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  • Articles  (29,085)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of Viscosity of Densifying Glass-Based Systems by Isothermal Cyclic Loading Dilatometry (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study describes the isothermal cyclic loading dilatometry (ICLD) technique to measure the viscosity of glass-based materials. We demonstrate its merit relative to constant-load techniques in minimizing the stress history effects (changes in shrinkage anisotropy and sample microstructure) that arise due to the application of an external load. A constant-load test overestimates the viscosity by an order of magnitude compared with a cyclic load test. To obtain accurate viscosity data, maximum loading rates and longer unloading periods are desirable as they reduce effects of shrinkage anisotropy on viscosity values. Representative data for a low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) material are reported. Nonparametric statistical tests revealed insignificant differences between the viscosity data sets at 5% significance level and thus indicate good reproducibility of the testing methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00192.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zirconia Nanoparticles Made in Spray Flames at High Production Rates (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) at high production rates is investigated. Product powder is collected continuously in a baghouse filter unit that is cleaned periodically by air-pressure shocks. Nitrogen adsorption (BET), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to characterize the product powder. The effect of powder production rate (up to 600 g/h), dispersion gas flow rate, and precursor concentration on product particle size, crystallinity, morphology, and purity is investigated. The primary particle size of zirconia is controlled from 6 to 35 nm, while the crystal structure consists of mostly tetragonal phase (80–95 wt%), with the balance monoclinic phase at all process conditions. The tetragonal crystal size is close to the primary particle size, which indicates weak agglomeration of single crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00197.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for Obtaining the Full Set of Linear Electric, Mechanical, and Electromechanical Coefficients and All Related Losses of a Piezoelectric Ceramic (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method based on the use of four piezoelectric resonances for three sample geometries is presented that allows one to obtain all the dielectric permittivities, compliances, and piezoelectric coefficients of a piezoelectric ceramic in complex form and, therefore, all related losses. Piezoelectric losses are responsible for heat generation and hysteresis in actuators. The method is applied to a Navy type II PZT-based piezoelectric ceramic (PZT = lead zirconate titanate), for which the full set of linear electric, mechanical, and electromechanical coefficients is given in complex form. Full sets of coefficients for the available piezoceramics are required for exploiting all the possibilities of finite element analysis, both in fundamental research (mechanisms of degradation) and in development (element design). This numerical technique is necessary to explore arbitrary shapes provided by solid free-form-fabrication technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00209.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relaxor Behavior of the 0.9BaTiO3–0.1La(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3 Solid Solution (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low-frequency dielectric response of air- and oxygen-sintered ceramics with the composition 0.9BaTiO3–0.1La(Mg1/2Ti1/2) O3 (0.9BT–0.1LMT) has been studied in the temperature range of 12–550 K. In comparison with pure BT, in 0.9BT–0.1LMT the dielectric permittivity maximum is shifted by almost 300 K toward lower temperatures. Both real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity of the solid solution, in the range 12–150 K, show a strong frequency-dependent behavior, which is typical of relaxors. On the basis of the model of exponential cluster size distribution and the Cole–Cole equation, the degree of interaction between the polar clusters was estimated. It was shown that the oxygen vacancies arising during sintering at high temperatures did not affect noticeably the relaxor properties of the material. The role of heterovalent La3+/Ba2+ and Mg2+/Ti4+ substitutions in the relaxor behavior formation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00216.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TEM Characterization of Single- and Multilayer Triol-Based Sol–Gel PZT (53/47) Thin Films (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Integrated lead zirconate titanate thin films deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a novel triol-based route were characterized using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Crack-free single-layer PZT films of up to 200 nm thick were prepared by triol-based sol–gel processing onto Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. Films ∼75 nm thick exhibited a microstructure free of pores and second phase. As film thickness increased, film texture changed from {100} to {111} perovskite. Essentially, single-phase multilayer films could be prepared by the deposition and pyrolysis of several 75 nm layers, followed by a single crystallization step. The influence of heat-treatment schedule on the microstructure and orientation of the multilayer films is discussed. Comparison has been made between multilayer films prepared using the triol-based sol and an inverted mixing order/acetic acid-based sol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00221.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of Bioactive Polydimethylsiloxane–CaO–SiO2–TiO2 and Poly(tetramethylene oxide)–CaO–TiO2 Hybrids in a Simulated Body Fluid (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–CaO–SiO2–TiO2 and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO)–CaO–TiO2 hybrids form apatite on their surfaces in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and show mechanical properties similar to those of human cancellous bones. In the present study, changes, caused by soaking in SBF, were measured in the mechanical properties of PDMS–CaO–SiO2–TiO2 hybrids with different CaO and TiO2 contents and PTMO–CaO–TiO2 hybrids with different CaO contents. Significant decreases in the strength and strain at failure of the hybrids were observed for the PDMS–CaO–SiO2–TiO2 hybrids with high CaO or TiO2 contents and PTMO–CaO–TiO2 hybrids with a high CaO content after soaking in SBF for 4 w. This indicates that incorporation of a large amount of CaO component into the hybrids should result in the deterioration of the hybrids in the body environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00235.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Room-Temperature Aging of Laminate Composites of Alumina/3-mol%-Yttria-Stablilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stresses of laminate structures obtained by joining single layers of pure alumina (A), pure yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, 3Y-TZP (Z), and an intimate mixture of alumina and zirconia (AZ) have been determined by fluorescence (in alumina) and Raman (in zirconia) piezospectroscopy. Three symmetrical stacking sequences were examined, namely, A/Z/A, A/AZ/A, and AZ/Z/AZ, with the aim of designing structures where the higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of zirconia could be used to induce compressive stress in the external layers (and ensuing tensile stress in the central layer). Two experimental sessions, 6 years apart, were conducted on the same samples, also taking care to record the spectra from the same locations; during the time elapsed between the two sessions, the samples were kept at room temperature and humidity. The stress values in alumina obtained during the more recent session were markedly different from those observed in the first session. Monoclinic zirconia (m-zirconia) was absent in all samples in the first session, whereas up to 25 vol% zirconia could be observed during the second session. m-Zirconia could only be observed in AZ layers and not in Z layers, irrespective of the position in the stacking sequence. It was concluded that 3Y-TZP underwent spontaneous tetragonal-to-monoclinic (t–m) transformation, that is, “aging,” when mixed with alumina at the grain-size level. Aging occurred only where pristine t-zirconia was subject to tensile stresses larger than ∼400 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00247.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitable Glass-Ceramic Sealant for Planar Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various glass-ceramics were prepared based on the BaO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 system with the addition of La2O3, ZrO2, or NiO in an attempt to develop a suitable sealant for planar solid-oxide fuel cells operating at 800°C. To estimate the applicability of these glasses as suitable sealants, their thermal and chemical stabilities as well as the crystallization behavior and bonding characteristics of their parent glasses were investigated. The thermal properties and crystallization behavior of the parent glasses were dependent on the type of additive used, and the bonding characteristics were strongly influenced by the B2O3/SiO2 value in the glass composition. Observation of microstructural change and chemical reaction at the glass-ceramic/electrolyte interface confirmed that the prepared glass-ceramics possessed long-term stability during heat treatment at the operation temperature for up to 1000 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00254.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic Properties of Nickel-Based Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells as a Function of the Fraction of Reduced NiO (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The changes in porosity and elastic moduli of YSZ-containing nickel-based anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells were studied as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO. Anode samples were reduced in a gas mixture of 4% hydrogen and 96% argon for different periods of time at 800°C and their Young's and shear moduli were determined afterward at room temperature using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and impulse excitation. It was found that the magnitude of Young's and shear moduli decreased significantly with increasing fraction of reduced NiO and that the magnitude of the elastic moduli of a fully reduced Ni–YSZ anode was ∼45% lower than that of unreduced NiO–YSZ. Because the elastic moduli of NiO are close to those of Ni, the observed decrease in the magnitude of the elastic moduli was found to be caused mainly by the significant increase in the porosity of the sample as a result of NiO reduction. Expressions are presented for the amount of porosity and the magnitude of the elastic moduli as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07499.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Aging on Rheological Properties of Lime Putty (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The increasingly wider application of lime-based materials for the conservation and restoration of historical buildings has led to a revival of interest in lime putty. One of the most well-known and highly regarded properties of lime putty is its plasticity/workability.This paper describes the results of a rheological investigation conducted on putties having identical water content but aged for different times, with the aim of providing an objective and quantitative evaluation of plasticity. Rheological measurements have demonstrated that, all other conditions being equal, shear stress increases with aging. We propose here to consider some parameters derived from Tattersall and Bingham models that can be used as a quantitative measure of plasticity directly correlated with aging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01764.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal Grain Growth Occurring at the Surface of a Sintered BaTiO3 Specimen (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a BaTiO3 powder compact was sintered in air, the abnormal grain growth (AGG) was observed to occur at the surface of the specimen. The BaO evaporation from the surface and consequent formation of eutectic liquid is suggested to be the cause of AGG. When the evaporation of BaO during sintering was prevented by embedding the specimen in the same powder, no AGG was observed to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01779.