 million, 5-year program, the network of doomsday machines is expanding to simulate hurricanes and tornadoes and is joining forces with computer modeling to study how things too big for a physical test—such as nuclear reactors or even an entire city—will weather what Mother Nature throws at them. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue News] Thinking the Unthinkable (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: What are the greatest threats to humanity and human civilization? Scholars think a self-induced catastrophe such as nuclear war or a bioengineered pandemic is most likely to do us in. But extreme natural hazards—including threats from space and geologic upheavals here on Earth—could also do the job. Although common, moderately severe disasters such as earthquakes attract far more funding and attention than low-probability apocalyptic ones, a handful of researchers persists in thinking the unthinkable. With knowledge and planning, they say, it's possible to prepare for—or in some cases prevent—rare but devastating natural disasters such as blasts of particles from the sun, collisions with near-Earth asteroids like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs, and supervolcanoes that dwarf any eruptions in recorded history. Author: Julia Rosen
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] The innate wisdom of ducklings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolutionary Cognition
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Global trends in satellite-based emergency mapping (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Over the past 15 years, scientists and disaster responders have increasingly used satellite-based Earth observations for global rapid assessment of disaster situations. We review global trends in satellite rapid response and emergency mapping from 2000 to 2014, analyzing more than 1000 incidents in which satellite monitoring was used for assessing major disaster situations. We provide a synthesis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in global satellite emergency mapping efforts and show that satellite-based emergency mapping is most intensively deployed in Asia and Europe and follows well the geographic, physical, and temporal distributions of global natural disasters. We present an outlook on the future use of Earth observation technology for disaster response and mitigation by putting past and current developments into context and perspective. Authors: Stefan Voigt, Fabio Giulio-Tonolo, Josh Lyons, Jan Kučera, Brenda Jones, Tobias Schneiderhan, Gabriel Platzeck, Kazuya Kaku, Manzul Kumar Hazarika, Lorant Czaran, Suju Li, Wendi Pedersen, Godstime Kadiri James, Catherine Proy, Denis Macharia Muthike, Jerome Bequignon, Debarati Guha-Sapir
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Human influence on tropical cyclone intensity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Recent assessments agree that tropical cyclone intensity should increase as the climate warms. Less agreement exists on the detection of recent historical trends in tropical cyclone intensity. We interpret future and recent historical trends by using the theory of potential intensity, which predicts the maximum intensity achievable by a tropical cyclone in a given local environment. Although greenhouse gas–driven warming increases potential intensity, climate model simulations suggest that aerosol cooling has largely canceled that effect over the historical record. Large natural variability complicates analysis of trends, as do poleward shifts in the latitude of maximum intensity. In the absence of strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, future greenhouse gas forcing of potential intensity will increasingly dominate over aerosol forcing, leading to substantially larger increases in tropical cyclone intensities. Authors: Adam H. Sobel, Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy M. Hall, Chia-Ying Lee, Michael K. Tippett, Allison A. Wing
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] The heat is on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Glaciers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Adaptors conduct the EGFR symphony (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Leslie K. Ferrarelli
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Why pay more for medicine in some places? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Brad Wible
    Keywords: Health Economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] A less personal cancer therapy? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Paula A. Kiberstis
    Keywords: Tumor Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Immigration and admixture in Europe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Andrew M. Sugden
    Keywords: Paleogenomics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Report] Discovery of robust in-plane ferroelectricity in atomic-thick SnTe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Stable ferroelectricity with high transition temperature in nanostructures is needed for miniaturizing ferroelectric devices. Here, we report the discovery of the stable in-plane spontaneous polarization in atomic-thick tin telluride (SnTe), down to a 1–unit cell (UC) limit. The ferroelectric transition temperature Tc of 1-UC SnTe film is greatly enhanced from the bulk value of 98 kelvin and reaches as high as 270 kelvin. Moreover, 2- to 4-UC SnTe films show robust ferroelectricity at room temperature. The interplay between semiconducting properties and ferroelectricity in this two-dimensional material may enable a wide range of applications in nonvolatile high-density memories, nanosensors, and electronics. Authors: Kai Chang, Junwei Liu, Haicheng Lin, Na Wang, Kun Zhao, Anmin Zhang, Feng Jin, Yong Zhong, Xiaopeng Hu, Wenhui Duan, Qingming Zhang, Liang Fu, Qi-Kun Xue, Xi Chen, Shuai-Hua Ji
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Working Life] Wearing my disability with pride (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Zachary S. Wiersma
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Report] Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In recent decades, hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula (63° to 70°S) have undergone systematic and progressive change. These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface air temperature, but it is now clear that this cannot be the sole driver. Here, we identify a strong correspondence between mid-depth ocean temperatures and glacier-front changes along the ~1000-kilometer western coastline. In the south, glaciers that terminate in warm Circumpolar Deep Water have undergone considerable retreat, whereas those in the far northwest, which terminate in cooler waters, have not. Furthermore, a mid-ocean warming since the 1990s in the south is coincident with widespread acceleration of glacier retreat. We conclude that changes in ocean-induced melting are the primary cause of retreat for glaciers in this region. Authors: A. J. Cook, P. R. Holland, M. P. Meredith, T. Murray, A. Luckman, D. G. Vaughan
