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  • Astrophysics  (325)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics  (303)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Chemistry
  • 2005-2009  (680)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2007  (283)
  • 2006  (397)
  • 1
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    Fuel Cells : From Fundamentals to Applications (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Electric engineering ; Materials ; Mechanical engineering
    ISBN: 9780387354026
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-35402-6
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Selenium in Food and Health (2006)
    New York, NY : Springer US
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science ; Nutrition ; Toxicology
    ISBN: 9780387332444
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33244-4
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Chemoinformatics : Theory, Practice, & Products (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Bioinformatics ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Medicine
    ISBN: 9781402050015
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5001-1
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Green-Function Theory of Chemisorption (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9781402044052
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4405-4
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    PCR Methods in Foods (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387317021
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31702-3
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  • 6
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    Advances in Food Mycology (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science ; Immunology
    ISBN: 9780387283913
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28391-9
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  • 7
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    N4-Macrocyclic Metal Complexes (2006)
    New York, NY : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Electromagnetism ; Quantum optics
    ISBN: 9780387284309
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28430-3
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Viruses in Foods (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387292519
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29251-9
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  • 9
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    Computational Studies of RNA and DNA (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry ; Mathematics
    ISBN: 9781402048513
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4851-3
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    QSAR and Molecular Modeling Studies in Heterocyclic Drugs I (2006)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540333791
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/11577737
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Magnetic Functions Beyond the Spin-Hamiltonian (2006)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Magnetism
    ISBN: 9783540325017
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/b136753
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    Conformation-Dependent Design of Sequences in Copolymers II (2006)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540329473
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/11570325
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  • 13
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    System Analysis: Theory and Applications (2007)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Engineering ; Operations research ; Systems theory
    ISBN: 9783540488804
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48880-4
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  • 14
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    Theoretical and Quantum Mechanics : Fundamentals for Chemists (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Mechanics, applied ; Molecular structure ; Quantum theory
    ISBN: 9781402036880
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3688-4
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  • 15
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    An Introduction To Chemoinformatics (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry
    ISBN: 9781402062919
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6291-9
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  • 16
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    Physical Properties of Foods (2006)
    New York : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387308081
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30808-3
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  • 17
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    Topics in the Theory Of Chemical and Physical Systems : Proceedings of the 10th European Workshop on Quantum systemsin chemistry and physics held at Carthage, Tunisia, in September 2005 (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Materials ; Molecular structure ; Plasma (Ionized gases) ; Quantum theory
    ISBN: 9781402054600
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5460-0
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  • 18
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    Modern Optical Spectroscopy : With Exercises and Examples from Biophysics and Biochemistry (2007)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Cytology ; Research_xMethodology ; Spectrum analysis
    ISBN: 9783540958956
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37542-5
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  • 19
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    Structure-based Drug Discovery (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9781402044076
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4407-0
    Language: English
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    New Carbon Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems: Batteries, Supercapacitors and Fuel Cells (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Electric engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9781402048128
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4812-2
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  • 21
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    Hydrogen Bonding—New Insights (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Crystallography
    ISBN: 9781402048531
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4853-1
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  • 22
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    Non-Linear Optical Properties of Matter : From molecules to condensed phases (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Condensed matter ; Quantum optics
    ISBN: 9781402048500
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4850-5
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  • 23
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    A Guide to Biomolecular Simulations (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    Keywords: Biology ; Data processing ; Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry
    ISBN: 9781402035876
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3587-X
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  • 24
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    Square-Wave Voltammetry : Theory and Application (2007)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Weights and measures
    ISBN: 9783540737407
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73740-7
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  • 25
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    Foodborne Parasites (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science ; Medicine
    ISBN: 9780387311975
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31197-1
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  • 26
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    Integrated Reaction and Separation Operations : Modelling and experimental validation (2006)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biochemical engineering ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Environmental sciences ; Technology
    ISBN: 9783540303046
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30304-9
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  • 27
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    Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry (2007)
    New York : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9780387461083
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46108-3
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  • 28
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    Fuel Cell Electronics Packaging (2007)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Mechanical engineering ; Renewable energy sources
    ISBN: 9780387473246
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-47324-6
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  • 29
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    Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A : Structure and Mechanisms (2007)
    New York : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    Description / Table of Contents: Since its original appearance in 1977, Advanced Organic Chemistry has maintained its place as the premier textbook in the field, offering broad coverage of the structure, reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. As in the earlier editions, the text contains extensive references to both the primary and review literature and provides examples of data and reactions that illustrate and document the generalizations. While the text assumes completion of an introductory course in organic chemistry, it reviews the fundamental concepts for each topic that is discussed. The two-part fifth edition has been substantially revised and reorganized for greater clarity. Part A begins with the fundamental concepts of structure and stereochemistry, and the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of reactivity. Major reaction types covered include nucleophilic substitution, addition reactions, carbanion and carbonyl chemistry, aromatic substitution, pericyclic reactions, radical reactions, and photochemistry. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A provides a close look at the structural concepts and mechanistic patterns that are fundamental to organic chemistry. It relates those mechanistic patterns, including relative reactivity and stereochemistry, to underlying structural factors. Understanding these concepts and relationships will allow students to recognize the cohesive patterns of reactivity in organic chemistry. Part A: Structure and Mechanism and Part B: Reaction and Synthesis - taken together - are intended to provide the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student in chemistry with a foundation to comprehend and use the research literature in organic chemistry.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 1199 Seiten)
    Edition: 5th ed.