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-Temperature Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Zinc Titanate Materials with High Specific Surface Area (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nanocrystalline zinc titanate (ZnTiO3) was synthesized at low temperatures through the combination of a sol–gel processing and a polymer binder method. ZnTiO3 powders of ∼5 nm in size were obtained by heating pastes, which were composed of a Zn-Ti methanolic solution containing acetylacetone and an organic polymer binder, at 500°C in air. Thermal decomposition behavior of the pastes was analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis. Crystallinity of ZnTiO3 was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The BET measurement revealed that the powders had a relatively high specific surface area of 106 m2/g.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01785.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Frequency Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures via Indirect Solid Freeform Fabrication (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The indirect solid freeform fabrication process is used to fabricate low-loss complex geometry periodic dielectrics for use in the microwave range. Relevant processing details, such as mold fabrication, slurry rheology, curing, and binder burnout, are discussed. Woodpile electromagnetic bandgap structures exhibiting a −40 dB well were shown to be operational at frequencies 〉110 GHz. Novel designs of planar periodic dielectric resonators with Q= 965 at 33 GHz (Q= ratio of the power stored to power lost in the resonator) were realized in alumina. Metallo-dielectric filters with low-insertion loss were also created via ISFF; modeling of these structures using resistor-inductor-capacitor-equivalent circuit analysis was performed to calculate a Q of 645.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01446.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manufacturing SiC-Fiber-Reinforced SiC Matrix Composites by Improved CVI/Slurry Infiltration/Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two- and three-dimensional SiCr/SiC composites have been prepared starting from Tyranno SA(tm) fiber preforms. Preform densification has been performed by a modified preceramic polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) process consisting of filling the preform large interbundle voids with SiC powder before the PIP process. This step was accomplished by low-pressure infiltration of a SiC powder dilute slurry through the preform thickness. Specimens were further processed with polymer impregnation and pyrolysis to determine the effects on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the obtained composites. High-temperature pyrolysis treatment, which promoted polymer derived SiC matrix crystallization, markedly increased thermal diffusivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.tb20093.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry Measurement of Emissions Concentration from Glass Manufacturing (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carbon is commonly added to sulfate-fined silicate-glass batches to enhance the fining process. Reactions between carbon and Na2SO4 modify the SOx emissions from Na2SO4 decomposition. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry is used to analyze the emission of air pollutants from the isothermal decomposition of Na2SO4 + C undertaken using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectrometer is calibrated using standard gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, SO2, NO, and NO2. The collected spectra are quantified using the classical least-squares (CLS) approximation. The TGA-FTIR system provides SOx, and COx, concentrations versus time data from the isothermal decomposition of Na2SO4, in the presence of a carbon black. Mass spectrometry (MS) complements FTIR by being able to detect SO(g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.tb20094.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial Page (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00980.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reexamination of the Role of SrMoO4 in the Enhancement of the Low-Field Magnetoresistance of Sr2FeMoO6 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Different ratios of the precursor phases of SrFeO3–x (SFO) and SrMoO4 (SMO) were used to prepare Sr2FeMoO6 (SFMO) by a solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the phases. A residual SMO was observed to exist in the sample with an SFO/SMO ratio of 0.9:1. The sample with a residual SMO phase had higher resistivity, lower magnetization, but higher low-field magnetoresistance (LFMR). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to identify the compositions and phases. Nanometer-sized amorphous-like clusters of SMO phase were located inside the grains rather than at grain boundaries; however, some boundaries were rich in the strontium ion. The possible mechanisms for the conduction and the increase of LFMR of SFMO are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.tb20098.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Situ Synthesis and Microstructures of Tungsten Carbide-Nanoparticle-Reinforced Silicon Nitride-Matrix Composites (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A W2C-nanoparticle-reinforced Si3N4-matrix composite was fabricated by sintering porous Si3N4 that had been infiltrated with a tungsten solution. During the sintering procedure, nanometer-sized W2C particles grew in situ from the reaction between the tungsten and carbon sources considered to originate mainly from residual binder. The W2C particles resided in the grain-boundary junctions of the Si3N4, had an average diameter of ∼60 nm, and were polyhedral in shape. Because the residual carbon, which normally would obstruct sintering, reacted with the tungsten to form W2C particles in the composite, the sinterability of the Si3N4 was improved, and a W2C–Si3N4 composite with almost full density was obtained. The flexural strength of the W2C–Si3N4 composite was 1212 MPa, ∼34% higher than that of standard sintered Si3N4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00337.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of Barrier Ribs for Plasma Display Panels via a Powder-Blasting Process: Part I, Effects of Binder Content and Baking Treatment (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The powder-blasting characteristics of a thick film prepared using a tape-casting process have been investigated. The powder-blasting process is commonly used in the manufacturing of barrier ribs of plasma display panels. The effects of binder content and baking temperature on the powder-blasting rate of the thick film have been studied. The rates observed are discussed based on the volume fraction of the pores and the degradation of binder during the baking treatment. In addition, the effect of powder-blasting resistance of thick film on the morphology of barrier ribs formed is examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00342.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal-Urea Complex—A Precursor to Metal Nitrides (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel and general route to synthesize various metal nitrides (AlN, CrN, and ζ-Fe2N) from metal–urea complexes is presented. These complexes, especially metal–urea chloride, have proved to be useful precursors to metal nitrides, because urea molecules construct a coordination sphere around the metal atom and form a stable structure, compared with the air-sensitive halide. Different anions in the second coordination sphere determine the reaction mechanism. The transformation from metal–urea chloride to nitride is thought to follow a nucleation–growth mechanism, while that from metal–urea nitrate is thought to follow a nitridation mechanism. We anticipate that this metal–urea complex will find applications in the fabrication of other, more complex, nitrides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00352.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of Barrier Ribs for Plasma Display Panels via Powder-Blasting Process: Part II, Effects of Powder-Blasting Angle (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of powder-blasting angle on the powder-blasting rate of a thick film prepared using a tape-casting technique were investigated. The results revealed that the etching rate was sensitive to the angle of powder blasting. The mechanism of this dependency was discussed based on brittle fracture and erosion caused by the powders blasted on the surface of the film. In addition, a new processing route for barrier ribs for plasma display panels was attempted, using the sensitive dependency of the etching characteristics on the powder-blasting angle. It was demonstrated that the ribs could be processed successfully using layers having different etching rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00348.x
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  • 22
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    Monoclinic Zirconia Bodies by Thermoplastic Ceramic Extrusion (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two ultrafine, undoped ZrO2 powders with median primary particle sizes of 9 and 25 nm were used to prepare ceramic suspensions for thermoplastic extrusion. The organic vehicle consisted of an industrial-grade poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) or polyethylene (PE-HD) and decanoic acid as a dispersing agent. The powder volume loadings achieved were 44% and 52% by volume for the two powders, respectively. The amount of dispersant needed was calculated from a new model based on available chemisorption sites on the powder surface. Mixing and extrusion were conducted using a conventional modular plastic processing unit. Green bodies were dewaxed up to 450°C in an inert atmosphere and sintered to full density in air at 1060° and 1100°C, respectively. Analysis of the ceramic phase content and the microstructure of the bodies is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00358.x
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  • 23
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    Evolution of the Morphology of Zinc Oxide/Silica Particles Made by Spray Combustion (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pure and mixed ZnO–SiO2 particles were made by flame-spray pyrolysis of zinc acetate and hexamethyldisiloxane or SiO2 sol dispersed in methanol or water-in-oil emulsion, respectively. The product particles were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, infrared absorption, and X-ray diffraction. The evolution of solid or hollow particle formation along the flame axis was unraveled by transmission electron microscopy after collection by thermophoretic sampling. The effects of silicon precursor and solvent on product particle characteristics were evaluated. The characteristics of the product particles were controlled by the Si precursor and solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00365.x
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  • 24
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    Nanoindentation Characterization of Submicro- and Nano-Sized Liquid-Phase-Sintered SiC Ceramics (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Submicro- and nano-sized liquid-phase-sintered SiC ceramics were mechanically tested by nanoindentation in the peak load range 5–400 mN. The submicro-sized sample showed a marked indentation size effect which the nano-sized samples did not exhibit. The relevance of indentation depth with respect to the microstructural scale has been outlined. In the investigated grain-size range, the hardness dependence on the grain size could be described by a load-dependent inverse Hall–Petch relation. Young's modulus was less microstructure- and load-dependent. Because of the very fine microstructure, the nano-sized SiC materials gave lower elastic values than the submicro-sized SiC ceramic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06366.x
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  • 25
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    Insulating Properties of Lanthanum-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics Prepared by Low-Temperature Synthesis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of composition Ba1−xLaxTi1−x/4O3, x= 0, 0.003, 0.03, and 0.10, were prepared by an alkoxide sol–gel route with final firing of ceramics at 1100°C, 2 h in air. All samples showed bulk insulating behavior with no evidence of semiconductivity caused by either direct donor doping or oxygen loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06370.x
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  • 26
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    CORRECTION (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06375.x
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  • 27
