ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Background and objectives ; 2 Theory ; 3 Innovation and entrepreneurship monitors ; 4 Method ; 5 Frame conditions for innovations in forestry in Central Europe ; 6 Forest-owners and forest managers as innovators ; 7 Forest-owners and forest managers as entrepreneurs: start-ups in forestry ; 8 Entrepreneurial orientation and future expectations ; 9 Institutional system of innovation ; 10 Innovation systems and processes: lessons from selected cases ; 11 Conclusions and recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains

Description / Table of Contents: 〉〉Planung〈〈 war einst ein Schlüsselwort, das die rationale Gestaltung von Raum und Gesellschaft verhieß. Später geriet das Wort in das Assoziationsumfeld von Bevormundung, Bürokratie und Ineffizienz. Heute sieht man - was die 〉〉Planung〈〈 für Städte und Regionen betrifft - klarer: Räumliche Entwicklung resultiert aus dem Handeln vieler.

Description / Table of Contents: With increasing urbanization, a well-functioning transport infrastructure that takes into account the needs of the society is becoming more and more important. In particular, a high proportion of motorized traffic can cause far-reaching problems that affect large parts of the urban population, such as traffic congestion or increased air pollution. To counteract this trend, an optimized distribution of traffic flows could improve the situation from a societal perspective. Since most routing decisions are made based on digital maps before the journey starts, clear and intuitive visualization is crucial for conveying the cartographic information to the traveler. While most existing services typically provide the most efficient routing options in terms of travel time, newer approaches attempt to guide drivers to societally favorable routes. These take into account societally relevant factors, which are referred to as scenarios in this thesis, and include environmental issues such as traffic congestion or air pollution. However, since such a societally favorable route is not necessarily efficient for the individual traveler, it is important to convince the traveler to choose a seemingly less efficient route. For this purpose, an automatic method for visualizing route maps is developed, which calculates societally favorable routes, and communicates them visually to the end user in such a way that the user would prefer to use them. For this communication, different visual variables of cartography are used, whose usage is adapted to the different scenarios and controlled by scenario-specific thresholds. Based on the goal of dynamic distribution of traffic flows, the proposed method recommends routes that are not necessarily the shortest or fastest, but rather those that seek to avoid unfavorable or hazardous paths or areas. The proposed design variants of route maps use a large variety of symbolization techniques; including classic visual variables of cartography such as color, size or pattern, but also more abstract methods that use cartographic generalization techniques.

Description / Table of Contents: Mit zunehmender Verstädterung gewinnt eine gut funktionierende Verkehrsinfrastruktur, die den Bedürfnissen der Gesellschaft Rechnung trägt, immer mehr an Bedeutung. Insbesondere ein hoher Anteil an motorisiertem Verkehr kann weitreichende Probleme verursachen, die große Teile der Stadtbevölkerung betreffen, wie z.B. Verkehrsstaus oder erhöhte Luftverschmutzung. Um dieser Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken, könnte eine optimierte Verteilung der Verkehrsströme die Situation für die Gemeinschaft verbessern. Da die meisten Routing-Entscheidungen vor Reiseantritt auf der Grundlage digitaler Karten getroffen werden, ist eine klare und intuitive Visualisierung entscheidend für die Vermittlung kartografischer Informationen an den Reisenden. Während die meisten bestehenden Dienste in der Regel die effizientesten Routing-Optionen im Hinblick auf die Reisezeit bieten, versuchen neuere Ansätze, die Fahrer auf gesellschaftlich vorteilhafte Routen zu leiten. Diese berücksichtigen gesellschaftlich relevante Faktoren, die in dieser Arbeit als Szenarien bezeichnet werden. Darunter fallen Umweltprobleme wie Verkehrsstaus oder Luftverschmutzung. Da eine solche gesellschaftlich vorteilhafte Route für den einzelnen Reisenden jedoch nicht zwangsläufig effizient ist, ist es wichtig, den Reisenden davon zu überzeugen, eine scheinbar weniger effiziente Route zu wählen. Dazu wird im Rahmen der Arbeit ein automatisches Verfahren zur Visualisierung von Routenkarten entwickelt, welches gesellschaftlich vorteilhafte Routen berechnet und diese so visuell dem Endnutzer kommuniziert, dass dieser sie bevorzugt nutzen möchte. Für diese Kommunikation kommen verschiedene visuelle Variablen der Kartographie zum Einsatz, deren Verwendung auf die verschiedenen Szenarien angepasst sind und über Szenario-spezifische Schwellwerte gesteuert werden. Basierend auf dem Ziel einer dynamischen Verteilung der Verkehrsströme empfiehlt die vorgeschlagene Methode Routen, die nicht unbedingt die kürzesten oder schnellsten sind, sondern vielmehr solche Routen, die ungünstige oder gefährliche Wege oder Bereiche zu vermeiden versuchen. Die vorgeschlagenen Designvarianten von Routenkarten nutzen eine Vielzahl von Symbolisierungstechniken; darunter klassische, visuelle Variablen der Kartographie wie Farbe, Größe oder Muster, aber auch abstraktere Methoden, die kartographische Generalisierungstechniken verwenden.