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Report] Return to quiescence of mouse neural stem cells by degradation of a proactivation protein (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Quiescence is essential for long-term maintenance of adult stem cells. Niche signals regulate the transit of stem cells from dormant to activated states. Here, we show that the E3-ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain–containing 1) is required for proliferating stem cells of the adult mouse hippocampus to return to quiescence. Huwe1 destabilizes proactivation protein Ascl1 (achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1) in proliferating hippocampal stem cells, which prevents accumulation of cyclin Ds and promotes the return to a resting state. When stem cells fail to return to quiescence, the proliferative stem cell pool becomes depleted. Thus, long-term maintenance of hippocampal neurogenesis depends on the return of stem cells to a transient quiescent state through the rapid degradation of a key proactivation factor. Authors: Noelia Urbán, Debbie L. C. van den Berg, Antoine Forget, Jimena Andersen, Jeroen A. A. Demmers, Charles Hunt, Olivier Ayrault, François Guillemot
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Liquid biopsy and therapeutic response: Circulating tumor cell cultures for evaluation of anticancer treatment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: The lack of a robust anticancer drug screening system to monitor patients during treatment delays realization of personalized treatment. We demonstrate an efficient approach to evaluate drug response using patient-derived circulating tumor cell (CTC) cultures obtained from liquid biopsy. Custom microfabricated tapered microwells were integrated with microfluidics to allow robust formation of CTC clusters without pre-enrichment and subsequent drug screening in situ. Rapid feedback after 2 weeks promotes immediate intervention upon detection of drug resistance or tolerance. The procedure was clinically validated with blood samples ( n = 73) from 55 patients with early-stage, newly diagnosed, locally advanced, or refractory metastatic breast cancer. Twenty-four of these samples were used for drug evaluation. Cluster formation potential correlated inversely with increased drug concentration and therapeutic treatment. This new and robust liquid biopsy technique can potentially evaluate patient prognosis with CTC clusters during treatment and provide a noninvasive and inexpensive assessment that can guide drug discovery development or therapeutic choices for personalized treatment.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Stabilizing electrodeposition in elastic solid electrolytes containing immobilized anions (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-17
    Description: Ion transport–driven instabilities in electrodeposition of metals that lead to morphological instabilities and dendrites are receiving renewed attention because mitigation strategies are needed for improving rechargeability and safety of lithium batteries. The growth rate of these morphological instabilities can be slowed by immobilizing a fraction of anions within the electrolyte to reduce the electric field at the metal electrode. We analyze the role of elastic deformation of the solid electrolyte with immobilized anions and present theory combining the roles of separator elasticity and modified transport to evaluate the factors affecting the stability of planar deposition over a wide range of current densities. We find that stable electrodeposition can be easily achieved even at relatively high current densities in electrolytes/separators with moderate polymer-like mechanical moduli, provided a small fraction of anions are immobilized in the separator.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    3D meshes of carbon nanotubes guide functional reconnection of segregated spinal explants (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-17
    Description: In modern neuroscience, significant progress in developing structural scaffolds integrated with the brain is provided by the increasing use of nanomaterials. We show that a multiwalled carbon nanotube self-standing framework, consisting of a three-dimensional (3D) mesh of interconnected, conductive, pure carbon nanotubes, can guide the formation of neural webs in vitro where the spontaneous regrowth of neurite bundles is molded into a dense random net. This morphology of the fiber regrowth shaped by the 3D structure supports the successful reconnection of segregated spinal cord segments. We further observed in vivo the adaptability of these 3D devices in a healthy physiological environment. Our study shows that 3D artificial scaffolds may drive local rewiring in vitro and hold great potential for the development of future in vivo interfaces.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Asymmetric Inheritance of Aggregated Proteins and Age Reset in Yeast Are Regulated by Vac17-Dependent Vacuolar Functions (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-20
    Description: Publication date: 19 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports, Volume 16, Issue 3 Author(s): Sandra Malmgren Hill, Xinxin Hao, Johan Grönvall, Stephanie Spikings-Nordby, Per O. Widlund, Triana Amen, Anna Jörhov, Rebecca Josefson, Daniel Kaganovich, Beidong Liu, Thomas Nyström Age can be reset during mitosis in both yeast and stem cells to generate a young daughter cell from an aged and deteriorated one. This phenomenon requires asymmetry-generating genes (AGGs) that govern the asymmetrical inheritance of aggregated proteins. Using a genome-wide imaging screen to identify AGGs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , we discovered a previously unknown role for endocytosis, vacuole fusion, and the myosin-dependent adaptor protein Vac17 in asymmetrical inheritance of misfolded proteins. Overproduction of Vac17 increases deposition of aggregates into cytoprotective vacuole-associated sites, counteracts age-related breakdown of endocytosis and vacuole integrity, and extends replicative lifespan. The link between damage asymmetry and vesicle trafficking can be explained by a direct interaction between aggregates and vesicles. We also show that the protein disaggregase Hsp104 interacts physically with endocytic vesicle-associated proteins, such as the dynamin-like protein, Vps1, which was also shown to be required for Vac17-dependent sequestration of protein aggregates. These data demonstrate that two physiognomies of aging—reduced endocytosis and protein aggregation—are interconnected and regulated by Vac17. Graphical abstract Teaser Cellular rejuvenation is enabled by asymmetrical inheritance of damaged proteins. Using a genome-wide imaging screen to identify asymmetry-generating genes, Hill et al. demonstrate a role for vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, and the myosin-dependent adaptor protein Vac17 in the asymmetric inheritance of misfolded proteins and consequently in the regulation of lifespan.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier on behalf of Cell Press.