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    Cement Composition Effects on the Rheological Property Evolution in Concentrated Cement–Polyelectrolyte Suspensions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the rheological property evolution and hydration behavior of white and ordinary portland cement (type I) pastes and concentrated cement–polyelectrolyte suspensions. Cement composition had a marked effect on the elastic property evolution (G′(t)) and hydration behavior of these suspensions in the presence of poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer (PAA/PEO), even though their affinity to adsorb such species was nearly identical. Both white and ordinary portland cement pastes exhibited G′0 values of ∼104 Pa and fully reversible G′(t) behavior until the onset of the acceleratory period (t= 2 h), where the pastes stiffened irreversibly. In contrast, cement–PAA/PEO suspensions exhibited G′0 values of ∼1 Pa and G′(t) behavior comprised of both reversible and irreversible features. Interestingly, ordinary portland cement–PAA/PEO suspensions experienced a gel-to-fluid transition on high shear mixing at short hydration times (〈1 h), and the particle network did not rebuild until ∼24 h of hydration. In sharp contrast, white portland cement–PAA/PEO suspensions remained weakly gelled throughout the initial stage of hydration even after high shear mixing. At longer hydration times (〉1 h), both cement–PAA/PEO suspensions exhibited G′i(t) ∼ exp(t/τc) with τc values of 5.6 and 1.3 h for ordinary and white portland cement, respectively. Our observations suggest that hydration phenomena impact interparticle forces during early stage hydration and, ultimately, lead to initial setting through the formation of solid bridges at the contact points between particles within the gelled network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06327.x
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  • 28
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    New Freeze-Casting Technique for Ceramics with Sublimable Vehicles (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new ceramic freeze-casting technique capable of manufacturing near room temperature with a sublimable vehicle was accomplished. Fluid-concentrated slurries of Al2O3 powder in molten camphene (C10H16) were prepared at 55°C. These slurries were quickly solidified (frozen) at room temperature to yield rigid solid green bodies, followed by frozen camphene removal by sublimation (freeze-drying) with negligible shrinkage. Sintering without any special binder burnout process yielded sintered bodies with over 98% theoretical density. The proposed advantages include (1) elimination of extremely cold temperatures, (2) elimination of troublesome binder burnout process, and (3) fast manufacturing cycle due to quick solidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06331.x
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  • 29
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    Reactive Hot Pressing of Titanium Nitride–Titanium Diboride Composites at Moderate Pressures and Temperatures (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dense composites in the Ti-B-N system have been produced by reactive hot pressing of titanium and BN powders. The effect of the addition of a small amount of nickel (1–3 wt%) on the reaction kinetics and densification of TiN–TiB2 (40 vol%) composite has been studied. Composites of ∼99% of theoretical density have been produced at 1600°C under 40 MPa for 30 min with 1% nickel. The hardness and fracture toughness of these composites are 24.5 ± 0.97 GPa and 6.53 ± 0.27 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The microstructural studies on samples produced at lower temperatures indicate the formation of a transient liquid phase, which enhances the kinetics of the reaction and densification of the composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06333.x
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  • 30
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    Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Synthesis of Spherical Zirconia Particles (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents new findings on ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of zirconium hydroxyl acetate precursor drops whose sizes were precisely measured using laser light diffraction technique. Precursor concentration plays a predominant role in determination of product particle size. At 0.01 wt% precursor concentration, conventional spray pyrolysis at 750°C using precursor drops 5–8 μm in diameter, generated by an ultrasonic nebulizer at 2.66 MHz, yielded uniform spherical yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles 73 nm in diameter measured by scanning electron microscopy. The YSZ particle diameters were much smaller than those predicted by the one-particle-per-drop mechanism. Under similar reaction conditions, the high-throughput ultrasound-modulated two-fluid (UMTF) spray pyrolysis of larger precursor drops (28-μm peak diameter) also yielded spherical dense particles; they were significantly smaller in size than those produced by the low-throughput conventional ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of smaller drops (6.8-μm peak diameter).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06332.x
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  • 31
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    Characterization of Thermoelectric Metal Oxide Elements Prepared by the Pulse Electric-Current Sintering Method (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermoelectric elements consisting of the layered polycrystalline materials of Al-doped ZnO and NaCo2O4 were prepared using the pulse electric-current sintering (PECS) method at 900°C for 3 min. Direct contact between the polycrystalline Al-doped ZnO and the NaCo2O4 was obtained in a single-step process for the stacked powders. The electrical conductivities of the polycrystalline materials prepared by PECS were higher than those of materials prepared by conventional sintering, despite their porous structure. The thermoelectric voltage of the 1-mol%-Al-doped ZnO and NaCo2O4 polycrystalline element (measuring ∼6 mm × 3 mm × 15 mm) was 83 mV at dT= 500 K, when the junction of the elements was at 800°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06336.x
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  • 32
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    Low Temperature Coefficient of Resonance Frequency Composition in the System Pb(Zr,Ti)O3—Pb(Mn1/3 Nb2/3)O3 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pb(Zr,Ti)O3–Pb(Mn1/3 Nb2/3)O3 (PZT–PMnN) system has been studied for high-power piezoelectric applications. This study investigates this system to find out the composition with high-power density piezoelectric characteristics and low tem-perature coefficient of resonance frequency (TCF). It was found that the composition 0.9PZT–0.1PMnN (Zr/Ti = 0.51/0.49) modified with 6 mol% Sr exhibits a TCF of −8 ppm/°C (−20 to +80°C). Further, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of this composition are as follows: kp= 0.53; Qm= 800; d33= 274; ε33/ε0= 1290 and tan δ=1.1%, which shows the suitability of this composition for ultrasonic devices used under fluctuating thermal environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06339.x
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  • 33
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    Measuring Permeability of Rigid Materials by a Beam-Bending Method: V, Isotropic Rectangular Plates of Cement Paste (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Beam bending is an excellent method for measuring low permeabilities (≤10−18 m2) in homogeneous materials, because it is fast, requires no high pressure, and provides a concurrent measurement of the modulus of the material. The method was previously analyzed and substantiated for cylindrical or square beams. Recently, the analysis was extended to include isotropic and transversely isotropic rectangular beams. In this paper, the analysis is applied to measurements performed on cement paste, and it is shown that the solution for isotropic rectangular beams accounts for changes in the hydrodynamic behavior caused by changing the aspect ratio of the sample. The permeability and elastic modulus results are verified through comparison to previous measurements on cylindrical beams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06342.x
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  • 34
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    Compression Deformation Mechanism of Silicon Carbide: I, Fine-Grained Boron- and Carbon-Doped β-Silicon Carbide Fabricated by Hot Isostatic Pressing (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation behavior of boron- and carbon-doped β-silicon carbide (B,C-SiC) with an average grain size of 260 ± 18 nm containing 1 wt% boron was investigated by compression testing at elevated temperatures. Extensive grain growth during deformation was observed. The stress–strain curves were compensated for grain growth by assuming power-law type of dependence on grain size and strain rate. The stress exponent n was ∼1.3 and the grain size exponent p was ∼2.7 at temperatures ranging from 1593° to 1758°C. The apparent activation energy of deformation Qd was ∼760 kJ/mol, which was lower than the activation energy for lattice diffusion of silicon and carbon in SiC and higher than that for grain-boundary diffusion of carbon in SiC. These results suggest that the deformation mechanism of the fine-grained B,C-SiC is grain-boundary sliding accommodated by the grain-boundary diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06341.x
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  • 35
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    Structural Characterization of Lanthanum Chromite Perovskite Coating Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering on an Iron-Based Chromium-Containing Alloy as a Promising Interconnect Material for SOFCs (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chromium-containing stainless steel (SS) is a prospective material for use as an interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, during operations at high temperatures, the growth of oxide scales causes the performance of the interconnect and SOFC as a whole to deteriorate. The coating of SS 446 with a conducting perovskite is a potential method of slowing the growth of oxide scale and, therefore, improving overall SOFC performance. In the present research, the structural characterization of a pure LaCrO3 thin film on the SS 446 substrates has been performed as a model material that can be used as a barrier coating for the metallic interconnect. The deposition of an amorphous La-Cr-O thin film on SS 446 was performed using radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. The deposited amorphous film was annealed in air to form the desired perovskite phase. The film underwent an amorphous to LaCrO4 phase transition during annealing at 500°C with further transformation to LaCrO3 orthorhombic phase during annealing at 700°C. A self-organized dendritic structure was reported as a result of the perovskite-phase formation. Although formation of various oxides, such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, was observed during the annealing of uncoated SS 446 in air, the coating of SS 446 surface with LaCrO3 film prevented formation of various oxide phases at the interconnect surface. The structural characterization of the films and SS 446 surfaces was accomplished using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffractometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06350.x
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  • 36
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    Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of PbO-B2O3-SiO2 Glass Melts (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The density, surface tension, and viscosity of the melts from the PbO-B2O3-SiO2 system have been measured at temperatures in the range 1073–1473 K. The effect of composition on these properties was also investigated. The density of the melt was found to increase linearly with increasing PbO content. Molar volume was derived from the density data, and its deviation from the additivity of partial molar volumes was calculated. These deviations in molar volume from those obtained from additivity rules have been used along with the ratio of various coordination numbers of boron (as reported by Bray) to discuss the structure of the melts. The surface tension was found to decrease with decreasing SiO2/B2O3 ratio, and to increase in the range of the PbO content between 30 and 60 mol%, showing a maximum at ∼60 mol% PbO, and then decreased with further additions. This result suggested that the surface tension would be affected primarily by the B2O3 content in the range of the PbO content between 30–60 mol%, and mainly by the PbO content in the range of the PbO content 〉60 mol%, respectively. The viscosity of the melt was found to decrease linearly with increasing PbO content. The results obtained indicate that the increase in viscosity with B2O3 was half that of SiO2 (on a molar basis), and an empirical equation has been proposed for the viscosity as a function of mole fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb19937.x
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  • 37