    ISBN: 9780387448992
    URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-0-387-44897-8/
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    The Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity (2007)
    Totowa, NJ : Humana Press
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Diabetes ; Endocrinology ; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention ; Human genetics ; Medicine ; Metabolic Syndrome X ; Nutrition ; Obesity
    ISBN: 9781597454315
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-431-5
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  • 31
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    Periodic Nanostructures (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Computer graphics ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9781402060205
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6020-5
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  • 32
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    Metathesis Chemistry : From Nanostructure Design to Synthesis of Advanced Materials (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9781402060915
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6091-5
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  • 33
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    Conformation-Dependent Design of Sequences in Copolymers I (2006)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540329466
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/11569572
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  • 34
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    Analysis and Control of Ultrafast Photoinduced Reactions (2007)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Plasma (Ionized gases) ; Spectrum analysis
    ISBN: 9783540680383
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68038-3
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  • 35
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    Fruit Manufacturing : Scientific Basis, Engineering Properties, and Deteriorative Reactions of Technological Importance (2006)
    New York, NY : Springer US
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387306162
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30616-2
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  • 36
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    Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387251202
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/b106815
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  • 37
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    Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 2 Lipids (2006)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science ; Nutrition
    Edition: Third Edition
    ISBN: 9780387288130
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28813-9
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    Utilization of By-Products and Treatment of Waste in the Food Industry (2007)
    Boston, MA : Springer
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387357669
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35766-9
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  • 39
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    Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology (2007)
    New York, NY : Anamaya Publishers
    Details
    Keywords: Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Materials
    ISBN: 9780387688152
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68815-2
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  • 40
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    Molecular Materials with Specific Interactions (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Materials ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9781402053726
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5372-X
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  • 41
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    Modern Formal Methods and Applications (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Computer science ; Logic design
    ISBN: 9781402042232
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4223-X
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  • 42
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    Fluid Transport in Nanoporous Materials (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers ; Thermodynamics ; Water pollution
    ISBN: 9781402043826
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4382-1
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  • 43
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    Free Energy Calculations : Theory and Applications in Chemistry and Biology (2007)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Physics ; Plasma (Ionized gases) ; Statistical physics
    ISBN: 9783540736172
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38448-9
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    Quantum Dynamics of Complex Molecular Systems (2007)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Materials ; Plasma (Ionized gases)
    ISBN: 9783540344605
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34460-5
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    The HAMMONIA chemistry climate model: Sensitivity of the mesopause region to the 11-year solar cycle and CO2 doubling, (2007)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: This paper introduces the three-dimensional Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), which treats atmospheric dynamics, radiation, and chemistry interactively for the height range from the earth’s surface to the thermosphere (approximately 250 km). It is based on the latest version of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, which is extended to include important radiative and dynamical processes of the upper atmosphere and is coupled to a chemistry module containing 48 compounds. The model is applied to study the effects of natural and anthropogenic climate forcing on the atmosphere, represented, on the one hand, by the 11-yr solar cycle and, on the other hand, by a doubling of the present-day concentration of carbon dioxide. The numerical experiments are analyzed with the focus on the effects on temperature and chemical composition in the mesopause region. Results include a temperature response to the solar cycle by 2 to 10 K in the mesopause region with the largest values occurring slightly above the summer mesopause. Ozone in the secondary maximum increases by up to 20% for solar maximum conditions. Changes in winds are in general small. In the case of a doubling of carbon dioxide the simulation indicates a cooling of the atmosphere everywhere above the tropopause but by the smallest values around the mesopause. It is shown that the temperature response up to the mesopause is strongly influenced by changes in dynamics. During Northern Hemisphere summer, dynamical processes alone would lead to an almost global warming of up to 3 K in the uppermost mesosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3903-3931
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Sensitivity ; Chemistry ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Ecological and fisheries development of Lake Manzalah (Egypt): hydrography and chemistry of Lake Manzalah (2006)
    Alexandria: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This journal is published by the NIOF, Egypt
    Description: Lake Manzalah; the largest delta Lake in Egypt represents a dynamic system that has been undergoing continuous and pronounced changes since long times. In the last year’s this Lake faced drastic problems that retarded its environmental and fisheries development; the most serious one is the discharge of waste water. It is attempted in the present study to investigate the chemical characters of Lake Manzalah water during 2001-2002. Water temperature ranged from an average of 12.35oC in January and 29.14oC in July. Dissolved Oxygen, pH and total dissolved solids were found in ranges optimum for the living of marine and freshwater fish species. The average concentrations of nutrients lied in the following ranges: 1.24 to 4.89 μmol PO4 -3 l-1 , 5.08 to 28.73 μmol SiO4 -2 l-1 and 1.81 to 17.7 μ_mol NO3-1 l-1 The concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds were found to be relatively higher at the southern regions of the Lake near to the outlets of the drains.
    Description: NIOF
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Water ; Chemistry ; Chemical composition ; Water content ; Environment ; Chemical composition ; Environments ; Water content ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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    Format: 46916 bytes
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    Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) abundances as a function of the distance from the source were measured by ground-based scattered-light Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) in the volcanic plumes of Mt. Etna on Sicily, Italy in August-October 2004 and May 2005 and Villarica in Chile in November 2004. BrO and SO2 spatial distributions in a cross section of Mt. Etna’s plume were also determined by Imaging DOAS. We observed an increase in the BrO/SO2 ratio in the plume from below the detection limit near the vent to about 4.5 x 10-4 at 19 km (Mt. Etna) and to about 1.3 x 10-4 at 3 km (Villarica) distance, respectively. Additional attempts were undertaken to evaluate the compositions of individual vents on Mt. Etna. Furthermore, we detected the halogen species ClO and OClO. This is the first time that OClO could be detected in a volcanic plume. Using calculated thermodynamic equilibrium compositions as input data for a one–dimensional photochemical model, we could reproduce the observed BrO and SO2 vertical columns in the plume and their ratio as function of distance from the volcano as well as vertical BrO and SO2 profiles across the plume with current knowledge of multiphase halogen chemistry, but only when we assumed the existence of an ”effective source region”, where volcanic volatiles and ambient air are mixed at about 600°C (in the proportions of 60% and 40%, respectively)
    Description: Published
    Description: D06311