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    Effect of precursor concentration on physical properties of nebulized spray deposited In2S3 thin films (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-20
    Description: Publication date: Available online 18 July 2016 Source: Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies Author(s): J. Raj Mohamed, L. Amalraj The present work investigates the effect of precursor concentration ( m c ) on the structural, optical, morphological and electrical conductivity properties of In 2 S 3 thin films grown on amorphous glass substrates by nebulized spray pyrolysis (NSP) technique. The mixed phase of cubic and tetragonal structure of In 2 S 3 thin films at higher concentration has been observed by X-ray diffraction pattern. The reduced strain by increasing the precursor concentration increased the average crystallite from 17.8 to 28.9 nm. The energy dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDAX) studies confirmed the presence of In and S. The transmittance, optical direct band gap energy, Urbach energy and skin depth of In 2 S 3 films have been analyzed by optical absorption spectra. The better conductivity and mobility noticed at m c = 0.15 M are explained by carrier concentration and crystallite. Better optical and electrical conductivity behaviour of In 2 S 3 thin film sample proposes for effective solar cell fabrication.
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A mathematical modeling framework to evaluate the performance of single diode and double diode based SPV systems (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-21
    Description: Publication date: November 2016 Source: Energy Reports, Volume 2 Author(s): Sangram Bana, R.P. Saini In order to predict the performance of a PV system, a reliable and accurate simulation design of PV systems before being installed is a necessity. The present study concerns the development of single and double diode model of solar PV system and ensures the best suited model under specific environmental condition for accurate performance prediction. The information provided in the manufacturers’ data sheet is not sufficient for developing a Simulink based single and double diode models of PV module. These parameters are crucial to predict accurate performance of a PV module. These parameters of the proposed solar PV models have been calculated using an efficient iterative technique. This paper compares the simulation results of both the models with manufacturer’s data sheet to investigate the accuracy and validity. A MATLAB/Simulink based comparative performance analysis of these models under inconsistent atmospheric conditions and the effect of variations in model parameters has been carried out. Despite the simplicity, these models are highly sensitive and respond to a slight variation in temperature and insolation. It is observed that double diode PV model is more accurate under low intensity insolation or shading condition. The performance evaluation of the models under present study will be helpful to understand the I-V curves, which will enable us in predicting the solar PV system power production under variable input conditions.
    Print ISSN: 2352-4847
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Teaching ecology at university—Inspiration for change (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-21
    Description: Publication date: July 2016 Source: Global Ecology and Conservation, Volume 7 Author(s): Lina Mtwana Nordlund How do you, as a university lecturer, change from teacher-centered teaching to a more student-centered, active teaching? This paper aims to inspire you to make a change, big or small, to increase your students’ engagement and learning, by presenting suggestions on what you can do. The ideas and suggestions synthesized here are based on several different teaching philosophies and methods, which are well tested and shown to be effective in the right setting. The selection of suggestions is believed to be specifically suitable for ecology. The paper includes suggestions on how to plan a course or a lecture by setting a good learning environment. Both pre-lecture activities and during lecture activities are included, with a focus on activities to engage students and encourage increased discussion and reflections, as well as what to think about when choosing learning activities and how and why it is important to teach students to think and act like professionals in ecology. While changing teaching methods takes investment of time, time that is limited for many researchers, even small changes in your teaching can make big differences in learning, and the investment will hopefully pay back by making teaching more fun and rewarding. The suggestions presented are understandable without being be conversant in the ‘education literature’, but will provide you with a vocabulary of teaching activities that will be useful if you are inspired to find more information and learn more about teaching.
    Print ISSN: 2351-9894
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    [This Week in Science] Show me a sign of sweetness to come (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Behavioral Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Cyclin suppresses antitumor immunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Cancer Immunotherapy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Eliminating paternal mitochondria (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Mitochondria
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] How to link and separate memories (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Peter Stern
    Keywords: Memory Research
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global low-carbon transition and China’s response strategies (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-24
    Description: Publication date: Available online 22 July 2016 Source: Advances in Climate Change Research Author(s): H.E. Jian-Kun The Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for post-2020 global climate governance, and sets long-term goals for global response to climate change, which will accelerate worldwide low-carbon transformation of economic development pattern, promote the revolutionary reform of energy system, boost a fundamental change in the mode of social production and consumption, and further the civilization of human society from industrial civilization to eco-civilization. The urgency of global low-carbon transition will reshape the competition situation of world’s economy, trade and technology. Taking the construction of eco-civilization as a guide, China explores green and low-carbon development paths, establishes ambitious intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) targets and action plans, advances energy production and consumption revolution, and speeds up the transformation of economic development pattern. These strategies and actions not only confirm to the trend of the world low-carbon transition, but also meet the intrinsic requirements for easing the domestic resources and environment constraints and realizing sustainable development. They are multi-win-win strategies for promotion of economic development and environmental protection and mitigation of carbon emissions. China should take the global long-term emission reduction targets as a guide, and formulate medium and long-term low-carbon development strategy, build the core competitiveness of low-carbon advanced technology and development pattern, and take an in-depth part in global governance so as to reflect the responsibility of China as a great power in constructing a community of common destiny for all mankind and addressing global ecological crisis.