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    Effect of Core Materials on the Formation of Hollow Alumina Microspheres by Mechanofusion Process (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Core/shell structures have been prepared via a mechanofusion system by employing several kinds of spherical polymers as a core material and Al2O3 powder or a mixture of Al2O3 and SiO2 powders as a shell material. The effect of the kind of core polymers on the quality of the resulting hollow alumina microspheres has been discussed on the basis of the thermal decomposition behavior of spherical polymers used as a core material. A large fraction of hollow alumina microspheres reflecting the shape and the particle size distribution of the core polymer could be fabricated after sintering at 1600°3C for 3 h, when highly cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres with a gel fraction of 99.03% were used as a core polymer, and abrupt firing at temperatures higher than 500°3C was adopted to remove the PMMA microspheres. The addition of 5 mass% SiO2 to the Al2O3 shell layer was found to be useful for maintaining the spherical shell structure during the firing process and for fabricating a large fraction of hollow alumina microspheres after the sintering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00060.x
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  • 38
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    Synthesis of BaTiO3 Particles with Tailored Size by Precipitation from Aqueous Solutions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Well-defined and stoichiometric spherical particles of BaTiO3 of narrow size distribution were produced at 82° and 92°3C by precipitation from chloride solutions in a strong alkaline environment. The size of the particles can be tailored in the range from ≅103 to 70–80 nm by increasing the barium concentration from ≅0.07 to 0.7 mol/L. The particles are composed of tight aggregates resulting from the assembly of several nanocrystals. The size of the nanocrystals decreases from 200–300 to 30–40 nm by increasing reactant concentration. At low barium concentration (≤0.07 mol/L at 82°3C, ≤0.06 mol/L at 92°3C), formation of BaTiO3 is strongly slowed down and nonstoichiometric, Ti-rich powders are produced. Under these conditions, the particles have the tendency to develop a dendritic-like morphology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00079.x
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  • 39
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    Thermal Expansion of δ-Yttrium Disilicate (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystals of δ-Y2Si2O7 (space group P121/c1) were examined using high-temperature powder X-ray diffractometry to determine their unit-cell dimensions from 296 to 1473 K. The lattice deformation induced by thermal expansion was investigated using matrix algebra analysis to determine the directions and magnitudes of the principal distortions (Λi, i= 1,2, and 3). The directions of Λ1 and Λ3 were defined by the acute angle Λ1c, which linearly decreased from 5(2)° to —5.5(3)° with increased temperature from 504 to 1473 K. The Λ2-axis invariably coincided with the crystallographic b-axis. The magnitudes of Λ1 and Λ2 steadily increased to, respectively, 1.0061(1) and 1.0068(1) during heating to 1473 K, while Λ3 remained almost constant for the entire temperature range. The mean principal distortion, Λm (= (Λ1+Λ2+Λ3)/3), steadily increased to 1.0044(1) with increased temperature to 1473 K. The coefficient of mean linear thermal expansion (α) was derived from the mean principal strain (Λm - 1) as α= (Λm - 1)/ΔT. The temperature dependence was determined to be α= 2.03 times 103+ 1.36(T - 296) (10-9 K-1). Provided that the rule-of-mixtures holds for the Y2Si2O7/Y2SiO5 composites as protective coating on SiC substrates, the volume fractions of 0.72-0.77 (70–75 mass%) would be necessary for the Y2Si2O7 component to match the α-values of both materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00089.x
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  • 40
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    Novel Microcellular Ceramics from a Silicone Resin (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Microcellular silicon oxycarbide open cell ceramic foams were fabricated from a silicone resin. Microcellular foams, with a cell size ranging from ∼1–80 μm, were fabricated using poly(methyl methacrylate) microbeads as sacrificial templates. The compression strength of the foams decreased with increasing cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00152.x
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  • 41
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    Influence of Microstructure Evolution on the Electroconducting Behavior of Intragranular TiN/ZTM Nanocomposites (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electroconductive zirconia-toughened mullite (TiN/ZTM) intragranular nanocomposite was fabricated by hot-pressing a powder mixture of nano-sized TiN, ZrO2(2Y), and mullite gel. The material showed a good sinterability and could be highly densified at a low temperature of 1300°3C. Sintering temperature strongly influenced the microstructure and electrical resistivity of the material. The electrical resistivity increased monotonously from 20 Ω-cm to 1.5 times 106°3Cm, as the sintering temperature was increased from 1300° to 1500°3C. TEM results indicated that such a phenomenon could be ascribed to the changes in the microstructure of the material, which led to a decrease in the connectivity of the TiN network in the sample as the sintering temperature was increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00162.x
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    Effects of Fluids on the Simulated Clinical-Dental Machining of a Glass Ceramic (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Effects of fluids on material removal rate, chipping damage, and surface roughness in the simulated clinical-dental machining of a dental-type glass ceramic were investigated. Significant differences in removal rate were obtained among the fluids investigated, but only a 4 wt% boric acid solution gave a higher removal rate than conventionally used water. Chipping damage was substantially lower for the boric acid and an oil-emulsion coolant compared with other fluids tested. Surface roughness was independent of the fluids used. The results indicate that improvement can be achieved in both material removal rate and machining damage by the appropriate selection of coolant chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00173.x
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  • 43
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    Oxidation Behavior of SiCN–ZrO2 Fiber Prepared from Alkoxide-Modified Silazane (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation behavior of SiCN–ZrO2 fibers and SiCN at 1350°C are compared. The as-measured parabolic rate constants for the two materials are nearly the same (15–20 × 10−18 m2/s). However, after implementing a correction for the difference in the compositions, the rate constant is 13.2 × 10−18 m2/s for the fiber, and 29.4 × 10−18 m2/s for SiCN. The lower oxidation rate of the fiber is ascribed to the lower carbon content in the fiber material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01556.x
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  • 44
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    Sintering Behavior and Properties of Iron-Rich Glass-Ceramics (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Iron-rich glass-ceramics were obtained by the sintering of two glass powders, labeled G1 and G2, at heating rates of 5° and 20°C/min followed by an isothermal step in the 850°–1050°C temperature interval. The sintering process was evaluated by the linear shrinkage; the closed porosity was estimated by density measurements; the structure and the morphology of the glass ceramics were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bending strength, the Young modulus, and Vickers hardness of the glass-ceramics materials were evaluated. The results showed that the sintering process and morphology of the glass-ceramics depends on the amount of magnetite and pyroxene formed. With a low percentage of crystal phase formed (25%–30% typical of G1) the structure is characterized by closed porosity; at higher crystallization (45%–50% typical of G2) open porosity is mainly formed. The properties of the glass-ceramics were not influenced by the heating rate but improved with an increase in the degree of crystallization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01571.x
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  • 45
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    (Sulfur, Nitrogen)-Codoped Rutile-Titanium Dioxide as a Visible-Light-Activated Photocatalyst (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many elements have been used to dope titanium dioxide (TiO2) so that it absorbs light in the visible region of the solar spectrum. We have synthesized, for the first time, (S,N)-codoped rutile-TiO2 photocatalyst using a hydrothermal method and subsequent nitridation under NH3 flow. The (S,N)-codoping causes the absorption edge of TiO2 to be shifted to the longer-wavelength region and two optical absorption bandgaps in the visible-light region. (S,N)-codoping has a better photocatalytic activity than S-doping and N-doping for degradation of methylene blue solution under visible light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01582.x
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  • 46
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    Monodispersed Spherical Particles of Brookite-Type TiO2: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Property (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phase-pure brookite of high crystallinity, which was classically obtained via hydrothermal treatment, has been synthesized under ambient pressure at 70°C via reacting a mixed solution of urea and titanium (III) chloride (instead of the widely used titanium (IV) compounds). The resultant particles are monodispersed spheres (∼154 nm) composed of brookite nanocrystals (∼25 nm), which are stable in terms of phase purity and morphology up to ∼500°C, above which a direct transition to rutile occurred. The as-made powder has a high specific surface area of ∼41.2 m2/g, which rapidly decreased to ∼9.7 m2/g after transforming to rutile at 700°C. The brookite powder shows good catalytic property for the decomposition of acetaldehyde under UV radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07735.x
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  • 47
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    Negative Thermal Expansion in (HfMg)(WO4)3 (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A single-phase material (HfMg)(WO4)3 with an orthorhombic structure, A2 (WO4)3-type tungstate, has been successfully prepared for the first time by the calcination of HfO2, MgO, and WO3, substituting Hf4+ and Mg2+ for A3+ cations in A2(WO4)3. The new material shows a negative thermal expansion coefficient of approximately −2 ppm/°C from room temperature to 800°C. The mechanism of negative thermal expansion is assumed to be the same as that of Sc2(WO4)3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07737.x
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  • 48
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    Photoluminescence of Cerium-Doped α-SiAlON Materials (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cerium-doped α-SiAlON (MxSi12−(m+n)Alm+nOnN16–n) materials have been prepared by gas-pressure sintering and post-hot-isostatic-press (HIP) annealing, using four powder mixtures of α-Si3N4, AlN, and either (i) CeO2, (ii) CeO2+ Y-α-SiAlON seed, (iii) CeO2+ Y2O3, or (iv) CeO2+ CaO. Cerium-containing CeAl(Si6–zAlz)(N10–zOz) (JEM) phase, rather than Ce-α-SiAlON phase, forms in the sample with only CeO2, whereas a single-phase α-SiAlON generates in samples with dual doping (CeO2+ Y2O3 and CeO2+ CaO). On ultraviolet-light excitation, JEM gives one broad emission band with maximum at 465 nm and a shoulder at 498 nm; α-SiAlON shows an intense and broad emission band that peaks at 500 nm. The unusual long-wavelength emissions in JEM and α-SiAlON are due to increases in the nephelauxetic effect and the ligand-field splitting of the 5d band, because the coordination of Ce3+ in JEM and α-SiAlON is nitrogen enriched.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07738.x
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  • 49
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    Synthesis and Stability of Nanocrystalline Lead Stannate (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nano-crystalline PbSnO3 was synthesized by a sol–gel route. It was an anion-deficient pyrochlore (a=b=c= 1.0677 nm) with space group Fd3m. TEM images confirmed the nano-size of particles as ∼10 nm, aggregated into larger clusters up to 1 μm. DSC-TGA investigation revealed that the PbSnO3 was unstable 〉800°C with 2.95% weight loss. The products of the reactions, Pb2SnO4 and SnO2, were identified by in situ high-temperature XRD. The complex decomposition reactions were deduced as (2 +x)PbSnO3= Pb2SnO4+ (1 +x)SnO2+xPbO (x= 0.104). The lattice parameters of PbSnO3 were determined by high-temperature XRD. The cell volume of PbSnO3 increased with increasing temperatures. The average volumetric thermal expansion of PbSnO3 was calculated as (β= 3.35 × 10−5/°C).