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Volcanic Plumes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Evolution. Darwin for all seasons (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szathmary, Eors -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):306-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biology, Eotvos University Budapest, and Collegium Budapest (Institute for Advanced Study), 2 Szentharomsag utca, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. szathmary@colbud.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computational Biology ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Exobiology ; Humans ; Language ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Biology ; Origin of Life ; *Research ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Herve This profile. The joy of evidence-based cooking (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; *Cooking ; *Food ; France ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    France. Chemist claims innocence to spying charge (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; China ; *Fatty Acids ; France ; History, 21st Century ; *Theft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Don't forget long-term fundamental research in energy (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitesides, George M -- Crabtree, George W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):796-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Biotechnology ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Environment ; Photosynthesis ; *Research ; Solar Energy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: The runners-up for 2007's Breakthrough of the Year include advances in cellular and structural biology, astrophysics, physics, immunology, synthetic chemistry, neuroscience, and computer science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1844-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cosmic Radiation ; Humans ; Imagination ; Memory ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; *Science ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A 70 Kiloparsec X-Ray Tail in the Cluster A3627 (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present the discovery of a 70 kpc X-ray tail behind the small late-type galaxy ESO 137-001, in the nearby, hot (T=6.5 keV) merging cluster A3627, from both Chandra and XMM-Newton observations. The tail has a length-to-width ratio of approx. 10. It is luminous (L(0.5-2keV) approx 1041 ergs/s), with a temperature of approx. 0.7 keV and an X-ray gas mass of approx 10(exp 9) solar masses (approx 10% of the galaxy's stellar mass). We interpret this tail as the stripped interstellar medium of ESO 137-001 mixed with the hot cluster medium, with this blue galaxy being converted into a gas-poor galaxy. Three X-ray point sources are detected in the axis of the tail, which may imply active star formation there. The straightness and narrowness of the tail also imply that the turbulence in the intracluster medium is not strong on scales of 20-70 kpc.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; Volume 637; Part 2; L81-L85
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    Quasar Astrophysics with the Space Interferometry Mission (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Optical astrometry of quasars and active galaxies can provide key information on the spatial distribution and variability of emission in compact nuclei. The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM PlanetQuest) will have the sensitivity to measure a significant number of quasar positions at the microarcsecond level. SIM will be very sensitive to astrometric shifts for objects as faint as V = 19. A variety of AGN phenomena are expected to be visible to SIM on these scales, including time and spectral dependence in position offsets between accretion disk and jet emission. These represent unique data on the spatial distribution and time dependence of quasar emission. It will also probe the use of quasar nuclei as fundamental astrometric references. Comparisons between the time-dependent optical photocenter position and VLBI radio images will provide further insight into the jet emission mechanism. Observations will be tailored to each specific target and science question. SIM will be able to distinguish spatially between jet and accretion disk emission; and it can observe the cores of galaxies potentially harboring binary supermassive black holes resulting from mergers.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    The SIM PlanetQuest Science Program (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: SIM PlanetQuest (hereafter, just SIM) is a NASA mission to measure the angular positions of stars with unprecedented accuracy. We outline the main astrophysical science programs planned for SIM, and related opportunities for community participation. We focus especially on SIM's ability to detect exoplanets as small as the Earth around nearby stars. The planned synergy between SIM and other planet-finding missions including Kepler and GAIA, and planet-characterizing missions including the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Terrestrial Planet Finder--Coronagraph (TPF-C), and Terrestrial Planet Finder--Interferometer (TPF-I), is a key element in NASA's Navigator Program to find Earth-like planets, determine their habitability, and search for signs of life in the universe. SIM's technology development is now complete and the project is proceeding towards a launch in the next decade.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Acta Astronautica; Volume 61; 52-62
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    Revised Orbits of Saturn's Small Inner Satellites (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: We have updated the orbits of the small inner Saturnian satellites using additional Cassini imaging observations through 2007 March. Statistically significant changes from previously published values appear in the eccentricities and inclinations of Pan and Daphnis, but only small changes have been found in the estimated orbits of the other satellites. We have also improved our knowledge of the masses of Janus and Epimetheus as a result of their close encounter observed in early 2006.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: The Astronomical Journal; Volume 135; 261
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    Broken Symmetries and Magnetic Dynamos (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Phase space symmetries inherent in the statistical theory of ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence are known to be broken dynamically to produce large-scale coherent magnetic structure. Here, results of a numerical study of decaying MHD turbulence are presented that show large-scale coherent structure also arises and persists in the presence of dissipation. Dynamically broken symmetries in MHD turbulence may thus play a fundamental role in the dynamo process.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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    Discovery of Non-random Spatial Distribution of Impacts in the Stardust Cometary Collector (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: We report the discovery that impacts in the Stardust cometary collector are not distributed randomly in the collecting media, but appear to be clustered on scales smaller than 10 cm. We also report the discovery of at least two populations of oblique tracks. We evaluated several hypotheses that could explain the observations. No hypothesis was consistent with all the observations, but the preponderance of evidence points toward at least one impact on the central Whipple shield of the spacecraft as the origin of both clustering and low-angle oblique tracks. High-angle oblique tracks unambiguously originate from a non-cometary impact on the spacecraft bus just forward of the collector.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    SIM-PlanetQuest: Progress Report (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: SIM-PlanetQuest is a NASA astrophysics mission that is implementing the National Research Counsel's recommended Astrometric Interferometry Mission (AIM) to develop the first, in-space, optical, long-baseline Michelson Stellar Interferometer for performing micro-arcsecond-level astrometry. This level of astrometric precision will enable characterization of planetary systems around nearby stars and enable a number of key investigations in astrophysics including calibration of the cosmological distance scale, stellar and galactic structure and evolution, and dark matter/energy distribution. This paper provides an update on the SIM-PlanetQuest Mission covering the results of the 2005 mission redesign and the recent completion of the last in a series of technology "gates." The SIM-PlanetQuest mission redesign was directed by NASA to recover eroded mass and power margins and to meet specific implementation cost targets. The resulting mission redesign met all redesign objectives with minimal impact to mission science performance. This paper provides the mission redesign objectives and describes the resulting mission and system design including changes in science capability. SIM-PlanetQuest also completed the last of eight major technology development gates that were established in 2001 by NASA, completing the enabling technology development. The technology development program, the last gate, and its significance to the project's flight verification and validation (V&V) approach are briefly described (covered in more detail in a separate paper at this conference). An update on project programmatic status and plans is also provided.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings SPIE, Space Missions and Technology; Volume 6268