    Print ISSN: 1674-9278
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Quasi-freestanding epitaxial silicene on Ag(111) by oxygen intercalation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-24
    Description: Silicene is a monolayer allotrope of silicon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure with massless Dirac fermion characteristics similar to graphene. It merits development of silicon-based multifunctional nanoelectronic and spintronic devices operated at room temperature because of strong spin-orbit coupling. Nevertheless, until now, silicene could only be epitaxially grown on conductive substrates. The strong silicene-substrate interaction may depress its superior electronic properties. We report a quasi-freestanding silicene layer that has been successfully obtained through oxidization of bilayer silicene on the Ag(111) surface. The oxygen atoms intercalate into the underlayer of silicene, resulting in isolation of the top layer of silicene from the substrate. In consequence, the top layer of silicene exhibits the signature of a 1 x 1 honeycomb lattice and hosts massless Dirac fermions because of much less interaction with the substrate. Furthermore, the oxidized silicon buffer layer is expected to serve as an ideal dielectric layer for electric gating in electronic devices. These findings are relevant for the future design and application of silicene-based nanoelectronic and spintronic devices.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Fatty Acid Oxidation Mediated by Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain 3 Is Required for Mutant KRAS Lung Tumorigenesis (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Mahesh S. Padanad, Georgia Konstantinidou, Niranjan Venkateswaran, Margherita Melegari, Smita Rindhe, Matthew Mitsche, Chendong Yang, Kimberly Batten, Kenneth E. Huffman, Jingwen Liu, Ximing Tang, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Neda Kalhor, Jerry W. Shay, John D. Minna, Jeffrey McDonald, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Ralph J. DeBerardinis, Pier Paolo Scaglioni KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancer. Mutant KRAS aberrantly regulates metabolic networks. However, the contribution of cellular metabolism to mutant KRAS tumorigenesis is not completely understood. We report that mutant KRAS regulates intracellular fatty acid metabolism through Acyl-coenzyme A ( CoA ) synthetase long-chain family member 3 ( ACSL3 ), which converts fatty acids into fatty Acyl-CoA esters, the substrates for lipid synthesis and β - oxidation. ACSL3 suppression is associated with depletion of cellular ATP and causes the death of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, mutant KRAS promotes the cellular uptake, retention, accumulation, and β-oxidation of fatty acids in lung cancer cells in an ACSL3 -dependent manner. Finally, ACSL3 is essential for mutant KRAS lung cancer tumorigenesis in vivo and is highly expressed in human lung cancer. Our data demonstrate that mutant KRAS reprograms lipid homeostasis, establishing a metabolic requirement that could be exploited for therapeutic gain. Graphical abstract Teaser In Brief: Padanad et al. find that ACSL3 is the critical enzyme required for viability of mutant KRAS lung cancer cells in vitro and for lung cancer initiation and progression in vivo. ACSL3 mediates survival and tumorigenesis of mutant KRAS lung cancer cells by promoting uptake, retention, and β-oxidation of fatty acids.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier on behalf of Cell Press.
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    miR-17-92 Cluster Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Anxiety, and Depression (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Junghee Jin, Seung-Nam Kim, Xuqing Liu, Haijun Zhang, Chao Zhang, Ji-Seon Seo, Yong Kim, Tao Sun Emerging evidence has shown that noncoding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), contribute to the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders, although the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that altered levels of miR-17-92 in adult hippocampal neural progenitors have a significant impact on neurogenesis and anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in mice. miR-17-92 deletion in adult neural progenitors decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, while its overexpression increases neurogenesis. miR-17-92 affects neurogenesis by regulating genes in the glucocorticoid pathway, especially serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase-1 (Sgk1). miR-17-92 knockout mice show anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, whereas miR-17-92 overexpressing mice exhibit anxiolytic and antidepression-like behaviors. Furthermore, we show that miR-17-92 expression in the adult mouse hippocampus responds to chronic stress, and miR-17-92 rescues proliferation defects induced by corticosterone in hippocampal neural progenitors. Our study uncovers a crucial role for miR-17-92 in adult neural progenitors through regulation of neurogenesis and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Graphical abstract Teaser The molecular pathogenesis of anxiety and depression disorders is poorly understood. Jin et al. show that microRNA miR-17-92 plays a critical role in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors by modifying expression of genes in the glucocorticoid pathway.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier on behalf of Cell Press.