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  • 50
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    R-Curve Behavior of Si3N4–BN Composites (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: R-curve behavior of Si3N4–BN composites and monolithic Si3N4 for comparison was investigated. Si3N4–BN composites showed a slowly rising R-curve behavior in contrast with a steep R-curve of monolithic Si3N4. BN platelets in the composites seem to decrease the crack bridging effects of rod-shaped Si3N4 grains for small cracks, but enhanced the toughness for long cracks as they increased the crack bridging scale. Therefore, fracture toughness of the composites was relatively low for the small cracks, but it increased significantly to ∼8 MPa·m1/2 when the crack grew longer than 700 μm, becoming even higher than that of the monolithic Si3N4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07740.x
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    Hydrolysis of Pure and Sodium Substituted Calcium Aluminates and Cement Clinker Components Investigated by in Situ Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hydrolysis of pure and sodium-substituted calcium aluminates and cement clinker phases was investigated in situ in the temperature range 25°–170°C, using the angle dispersive powder synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction technique. The final hydrolysis product in all cases was Ca3Al2(OH)12. The intermediate phase Ca4Al2O7·19H2O was formed from the pure calcium aluminates, and the intermediate phases Ca4Al2O7·xH2O, x= 11, 13, or 19, were formed from the cement clinker phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01488.x
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  • 52
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    Crack-Tip Toughness Measurements on a Sintered Reaction-Bonded Si3N4 (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An evaluation of measurements of crack opening displacements (CODs) on a commercial sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride (SRBSN) was performed. To determine the intrinsic fracture toughness of this material, a new evaluation method is presented, which takes into account not only the near tip CODs, but the CODs of the complete crack profile. The method is applied on through-thickness cracks in bend bars and contrasted to CODs of Vickers radial cracks. A crack-tip toughness of ∼1.7 MPa·m1/2 is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01502.x
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    Chemical Aspects of Direct Coagulation Casting of Alumina Suspensions (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work presents a detailed description of urea decomposition during direct coagulation processing of alumina suspensions. We report on the chemical equilibria involved in the decomposition of urea in an aqueous environment with and without alumina particles. The model uses the logarithm of the concentrations as variables to ensure fast convergence and nonnegativity of the solutions, and is able to give a semiquantitative description of the experimentally observed development of pH and ionic strength (specific conductivity) during the decomposition of urea in a 30 vol% solid loading alumina suspension. Assuming local equilibrium, and a homogeneous distribution of the catalyst urease and the evolving educts, the results show an increasing solubility of CO2 with increasing pH. As a consequence the production of gaseous CO2 during the urea decomposition (direct coagulation casting (DCC) process), shifting the pH from 4 to 9 occurs only when a strong buffer is present at low and medium pH. This is advantageous for the preparation of defect-poor ceramic green bodies using this internal gellation reaction in the DCC process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01530.x
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  • 54
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    Effect of Environment on the Stress-Rupture Behavior of a Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Silicon Carbide Ceramic Matrix Composite (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-rupture tests were conducted in air, under vacuum, and in steam-containing environments to identify the failure modes and degradation mechanisms of a carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite at two temperatures, 600° and 1200°C. Stress-rupture lives in air and steam-containing environments (50–80% steam with argon) are similar for a stress of 69 MPa at 1200°C. Lives of specimens tested in a 20% steam/argon environment were about twice as long. For tests conducted at 600°C, composite life in 20% steam/argon was 30 times longer than life in air. Thermogravimetric analysis of the carbon fibers was conducted under conditions similar to the stress-rupture tests. The oxidation rate of the fibers in the various environments correlated with the composite stress-rupture lives. Examination of the failed specimens indicated that oxidation of the carbon fibers was the primary damage mode for specimens tested in air and steam environments at both temperatures.
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  • 55
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    Direct Measurement of Relative Partial Molar Enthalpy of SiO2 in SiO2–M2O (M=Li, Na, K, Cs) Binary and SiO2–CaO–Al2O3 Ternary Melts (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relative partial molar enthalpies, ΔH̄SiO2, of SiO2 in SiO2–M2O (M = Li, Na, K and Cs) binary and SiO2–CaO–Al2O3ternary melts were directly measured by drop-solution calorimetry at 1465 K and 1663 K. ΔH̄SiO2 changes from exothermic to endothermic as silica content increases, confirming the tendency toward immisciblity seen from activity measurements. It is concluded that ΔH̄SiO2 is negative due to acid-base reactions and charge-coupled substitutions when the melt is composed of fewer Q4 and more Q3 and Q2 species, but positive due to structural strain when the melt is composed of mostly Q4 species. The ΔH̄SiO2 obtained by calorimetry is a useful measure of basicity, when comparing different alkali and alkaline earth oxides.
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  • 56
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    Thermodynamic Modeling of the YO1.5–ZrO2 System (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The YO1.5–ZrO2 system consists of five solid solutions, one liquid solution, and one intermediate compound. A thermodynamic description of this system is developed, which allows calculation of the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties. Two different solution models are used—a neutral species model with YO1.5 and ZrO2 as the components and a charged species model with Y3+, Zr4+, O2−, and vacancies as components. For each model, regular and subregular solution parameters are derived from selected phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data. The neutral species and charged species modeling results are compared.
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  • 57
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    Direct Formation and Photocatalytic Performance of Anatase (TiO2)/Silica (SiO2) Composite Nanoparticles (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anatase (TiO2)/silica (SiO2: 23.9–27.7 mol%) composite nanoparticles were directly synthesized from (i) the reaction of titanyl sulfate (TiOSO4) and sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) under mild hydrothermal conditions, (ii) the acidic precursor solutions of TiOSO4 and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) by thermal hydrolysis, and (iii) the metal alkoxides, i.e., tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and TEOS, by the sol–gel method. Their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by measurements of the relative concentration of methylene blue after UV irradiation. The as-prepared TiO2/SiO2 composite nanoparticles showed far more improved photocatalytic activity than the pure anatase-type TiO2. The composite nanoparticles formed from (i) TiOSO4 and Na2SiO3 as well as those from (ii) TiOSO4 and TEOS showed fairly good photocatalytic activity, and it was better than that of those synthesized from (iii) the metal alkoxides, which was suggested to be due to the difference in crystallinity of the anatase.
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  • 58
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    Green Machining of a Thermoplastic Ceramic-Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate/Isobutyl Methacrylate Compound (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The machinability of a thermoplastic compound that consisted of 52 vol% ceramic particles and 48 vol% thermoplastic binders was investigated. To investigate the machining mechanisms, various blends of a ductile polymer (ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA)) and a brittle polymer (isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA)) were used as thermoplastic binders. The fraction of IBMA to EEA in the blend was increased from 0 to 50 vol%. As the IBMA content was increased, the thermoplastic compound exhibited a stiffer stress versus strain response under compression because of the brittle nature of the IBMA polymer. The machinability of the thermoplastic compound was remarkably improved with increased IBMA content because of the mitigation of the extensive deformation of the thermoplastic compound.
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  • 59
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    Preparation of a Monodispersed Suspension of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles and Electrophoretic Deposition of Thin Films (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A transparent and stable monodispersed suspension of nanocrystalline barium titanate was prepared by dispersing a piece of BaTiO3 gel into a mixed solvent of 2-methoxyethanol and acethylacetone. The results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and size analyzer confirmed that the BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the suspension had an average size of ∼10 nm with a narrow size distribution. Crystal structure characterization via TEM and X-ray diffraction indicated BaTiO3 nanocrystallites to be a perovskite cubic phase. BaTiO3 thin films of controlled thickness from 100 nm to several micrometers were electrophoretic deposited compactly on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. The deposited thin film had uniform nanostructure with a very smooth surface.
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  • 60
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    Preparation of b-Axis-Oriented MFI Zeolite Thin Films Using Slow Dissolution of Source Material (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel in situ hydrothermal method involving the slow dissolution of silicate glasses as a source material was used to successfully prepare b-axis-oriented high-silica zeolite ZSM-5 (MFI) thin films.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01585.x
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    Electrical and Pyroelectric Properties of Highly (001)-Oriented (Pb0.76Ca0.24)TiO3 Thin Films Grown by a Sol–Gel Process (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Highly (001)-oriented (Pb0.76Ca0.24)TiO3 (PCT) thin films were grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a sol–gel process. The PCT film with a highly (001) orientation showed well-saturated hysteresis loops at an applied field of 800 kV/cm, with remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive electric field (Ec) values of 23.6 μC/cm2 and 225 kV/cm, respectively. At 100 kHz, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss values of these films were 117 and 0.010, respectively. The leakage-current density of the PCT film was 6.15 × 10−8A/cm2 at 5 V. The pyroelectric coefficient (p) of the PCT film was measured using a dynamic technique. At room temperature, the p values and figures-of-merit (FD) of the PCT film were 185 μC/m2K and 1.79 × 10−5 Pa−0.5, respectively.
