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  • Animals  (700)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Chemical Engineering
  • General Chemistry
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009  (701)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
  • 2007  (701)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009  (701)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Electrical microstimulation can establish causal links between the activity of groups of neurons and perceptual and cognitive functions. However, the number and identities of neurons microstimulated, as well as the number of action potentials evoked, are difficult to ascertain. To address these issues we introduced the light-gated algal channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) specifically into a small fraction of layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex. ChR2 photostimulation in vivo reliably generated stimulus-locked action potentials at frequencies up to 50 Hz. Here we show that naive mice readily learned to detect brief trains of action potentials (five light pulses, 1 ms, 20 Hz). After training, mice could detect a photostimulus firing a single action potential in approximately 300 neurons. Even fewer neurons (approximately 60) were required for longer stimuli (five action potentials, 250 ms). Our results show that perceptual decisions and learning can be driven by extremely brief epochs of cortical activity in a sparse subset of supragranular cortical pyramidal neurons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425380/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425380/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, Daniel -- Petreanu, Leopoldo -- Ghitani, Nima -- Ranade, Sachin -- Hromadka, Tomas -- Mainen, Zach -- Svoboda, Karel -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):61-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/physiology/radiation effects ; Algal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology/*radiation effects ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology/*radiation effects ; Electric Stimulation ; Learning/*physiology/radiation effects ; Mice ; Movement/*physiology ; Optics and Photonics ; Photic Stimulation ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism/radiation effects ; Rhodopsins, Microbial/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Mating in many species induces a dramatic switch in female reproductive behaviour. In most insects, this switch is triggered by factors present in the male's seminal fluid. How these factors exert such profound effects in females is unknown. Here we identify a receptor for the Drosophila melanogaster sex peptide (SP, also known as Acp70A), the primary trigger of post-mating responses in this species. Females that lack the sex peptide receptor (SPR, also known as CG16752), either entirely or only in the nervous system, fail to respond to SP and continue to show virgin behaviours even after mating. SPR is expressed in the female's reproductive tract and central nervous system. The behavioural functions of SPR map to the subset of neurons that also express the fruitless gene, a key determinant of sex-specific reproductive behaviour. SPR is highly conserved across insects, opening up the prospect of new strategies to control the reproductive and host-seeking behaviours of agricultural pests and human disease vectors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yapici, Nilay -- Kim, Young-Joon -- Ribeiro, Carlos -- Dickson, Barry J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):33-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18066048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; Copulation/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*physiology ; Female ; Genitalia, Female/metabolism ; Male ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Substrate Specificity ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Genome-wide DNA rearrangements occur in many eukaryotes but are most exaggerated in ciliates, making them ideal model systems for epigenetic phenomena. During development of the somatic macronucleus, Oxytricha trifallax destroys 95% of its germ line, severely fragmenting its chromosomes, and then unscrambles hundreds of thousands of remaining fragments by permutation or inversion. Here we demonstrate that DNA or RNA templates can orchestrate these genome rearrangements in Oxytricha, supporting an epigenetic model for sequence-dependent comparison between germline and somatic genomes. A complete RNA cache of the maternal somatic genome may be available at a specific stage during development to provide a template for correct and precise DNA rearrangement. We show the existence of maternal RNA templates that could guide DNA assembly, and that disruption of specific RNA molecules disables rearrangement of the corresponding gene. Injection of artificial templates reprogrammes the DNA rearrangement pathway, suggesting that RNA molecules guide genome rearrangement.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647009/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647009/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nowacki, Mariusz -- Vijayan, Vikram -- Zhou, Yi -- Schotanus, Klaas -- Doak, Thomas G -- Landweber, Laura F -- R01 GM059708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059708-05A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059708-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059708-06S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059708-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059708-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):153-8. Epub 2007 Nov 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antisense Elements (Genetics)/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics/metabolism ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics ; Gene Rearrangement/*genetics ; Genome, Protozoan/*genetics ; Macronucleus/*genetics ; Microinjections ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotides/genetics/metabolism ; Oxytricha/cytology/*genetics/growth & development ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Protozoan/*genetics/metabolism ; Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Pluripotency pertains to the cells of early embryos that can generate all of the tissues in the organism. Embryonic stem cells are embryo-derived cell lines that retain pluripotency and represent invaluable tools for research into the mechanisms of tissue formation. Recently, murine fibroblasts have been reprogrammed directly to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Using these same factors, we have derived iPS cells from fetal, neonatal and adult human primary cells, including dermal fibroblasts isolated from a skin biopsy of a healthy research subject. Human iPS cells resemble embryonic stem cells in morphology and gene expression and in the capacity to form teratomas in immune-deficient mice. These data demonstrate that defined factors can reprogramme human cells to pluripotency, and establish a method whereby patient-specific cells might be established in culture.