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    e(sup +/-) Pair Loading and the Origin of the Upstream Magnetic Field in GRB Shocks (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: We investigate here the effects of plasma instabilities driven by rapid e(sup +/-) pair cascades, which arise in the environment of GRB sources as a result of back-scattering of a seed fraction of their original spectrum. The injection of e(sup +/-) pairs induces strong streaming motions in the ambient medium. One therefore expects the pair-enriched medium ahead of the forward shock to be strongly sheared on length scales comparable to the radiation front thickness. Using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we show that plasma instabilities driven by these streaming e(sup +/-) pairs are responsible for the excitation of near-equipartition, turbulent magnetic fields. Our results reveal the importance of the electromagnetic filamentation instability in ensuring an effective coupling between e(sup +/-) pairs and ions, and may help explain the origin of large upstream fields in GRB shocks.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Dust in Cometary Comae: Present Understanding of the Structure and Composition of Dust Particles (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: In situ probing of a very few cometary comae has shown that dust particles present a low albedo and a low density, and that they consist of both rocky material and refractory organics. Remote observations of solar light scattered by cometary dust provide information on the properties of dust particles in the coma of a larger set of comets. The observations of the linear polarization in the coma indicate that the dust particles are irregular, with a size greater (on the average) than about one micron. Besides, they suggest, through numerical and experimental simulations, that both compact grains and fluffy aggregates (with a power law of the size distribution in the -2.6 to -3 range), and both rather transparent silicates and absorbing organics are present in the coma. Recent analysis of the cometary dust samples collected by the Stardust mission provide a unique ground truth and confirm, for comet 81P/Wild 2, the results from remote sensing observations. Future space missions to comets should, in the next decade, lead to a more precise characterization of the structure and composition of cometary dust particles.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Current Trends in Modeling Research for Turbulent Aerodynamic Flows (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The engineering tools of choice for the computation of practical engineering flows have begun to migrate from those based on the traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes approach to methodologies capable, in theory if not in practice, of accurately predicting some instantaneous scales of motion in the flow. The migration has largely been driven by both the success of Reynolds-averaged methods over a wide variety of flows as well as the inherent limitations of the method itself. Practitioners, emboldened by their ability to predict a wide-variety of statistically steady, equilibrium turbulent flows, have now turned their attention to flow control and non-equilibrium flows, that is, separation control. This review gives some current priorities in traditional Reynolds-averaged modeling research as well as some methodologies being applied to a new class of turbulent flow control problems.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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    Subscale Ship Airwake Studies Using Novel Vortex Flow Devices with Smoke, Laser-Vapor-Screen and Particle Image Velocimetry (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Ships produce vortices and air-wakes while either underway or stationary in a wind. These flow fields can be detrimental to the conduction of air operations in that they can adversely impact the air vehicles and flight crews. There are potential solutions to these problems for both frigates/destroyers and carriers through the use of novel vortex flow or flow control devices. This appendix highlights several devices which may have application and points out that traditional wind-tunnel testing using smoke, laser-vapor screen, and Particle Image Velocimetry can be useful in sorting out the effectiveness of different devices.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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    Ultra-fine-scale filamentary structures in the Outer Corona and the Solar Magnetic Field (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Filamentary structures following magnetic field lines pervade the Sun's atmosphere and offer us insight into the solar magnetic field. Radio propagation measurements have shown that the smallest filamentary structures in the solar corona are more than 2 orders of magnitude finer than those seen in solar imaging. Here we use radio Doppler measurements to characterize their transverse density gradient and determine their finest scale in the outer corona at 20-30 R(circled dot operator), where open magnetic fields prevail. Filamentary structures overly active regions have the steepest gradient and finest scale, while those overlying coronal holes have the shallowest gradient and least finest scale. Their organization by the underlying corona implies that these subresolution structures extend radially from the entire Sun, confirming that they trace the coronal magnetic field responsible for the radial expansion of the solar wind. That they are rooted all over the Sun elucidates the association between the magnetic field of the photosphere and that of the corona, as revealed by the similarity between the power spectra of the photospheric field and the coronal density fluctuations. This association along with the persistence of filamentary structures far from the Sun demonstrate that subresolution magnetic fields must play an important role not only in magnetic coupling of the photosphere and corona, but also in coronal heating and solar wind acceleration through the process of small-scale magnetic reconnection. They also explain why current widely used theoretical models that extrapolate photospheric magnetic fields into the corona do not predict the correct source of the solar wind.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal; Volume 639; L95-L98
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    Detection of GRB 060927 at zeta = 5.47: Implications for the Use of Gamma-Ray Bursts as Probes of the End of the Dark Ages (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: We report on follow-up observations of the gamma-ray burst GRB 060927 using the robotic ROTSE-IIIa telescope and a suite of larger aperture groundbased telescopes. An optical afterglow was detected 20 s after the burst, the earliest rest-frame detection of optical emission from any GRB. Spectroscopy performed with the VLT about 13 hours after the trigger shows a continuum break at lambda approx. equals 8070 A, produced by neutral hydrogen absorption at zeta = 5.6. We also detect an absorption line at 8158 A which we interpret as Si II lambda 1260 at zeta = 5.467. Hence, GRB 060927 is the second most distant GRB with a spectroscopically measured redshift. The shape of the red wing of the spectral break can be fitted by a damped Ly(alpha) profile with a column density with log(N(sub HI)/sq cm) = 22.50 +/- 0.15. We discuss the implications of this work for the use of GRBs as probes of the end of the dark ages and draw three main conclusions: i) GRB afterglows originating from zeta greater than or approx. equal to 6 should be relatively easy to detect from the ground, but rapid near-infrared monitoring is necessary to ensure that they are found; ii) The presence of large H I column densities in some GRBs host galaxies at zeta 〉 5 makes the use of GRBs to probe the reionization epoch via spectroscopy of the red damping wing challenging; iii) GRBs appear crucial to locate typical star-forming galaxies at zeta 〉 5 and therefore the type of galaxies responsible for the reionization of the universe.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    The Complete Spectral Catalog of Bright BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: We present a systematic spectral analysis of 350 bright Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) observed by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE; approx. 30 keV - 2 MeV; including 17 short GRBs) with high energy and time resolution. Our sample was selected from the complete set of 2704 BATSE GRBs based on their energy fluence or peak photon flux values to assure good statistics. To obtain well-constrained, model-unbiased spectral parameters, a set of various photon models is used to fit each spectrum, and internal characteristics of each model are also investigated. A thorough analysis has been performed on 342 time-integrated and 8459 time-resolved burst spectra, and the effects of integration times in determining the spectral parameters are explored. The analysis results presented here provide the most detailed perspective of spectral aspects of the GRB prompt emission to date. Using the results, we study correlations among spectral parameters and spectral evolutions. The results of all spectral fits are available electronically in FITS format, from the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC).
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Thermal Properties of Double-Aluminized Kapton at Low Temperatures (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Double-aluminized kapton (DAK) is commonly used in multi-layer insulation blankets in cryogenic systems. NASA plans to use individual DAK sheets in lightweight deployable shields for satellites carrying instruments. A set of these shields will reflect away thermal radiation from the sun, the earth, and the instrument's warm side and allow the instrument's cold side to radiate its own heat to deep space. In order to optimally design such a shield system, it is important to understand the thermal characteristics of DAK down to low temperatures. We describe experiments which measured the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity down to 4 Kelvin and the emissivity down to 10 Kelvin.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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    The Spectropolarimetric Evolution of V838 Monocerotis (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: I review photo-polarimetric and spectropolarimetric observations of V838 Mon, which revealed that it had an asymmetrical inner circumstellar envelope following its 2nd photometric outburst. Electron scattering, modified by pre- or post-scattering H absorption, is the polarizing mechanism in V838 Mon's envelope. The simplest geometry implied by these observations is that of a spheroidal shell, flattened by at least 10% and having a projected position angle on the sky of approx.37deg. Analysis of V838 Mon's polarized flux reveals that this electron scattering shell lies interior to the envelope region in which Ha and Ca I1 triplet emission originates. To date, none of the theoretical models proposed for V838 Mon have demonstrated that they can reproduce the evolution of V838 Mon's inner circumstellar environment, as probed by spectropolarimetry.