Description / Table of Contents: The publication of this volume occurs at the one-hundredth anniversary of 1905, which has been called the annus mirabilus because it was the year of a number of enormous scientific advances. Among them are four papers by Albert Einstein explaining (among other things) Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect, the special theory of relativity, and the equation E = mc2. Also of significance in 1905 was the first application of another major advance in physics, which dramatically changed the fields of Earth and planetary science. In March of 1905 (and published the following year), Ernest Rutherford presented the following in the Silliman Lectures at Yale: "The helium observed in the radioactive minerals is almost certainly due to its production from the radium and other radioactive substances contained therein. If the rate of production of helium from known weights of the different radioelements were experimentally known, it should thus be possible to determine the interval required for the production of the amount of helium observed in radioactive minerals, or, in other words, to determine the age of the mineral." Rutherford E (1906) Radioactive Transformations. Charles Scriber's Sons, NY Thus radioisotopic geochronology was born, almost immediately shattering centuries of speculative conjectures and estimates and laying the foundation for establishment of the geologic timescale, the age of the Earth and meteorites, and a quantitative understanding of the rates of processes ranging from nebular condensation to Quaternary glaciations. There is an important subplot to the historical development of radioisotopic dating over the last hundred years, which, ironically, arises directly from the subsequent history of the U-He dating method Rutherford described in 1905. Almost as soon as radioisotopic dating was invented, it was recognized that the U-He [or later the (U-Th)/He method], provided ages that were often far younger than those allowed by stratigraphic correlations or other techniques such as U/Pb dating. Clearly, as R.J. Strutt noted in 1910, He ages only provided "minimum values, because helium leaks out from the mineral, to what extent it is impossible to say" (Strutt, 1910, Proc Roy Soc Lond, Ser A 84:379-388). For several decades most attention was diverted to U/Pb and other techniques better suited to measurement of crystallization ages and establishment of the geologic timescale. Gradually it became clear that other radioisotopic systems such as K/Ar and later fission-track also provided ages that were clearly younger than formation ages. In 1910 it may have been impossible to say the extent to which He (or most other elements) leaked out of minerals, but eventually a growing understanding of thermally-activated diffusion and annealing began to shed light on the significance of such ages. The recognition that some systems can provide cooling, rather than formation, ages, was gradual and diachronous across radioisotopic systems. Most of the heavy lifting in this regard was accomplished by researchers working on the interpretation of K/Ar and fission-track ages. Ironically, Rutherfordπs He-based radioisotopic system was one of the last to be quantitatively interpreted as a thermochronometer, and has been added to K/Ar (including 40Ar/39Ar) and fission-track methods as important for constraining the medium- to low-temperature thermal histories of rocks and minerals. Thermochronology has had a slow and sometimes fitful maturation from what were once troubling age discrepancies and poorly-understood open-system behaviors, into a powerful branch of geochronology applied by Earth scientists from diverse fields. Cooling ages, coupled with quantitative understanding of crystal-scale kinetic phenomena and crustal- or landscape-scale interpretational models now provide an enormous range of insights into tectonics, geomorphology, and subjects of other fields. At the same time, blossoming of lower temperature thermochronometric approaches has inspired new perspectives into the detailed behavior of higher temperature systems that previously may have been primarily used for establishing formation ages. Increased recognition of the importance of thermal histories, combined with improved analytical precision, has motivated progress in understanding the thermochronologic behavior of U/Pb, Sm/Nd, Lu/Hf, and other systems in a wide range of minerals, filling out the temperature range accessible by thermochronologic approaches. Thus the maturation of low- and medium-temperature thermochronology has led to a fuller understanding of the significance of radioisotopic ages in general, and to one degree or another has permeated most of geochronology. Except in rare cases, the goal of thermochronology is not thermal histories themselves, but rather the geologic processes responsible for them. Thermochronometers are now routinely used for quantifying exhumation histories (tectonic or erosional), magmatism, or landscape evolution. As thermochronology has matured, so have model and interpretational approaches used to convert thermal histories into these more useful geologic histories. Low-temperature thermochronology has been especially important in this regard, as knowledge of thermal processes in the uppermost few kilometers of the crust require consideration of coupled interactions of tectonic, geodynamic, and surface processes. Exciting new developments in these fields in turn drive improved thermochronologic methods and innovative sampling approaches. The chapters This volume presents 22 chapters covering many of the important modern aspects of thermochronology. The coverage of the chapters ranges widely, including historical perspective, analytical techniques, kinetics and calibrations, modeling approaches, and interpretational methods. In general, the chapters focus on intermediate- to low-temperature thermochronometry, though some chapters cover higher temperature methods such as monazite U/Pb closure profiles, and the same theory and approaches used in low-temperature thermochronometry are generally applicable to higher temperature systems. The widely used low- to medium-temperature thermochronometric systems are reviewed in detail in these chapters, but while there are numerous chapters reviewing various aspects of the apatite (U-Th)/He system, there is no chapter singularly devoted to it, partly because of several previous reviews recently published on this topic. Chapter 1 by Reiners, Ehlers, and Zeitler provides a