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  • 62
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    P-Type Carbon Nitride Synthesized by a Gas-Solid Reaction (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous carbon nitride with high nitrogen content (N/C = 1.14) was first successfully synthesized via a novel gas-solid reaction between carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) vapor and melamine (C3N6H6) at 600°C under atmospheric pressure. The product has been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry. It was revealed that the carbon nitride is sp3-dominated and the reaction-driven sp2 to sp3 transformation in the material was proposed. The electrical properties of the material were also investigated, showing high p-type conductivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01598.x
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    Tunable Microwave Properties of Barium Titanate-Based Ferroelectric Glass-Ceramics (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: BaTiO3-based ferroelectric glass-ceramics with the composition 0.65(Ba1−X SrX)TiO3·0.27SiO2·0.08Al2O3 (X= 0.2–0.6) were fabricated, and their tunable dielectric properties were measured at microwave frequency. Major crystalline phases that precipitated during thermal treatment up to 1000°C were (Ba,Sr)TiO3, Ba2TiSi2O8, and BaAl2Si2O8. The Curie temperatures of the heated bulk samples were successfully tuned near room temperature at the composition between X= 0.2 and 0.3. A thick-film sample with X= 0.3 showed 27% tunability at 5 GHz under 10 kV/cm bias voltage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01602.x
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  • 64
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    Superplasticity-like Deformation of Nanocrystalline Monoclinic Zirconia at Elevated Temperatures (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation behavior of nanocrystalline monoclinic ZrO2 polycrystals (nanocrystalline MZP) was studied at 1273–1373 K in compression tests. The deformation of nanocrystalline MZP was characterized by stress exponent (n= 2.5), grain-size exponent (p= 2.5), and apparent activation energy (Q= 350 kJ/mol). The values of n and p were similar to the superplasticity of high-purity Zn-22% aluminum alloy. The strain rate of nanocrystalline MZP was faster than that of Y2O3-stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 (Y-TZP) at temperatures lower than the monoclinic-tetragonal transition temperature. The strain rate of MZP gradually approached to that of Y-TZP as the temperature increased to the transition temperature. The comparison of present data with published data suggested that trace amount of impurities affected the deformation behavior of MZP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01122.x
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  • 65
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    X-ray Diffraction Methodology for the Microstructural Analysis of Nanocrystalline Powders: Application to Cerium Oxide (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline ceria produced by sol–gel has been analyzed as a function of the calcination temperature employing a novel nondestructive method based on the modeling of the whole X-ray diffraction pattern. The results have been thoroughly verified by transmission electron microscopy. A variation both in the average size and in the distribution of the crystalline domains is evidenced. In addition, information concerning lattice defects can be inferred on a larger scale than that normally accessible by microscopy techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01133.x
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  • 66
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    Amorphous α-Tricalcium Phosphate: Preparation and Aqueous Setting Reaction (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical and setting properties of calcium phosphate cements are considerably determined by the pretreatment of the constituents. In this report we show for the first time that prolonged high-energy ball milling of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) led to mechanically induced phase transformation from the crystalline to the amorphous state. The amorphous material demonstrated a high reactivity such that the time for substantially complete conversion of α-TCP to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in 2.5% Na2HPO4 solution decreased from about 20 h (1 h of grinding in ethanol, 85% relative crystallinity) to 4–6 h for a material with a crystallinity of 8% (24 h of grinding). This reactivity could be attributed to an increased thermodynamic and kinetic solubility of the ground materials. Mechanically activated α-TCP cements were produced with compressive strengths of up to 80 MPa and setting times of 5–16 min. The effect of reactant preparation and cement mixing parameters on the physical and chemical properties of mechanically activated α-TCP cement was investigated. By comparing cements of similar porosity and degree of conversion it was demonstrated that apatite specific surface area has a strong influence on cement mechanical performance, which highlights the importance of this previously overlooked parameter in improving strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01126.x
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  • 67
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    Alkaline Activation of Fly Ashes: NMR Study of the Reaction Products (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reaction products formed during alkaline activation, with 8M NaOH solutions, of fly ashes have been characterized with 29Si and 27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MASNMR) spectroscopy. In particular, the influence of curing conditions (time and temperature of reaction) has been analyzed. NMR results show the formation of amorphous tecto-silicates in which the amount of aluminum decreases in the two consecutive formed phases. The Si/Al ratio of zeolite precursor obtained at 85°C changes from 0.95 to 1.86 when curing time is increased from 5 h to 1 week. The evolution of the mechanical properties of prepared cements has also been discussed in terms of the phases formed and texture and morphology of samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01141.x
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    Influence of Thermal History on Crystal Nucleation in Silicon Carbide Amorphized with Neon Irradiation (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Silicon carbide (SiC) specimens were amorphized with neon ions and annealed at 1273 K via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two types of annealing procedures were conducted: (i) continuous annealing for 60 min and (ii) annealing for 5 min, repeated 10 times. TEM observations revealed that crystal nucleation was more apt to occur in the SiC amorphized by repeated annealing than in the continuously annealed SiC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01146.x
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  • 69
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    Climb-Dissociated Dislocations in Monazite at Low Temperature (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three types of climb-dissociated partial dislocations were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in monazite (LaPO4) that was indented at room temperature. Two types were found on twin boundaries, and a third in the lattice. Formation mechanisms are discussed. Glide of climb-dissociated partial dislocations that is allowed by stacking fault migration is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01149.x
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    Direct Characterization of Grain-Boundary Electrical Activity in Doped (Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3 by Combined Imaging of Electron-Beam-Induced Current and Electron-Backscattered Diffraction (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements of remote electron beam induced current (REBIC) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been applied to a polycrystalline (Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3 with a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) to elucidate a grain-boundary character dependence of the potential barrier formation. The absence of electrical activity in a coherent Σ3 twin boundary is clearly imaged. The resistivity of individual grain boundaries estimated from a resistive contrast image is interpreted in terms of geometrical coherency, which is defined by the degree of coincidence in the reciprocal lattice points.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01153.x
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    Synthesis of a Visible-Light Active TiO2−xSx Photocatalyst by Means of Mechanochemical Doping (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A visible-light active TiO2−xSx in rutile structure has been synthesized by means of a mechanochemical method. The method is composed of two steps: the first is grinding the mixture of sulfur and TiO2, and the second is calcining the ground sample at 673 K in an inert gas flow. XPS analysis confirms that sulfur has been successfully doped into TiO2. The calcined sample under irradiation of visible light with wave-length over 510 nm has shown good performance for NO gas destruction, suggesting its high photograph-reactivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01161.x
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    Rapid Reactive Synthesis and Sintering of Submicron TiC/SiC Composites through Spark Plasma Sintering (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Submicrometer TiC/SiC composites were fabricated by a rapid reactive sintering process through spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique using the carbon, titanium, and nanosized-SiC powders without any additive. It was found that the composite could be sintered in a relatively short time (8 min at 1480°C) to 97.9% of theoretical density. After sintering, the phase constituents and microstructures of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction techniques and observed by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of nanosized and microsized SiC additives on the microstructure of TiC/SiC composites was investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01157.x
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    Phase Transformation of Nanocrystalline Anatase Powders Induced by Mechanical Activation (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 during high-energy planetary ball milling was studied. The results show that mechanical activation induces the transformations of nanocrystalline TiO2 from anatase to srilankite and rutile at room temperature and under ambient pressure. As the milling time increases, more anatase powder transforms to the srilankite and rutile phase, and the particle size of the powder decreases. There is no indication of the formation of amorphous phase during ball milling.
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    Comment on “Chemical Diffusion Coefficient of H2O in AB(1−x)B′xO(3−x/2)-Type Perovskites” (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01173.x
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  • 75
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    High-Strength Zirconium Diboride-Based Ceramics (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and ZrB2 ceramics containing 10, 20, and 30 vol% SiC particulates were prepared from commercially available powders by hot pressing. Four-point bend strength, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and hardness were measured. Modulus and hardness did not vary significantly with SiC content. In contrast, strength and toughness increased as SiC content increased. Strength increased from 565 MPa for ZrB2 to 〉1000 MPa for samples containing 20 or 30 vol% SiC. The increase in strength was attributed to a decrease in grain size and the presence of WC.
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    Improvement in Wear Resistance of High-Strength and High-Toughness Silicon Nitride Modified by Ion Implantation (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Surface modification by ion implantation has been conducted to improve the tribological properties of a high-strength and high-fracture-toughness unidirectionally aligned silicon nitride (UA-SN). B+, N+, Si+, and Ti+ ions were implanted into the planes parallel and normal to the grain alignment of the UA-SN with a fluence of 2 × 1017 ions/cm2 at an energy of 200 keV. The ion implanted UA-SN showed a dramatic improvement in wear resistance. For example, the specific wear rate of the Si+-implanted specimen in the direction parallel to the grain alignment was reduced to a value of 3 × 10−10 mm2/N, equal to 1/20 of the unimplanted one. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicates the high wear resistance was attributed to the amorphous surface caused by the ion implantation.
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    Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Sintering of NZP Compounds (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have identified the high microwave susceptibility of the sodium di-hydrogen phosphate monohydrate (NHPM), NH2PO4·H2O. This acid phosphate of sodium can be heated to 〉900°C when exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Using NHPM and microwave energy, a novel single-step synthesis of many important crystalline NZP compounds has been accomplished in a very short time. Interestingly, the combination of microwaves and nonstoichiometric oxide precursors for the preparation of NZP materials is found to reduce the reaction temperatures and enhance the reaction kinetics further. The microwave synthesis method is found to be simple and fast, minimizing the loss of volatile chemical species from the reaction. A microwave-assisted procedure for the rapid sintering of NZP compounds has also been demonstrated. Densification (〉97%) has been achieved in 〈30 min at sintering temperature much lower than normally required in conventional processes. Finer microstructure and better densification are the main advantages of the microwave sintering in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00834.x
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    Effect of MnO2 Addition on the Structure and Electrical Properties of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.20(Zr0.50Ti0.50)0.80O3 Ceramics (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.20(Zr0.50Ti0.50)0.80O3 ceramics of pure perovskite structure were prepared by the two-stage method with the addition of 0–3.0 wt% MnO2 and their piezoelectric properties were investigated systematically. The MnO2 addition influences in a pronounced way both the crystal structure and the microstructure of the materials. The materials are transformed from the tetragonal to the rhombohedral structure, and the grain size is enhanced when manganese cations are added. The distortion of crystal structure for samples with MnO2 addition can be explained by the Jahn–Teller effect. The values of electromechanical coupling factor (kp) and dielectric loss (tan δ) are optimized for 0.5-wt%-MnO2-doped samples (kp= 0.60, tan δ= 0.2%) and the mechanical quality factor (Qm) is maximized for 1.0-wt%-MnO2-doped samples (Qm= 1041), which suggests that oxygen vacancies formed by substituting Mn3+ and Mn2+ ions for B-site ions (e.g., Ti4+ and Zr4+ ions) in the perovskite structure partially inhibited polarization reversal in the ferroelectrics. The ceramics with 0.50–1.0 wt% MnO2 addition show great promise as practical materials for piezoelectric applications.