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    GLAST Large Area Telescope Multiwavelength Planning (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Gamma-ray astrophysics depends in many ways on multiwavelength studies. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has started multiwavelength planning well before the scheduled 2007 launch of the observatory. Some of the high-priority multiwavelength needs include: (1) availability of contemporaneous radio and X-ray timing of pulsars; (2) expansion of blazar catalogs, including redshift measurements; (3) improved observations of molecular clouds, especially at high galactic latitudes; (4) simultaneous broad-spectrum blazar monitoring; (5) characterization of gamma-ray transients, including gamma ray bursts; (6) radio, optical, X-ray and TeV counterpart searches for reliable and effective sources identification and characterization. Several of these activities are needed to be in place before launch.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Suzaku Observation of Diffuse X-ray Emission from the Carina Nebula (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We studied extended X-ray emission from the Carina Nebula taken with the Suzaku CCD camera XIS on 2005 Aug. 29. The X-ray morphology, plasma temperature and absorption to the plasma are consistent with the earlier Einstein results. The Suzaku spectra newly revealed emission lines from various spices including oxygen, but not from nitrogen. This result restricts the N/O ratio significantly low, compared with evolved massive stellar winds, suggesting that the diffuse emission is originated in an old supernova remnant or a super shell produced by multiple supernova remnants. The X-ray spectra from the north and south of eta Car showed distinct differences between 0.3-2 keV. The south spectrum shows strong L-shell lines of iron ions and K-shell lines of silicon ions, while the north spectrum shows them weak in intensity. This means that silicon and iron abundances are a factor of 2-4 higher in the south region than in the north region. The abundance variation may be produced by an SNR ejecta, or relate to the dust formation around the star forming core.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    RXTE Observations of A1744-361: Correlated Spectral and Timing Behavior (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We analyze Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) Proportional Counter Array (PCA) data of the transient low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system A1744-361. We explore the X-ray intensity and spectral evolution of the source, perform timing analysis, and find that A1744-361 is a weak LMXB, that shows atoll behavior at high intensity states. The color-color diagram indicates that this LMXB was observed in a low intensity spectrally hard (low-hard) state and in a high intensity banana state. The low-hard state shows a horizontal pattern in the color-color diagram, and the previously reported dipper QPO appears only during this state. We also perform energy spectral analyses, and report the first detection of broad iron emission line and iron absorption edge from A1744-361.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    SPACE: the SPectroscopic, All-Sky Cosmic Explorer (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We describe the scientific motivations, the mission concept and the instrumentation of SPACE, a class-M mission proposed for concept study at the first call of the ESA Cosmic-Vision 2015-2025 planning cycle. SPACE aims at producing the largest three-dimensional evolutionary map of the Universe over the past 10 billion years by taking near-IR spectra and measuring redshifts of more than half a billion galaxies at 0 〈 z 〈 2 down to AB approximately 23 over 37r sr of the sky. In addition, SPACE will also target a smaller sky field, performing a deep spectroscopic survey of millions of galaxies to AB approximately 26 and at 2 〈 z 〈 l0+. Owing to the depth, redshift range, volume coverage and quality of its spectra, SPACE will reveal with unique sensitivity most of the fundamental cosmological signatures, including the power spectrum of density fluctuations and its turnover, the baryonic acoustic oscillations imprinted when matter and radiation decoupled, the distance-luminosity relation of cosmological supernovae, the evolution of the cosmic expansion rate, the growth rate of cosmic large-scale structure, the large scale distribution of galaxies. The datasets from the SPACE mission will represent a long lasting legacy that will be data mined for many years to come.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Predicting the Starquakes in PSR J0537-6910 (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We report the results of more than seven years of monitoring of PSR J0537-6910, the 16 ms pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using data acquired with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. During this campaign the pulsar experienced 22 sudden increases in frequency ("glitches" - 21 with increases of at least eight microHz) amounting to a total gain of over six parts per million of rotation frequency superposed on its gradual spindown of nu-dot = -2 x 10(exp -l0) Hz /s. The time interval from one glitch to the next obeys a strong linear correlation to the amplitude of the first glitch, with a mean slope of about 400 days per part per million (6.5 days per micro Hz), such that these intervals can be predicted to within a few days, an accuracy which has never before been seen in any other pulsar. There appears to be an upper limit of approximately 40 micro Hz for the size of glitches in all pulsars, with the 1999 April glitch of PSR J0537-6910 as the largest so far. The change of its spindown across the glitches, delta (nu-dot), appears to have the same hard lower limit of -1.5 x 10 (exp -13) Hz/s, as, again, that observed in all other pulsars. The spindown continues to increase in the long term, nu-dot = -10(exp -21) Hz / s(exp 2), and thus the timing age of PSR 505374910 (-0.5 nu nu-dot (exp -1) continues to decrease at a rate of nearly one year every year, consistent with movement of its magnetic moment away from its rotational axis by one radian every 10,000 years, or about one meter per year. PSR J0537-6910 was likely to have been born as a nearly-aligned rotator spinning at 75-80 Hz, with a absolute value of nu considerably smaller than its current value of 2x 10(exp -10) Hz per second. Its pulse profile consists of a single pulse which is found to be flat at its peak for at least 0.02 cycles. Glitch activity may grow exponentially with a timescale of 170 years nu nu-dot ((nu nu-dot)(sub crab))exp -l in all young pulsars.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    SI: The Stellar Imager (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The ultra-sharp images of the Stellar Imager (SI) will revolutionize our view of many dynamic astrophysical processes: The 0.1 milliarcsec resolution of this deep-space telescope will transform point sources into extended sources, and simple snapshots into spellbinding evolving views. SI s science focuses on the role of magnetism in the Universe, particularly on magnetic activity on the surfaces of stars like the Sun. SI s prime goal is to enable long-term forecasting of solar activity and the space weather that it drives in support of the Living With a Star program in the Exploration Era by imaging a sample of magnetically active stars with enough resolution to map their evolving dynamo patterns and their internal flows. By exploring the Universe at ultra-high resolution, SI will also revolutionize our understanding of the formation of planetary systems, of the habitability and climatology of distant planets, and of many magnetohydrodynamically controlled structures and processes in the Universe.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Erratum: Intergalactic Photon Spectra from the Far IR to the UV Lyman Limit for 0 〈 z 〈 6 and the Optical Depth of the Universe to High Energy Gamma-Rays (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Table 1 in our paper had erroneous numbers for the coefficients fitting the parametric form for the optical depth of the universe to gamma-rays; tau. The correct values for these parameters as described in the original text are given in the table for various redshifts for the baseline model (upper row) and fast evolution (lower row) for each individual redshift.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Report of Industry Panel Group (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A final report is presented from the industry panel group. The contents include: 1) General comments; 2) Positive progress since Minnowbrook IV; 3) Industry panel outcome; 4) Prioritized turbine projects; 5) Prioritized compressor projects; and 6) Miscellaneous.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: Minnowbrook V: 2006 Workshop on Unsteady Flows in Turbomachinery; NASA/CP-2006-214484
    Format: text