perspective on the history of thermochronology, comments on modern work in this field and general lessons on the potential for noise to be turned into signal. This chapter also provides a summary of the current challenges, unresolved issues, and most exciting prospects in the field. Much of the modern understanding of kinetic controls on apparent ages, thermal histories, and sampling approaches comes from decades of progress in fission-track dating, a method that remains as essential as ever, partly because of the power of track-length measurements and the depth of (at least empirical) understanding of the kinetics of track annealing. Tagami, Donelick and OπSullivan review the fundamentals of modern fission-track dating (Chapter 2). Two of the most commonly dated, well-understood, and powerful minerals dated by fission-track methods are apatite and zircon, and the specifics of modern methods for these systems and their kinetics are reviewed by Donelick, OπSullivan, and Ketcham (Chapter 3), and Tagami (Chapter 4). Although 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He dating methods followed somewhat different paths to their modern thermochronologic incarnations, they have many features in common, especially in the kinetics of diffusion and closure. Zeitler and Harrison review the concepts underlying both 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He methods (Chapter 5). Zircon was one of the first minerals dated by the (U-Th)/He method, but has only just begun to be used for thermochronometry of both bedrock and detrital samples, as reviewed by Reiners (Chapter 6). Continuous time-temperature paths from intracrystalline variations of radiogenic Ar proven perhaps the most powerful of all thermochronologic approaches, and an innovative analogous approach in He dating (4He/3He thermochronometry) is revealing remarkably powerful constraints on the extreme low temperature end of thermal histories, as reviewed by Shuster and Farley (Chapter 7). Thermochronology of detrital minerals provides unique constraints on the long-term evolution of orogens, sediment provenance, and depositional age constraints, to name a few. Bernet and Garver (Chapter 8) review the essentials of detrital zircon fission-track dating, one of the most venerable and robust of detrital thermochronometers, and in Chapter 9, Hodges, Ruhl, Wobus, and Pringle review the use of 40Ar/39Ar dating of detrital minerals, demonstrating the power of detrital muscovite ages in illuminating variations in exhumation rates in catchments over broad landscapes. (U-Th)/He thermochronometry presents several unique interpretational challenges besides new kinetics and low temperature sensitivity. One of these is long-alpha stopping distances, and its coupling with diffusion and U-Th zonation in age corrections. Dunai reviews modeling approaches to deal with these issues in interpreting low-temperature thermal histories (Chapter 10). Ketcham (Chapter 11) reviews the theory and calibration of both forward and inverse models of thermal histories from fission-track and (U-Th)/He data, and makes some important points about the interpretations of such models. Translating thermal histories into exhumational histories and their tectonic or geomorphic significance across a landscape requires quantitative understanding of the thermal structure of the crust and how it is perturbed, a review of which is presented by Ehlers (Chapter 12). Braun (Chapter 13) illustrates the power of low-temperature thermochronometry to constrain topographic evolution of landscapes over time, using PECUBE. Gallagher, Stephenson, Brown, Holmes, and Ballester present a novel method of inverse modeling of fission-track and (U-Th)/He data for thermal histories over landscapes (Chapter 14). Continuous time-temperature paths from closure profiles or their step-heating-derived equivalents are, to some degree, the holy grail of thermochronology. Harrison, Zeitler, Grove, and Lovera (Chapter 15) provide a review of the theory, measurement, and interpretation of continuous thermal histories at both intermediate and high temperatures, derived from both K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar and monazite U/Pb dating. Extensional orogens provide a special challenge and opportunity for thermochronometry because tectonic exhumation by footwall unroofing often outstrips erosional exhumation, and often occurs at high rates. As Stockli shows (Chapter 16) thermochronology in these setting provides opportunities to measure rates of a number of important processes, as well as obtain a snapshot of crustal thermal structure and its imprint on thermochronometers with varying closure temperatures. Spotila (Chapter 17) reviews the use of thermochronology applied to tectonic geomorphology in a wide range of orogenic settings, introducing the concept of denudational maturity. Thermochronology has found great utility in economic geology, and newly developed approaches pose great potential in this area, and shown by McInnes, Evans, Fu, and Garwin in their review of the use and modeling of thermochronology of hydrothermal ore deposits (Chapter 18). The thermal histories of sedimentary basins are also critical to understanding thermal maturation of hydrocarbons, but are also critical for understanding basin formation, erosional histories of source regions, fluid flow, and climate change and other temporal signals preserved in sedimentary rocks. Armstrong (Chapter 19) reviews these issues and the use of thermochronology in deducing the thermal histories of sedimentary basins. Drawing on large datasets of bedrock apatite fission-track dates, Kohn, Gleadow, Brown, Gallagher, Lorencak, and Noble demonstrate the power of modeling, and, importantly, effectively visualizing, integrated thermotectonic and denudational histories over large regions (Chapter 20). Thermal histories of meteorites provide constraints on a wide range of fundamentally important processes, including nebular condensation and early solar-system metamorphic histories, and the dynamics of interplanetary collisions and shock metamorphism. Min reviews thermochronologic approaches to understanding meteorite thermal histories (Chapter 21), including new methods and approaches. Finally, the importance of robust models with which to interpret thermochronologic data is underscored by the review of the Software for Interpretation and Analysis of Thermochronologic Data (Chapter 22), summarized and compiled by Ehlers, for programs associated with the work of authors in this volume and others.