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    The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type VI Secretion PGAP1-like Effector Induces Host Autophagy by Activating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Feng Jiang, Xia Wang, Bei Wang, Lihong Chen, Zhendong Zhao, Nicholas R. Waterfield, Guowei Yang, Qi Jin Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that regularly causes nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is responsible for the secretion of numerous virulence effector proteins that can both interfere with competing microbes and manipulate host cells. Here, we report a detailed investigation of a P. aeruginosa H2-T6SS-dependent phospholipase effector, TplE, which acts as a trans-kingdom toxin. Delivery of TplE to the periplasmic space of rival bacteria leads to growth inhibition. Importantly, TplE, also contains a eukaryotic PGAP1-like domain, which targets the host ER apparatus, ultimately leading to disruption of the ER. TplE activity leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) through the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway, enhancing autophagic flux. These findings indicate that this T6SS-delivered phospholipase effector is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular targets, highlighting the T6SS as a versatile weapon in the Pseudomonas arsenal. Graphical abstract Teaser Jiang et al. report that the P. aeruginosa T6SS PGAP1-like phospholipase effector (TplE) targets the periplasm of competing bacteria to inhibit their growth. TplE can also target and disrupt the ER of eukaryotic cells, leading to ER stress and autophagic flux in the host cells.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
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    Antibody-Mediated Targeting of Tau In Vivo Does Not Require Effector Function and Microglial Engagement (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Seung-Hye Lee, Claire E. Le Pichon, Oskar Adolfsson, Valérie Gafner, Maria Pihlgren, Han Lin, Hilda Solanoy, Robert Brendza, Hai Ngu, Oded Foreman, Ruby Chan, James A. Ernst, Danielle DiCara, Isidro Hotzel, Karpagam Srinivasan, David V. Hansen, Jasvinder Atwal, Yanmei Lu, Daniela Bumbaca, Andrea Pfeifer, Ryan J. Watts, Andreas Muhs, Kimberly Scearce-Levie, Gai Ayalon The spread of tau pathology correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro, tau antibodies can block cell-to-cell tau spreading. Although mechanisms of anti-tau function in vivo are unknown, effector function might promote microglia-mediated clearance. In this study, we investigated whether antibody effector function is required for targeting tau. We compared efficacy in vivo and in vitro of two versions of the same tau antibody, with and without effector function, measuring tau pathology, neuron health, and microglial function. Both antibodies reduced accumulation of tau pathology in Tau-P301L transgenic mice and protected cultured neurons against extracellular tau-induced toxicity. Only the full-effector antibody enhanced tau uptake in cultured microglia, which promoted release of proinflammatory cytokines. In neuron-microglia co-cultures, only effectorless anti-tau protected neurons, suggesting full-effector tau antibodies can induce indirect toxicity via microglia. We conclude that effector function is not required for efficacy, and effectorless tau antibodies may represent a safer approach to targeting tau. Graphical abstract Teaser Lee et al. report that antibody effector function is not required for targeting tau with antibodies in vivo and in cultured neurons. The authors propose that reducing anti-tau effector function may offer a safer approach for targeting tau by avoiding engagement of microglia that may induce inflammatory responses.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
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    Nucleolin-Mediated RNA Localization Regulates Neuron Growth and Cycling Cell Size (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Rotem Ben-Tov Perry, Ida Rishal, Ella Doron-Mandel, Ashley L. Kalinski, Katalin F. Medzihradszky, Marco Terenzio, Stefanie Alber, Sandip Koley, Albina Lin, Meir Rozenbaum, Dmitry Yudin, Pabitra K. Sahoo, Cynthia Gomes, Vera Shinder, Wasim Geraisy, Eric A. Huebner, Clifford J. Woolf, Avraham Yaron, Alma L. Burlingame, Jeffery L. Twiss, Mike Fainzilber How can cells sense their own size to coordinate biosynthesis and metabolism with their growth needs? We recently proposed a motor-dependent bidirectional transport mechanism for axon length and cell size sensing, but the nature of the motor-transported size signals remained elusive. Here, we show that motor-dependent mRNA localization regulates neuronal growth and cycling cell size. We found that the RNA-binding protein nucleolin is associated with importin β1 mRNA in axons. Perturbation of nucleolin association with kinesins reduces its levels in axons, with a concomitant reduction in axonal importin β1 mRNA and protein levels. Strikingly, subcellular sequestration of nucleolin or importin β1 enhances axonal growth and causes a subcellular shift in protein synthesis. Similar findings were obtained in fibroblasts. Thus, subcellular mRNA localization regulates size and growth in both neurons and cycling cells. Graphical abstract Teaser Perry et al. show that motor-dependent mRNA localization regulates neuronal growth and cycling cell size. They implicate the RNA-binding protein nucleolin in importin β1 mRNA transport to neuronal axons and to the cellular periphery in fibroblasts. Perturbation of this mechanism affects growth and shifts protein synthesis, regulating axon length and cell size.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
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    TAILS N-Terminomics and Proteomics Show Protein Degradation Dominates over Proteolytic Processing by Cathepsins in Pancreatic Tumors (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Anna Prudova, Vasilena Gocheva, Ulrich auf dem Keller, Ulrich Eckhard, Oakley C. Olson, Leila Akkari, Georgina S. Butler, Nikolaus Fortelny, Philipp F. Lange, Jennifer C. Mark, Johanna A. Joyce, Christopher M. Overall Deregulated cathepsin proteolysis occurs across numerous cancers, but in vivo substrates mediating tumorigenesis remain ill-defined. Applying 8-plex iTRAQ terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), a systems-level N-terminome degradomics approach, we identified cathepsin B, H, L, S, and Z in vivo substrates and cleavage sites with the use of six different cathepsin knockout genotypes in the Rip1-Tag2 mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Among 1,935 proteins and 1,114 N termini identified by TAILS, stable proteolytic products were identified in wild-type tumors compared with one or more different cathepsin knockouts (17%–44% of 139 cleavages). This suggests a lack of compensation at the substrate level by other cathepsins. The majority of neo-N termini (56%–83%) for all cathepsins was consistent with protein degradation. We validated substrates, including the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 associated with the Warburg effect, the ER chaperone GRP78, and the oncoprotein prothymosin-alpha. Thus, the identification of cathepsin substrates in tumorigenesis improves the understanding of cathepsin functions in normal physiology and cancer. Graphical abstract Teaser Cathepsin proteases play a significant role in carcinogenesis, yet their in vivo substrates remain ill-defined. By using systems-level 8-plex TAILS proteomics, Prudova et al. demonstrate that, in the Rip1-Tag2 model of pancreatic cancer, degradation roles for cathepsins predominate, yet many proteins, mostly extracellular ones, are processed to produce stable cleavage products.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
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    The origin of high eccentricity planets: The dispersed planet formation regime for a weakly magnetized disks (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 July 2016 Source: Geoscience Frontiers Author(s): Yusuke Imaeda, Toshikazu Ebisuzaki In the tandem planet formation regime, planets form at two distinct sites where solid particles are densely accumulated due to the on/off state of the magnetorotational instability (MRI).We found that tandem planet formation can reproduce the solid component distribution of the Solar System and tends to produce a smaller number of large planets through continuous pebble ow into the planet formation sites. In the present paper, we investigate the dependence of tandem planet formation on the vertical magnetic field of the protoplanetary disk. We calculated two cases of B z = 3 . 4 × 10 -3 G and B z = 3 . 4 × 10 -5 G at 100 AU as well as the canonical case of B z = 3 . 4 × 10 -4 G. We found that tandem planet formation holds up well in the case of the strong magnetic _eld ( B z = 3 . 4 × 10 -3 G). On the other hand, in the case of a weak magnetic _eld ( B z = 3 . 4 × 10 -5 G) at 100 AU, a new regime of planetary growth is realized: the planets grow independently at different places in the dispersed area of the MRI-suppressed region of r = 8 - 30 AU at a lower accretion rate of Ṁ 〈 10 -7 . 4 M⊙ yr -1 . We call this the "dispersed planet formation" regime. This may lead to a system with a larger number Graphical abstract
    Print ISSN: 1674-9871
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier on behalf of China University of Geosciences (Beijing).