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, In-Hyun -- Zhao, Rui -- West, Jason A -- Yabuuchi, Akiko -- Huo, Hongguang -- Ince, Tan A -- Lerou, Paul H -- Lensch, M William -- Daley, George Q -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):141-6. Epub 2007 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18157115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Shape ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Fetus/cytology ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; HMGB Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/*metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism/transplantation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics/*metabolism ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Teratoma/pathology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Understanding how neural activity in sensory cortices relates to perception is a central theme of neuroscience. Action potentials of sensory cortical neurons can be strongly correlated to properties of sensory stimuli and reflect the subjective judgements of an individual about stimuli. Microstimulation experiments have established a direct link from sensory activity to behaviour, suggesting that small neuronal populations can influence sensory decisions. However, microstimulation does not allow identification and quantification of the stimulated cellular elements. The sensory impact of individual cortical neurons therefore remains unknown. Here we show that stimulation of single neurons in somatosensory cortex affects behavioural responses in a detection task. We trained rats to respond to microstimulation of barrel cortex at low current intensities. We then initiated short trains of action potentials in single neurons by juxtacellular stimulation. Animals responded significantly more often in single-cell stimulation trials than in catch trials without stimulation. Stimulation effects varied greatly between cells, and on average in 5% of trials a response was induced. Whereas stimulation of putative excitatory neurons led to weak biases towards responding, stimulation of putative inhibitory neurons led to more variable and stronger sensory effects. Reaction times for single-cell stimulation were long and variable. Our results demonstrate that single neuron activity can cause a change in the animal's detection behaviour, suggesting a much sparser cortical code for sensations than previously anticipated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houweling, Arthur R -- Brecht, Michael -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):65-8. Epub 2007 Dec 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience and Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, House 6, 10115 Berlin, Germany. arthur.houweling@bccn-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Neurons/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; Rats ; Reaction Time ; Somatosensory Cortex/*cytology/*physiology ; Touch/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: Population dynamics and evolutionary change are linked by the fundamental biological processes of birth and death. This means that population growth may correlate with the strength of selection, whereas evolutionary change can leave an ecological signature. We decompose population growth in an age-structured population into contributions from variation in a quantitative trait. We report that the distribution of body sizes within a population of Soay sheep can markedly influence population dynamics, accounting for up to one-fifth of observed population growth. Our results suggest that there is substantial opportunity for evolutionary dynamics to leave an ecological signature and visa versa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelletier, Fanie -- Clutton-Brock, Tim -- Pemberton, Josephine -- Tuljapurkar, Shripad -- Coulson, Tim -- P01 AG 22500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG022500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG022500-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1571-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birth Weight ; Body Size/genetics ; Body Weight/genetics ; Ecology ; Environment ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Mathematics ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Scotland ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sheep/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-01-06
    Description: We have designed a microfluidic device in which we can manipulate, lyse, label, separate, and quantify the protein contents of a single cell using single-molecule fluorescence counting. Generic labeling of proteins is achieved through fluorescent-antibody binding. The use of cylindrical optics enables high-efficiency (approximately 60%) counting of molecules in micrometer-sized channels. We used this microfluidic device to quantify beta2 adrenergic receptors expressed in insect cells (SF9). We also analyzed phycobiliprotein contents in individual cyanobacterial cells (Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942) and observed marked differences in the levels of specific complexes in cell populations that were grown under nitrogen-depleted conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Bo -- Wu, Hongkai -- Bhaya, Devaki -- Grossman, Arthur -- Granier, Sebastien -- Kobilka, Brian K -- Zare, Richard N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):81-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Bacterial Proteins/*analysis ; Bacteriolysis ; Carbocyanines ; Cell Line ; Culture Media ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Humans ; Lasers ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation ; Microfluidics ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Optics and Photonics ; Phycobilisomes/metabolism ; Phycocyanin/*analysis ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*analysis ; Synechococcus/*chemistry/growth & development/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2007-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peng, Changhui -- Ouyang, Hua -- Gao, Qiong -- Jiang, Yuan -- Zhang, Feng -- Li, Jun -- Yu, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):546-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut des Sciences de L'Environnement, Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fresh Water ; Plants ; *Railroads ; Refuse Disposal ; Temperature ; Travel
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knight, Robert T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3190, USA. rtknight@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain ; Cats ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Mental Processes/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Phrenology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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