Description / Table of Contents: The Pollen Flora of Yunnan, China is the first book of the series of pollen morphological studies of tree plants growing in the wild in the Yunnan Province and in the surrounding area of China: Asian Environmental History. The series will present the first detailed work on the pollen flora of China. This book includes electron microscope photographs and light micrographs of 67 species of Gymnosperm, Myricaceae and Juglandaceae and can be used for research on many areas including pollen analysis and plant taxonomy.

Description / Table of Contents: Wissenschaftliche Wahrnehmung von Forschungsinstituten und Wissenschaftlern in aller Welt wird oft anhand ihrer Publikationen gemessen. Dazu werden bibliometrische Indikatoren, etwa die Anzahl der Veröffentlichungen und ihre Zitate, zu Rate gezogen. Mit bibliometrischen Analysen kann der Erfolg von wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten messbar dokumentiert werden. Dies ist ein wichtiger Aspekt gegenüber Entscheidungsträgern und Geldgebern, denn Forschungs- gelder sind knapp und immer lauter wird die Frage, nach welchen Kriterien sie gerecht vergeben werden können. Hier sind bibliometrische Methoden zukünftig stärker gefragt. Bücher zu bibliometrischen Analysen gibt es aber nicht viele. Gut lesbare noch weniger und eigentlich gar keine für Menschen, die nicht Statistiker oder Bibliometriker sind. Alle, die sich mit dieser Art der wissenschaftlichen Bewertung auseinandersetzen möchten oder müssen, vermissen eine knappe und gut lesbare Übersicht über Methoden, Anwendungen aber auch Grenzen bibliometrischer Analysen. Diesen Missstand behebt das vorliegende Buch.

Description / Table of Contents: Winner of the 2006 Giovanni Sartori Book Award, given by the American Political Science Association's Qualitative Methods Section. The use of case studies to build and test theories in political science and the other social sciences has increased in recent years. Many scholars have argued that the social sciences rely too heavily on quantitative research and formal models and thus have attempted to develop and refine rigorous methods for using case studies. This text presents a comprehensive analysis of research methods using case studies and examines the place of case studies in social science methodology. It argues that case studies, statistical methods, and formal models are complementary rather than competitive. The book explains how to design case study research that will produce results useful to policymakers and it emphasizes the importance of developing policy-relevant theories. It offers three major contributions to case study methodology: an emphasis on the importance of within-case analysis, a detailed discussion of process tracing, and development of the concept of typological theories. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences will be particularly useful to graduate students and scholars in social science methodology and the philosophy of science, as well as to those designing new research projects, and will contribute greatly to the broader debate about scientific methods.