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    Effect of Aliovalent Substituents on the Ferroelectric Properties of Modified Barium Titanate Ceramics - Relaxor Ferroelectric Behavior (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structure–property relationships were investigated to reveal the generic influence of various substituents on ferroelectric BaTiO3. Compositional modifications of ferroelectric BaTiO3 were systematically investigated for La3+ and Nb5+ substituents. A generic influence of charged point defects in breaking down the ferroelectric domains into polar clusters was demonstrated. In both types of modified BaTiO3, relaxor ferroelectric behavior was induced for higher concentrations of substituents.
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  • 80
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    Base-Metal-Electroded BaTiO3 Capacitor Materials with Duplex Microstructures (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of dopants and processing conditions on the dielectric properties of base-metal-electroded materials was investigated. BaTiO3 materials simultaneously doped with MgO and Y2O3 additives can achieve small capacitance variation (ΔC/C), which meets the X7R specification, when the proportion of additives is abundant enough and the materials are not over-fired. Presumably, small ΔC/C values of thus obtained materials are the result of the formation of core–shell structure, which requires stringent control of material processing conditions. In contrast, X7R-type materials can be obtained in a much wider processing window, when prepared by mixing two BaTiO3 materials of suitable dielectric constant–temperature (K–T) characteristics. Duplexed materials prepared from these two end-point BaTiO3 materials with ratios ranging from 3:1 to 1:2 exhibit K–T behavior within the X7R specification, provided that one of the components possesses flat K–T behavior. Moreover, the dielectric properties of these materials were simulated using a simplified microstructural model. Simulation results indicate that the effective dielectric constant of core–shell materials, (Ke)CS, varies significantly not only with the dielectric properties of cores and shells, but also with the shell-to-core thickness ratio, whereas the effective dielectric constant of duplexed materials, (Ke)D, can be maintained at a very small ΔC/C value for a wide range of end-point constituent ratios, which agrees very well with the measured K–T properties for the materials.
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    A-Site and B-Site Order in (Na1/2La1/2)(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Perovskite (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: (Na1/2La1/2)(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 undergoes a series of phase transitions that involve cation order on the A- and B-sites of the parent perovskite structure. At high temperatures both sites contain a random distribution of cations; below 1275°C a 〈111〉 layering of Mg and Nb leads to the formation of a 1:2 ordered structure with a monoclinic supercell. A second transition was observed at 925°C, where the Na and La cations order onto alternate A-site positions along the 〈001〉 direction of the parent subcell. By quenching samples from above 1275°C to preserve the disorder on the B-site, a fourth variant of this compound was obtained by inducing A-site order through a subsequent anneal at 900°C. Although the changes in structure do not produce significant alterations in the relative permittivity (ɛr∼ 35), they do have a significant effect on the value of the temperature coefficient of the capacitance.
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    Microwave Dielectric Properties of Low-Fired ZnNb2O6 Ceramics with BiVO4 Addition (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The BiVO4 additive was found effective for low-temperature firing of ZnNb2O6 polycrystalline ceramics below 950°C in air without a serious degradation in their microwave dielectric properties. Dense BiVO4-doped ZnNb2O6 samples of a relative sintered density over 95% could be prepared even at 925°C. An optimally processed specimen exhibited excellent microwave dielectric properties of Q·f= 55000 GHz, ɛr= 26, and τf=−57 ppm/°C. With increasing BiVO4 addition up to 20 mol% relative to ZnNb2O6, while the quality factor Q·f was gradually decreased, the relative dielectric constant, ɛr, was linearly increased and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, τf, was slightly increased. The variations in Q·f and ɛr are surely attributable to the residual BiVO4 in the ZnNb2O6 matrix. An unexpected slight increase in τf is probably due to the formation of the Bi(V,Nb)O4-type solid solution.
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    Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Si3N4/Carbon Fiber Composites with Aligned Microstructure Produced by a Seeding and Extrusion Method (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Si3N4/carbon fiber composites have been produced with and without seeding by an extrusion and sintering process. In both cases the carbon fibers were aligned along the direction of extrusion, but the Si3N4 grains were only aligned in the seeded material. The mechanical properties of the specimens showed anisotropy with respect to the grain alignment, with both strength and toughness being highest in the direction parallel to the extruding direction. In this direction the seeded specimen, where both the Si3N4 grains and the carbon fibers were aligned, showed both higher fracture toughness and higher fracture strength than the nonseeded specimen where only the fibers were aligned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00894.x
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    Thermal Cyclic Fatigue Behavior of Porous Ceramics for Gas Cleaning (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal shock fatigue resistance of cordierite and SiC filters with a mullite filtration layer was evaluated under simulated reverse cleaning conditions. O-ring specimens were thermally shocked by cyclically blowing cold air outward through them while they were exposed to high-temperature flue gas. The calculated values of the tangential tensile stresses induced by the temperature differences between the inner and outer surfaces were found to be largest at the inner surfaces. It was also found that the elastic modulus and the thermal expansion coefficient of the filters affect the magnitude of the thermal stresses more than the thermal diffusivity and thermal transfer area, which were directly related to the microstructure of the filters. Failure of both filters is believed to have initiated at the inner subsurfaces because of the effects of thermal shock. The thermal shock fatigue lifetimes increased as thermal stresses decreased. The fatigue parameters for the SiC and cordierite filters were found to be 41 and 22, respectively. These parameters probably vary over different operating temperature ranges, especially in the case of SiC filters, where changes in their composite microstructures affect their high-temperature strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00906.x
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    Electronic Structure and Bonding of All Crystalline Phases in the Silica–Yttria–Silicon Nitride Phase Equilibrium Diagram (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews the structures and properties of 10 binary, ternary, and quaternary crystals within the equilibrium phase diagram of the SiO2–Y2O3–Si3N4 system. They are binary compounds SiO2, Y2O3, Si3N4; ternary compounds Si2N2O, Y2Si2O7, and YSi2O5; and quaternary crystals Y2Si3N4O3 (M-melilite), Y4Si2O7N2, (N-YAM), YSiO2N (wallastonite), and Y10(SiO4)6N2 (N-apatite, N-APT). Although the binary compounds are well-known and extensively studied, the ternary and the quaternary crystals are not. Most of the ternary and the quaternary crystals simply have been referenced as secondary phases in the processing of nitrogen ceramics. Their crystal structures are complex and not precisely determined. In the quaternary crystals, there exists O/N disorder in that the exact atomic positions of the anions cannot be uniquely determined. It is envisioned that a variety of cation–anion bonding configurations exist in these complex crystals. The electronic structure and bonding in these crystals are, therefore, of great interest and are indispensable for a fundamental understanding of structural ceramics. We have used ab initio methods to study the structure and bonding properties of these 10 crystals. For crystals with unknown or incomplete structural information, we use an accurate total energy relaxation scheme to obtain the most likely atomic positions. Based on the theoretically modeled structures, the electronic structure and bonding in these crystals are investigated and related to various local cation–anion bonding configurations. These results are presented in the form of atom-resolved partial density of states, Mulliken effective charges, and bond order values. It is shown that Y–O and Y–N bonding are not negligible and should be a part of the discussion of the overall bonding schemes in these crystals. Spectroscopic properties in the form of complex, frequency-dependent dielectric functions, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and the electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) spectra in these crystals also are calculated and compared. These results are discussed in the context of specific bonding configurations between cations (silicon and yttrium) and anions (oxygen and nitrogen) and their implications on intergranular thin films in polycrystalline Si3N4 containing rare-earth elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06352.x
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    Simultaneous Synthesis and Sintering of α-Ti1–xAlx(N) (0 ≤x≤ 0.08) by a Self-Propagating High-Temperature Combustion Method (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous synthesis and sintering of hexagonal α-Ti1−x-Alx(N) (0 ≤x≤ 0.08) solid solutions, which contain a small amount of nitrogen, have been performed by a self-propagating high-temperature combustion method under a nitrogen pressure of 4 MPa. Dense materials (∼99% of theoretical) prepared directly from a mixture of elemental (Ti and Al) powders reveal homogeneous microstructure composed of fine grains (12–16 μm). α-Ti1−xAlx(N) (x= 0.02; Ti0.98Al0.02N0.26) exhibits a three-point bending strength σb of 390 MPa, a Vickers hardness Hv of 9.24 GPa, and a fracture toughness KIC of 4.89 MPa·m1/2; their mechanical properties are much improved by doping Al into α-Ti(N), in comparison with those (σb= 245 MPa, Hv= 9.02 GPa, and KIC= 3.77 MPa·m1/2) of α-Ti(N) fabricated under the same conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06357.x
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  • 87
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    Nickel–Alumina Functionally Graded Materials by Electrophoretic Deposition (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrophoretic deposition has been used to synthesize nickel–alumina, functionally graded materials from NiO and alumina suspensions in ethanol. Suspension stability and the kinetics of deposition were studied to determine optimum conditions. Deposition starts with an alumina suspension into which a stream of NiO suspension is injected at various flow rates to obtain the desired profiles. The latter were controlled by varying the deposition current density and component flow rate. The green bodies obtained were sintered in Ar/H2 atmosphere to reduce the NiO to nickel. Various gradation profiles were obtained illustrating the facility of EPD to synthesize continuously graded materials. NiO was used as the precursor for nickel to alleviate settling and rough columnar deposit problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06359.x
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  • 88
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    Effect of B2O3 Addition on the Thermal Stability of Barium Phosphate Glasses for Optical Fiber Devices (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of B2O3 addition on the thermal stability of BaO–P2O5 glasses is studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The difference between glass-transition and onset-crystallization temperatures increases monotonically with increasing B2O3 concentration. The DTA result reveals that no exothermic peak due to surface crystallization exists in the BaO–P2O5 glass doped with 3 mol% B2O3. A single-mode BaO–P2O5-B2O3 glass fiber could be fabricated by a rod-in-tube technique. The modification of glass structure due to B2O3 addition is qualitatively discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00408.x
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    Propagation Behavior of Machining Cracks in Delayed Fracture (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The propagation behavior of machining-induced cracks in silicon nitride was investigated by conducting constant-stress and constant-stress-rate tests. A dye-impregnation technique that forced a palladium nitrate solution into the cracks gave clear evidence of subcritical crack growth of machining cracks in suspended constant-stress test specimens. The fracture origin before subcritical crack growth usually consisted of a series of small cracks within an elongated semielliptical envelope. The dye-impregnation results gave evidence that some of the elemental cracks had coalesced during subcritical crack growth. It was hypothesized that coalescence might explain an initially higher crack-growth rate suggested by constant-stress-rate tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00500.x