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    LAT Perspectives in Detection of High Energy Cosmic Ray Electrons (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) science objectives and capabilities in the detection of high energy electrons in the energy range from 20 GeV to approx. 1 TeV are presented. LAT simulations are used to establish the event selections. It is found that maintaining the efficiency of electron detection at the level of 30% the residual hadron contamination does not exceed 2-3% of the electron flux. LAT should collect approx. ten million of electrons with the energy above 20 GeV for each year of observation. Precise spectral reconstruction with high statistics presents us with a unique opportunity to investigate several important problems such as studying galactic models of IC radiation, revealing the signatures of nearby sources such as high energy cutoff in the electron spectrum, testing the propagation model, and searching for KKDM particles decay through their contribution to the electron spectrum.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Signature of Temporary Burning Front Stalling from a Non-Photospheric Radius Expansion Double-Peaked Burst (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Non-photospheric-radius-expansion(non-PRE) double-peaked bursts may be explained in terms of spreading (and temporary stalling) of thermonuclear flames on the neutron star surface, as we argued in a previous study of a burst assuming polar ignition. Here we analyze Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) Proportional Counter Array (PCA) data of such a burst (but with a considerably different intensity profile from the previous one) from the low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system 4U 1636-536, and show that this model can qualitatively explain the observed burst profile and spectral evolution, if we assume an off-polar, but high-latitude ignition, and burning front stalling at a higher latitude compared to that for the previous burst. The off-polar ignition can account for the millisecond period brightness oscillations detected from this burst. This is the first time oscillations have been seen from such a burst. Our model can qualitatively explain the oscillation amplitude measured during the first (weaker) peak, and the absence of oscillations during the second peak. The higher latitude front stalling facilitates the first clear detection of a signature of this stalling, which is the primary result of this work, and may be useful for understanding thermonuclear flame spreading on neutron stars.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    The 2004 Hyperflare from SGR 1806-20: Further Evidence for Global Torsional Vibrations (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We report an analysis of the archival Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data from the December 2004 hyperflare from SGR 1806-20. In addition to the approx. equal to 90 Hz QPO first discovered by Israel et al., we report the detection of higher frequency oscillations at approx. equal to 150, 625, and 1,835 Hz. In addition to these frequencies there are indications of oscillations at approx. equal to 720, and 2,384 Hz, but with lower significances. The 150 Hz QPO has a width (FWHM) of about 17 Hz, an average amplitude (rms) of 6.5%, and is detected in average power spectra centered on the rotational phase of the strongest peak in the pulse profile. This is approximately half a rotational cycle from the phase at which the 90 Hz QPO is strongly detected. The 625 Hz oscillation was first detected in an average power spectrum from nine successive cycles beginning approximately 180 s after the initial hard spike. It has a width (FWHM) of approx. equal to 2 Hz and an average amplitude (rms) during this interval of 9%. We find a strong detection of the 625 Hz oscillation in a pair of successive rotation cycles beginning about 230 s after the start of the flare. In these cycles we also detect the 1,835 Hz QPO with the 625 Hz oscillation. The rotational phase in which the 625 Hz &PO is detected is similar to that for the 90 Hz QPO, indeed, this feature is seen in the same average power spectrum. During the time the 625 Hz QPO is detected we also confirm the simultaneous presence of 30 and 92 Hz QPOs, first reported by Israel et al. The centroid frequency of the 625 Hz QPO detected with RXTE is within 1 Hz of the M 626 Hz oscillation recently found in RHESSI data from this hyperflare by Watts & Strohmayer, however, the two detections were made in different phase and energy intervals. Nevertheless, we argue that the two results likely represent detections of the same oscillation frequency intrinsic to the source, but we comment on some of the difficulties in making direct comparisons between the RXTE and RHESSI measurements
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Rapid Identification of GRB Afterglows with Swift/UVOT (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: As part of the automated response to a new gamma-ray burst (GRB), the Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope (UVOT) instrument on Swift starts a 200-second exposure with the V filter within approximately 100 seconds of the BAT burst trigger. The instrument searches for sources in a 8' x 8' region, and sends the list of sources and a 160" x 160" sub-image centered on the burst position to the ground via Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). These raw products and additional products calculated on the ground are then distributed through the GCN within a few minutes of the trigger. We describe the sensitivity of these data for detecting afterglows, summarize current results, and outline plans for rapidly distributing future detections.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Fourier resolved spectroscopy of 4U 1543-47 during the 2002 outburst (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We have obtained Fourier-resolved spectra of the black-hole binary 4U 1543-47 in the canonical states (high/soft, very high, intermediate and low/hard) observed in this source during the decay of an outburst that took place in 2002. Our objective is to investigate the variability of the spectral components generally used to describe the energy spectra of black-hole systems, namely a disk component, a power-law component attributed to Comptonization by a hot corona and the contribution of the iron line due to reprocessing of the high energy (E greater than or approx, equal to 7 keV) radiation. We find that i) the disk component is not variable on time scales shorter than approx. 100 seconds, ii) the reprocessing emission as manifest by the variability of the Fe K(alpha) line responds to the primary radiation variations down to time scales of approx. 70 ms in the high and very-high states, but longer than 2 s in the low state, iii) the low-frequency QPOs are associated with variations of the X-ray power law spectral component and not to the disk component and iv) the spectra corresponding to the highest Fourier frequency are the hardest (show the flatter spectra) at a given spectral state. These results questions the models that explain the observed power spectra as due to modulations of the accretion rate only.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Thrust Augmentation Using a Speaker-Driven Jet (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: An experimental investigation is described in which a simple speaker-driven jet was used as a pulsed thrust source (driver) for an ejector configuration. The objectives of the investigation were twofold. The first was to expand the experimental body of evidence showing that an unsteady thrust source, combined with a properly sized ejector generally yields higher thrust augmentation values than a similarly sized, steady driver of equivalent thrust. The second objective was to identify characteristics of the unsteady driver that may be useful for sizing ejectors, and for predicting the thrust augmentation levels that may be achieved. The speaker-driven jet provided a convenient source for the investigation because it is entirely unsteady (i.e., it has no mean velocity component) and because relevant parameters such as frequency, time-averaged thrust, and diameter are easily variable. The experimental setup will be described, as will the two main measurements techniques employed. These are thrust and digital particle imaging velocimetry of the driver. It will be shown that thrust augmentation values as high as 1.8 were obtained, that the diameter of the best ejector scaled with the dimensions of the emitted vortex, and that the so-called formation time serves as a useful dimensionless parameter by which to characterize the jet and predict performance.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: AIAA Journal; Volume 45; No. 3; 607-614
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    LISA Framework for Enhancing Gravitational Wave Signal Extraction Techniques (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: This paper describes the development of a Framework for benchmarking and comparing signal-extraction and noise-interference-removal methods that are applicable to interferometric Gravitational Wave detector systems. The primary use is towards comparing signal and noise extraction techniques at LISA frequencies from multiple (possibly confused) ,gravitational wave sources. The Framework includes extensive hybrid learning/classification algorithms, as well as post-processing regularization methods, and is based on a unique plug-and-play (component) architecture. Published methods for signal extraction and interference removal at LISA Frequencies are being encoded, as well as multiple source noise models, so that the stiffness of GW Sensitivity Space can be explored under each combination of methods. Furthermore, synthetic datasets and source models can be created and imported into the Framework, and specific degraded numerical experiments can be run to test the flexibility of the analysis methods. The Framework also supports use of full current LISA Testbeds, Synthetic data systems, and Simulators already in existence through plug-ins and wrappers, thus preserving those legacy codes and systems in tact. Because of the component-based architecture, all selected procedures can be registered or de-registered at run-time, and are completely reusable, reconfigurable, and modular.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: LISA Science Analysis
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    Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Atomic Data Used for X-ray Spectrum Synthesis (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A great deal of work has been devoted to the accumulation of accurate quantities describing atomic processes for use in analysis of astrophysical spectra. But in many situations of interest the interpretation of a quantity which is observed, such as a line flux, depends on the results of a modeling- or spectrum synthesis code. The results of such a code depends in turn on many atomic rates or cross sections, and the sensitivity of the observable quantity on the various rates and cross sections may be non-linear and if so cannot easily be derived analytically. This paper describes simple numerical experiments designed to examine some of these issues. Similar studies have been carried out previously in the context of solar UV lines by Gianetti et al. (2000); Savin & Laming (2002) and in the context of the iron M shell UTA in NGC 3783 by Netzer (2004).