Description / Table of Contents: Intro -- Der Autor -- Der Fachgutachter -- Danksagung -- Vorwort zur dritten Auflage -- Einleitung -- Zielgruppe -- Lernstoff -- Onlinematerial -- Warum Python? -- Grundlagen -- Erste Schritte -- Die Programmierumgebung einrichten -- Python-Versionen -- Python-Codeausschnitte ausführen -- Der Editor VS Code -- Python auf verschiedenen Betriebssystemen -- Python unter Windows -- Python unter macOS -- Python unter Linux -- Das Hello-World-Programm ausführen -- Die Python-Erweiterung für VS Code installieren -- Hello_world.py ausführen -- Fehlersuche -- Python-Programme im Terminal ausführen -- Unter Windows -- Unter Linux und macOS -- Zusammenfassung -- Variablen und einfache Datentypen -- Was bei der Ausführung von hello_world.py wirklich geschieht -- Variablen -- Variablen benennen und verwenden -- Fehler bei Variablennamen vermeiden -- Variablen sind Etiketten -- Strings -- Groß- und Kleinschreibung mithilfe von Methoden ändern -- Variablen in Strings verwenden -- Weißraum hinzufügen -- Weißraum entfernen -- Entfernen von Präfixen -- Syntaxfehler bei der Stringverarbeitung vermeiden -- Zahlen -- Integer -- Fließkommazahlen -- Integer und Fließkommazahlen -- Unterstriche in Zahlen -- Mehrfachzuweisung -- Konstanten -- Kommentare -- Wie werden Kommentare geschrieben? -- Was für Kommentare sind sinnvoll? -- The Zen of Python -- Zusammenfassung -- Eine Einführung in Listen -- Was sind Listen? -- Elemente in einer Liste ansprechen -- Indizes beginnen bei 0, nicht bei 1 -- Einzelne Werte aus einer Liste verwenden -- Elemente verändern, hinzufügen und entfernen -- Elemente in einer Liste ändern -- Elemente zu einer Liste hinzufügen -- Elemente aus einer Liste entfernen -- Listen ordnen -- Listen mit sort() dauerhaft sortieren -- Listen mit der Funktion sorted() vorübergehend sortieren -- Listen in umgekehrter Reihenfolge ausgeben.

Description / Table of Contents: Moss-microbe associations are often characterised by syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms and their hosts, but the structure of the microbial consortia and their role in peatland development remain unknown. In order to study microbial communities of dominant peatland mosses, Sphagnum and brown mosses, and the respective environmental drivers, four study sites representing different successional stages of natural northern peatlands were chosen on a large geographical scale: two brown moss-dominated, circumneutral peatlands from the Arctic and two Sphagnum-dominated, acidic peat bogs from subarctic and temperate zones. The family Acetobacteraceae represented the dominant bacterial taxon of Sphagnum mosses from various geographical origins and displayed an integral part of the moss core community. This core community was shared among all investigated bryophytes and consisted of few but highly abundant prokaryotes, of which many appear as endophytes of Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses represent habitats for archaea which were not studied in association with peatland mosses so far. Euryarchaeota that are capable of methane production (methanogens) displayed the majority of the moss-associated archaeal communities. Moss-associated methanogenesis was detected for the first time, but it was mostly negligible under laboratory conditions. Contrarily, substantial moss-associated methane oxidation was measured on both, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses, supporting that methanotrophic bacteria as part of the moss microbiome may contribute to the reduction of methane emissions from pristine and rewetted peatlands of the northern hemisphere. Among the investigated abiotic and biotic environmental parameters, the peatland type and the host moss taxon were identified to have a major impact on the structure of moss-associated bacterial communities, contrarily to archaeal communities whose structures were similar among the investigated bryophytes. For the first time it was shown that different bog development stages harbour distinct bacterial communities, while at the same time a small core community is shared among all investigated bryophytes independent of geography and peatland type. The present thesis displays the first large-scale, systematic assessment of bacterial and archaeal communities associated both with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses. It suggests that some host-specific moss taxa have the potential to play a key role in host moss establishment and peatland development.

Description / Table of Contents: Während die Beziehungen zwischen Moosen und den mit ihnen assoziierten Mikroorganismen oft durch syntrophische Wechselwirkungen charakterisiert sind, ist die Struktur der Moos-assoziierten mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften sowie deren Rolle bei der Entstehung von Mooren weitgehend unbekannt. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften, die mit Moosen nördlicher, naturnaher Moore assoziiert sind, sowie mit den Umweltfaktoren, die sie beeinflussen. Entlang eines groß angelegten geographischen Gradienten, der von der Hocharktis bis zur gemäßigten Klimazone reicht, wurden vier naturbelassene Moore als Probenstandorte ausgesucht, die stellvertretend für verschiedene Stadien der Moorentwicklung stehen: zwei Braunmoos-dominierte Niedermoore mit nahezu neutralem pH-Wert sowie zwei Sphagnum-dominierte Torfmoore mit saurem pH-Wert. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit machen deutlich, dass die zu den Bakterien zählenden Acetobacteraceae das vorherrschende mikrobielle Taxon der Sphagnum-Moose gleich welchen geographischen Ursprungs darstellen und insbesondere innerhalb des Wirtsmoosgewebes dominieren. Gleichzeitig gehörten die Acetobacteraceae zum wesentlichen Bestandteil der mikrobiellen Kerngemeinschaft aller untersuchten Moose, die sich aus einigen wenigen Arten, dafür zahlreich vorkommenden Prokaryoten zusammensetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt zudem erstmals, dass sowohl Braunmoose als auch Torfmoose ein Habitat für Archaeen darstellen. Die Mehrheit der Moos-assoziierten Archaeen gehörte dabei zu den methanbildenden Gruppen, wenngleich die metabolischen Aktivitätsraten unter Laborbedingungen meistens kaum messbar waren. Im Gegensatz hierzu konnte die Bakterien-vermittelte Methanoxidation sowohl an Braunmoosen als auch an Sphagnum-Moosen gemessen werden. Dies zeigt eindrucksvoll, dass Moos-assoziierte Bakterien potenziell zur Minderung von Methanemissionen aus nördlichen, aber auch wiedervernässten Mooren beitragen können. Ein weiteres wichtiges Resultat der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Bedeutung des Moortyps (Niedermoor oder Torfmoor), aber auch der Wirtsmoosart selbst für die Struktur der Moos-assoziierten Bakteriengemeinschaften, während die archaeellen Gemeinschaftsstrukturen weder vom Moortyp noch von der Wirtsmoosart beeinflusst wurden und sich insgesamt deutlich ähnlicher waren als die der Bakterien. Darüber hinaus konnte erstmalig gezeigt werden, dass sich die bakteriellen Gemeinschaften innerhalb der unterschiedlichen Moorsukzessionsstadien zwar ganz erheblich voneinander unterscheiden, ein kleiner Teil der Bakterien dennoch Kerngemeinschaften bilden, die mit allen untersuchten Moosarten assoziiert waren. Bei der hier präsentierten Arbeit handelt es sich um die erste systematische Studie, die sich auf einer großen geographischen Skala mit den bakteriellen und archaeellen Gemeinschaften von Braunmoosen und Torfmoosen aus naturbelassenen nördlichen Mooren befasst. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass die untersuchten Moose ein ganz spezifisches mikrobielles Konsortium beherbergen, welches mutmaßlich eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Etablierung der Wirtspflanzen am Anfang der Moorentwicklung spielt und darüber hinaus das Potential hat, die charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Mooren sowie deren weitere Entwicklung zu prägen.