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    Ultrahigh sensitivity of methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite single crystals to environmental gases (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: One of the limiting factors to high device performance in photovoltaics is the presence of surface traps. Hence, the understanding and control of carrier recombination at the surface of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is critical for the design and optimization of devices with this material as the active layer. We demonstrate that the surface recombination rate (or surface trap state density) in methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr 3 ) single crystals can be fully and reversibly controlled by the physisorption of oxygen and water molecules, leading to a modulation of the photoluminescence intensity by over two orders of magnitude. We report an unusually low surface recombination velocity of 4 cm/s (corresponding to a surface trap state density of 10 8 cm –2 ) in this material, which is the lowest value ever reported for hybrid perovskites. In addition, a consistent modulation of the transport properties in single crystal devices is evidenced. Our findings highlight the importance of environmental conditions on the investigation and fabrication of high-quality, perovskite-based devices and offer a new potential application of these materials to detect oxygen and water vapor.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: Protection of populations comprising admixed genomes is a challenge under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), which is regarded as the most powerful species protection legislation ever passed in the United States but lacks specific provisions for hybrids. The eastern wolf is a newly recognized wolf-like species that is highly admixed and inhabits the Great Lakes and eastern United States, a region previously thought to be included in the geographic range of only the gray wolf. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has argued that the presence of the eastern wolf, rather than the gray wolf, in this area is grounds for removing ESA protection (delisting) from the gray wolf across its geographic range. In contrast, the red wolf from the southeastern United States was one of the first species protected under the ESA and was protected despite admixture with coyotes. We use whole-genome sequence data to demonstrate a lack of unique ancestry in eastern and red wolves that would not be expected if they represented long divergent North American lineages. These results suggest that arguments for delisting the gray wolf are not valid. Our findings demonstrate how a strict designation of a species under the ESA that does not consider admixture can threaten the protection of endangered entities. We argue for a more balanced approach that focuses on the ecological context of admixture and allows for evolutionary processes to potentially restore historical patterns of genetic variation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    On the enigmatic birth of the Pacific Plate within the Panthalassa Ocean (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: The oceanic Pacific Plate started forming in Early Jurassic time within the vast Panthalassa Ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangea, and contains the oldest lithosphere that can directly constrain the geodynamic history of the circum-Pangean Earth. We show that the geometry of the oldest marine magnetic anomalies of the Pacific Plate attests to a unique plate kinematic event that sparked the plate’s birth at virtually a point location, surrounded by the Izanagi, Farallon, and Phoenix Plates. We reconstruct the unstable triple junction that caused the plate reorganization, which led to the birth of the Pacific Plate, and present a model of the plate tectonic configuration that preconditioned this event. We show that a stable but migrating triple junction involving the gradual cessation of intraoceanic Panthalassa subduction culminated in the formation of an unstable transform-transform-transform triple junction. The consequent plate boundary reorganization resulted in the formation of a stable triangular three-ridge system from which the nascent Pacific Plate expanded. We link the birth of the Pacific Plate to the regional termination of intra-Panthalassa subduction. Remnants thereof have been identified in the deep lower mantle of which the locations may provide paleolongitudinal control on the absolute location of the early Pacific Plate. Our results constitute an essential step in unraveling the plate tectonic evolution of "Thalassa Incognita" that comprises the comprehensive Panthalassa Ocean surrounding Pangea.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Claisen thermally rearranged (CTR) polymers (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers, which are considered the next-generation of membrane materials because of their excellent transport properties and high thermal and chemical stability, are proven to have significant drawbacks because of the high temperature required for the rearrangement and low degree of conversion during this process. We demonstrate that using a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, the temperature required for the rearrangement of a solid glassy polymer was reduced by 200°C. Conversions of functionalized polyimide to polybenzoxazole of more than 97% were achieved. These highly mechanically stable polymers were almost five times more permeable and had more than two times higher degrees of conversion than the reference polymer treated under the same conditions. Properties of these second-generation TR polymers provide the possibility of preparing efficient polymer membranes in a form of, for example, thin-film composite membranes for various gas and liquid membrane separation applications.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Large discrete jumps observed in the transition between Chern states in a ferromagnetic topological insulator (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: A striking prediction in topological insulators is the appearance of the quantized Hall resistance when the surface states are magnetized. The surface Dirac states become gapped everywhere on the surface, but chiral edge states remain on the edges. In an applied current, the edge states produce a quantized Hall resistance that equals the Chern number C = ±1 (in natural units), even in zero magnetic field. This quantum anomalous Hall effect was observed by Chang et al . With reversal of the magnetic field, the system is trapped in a metastable state because of magnetic anisotropy. We investigate how the system escapes the metastable state at low temperatures (10 to 200 mK). When the dissipation (measured by the longitudinal resistance) is ultralow, we find that the system escapes by making a few very rapid transitions, as detected by large jumps in the Hall and longitudinal resistances. Using the field at which the initial jump occurs to estimate the escape rate, we find that raising the temperature strongly suppresses the rate. From a detailed map of the resistance versus gate voltage and temperature, we show that dissipation strongly affects the escape rate. We compare the observations with dissipative quantum tunneling predictions. In the ultralow dissipation regime, two temperature scales ( T 1 ~ 70 mK and T 2 ~ 145 mK) exist, between which jumps can be observed. The jumps display a spatial correlation that extends over a large fraction of the sample.