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 124-128; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    THz Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Database for Astrophysics (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Molecule specific astronomical observations rely on precisely determined laboratory molecular data for interpretation. The Herschel Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infrared, a suite of SOFIA instruments, and ALMA are each well placed to expose the limitations of available molecular physics data and spectral line catalogs. Herschel and SOFIA will observe in high spectral resolution over the entire far infrared range. Accurate data to previously unimagined frequencies including infrared ro-vibrational and ro-torsional bands will be required for interpretation of the observations. Planned ALMA observations with a very small beam will reveal weaker emission features requiring accurate knowledge of higher quantum numbers and additional vibrational states. Historically, laboratory spectroscopy has been at the front of submillimeter technology development, but now astronomical receivers have an enormous capability advantage. Additionally, rotational spectroscopy is a relatively mature field attracting little interest from students and funding agencies. Molecular data base maintenance is tedious and difficult to justify as research. This severely limits funding opportunities even though data bases require the same level of expertise as research. We report the application of some relatively new receiver technology into a simple solid state THz spectrometer that has the performance required to collect the laboratory data required by astronomical observations. Further detail on the lack of preparation for upcoming missions by the JPL spectral line catalog is given.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 233-238; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Isotope Effects in Collisional VT Relaxation of Molecular Hydrogen (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A simple exponential-potential model of molecular collisions leads to a two-parameter analytic expression for rates of collisionally induced vibrational-translation (VT) energy exchange that has been shown to be accurate over variations of orders of magnitude as a function of temperature in a variety of systems. This includes excellent agreement with reported experimental and theoretical results for the fundamental self-relaxation rate of molecular hydrogen H2(v = 1) + H2 yields H2(v = 0) + H2. The analytic rate successfully follows the five-orders-of-magnitude change in experimental values for the temperature range 50-2000 K. This approach is now applied to isotope effects in the vibrational relaxation rates of excited HD and D2 in collision with H2: HD(v = 1)+H2 yields HD(v = 0)+H2 and D2(v = 1)+H2 yields D2(v = 0)+H2. The simplicity of the analytic expression for the thermal rate lends itself to convenient application in modeling the evolving vibrational populations of molecular hydrogen in shocked astrophysical environments.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 299-302; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Comets (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Spectroscopy of comets, in the X-ray and far-ultraviolet from space, and in the near infrared and millimeter from the ground, have revealed a wealth of new information, particularly about the molecular constituents that make up the volatile fraction of the comet s nucleus. Interpretation of these data requires not only proper wavelengths for identification but also information about the photolytic and excitation processes at temperatures typical of the inner coma (70-100 K) that lead to the observed spectral signatures. Several examples, mainly from Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer and Hubble Space Telescope spectra of comets observed during the last few years, will be given to illustrate some of the current issues.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 62-67; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Laboratory Studies on the Formation of Carbon-Bearing Molecules in Extraterrestrial Environments: From the Gas Phase to the Solid State (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A detailed knowledge of the formation of carbon-bearing molecules in interstellar ices and in the gas phase of the interstellar medium is of paramount interest to understand the astrochemical evolution of extraterrestrial environments (1). This research also holds strong implications to comprehend the chemical processing of Solar System environments such as icy planets and their moons together with the atmospheres of planets and their satellites (2). Since the present composition of each interstellar and Solar System environment reflects the matter from which it was formed and the processes which have changed the chemical nature since the origin (solar wind, planetary magnetospheres, cosmic ray exposure, photolysis, chemical reactions), a detailed investigation of the physicochemical mechanisms altering the pristine environment is of paramount importance to grasp the contemporary composition. Once these underlying processes have been unraveled, we can identify those molecules, which belonged to the nascent setting, distinguish molecular species synthesized in a later stage, and predict the imminent chemical evolution of, for instance, molecular clouds. Laboratory experiments under controlled physicochemical conditions (temperature, pressure, chemical composition, high energy components) present ideal tools for simulating the chemical evolution of interstellar and Solar System environments. Here, laboratory experiments can predict where and how (reaction mechanisms; chemicals necessary) in extraterrestrial environments and in the interstellar medium complex, carbon bearing molecules can be formed on interstellar grains and in the gas phase. This paper overviews the experimental setups utilized in our laboratory to mimic the chemical processing of gas phase and solid state (ices) environments. These are a crossed molecular beams machine (3) and a surface scattering setup (4). We also present typical results of each setup (formation of amino acids, aldehydes, epoxides; synthesis of hydrogen terminated carbon chains as precursors to complex PAHs and to carbonaceous dust grains in general; nitriles as precursor to amino acids).
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 68-72; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    A Brief Summary of Some of the Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Our present knowledge of the molecular universe has come primarily from radio observations [ I include here millimeter and submillimeter in this rubric]. There are a number of reasons for this but the primary one is the extremely high spectral resolution. The ease of observing emission from the volume of dense molecular clouds without significant attenuation by scattering from dust has shown this to be the powerful observational tool for molecular astronomy. Finally the relative simplicity of rotational compared to vibrational or electronic spectroscopy allows carrier identification as well as facile evaluation of cloud conditions such as density and temperature. These virtues become tenuous as the astronomical observations are pushed to higher frequencies for enhanced observational sensitivity. Thus precision rest frequencies are mandatory for the search for new species. We may inquire about which new species require particular attention, and which species may be relatively safely predicted on the basis of lower frequency laboratory measurements. For a rigid rotor the three rotational constants are sufficient to completely specify the transition frequencies. The intensities require the three components of the electric dipole moment. For semirigid species, where the centrifugal distortion, may be treated at the quartic level of angular momentum (Bunker et al. 1998), up to five additional constants are required (Watson 1967). There are a number of such species of considerable interest, where laboratory measurements are adequate for astronomical searches.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 133-135; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Cosmological Implications of the Uncertainty in Astrochemical Rate Coefficients (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The cooling of neutral gas of primordial composition, or with very low levels of metal enrichment, depends crucially on the formation of molecular coolants, such as H2 and HD within the gas. Although the chemical reactions involved in the formation and destruction of these molecules are well known, the same cannot be said for the rate coefficients of these reactions, some of which are uncertain by an order of magnitude. Here we discuss two reactions for which large uncertainties exist the formation of H2 by associative detachment of H- with H and the destruction of H- by mutual neutralization with protons. We show that these uncertainties can have a dramatic impact on the effectiveness of cooling during protogalactic collapse.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 248-251; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    The Gaseous Disks of Young Stellar Objects (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Disks represent a crucial stage in the formation of stars and planets. They are novel astrophysical systems with attributes intermediate between the interstellar medium and stars. Their physical properties are inhomogeneous and are affected by hard stellar radiation and by dynamical evolution. Observing disk structure is difficult because of the small sizes, ranging from as little as 0.05 AU at the inner edge to 100-1000 AU at large radial distances. Nonetheless, substantial progress has been made by observing the radiation emitted by the dust from near infrared to mm wavelengths, i.e., the spectral energy distribution of an unresolved disk. Many fewer results are available for the gas, which is the main mass component of disks over much of their lifetime. The inner disk gas of young stellar objects (henceforth YSOs) have been studied using the near infrared rovibrational transitions of CO and a few other molecules, while the outer regions have been explored with the mm and sub-mm lines of CO and other species. Further progress can be expected in understanding the physical properties of disks from observations with sub-mm arrays like SMA, CARMA and ALMA, with mid infrared measurements using Spitzer, and near infrared spectroscopy with large ground-based telescopes. Intense efforts are also being made to model the observations using complex thermal-chemical models. After a brief review of the existing observations and modeling results, some of the weaknesses of the models will be discussed, including the absence of good laboratory and theoretical calculations for essential microscopic processes.