Description / Table of Contents: Die hochgenaue, geometrische Erfassung von Objekten und deren Umfeld mit geodätischen Messsystemen wie Lasertrackern und 3D Laserscannern wird bereits seit einigen Jahren durchgeführt. Bei langgezogenen Profilen, z. B. Führungs-, Fahr-, und Leitschienen, mit Längen von bis zu mehreren hundert Metern, wie sie bei Kranbahnen oder Hochregallagern vorkommen, ist bisher eine punktuelle, linienhafte Erfassung üblich. Aus den Messdaten werden Zustandsgrößen abgeleitet, die in Richtlinien, wie z. B. der VDI 3576 beschrieben sind. Zur Reduzierung der Absturzgefahr beim Signalisieren hochliegender Schienenprofile und zur Beschleunigung des Messprozesses, können motorisierte Plattformen für den Transport von Reflektoren eingesetzt werden. Es wird ein Bewegungs- und Auswertemodell für ein mit hoher Abtastrate messendes kinematisches System erarbeitet, so dass die tatsächliche Lage von Führungs-, Fahr-, und Leitschienen mit einer Unsicherheit im Submillimeterbereich bestimmt werden kann. Damit die Messung für die Praxis relevant wird, können die Ergebnisse unmittelbar ausgewertet werden. Aus den Messdaten lassen sich für eine objektive Beurteilung des Zustands von Profilen und Befestigungen folgende Zustandsparameter ableiten: Lage, Z-Werte, Neigung und Zustand der Schiene und deren Befestigung. Die Qualität der Messungen und Zustandsparameter lässt sich qualitätsgesichert durch Auflösung und Standardabweichung nachweisen.

Description / Table of Contents: The high-precision, geometric capture of objects and their surroundings with geodetic measurement systems such as laser trackers and 3D laser scanners has already been carried out for several years. In the case of elongated profiles, e.g. guide rails, carriage rails and guard rails, with lengths of up to several hundred meters, such as those found in crane runways or high-bay warehouses, a point-by-point, line-by-line recording has been common practice up to now. Condition variables are derived from the measurement data, which are described in guidelines such as VDI 3576. To reduce the risk of falling when signaling high-lying profiles and to speed up the measurement process, motorized platforms can be used to transport reflectors. A motion and evaluation model for a kinematic system measuring at a high sampling rate will be developed, so that the actual position of guide rails can be determined with an uncertainty in the submillimeter range. To make the measurement relevant for practical applications, the results can be evaluated immediately.