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Epigenetics and aging (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have revealed that progressive changes to epigenetic information accompany aging in both dividing and nondividing cells. Functional studies in model organisms and humans indicate that epigenetic changes have a huge influence on the aging process. These epigenetic changes occur at various levels, including reduced bulk levels of the core histones, altered patterns of histone posttranslational modifications and DNA methylation, replacement of canonical histones with histone variants, and altered noncoding RNA expression, during both organismal aging and replicative senescence. The end result of epigenetic changes during aging is altered local accessibility to the genetic material, leading to aberrant gene expression, reactivation of transposable elements, and genomic instability. Strikingly, certain types of epigenetic information can function in a transgenerational manner to influence the life span of the offspring. Several important conclusions emerge from these studies: rather than being genetically predetermined, our life span is largely epigenetically determined; diet and other environmental influences can influence our life span by changing the epigenetic information; and inhibitors of epigenetic enzymes can influence life span of model organisms. These new findings provide better understanding of the mechanisms involved in aging. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic information, these studies highlight exciting avenues for therapeutic intervention in aging and age-associated diseases, including cancer.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 95
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    HU multimerization shift controls nucleoid compaction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Molecular mechanisms controlling functional bacterial chromosome (nucleoid) compaction and organization are surprisingly enigmatic but partly depend on conserved, histone-like proteins HUαα and HUαβ and their interactions that span the nanoscale and mesoscale from protein-DNA complexes to the bacterial chromosome and nucleoid structure. We determined the crystal structures of these chromosome-associated proteins in complex with native duplex DNA. Distinct DNA binding modes of HUαα and HUαβ elucidate fundamental features of bacterial chromosome packing that regulate gene transcription. By combining crystal structures with solution x-ray scattering results, we determined architectures of HU-DNA nucleoproteins in solution under near-physiological conditions. These macromolecular conformations and interactions result in contraction at the cellular level based on in vivo imaging of native unlabeled nucleoid by soft x-ray tomography upon HUβ and ectopic HUα38 expression. Structural characterization of charge-altered HUαα-DNA complexes reveals an HU molecular switch that is suitable for condensing nucleoid and reprogramming noninvasive Escherichia coli into an invasive form. Collective findings suggest that shifts between networking and cooperative and noncooperative DNA-dependent HU multimerization control DNA compaction and supercoiling independently of cellular topoisomerase activity. By integrating x-ray crystal structures, x-ray scattering, mutational tests, and x-ray imaging that span from protein-DNA complexes to the bacterial chromosome and nucleoid structure, we show that defined dynamic HU interaction networks can promote nucleoid reorganization and transcriptional regulation as efficient general microbial mechanisms to help synchronize genetic responses to cell cycle, changing environments, and pathogenesis.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 96
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    Self-optimized superconductivity attainable by interlayer phase separation at cuprate interfaces (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Stabilizing superconductivity at high temperatures and elucidating its mechanism have long been major challenges of materials research in condensed matter physics. Meanwhile, recent progress in nanostructuring offers unprecedented possibilities for designing novel functionalities. Above all, thin films of cuprate and iron-based high-temperature superconductors exhibit remarkably better superconducting characteristics (for example, higher critical temperatures) than in the bulk, but the underlying mechanism is still not understood. Solving microscopic models suitable for cuprates, we demonstrate that, at an interface between a Mott insulator and an overdoped nonsuperconducting metal, the superconducting amplitude is always pinned at the optimum achieved in the bulk, independently of the carrier concentration in the metal. This is in contrast to the dome-like dependence in bulk superconductors but consistent with the astonishing independence of the critical temperature from the carrier density x observed at the interfaces of La 2 CuO 4 and La 2– x Sr x CuO 4 . Furthermore, we identify a self-organization mechanism as responsible for the pinning at the optimum amplitude: An emergent electronic structure induced by interlayer phase separation eludes bulk phase separation and inhomogeneities that would kill superconductivity in the bulk. Thus, interfaces provide an ideal tool to enhance and stabilize superconductivity. This interfacial example opens up further ways of shaping superconductivity by suppressing competing instabilities, with direct perspectives for designing devices.