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 34-44; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Gas-phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The purpose of this investigation was to produce fluorescence spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules in the gas-phase for comparison with blue luminescence (BL) emission observed in astrophysical sources Vijh et al. (2004, 2005a,b). The BL occurs roughly from 350 to 450 nm, with a sharp peak near 380 nm. PAHs with three to four rings, e.g. anthracene and pyrene, were found to produce luminescence in the appropriate spectral region, based on existing studies. Relatively few studies of the gas-phase fluorescence of PAHs exist; those that do exist have dealt primarily with the same samples commonly available for purchase such as pyrene and anthracene. In an attempt to understand the chemistry of the nebular environment we also obtained several nitrogen substituted PAHs from our colleagues at NASA Ames. In order to simulate the astrophysical environment we also took spectra by heating the PAHs in a flame. The flame environment counteracts the formation of eximers and permits the spectroscopy of free-flying neutral molecules. Experiments with coal tar demonstrate that fluorescence spectroscopy reveals primarily the presence of the smallest molecules, which are most abundant and which possess the highest fluorescence efficiencies. One gas-phase PAH that seems to fit the BL spectrum most closely is phenanthridine. In view of the results from the spectroscopy of coal tar, a compound containing a mixture of PAHs ranging from small to very large PAH molecules, we can not preclude the presence of larger PAHs in interstellar sources exhibiting BL.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 264-267; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Laboratory Astrophysics White Paper (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Laboratory astrophysics and complementary theoretical calculations are the foundations of astronomical and planetary research and will remain so for many generations to come. From the level of scientific conception to that of the scientific return, it is our understanding of the underlying processes that allows us to address fundamental questions regarding the origins and evolution of galaxies, stars, planetary systems, and life in the cosmos. In this regard, laboratory astrophysics is much like detector and instrument development at NASA and NSF; these efforts are necessary for the astronomical research being funded by the agencies. The NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop met at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) from 14-16 February, 2006 to identify the current laboratory data needed to support existing and future NASA missions and programs in the Astrophysics Division of the Science Mission Directorate (SMD). Here we refer to both laboratory and theoretical work as laboratory astrophysics unless a distinction is necessary. The format for the Workshop involved invited talks by users of laboratory data, shorter contributed talks and poster presentations by both users and providers that highlighted exciting developments in laboratory astrophysics, and breakout sessions where users and providers discussed each others' needs and limitations. We also note that the members of the Scientific Organizing Committee are users as well as providers of laboratory data. As in previous workshops, the focus was on atomic, molecular, and solid state physics.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 1-15; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Calculation of Atomic Data for NASA Missions (2006)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The interpretation of cosmic spectra relies on a vast sea of atomic data which are not readily obtainable from analytic expressions or simple calculations. Rather, their evaluation typically requires state-of-the-art atomic physics calculations, with the inclusion of weaker effects (spin-orbit and configuration interactions, relaxation, Auger broadening, etc.), to achieve the level of accuracy needed for use by astrophysicists. Our NASA-supported research program is focused on calculating data for three important atomic processes, 1) dielectronic recombination (DR), 2) inner-shell photoabsorption, and 3) fluorescence and Auger decay of inner-shell vacancy states. Some additional details and examples of our recent findings are given.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 190-193; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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    Recent Excitation, Charge Exchange, and Lifetime Results in Highly Charged Ions Relevant to Stellar, Interstellar, Solar and Comet Phenomena (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Recent JPL absolute excitation and charge exchange cross sections, and measurements of lifetimes of metastable levels in highly-charged ions (HCIs) are reported. These data provide benchmark comparisons to results of theoretical calculations. Theoretical approaches can then be used to calculate the vast array of data which cannot be measured due to experimental constraints. Applications to the X-ray emission from comets are given.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 129-132; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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  • 96
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    Laboratory astrophysics on ASDEX Upgrade: Measurements and analysis of K-shell O, F, and Ne spectra in the 9 - 20 A region (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: High-resolution measurements of K-shell emission from O, F, and Ne have been performed at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak in Garching, Germany. Independently measured temperature and density profiles of the plasma provide a unique test bed for model validation. We present comparisons of measured spectra with calculations based on transport and collisional-radiative models and discuss the reliability of commonly used diagnostic line ratios.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop; 198-201; NASA/CP-2006-214549
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  • 97
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    All-Sky Hard X-Ray Spectral Line Survey with EXIST (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), under study to be the Black Hole Finder Probe in NASA's Beyond Einstein Program, would image the sky every 95 min in the energy range 10-600 keV. Although the main scientific objectives of EXIST are the systematic, all-sky survey of heavily obscured AGNs and gamma-ray bursts, there is a substantial capability of EXIST for the observation of transient and persistent hard X-ray lines from several astrophysical sources.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: New Astronomy Reviews (ISSN 1387-6473); Volume 50; 637-639
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    An Intriguing Convex Break in the EGRET SED of Mrk 421 (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Based upon analysis of the entire EGRET data from Mrk 421, it is found that the time-averaged spectra are inconsistent with the predictions of current theoretical models that have had success in describing simultaneous X-ray/TeV observations, and suggest additional components in the GeV band, as well as complex time variability. Current theoretical pictures explain the GeV emission as comptonization of the synchrotron photons in the jet, and predict hard spectra that should join smoothly with the TeV emission. Our analysis shows that the situation is more complex. The spectrum ranges from hard to soft during individual epochs, and shows a convext break in the aggregated data. We also present the mission-averaged EGRET spectrum for PKS 2155-304, which shows a similar (but not as pronounced) convex curvature. We discuss a series of possible explanations for the 10(exp 22) - 10(exp 23) HZ declining part of the EGRET nu F(sub nu), spectrum for Mrk 421, and suggest that it is synchrotron emission from the high energy tail of the electron population that produces the X-rays during the highest X-ray states. Such multi-MeV photons are produced by electrons accelerated close to the limit of diffusive shock acceleration. Simultaneous GLAST and X-ray observations of high X-ray states will address the issue of the convex curvature in the future.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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  • 99
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    Fast X-ray Oscillations during Magnetar Flares (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The giant flares produced by highly magnetized neutron stars, "magnetars," are the brightest sources of high energy radiation outside our solar system. Serendipitous observations with NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) of the two most recent flares resulted in the discovery of high frequency oscillations in their X-ray fluxes. The frequencies of these oscillations range from approx. 20 Hz to as high as 1800 Hz, and may represent the first detection of global oscillation modes of neutron stars. Here I will present an observational and theoretical overview of these oscillations and discuss how they might allow us to probe neutron star interiors and dense matter physics.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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  • 100
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    The EPIC-MOS Particle-Induced Background Spectrum (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We have developed a method for constructing a spectrum of the particle-induced instrumental background of the XMM-Newton EPIC MOS detectors that can be used for observations of the diffuse background and extended sources that fill a significant fraction of the instrument field of view. The strength and spectrum of the particle-induced background, that is, the background due to the interaction of particles with the detector and the detector surroundings, is temporally variable as well as spatially variable over individual chips. Our method uses a combination of the filter-wheel-closed data and a database of unexposed-region data to construct a spectrum of the "quiescent" background. We show that, using this method of background subtraction, the differences between independent observations of the same region of "blank sky" are consistent with the statistical uncertainties except when there is clear evidence of solar wind charge exchange emission. We use the blank sky observations to show that contamination by SWCX emission is a strong function of the solar wind proton flux, and that observations through the flanks of the magnetosheath appear to be contaminated only at much higher solar wind fluxes. We have also developed a spectral model of the residual soft proton flares, which allows their effects to be removed to a substantial degree during spectral fitting.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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