Description / Table of Contents: In an increasingly globalized world, an understanding of the role of international trade is central to the study of agricultural economics and agribusiness. This text interweaves these two elements, explaining the theories and practices relevant to agricultural trade. Using real-life examples to explain theories and models, the text prepares readers to critically examine agricultural trade issues. In addition to its comprehensive coverage, each chapter features chapter overviews and summaries, key concepts, questions for review, and suggested readings.Explains the theories and practices releva

Description / Table of Contents: The IUGS/IAGC Global Geochemical Baselines Programme aims to establish a global geochemical reference baseline for 〉60 determinants in a range of media for environmental and other applications. The European contribution to the programme has been carried out by government institutions from 26 countries under the auspices of the Forum of European Geological Surveys (FOREGS) The main objectives of this European survey were: 1) to apply standardised methods of sampling, chemical analysis and data management to prepare a geochemical baseline across Europe; and 2) to use this reference network to level national baseline datasets. Samples of stream water, stream sediment and three types of soil (organic top layer, minerogenic top and sub soil) have been collected at 900 stations, each representing a catchment area of 100 km2, corresponding to a sampling density of about one sample per 4700 km2. In addition, the uppermost 25 cm of floodplain sediment was sampled from 790 sites each representing a catchment area of 1000 km2. All soil and sediment samples were prepared at the same laboratory, and all samples of particular sample types were analysed by the same method at the same laboratory. More than 50 elements, both total and aqua regia extractable concentrations, and other parameters (such as pH and grain size) were determined on the 〈2 mm grain size fraction of minerogenic samples, and total concentrations of organic soil samples were measured after using a strong acid digestion. Nine laboratories of European geological surveys carried out the analytical work. Altogether, 360 geochemical maps showing the distribution of elements across Europe have been prepared. All the results and field observations are organised in a common database and the maps are published as a Geochemical Atlas of Europe. All the sampling sites were photographed and this photo archive is also available. Samples have been archived in the Slovak Republic for possible future use. Initial results show that the distribution patterns of both water and solid samples are related to such factors as large-scale tectonic provinces, geochemical variation of large lithological units, extension of the Weichselian glaciation, and contamination reflecting industrialized areas and regions of intensive agriculture. Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): geochemical surveys, baseline studies, soils, sediments, stream water, sampling, sample preparation, chemical analysis, geochemical maps, atlas, areal geology, Europe

Description / Table of Contents: Die Küstenzone ist als System zu betrachten, in dem natürliche Prozesse in Wechselwirkung mit gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Entwicklungen stehen. Küsten sind mehr als andere Regionen vom globalen Wandel betroffen. Das reicht vom Klimawandel bis zur Bevölkerungsverdichtung. Ozeane bedecken 72% der Erdoberfläche, an Küsten sind 50% der Weltbevölkerung zu Hause. Unter den Nationen der Erde befinden sich 43 kleine Inselstaaten, die in vielen Fällen vom steigenden Meeresspiegel in ihrer Existenz bedroht sind. Aus diesem Grund ist das Integrierte Küstenzonenmanagement (IKZM) als Politikfeld und als Forschungsbereich entstanden. Hier werden widerstreitende Ansprüche an Raum und Ressourcen, somit Konflikte, thematisiert. Lösungen zur nachhaltigen, zukunftsfähigen Gestaltung erfordern zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement zur Eindämmung partikularer Nutzerinteressen. Und sie erfordern die aktive Beteiligung der betroffenen Bevölkerung und der Nutznießer. Der Band präsentiert einerseits internationale Erfahrung hierzu, andererseits kommen lokale Akteure zu Wort. Ziel ist die Vorbereitung einer deutschen Strategie für Nord- und Ostsee im Rahmen der EU-Erfordernisse.

Description / Table of Contents: Работа посвящена геологическому и палеонтологическому обоснованию возрастного расчленения палеогеновых и неогеновых отложений востока Сибирской платформы. Обобщен фактический материал, полученный за последние 25 лет по стратиграфии палеоген-неогеновых отложений востока Сибирской платформы. Впервые составлена схема структурно-фациального районирования региона. В 8 районах детально охарактеризовано 25 сводных разрезов (колонок). Выделено 6 региональных горизонтов (5 из них впервые). Для всех стратиграфических подразделений наряду с литологическими и параметрическими данными даются полная палеонтологическая и палеомагнитная характеристики. Проведены региональная и межрегиональная корреляции. Схема рекомендуется в качестве основы для геологической съемки среднего и крупного масштабов, геолого-поисковых и геологоразведочных работ, также разноплановых палеогеографических реконструкций.

Description / Table of Contents: Translation of the abstract: The work is devoted to the geological and paleontological substantiation of the age division of the Paleogene and Neogene deposits of the east of the Siberian Platform. The factual material obtained over the past 25 years from the stratigraphy of Paleogene-Neogene deposits in the east of the Siberian Platform is summarized. For the first time, a scheme of structural-facies zoning of the region was drawn up. In 8 regions, 25 summary sections (columns) were characterized in detail. 6 regional horizons were identified (5 of them for the first time). For all stratigraphic units, along with lithological and parametric data, complete paleontological and paleomagnetic characteristics are given. Conducted regional and interregional correlations. The scheme is recommended as a basis for geological surveys of medium and large scales, geological prospecting and exploration works, as well as diverse paleogeographic reconstructions.