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Broadly Neutralizing Activity of Zika Virus-Immune Sera Identifies a Single Viral Serotype (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: Publication date: Available online 29 July 2016 Source: Cell Reports Author(s): Kimberly A. Dowd, Christina R. DeMaso, Rebecca S. Pelc, Scott D. Speer, Alexander R.Y. Smith, Leslie Goo, Derek J. Platt, John R. Mascola, Barney S. Graham, Mark J. Mulligan, Michael S. Diamond, Julie E. Ledgerwood, Theodore C. Pierson Recent epidemics of Zika virus (ZIKV) have been associated with congenital malformation during pregnancy and Guillain-Barré syndrome. There are two ZIKV lineages (African and Asian) that share >95% amino acid identity. Little is known regarding the ability of neutralizing antibodies elicited against one lineage to protect against the other. We investigated the breadth of the neutralizing antibody response following ZIKV infection by measuring the sensitivity of six ZIKV strains to neutralization by ZIKV-confirmed convalescent human serum or plasma samples. Contemporary Asian and early African ZIKV strains were similarly sensitive to neutralization regardless of the cellular source of virus. Furthermore, mouse immune serum generated after infection with African or Asian ZIKV strains was capable of neutralizing homologous and heterologous ZIKV strains equivalently. Because our study only defines a single ZIKV serotype, vaccine candidates eliciting robust neutralizing antibody responses should inhibit infection of both ZIKV lineages, including strains circulating in the Americas. Graphical abstract Teaser Dowd et al. investigate the breadth of the neutralizing antibody response to ZIKV. They demonstrate that contemporary South American, Asian, and early African ZIKV strains are similarly sensitive to neutralization by ZIKV-confirmed convalescent human serum.
    Electronic ISSN: 2211-1247
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier on behalf of Cell Press.
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    Effect of adding natural pozzolana on geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized clayey soil (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Publication date: Available online 19 July 2016 Source: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Author(s): Aref al-Swaidani, Ibrahim Hammoud, Ayman Meziab Clayey soils in Syria cover a total area of more than 20,000 km 2 of the country, most of which are located in the southwestern region. In many places of the country, the clayey soils caused severe damage to infrastructures. Extensive studies have been carried out on the stabilization of clayey soils using lime. Syria is rich in both lime and natural pozzolana. However, few works have been conducted to investigate the influence of adding natural pozzolana on the geotechnical properties of lime-treated clayey soils. The aim of this paper is to understand the effect of adding natural pozzolana on some geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized clayey soils. Natural pozzolana and lime are added to soil within the range of 0%−20% and 0%−8%, respectively. Consistency, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and linear shrinkage properties are particularly investigated. The test results show that the investigated properties of lime-treated clayey soils can be considerably enhanced when the natural pozzolana is added as a stabilizing agent. Analysis results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) show significant changes in the microstructure of the treated clayey soil. A better flocculation of clayey particles and further formation of cementing materials in the natural pozzolana-lime-treated clayey soil are clearly observed.
    Print ISSN: 1674-7755
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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    Interaction analysis of back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Publication date: Available online 15 July 2016 Source: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Author(s): Sadok Benmebarek, Samir Attallaoui, Naïma Benmebarek Back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls (BBMSEWs) are encountered in bridge approaches, ramp ways, rockfall protection systems, earth dams, levees and noise barriers. However, available design guidelines for BBMSEWs are limited and not applicable to numerical modeling when back-to-back walls interact with each other. The objective of this paper is to investigate, using PLAXIS code, the effects of the reduction in the distance between BBMSEW, the reinforcement length, the quality of backfill material and the connection of reinforcements in the middle, when the back-to-back walls are close. The results indicate that each of the BBMSEWs behaves independently if the width of the embankment between mechanically stabilized earth walls is greater than that of the active zone. This is in good agreement with the result of FHWA design guideline. However, the results show that the FHWA design guideline underestimates the lateral earth pressure when back-to-back walls interact with each other. Moreover, for closer BBMSEWs, FHWA design guideline strongly overestimates the maximum tensile force in the reinforcement. The investigation of the quality of backfill material shows that the minor increase in embankment cohesion can lead to significant reductions in both the lateral earth pressure and the maximum tensile force in geosynthetic. When the distance between the two earth walls is close to zero, the connection of reinforcement between back-to-back walls significantly improves the factor of safety.
    Print ISSN: 1674-7755
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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    Influence of zeolite and cement additions on mechanical behavior of sandy soil (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Publication date: Available online 28 June 2016 Source: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Author(s): Hossein Mola-Abasi, Issa Shooshpasha It is well known that the cemented sand is one of economic and environmental topics in soil stabilization. In this instance, a blend of sand, cement and other materials such as fiber, glass, nanoparticle and zeolite can be commercially available and effectively used in soil stabilization in road construction. However, the influence and effectiveness of zeolite on the properties of cemented sand systems have not been completely explored. In this study, based on an experimental program, the effects of zeolite on the characteristics of cemented sands are investigated. Stabilizing agent includes Portland cement of type II and zeolite. Results show the improvements of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and failure properties of cemented sand when the cement is replaced by zeolite at an optimum proportion of 30% after 28 days. The rate of strength improvement is approximately between 20% and 78%. The efficiency of using zeolite increases with the increases in cement amount and porosity. Finally, a power function of void-cement ratio and zeolite content is demonstrated to be an appropriate method to assess UCS of zeolite-cemented mixtures.
    Print ISSN: 1674-7755
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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