Description / Table of Contents: The monograph outlines the history of establishing the drifting stations in the Arctic Basin beginning from 1937, sets forth the main aims and goals of the observations made, and describes methods of arranging drifting stations, gear and equipment for life support and scientific observations at the "North Pole" drifting stations and in high-latitudinal airborne expeditions. The main scientific results of the analysis of meteorological, ice, oceanographic and geophysical observations in the central Arctic Basin are presented. The contribution of data collected at the drifting stations to the process of gaining knowledge about the nature of the Arctic Basin and the perspectives of using drifting stations in the future, in particular during the International Polar Year 2007-2008 are being discussed. The book contains an extensive illustrative, cartographic and tabular material, which can be used by a wide circle of specialists investigating the nature of the Arctic region.

Description / Table of Contents: "This book argues that, just as the "widening" of political problems across national boundaries due to globalization has led to profound shifts in how we understand, study, and approach governance across space, so too does their "lengthening" across time horizons require a fundamental shift in thinking and policy. Social scientists and policy-makers have yet to really appreciate the role that time can play, hampering our ability to find effective solutions. In this book, Thomas Hale explores the implications of "long problems"- those, like climate change, whose proximate causes and effects unfold over relatively long time periods -for politics and governance. Hale starts by defining long problems and then considers the three features that make these issues so challenging: institutional lag, the fact that future generations cannot advocate for their interests in the present, and the difficulty of acting early enough to make a difference. Tackling long problems requires solutions that address these challenges head on, and Hale presents interventions to address each, not just in the abstract but with copious examples of policies that have worked or have failed. The author also considers, more largely, how social science can best study long problems, outlining a research agenda that aims to shift the object of study from the past to the future. In sum, Hale presents a framework and vision for how society can best govern long problems and address complex and profound challenges like climate change"--

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides detailed protocols for the isolation, enumeration, characterization of diverse bacteriophages, including both small to jumbo bacteriophages, from soil, fecal, municipal wastewater, and from food niche samples. Chapters highlight the diversity of bacteriophages in different environments, quantifications using culture, molecular techniques, protocols for isolate, interaction of bacteriophage proteins with host cells, and how to use bacteriophages to transfer foreign genetic elements to bacterial strains. In addition to the above, chapters feature the application of bacteriophages/bacteriophage-derived products. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips (in the Notes section) on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in further study of this vital field.

Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit wird eine ganzheitliche Prozesskette zur flächenhaften Modellierung von Bodenbewegungen entwickelt und am Beispiel der niedersächsischen Landesfläche erprobt. Unter Verwendung von GNSS, Nivellement und der satellitengestützten Radarinterferometrie werden zunächst Bewegungen von Objektpunkten an der Erdoberfläche bestimmt. Um die heterogenen Beobachtungen der unterschiedlichen Messverfahren verarbeiten zu können, erfolgt die kinematische Modellierung in separaten Datenanalysen. Die resultierenden Geschwindigkeiten der Objektpunkte bilden die Grundlage zur flächenhaften Approximation von Bodenbewegungen, wobei die Vorzüge der jeweiligen Beobachtungsverfahren miteinander kombiniert werden.

Description / Table of Contents: In this work, a holistic processing chain for the modeling of ground motions is developed and tested using Lower Saxony as an example. Using GNSS, levelling and satellite-based radar interferometry, movements of measurement points on the earth’s surface are first determined. In order to process the heterogeneous observations of the different measurement methods, kinematic modeling is performed in separate data analyses. The resulting velocities of the measurement points form the basis for the areal approximation of ground motions, using the advantages of the respective observation methods.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Knowledge visualization. - Information visualization. - Visualizing knowledge and information for fostering learning and instruction. - Knowledge-oriented organization of information for fostering information use.

Description / Table of Contents: Es ist von grossem Interesse, den fundamentalen physikalischen Prozess zu isolieren, der die beobachteten Eigenschaften von Seismizitätsmustern erklärt. Wir präsentieren vier numerische Studien, die die Effektivität von Fluiden und der strukturellen Heterogenität von Verwerfungszonen im Hinblick auf die Genese von Erdbebenkomplexität untersuchen. Die dreidimensionalen, kontinuierlichen Modelle werden von der empirischen `rate and state' Beschreibung der Entwicklung des Reibungskoeffizienten bestimmt, und|vom jeweiligen Problem abhängig|von elasto-hydraulischen Wechselwirkungen oder heterogenen Reibungsverhältnissen auf der zweidimensionalen Verwerfungszone. Zu Beginn wird gezeigt, dass für bestimmte Bereiche von hydraulisch relevanten Parametern der Prozess des `dilatant hardening', d. h. Verhärtungen aufgrund der Erweiterung des Porenraumes, ausreicht, um beschleunigende Instabilitäten zu stabilisieren, was zu heterogenen raum-zeitlichen Verschiebungen führt...