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  • 90
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    SEMICONDUCTOR NANOWIRES AND NANOTUBES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 83-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Semiconductor nanowires and nanotubes exhibit novel electronic and optical properties owing to their unique structural one-dimensionality and possible quantum confinement effects in two dimensions. With a broad selection of compositions and band structures, these one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are considered to be the critical components in a wide range of potential nanoscale device applications. To fully exploit these one-dimensional nanostructures, current research has focused on rational synthetic control of one-dimensional nanoscale building blocks, novel properties characterization and device fabrication based on nanowire building blocks, and integration of nanowire elements into complex functional architectures. Significant progress has been made in a few short years. This review highlights the recent advances in the field, using work from this laboratory for illustration. The understanding of general nanocrystal growth mechanisms serves as the foundation for the rational synthesis of semiconductor heterostructures in one dimension. Availability of these high-quality semiconductor nanostructures allows systematic structural-property correlation investigations, particularly of a size- and dimensionality-controlled nature. Novel properties including nanowire microcavity lasing, phonon transport, interfacial stability and chemical sensing are surveyed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.112300
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    QUANTUM DOT OPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 1-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Highly strained semiconductors grow epitaxially on mismatched substrates in the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode, wherein islands are formed after a few monolayers of layer-by-layer growth. Elastic relaxation on the facet edges, renormalization of the surface energy of the facets, and interaction between neighboring islands via the substrate are the driving forces for self-organized growth. The dimensions of the defect-free islands are of the order lambaB, the de Broglie wavelength, and provide three-dimensional quantum confinement of carriers. Self-organized In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots, or quantum boxes, are grown by molecular beam expitaxy (MBE) or metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on GaAs, InP, and other substrates and are being incorporated in microelectronic and opto-electronic devices. The use of strain to produce self-organized quantum dots has now become a well-accepted approach and is widely used in III-V semiconductors and other material systems. Much progress has been made in the area of growth, where focus has been on size control, and on optical characterization, where the goal has been the application to lasers and detectors. The unique carrier dynamics in the dots, characterized by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, has led to novel device applications. This article reviews the growth and electronic properties of InGaAs quantum dots and the characteristics of interband and intersublevel lasers and detectors and modulation devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.111535
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    SIMULATION OF DNA-NANOTUBE INTERACTIONS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 123-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Carbon nanotubes functionalized with biological molecules (such as protein peptides and nucleic acids) show great potential for application in bioengineering and nanotechnology. Fundamental understanding, description, and regulation of such bio-nano-systems will ultimately lead to a new generation of integrated systems that combine unique properties of the carbon nanotube (CNT) with biological recognition capabilities. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the interactions between deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and CNT, as well as relevant simulation techniques. We also review progress in simulating DNA noncovalent interactions with CNTs in an aqueous environment. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that DNA molecules may be encapsulated inside or wrap around CNT owing to van der Waals attraction between DNA and CNT. We focus on the dynamics and energetics of DNA encapsulation inside nanotubes and discuss the mechanism of encapsulation and the effects of nanotube size, nanotube end-group, DNA base sequence, solvent temperature and pressure on the encapsulation process. Finally, we discuss the likely impact of DNA encapsulation on bioengineering and nanotechnology, as well as other potential applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.120402
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    MODELING AND SIMULATION OF BIOMATERIALS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 279-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Modeling and simulation are becoming increasingly accepted components of materials research. In this review we discuss application of modeling and simulation in the developing field of biomaterials. To restrict the discussion somewhat, we focus primarily on the structure and properties of biomaterials and do not discuss biochemical or biomedical applications. We start with a discussion of how atomistic-level simulation can be used to study molecules and collections of molecules. We then focus on mesoscale simulations of structure and properties, followed by a brief review of continuum-scale approaches. We end with some thoughts on the future of modeling and simulation in biomaterials applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.070503.123908
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    UNUSUAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 247-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unusual structure and properties of carbon nanotubes are presented, with particular reference to single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) and nanotube properties that differ from those of their bulk counterparts. The atomic structure; electronic structure; and vibrational, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties are discussed, with reference made to nanotube junctions, nanotube filling, and double-wall nanotubes (DWNTs). Special attention is given to resonance Raman spectroscopy at the single nanotube level. The status of current research in this field is assessed and opportunities for future research are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.114607
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    BIONANOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 315-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Over the past two decades, advances in biophysical instrumentation have enabled the study of molecular motors at the single molecule level. These studies have inspired the creation of biological/inorganic systems powered by such motors in an attempt to exploit their unique sizes, speeds, functions, and energy utilization capabilities. We give a brief overview of the state-of-the-art of biological and synthetic molecular motors and discuss some initial efforts to exploit their function in engineered structures. We also briefly discuss the construction of devices powered by organized and coordinated arrays of millions of motors in which the growth of cardiac muscle tissue over a microfabricated silicon "skeleton" is directed and controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.115827
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    SYNTHESIS ROUTES FOR LARGE VOLUMES OF NANOPARTICLES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 41-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This review focuses on the preparation of capped nanoparticles of inorganic materials, classified by composition. The materials described include elemental metals and metalloids (semiconductors), chalcogenide II-VI and IV-VI semiconductors, III-V semiconductors, and oxides (both of simple- and multitransition metal). Although particular emphasis is placed on methods that yield large volumes of nanoparticles, recent novel methods that may not necessarily be scalable are also reviewed. The review makes apparent the richness of chemistry that has become routine to practitioners in the field; diverse inorganic systems with distinct chemistry require distinct methods of preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.052803.090949
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    MATERIALS ASSEMBLY AND FORMATION USING ENGINEERED POLYPEPTIDES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 373-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Molecular biomimetics can be defined as mimicking function, synthesis, or structure of materials and systems at the molecular scale using biological pathways. Here, inorganic-binding polypeptides are used as molecular building blocks to control assembly and formation of functional inorganic and hybrid materials and systems for nano- and nanobiotechnology applications. These polypeptides are selected via phage or cell surface display technologies and modified by molecular biology to tailor their binding and multifunctionality properties. The potential of this approach in creating new materials systems with useful physical and biological properties is enormous. This mostly stems from molecular recognition and self-assembly characteristics of the polypeptides plus the added advantage of genetic manipulation of their composition and structure. In this review, we highlight the basic premises of molecular biomimetics, describe the approaches in selecting and engineering inorganic-binding polypeptides, and present examples of their utility as molecular linkers in current and future applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.121025
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    UNCONVENTIONAL NANOFABRICATION (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 339-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Nanostructures are fabricated using either conventional or unconventional tools-that is, by techniques that are highly developed and widely used or by techniques that are relatively new and still being developed. This chapter reviews techniques of unconventional nanofabrication, and focuses on experimentally simple and inexpensive approaches to pattern features with dimensions 〈100 nm. The techniques discussed include soft lithography, scanning probe lithography, and edge lithography. The chapter includes recent advances in fabricating nanostructures using each set of techniques, together with demonstrated advantages, limitations, and applications for each.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.052803.091100
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    ADVANCED CFD AND MODELING OF ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSIONS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 36 (2004), S. 97-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews the current state of the art in accidental explosion modeling using methods based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the petrochemical process industries. We discuss the problem in terms of its industrial importance and its technical difficulty, which stems mainly from the large range of length and timescales that must be represented. Explicit representation of all scales is not feasible due to limitations of computational cost, and modeling of unresolved physical features is required. We also discuss geometry modeling using the porosity/distributed resistance (PDR) method and review relevant combustion modeling. We describe an advanced CFD approach using unstructured adaptive gridding and discuss its usefulness in the context of results obtained for both two dimensional and three dimensional simulations of gas explosion phenomena in complex geometries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.121948
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    SHOCK WAVE DRAG REDUCTION* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 36 (2004), S. 81-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Early concepts in shock wave drag reduction enabled modern aeronautical systems, and continuing research progress in this arena is crucial for significant improvements in long haul transports and various military platforms and weapons. The research area is rich in concepts/approaches, but many of these have not progressed into the realm of application. This is due in part to a lack of knowledge on the part of the fluids research community concerning the multidisciplinary "real-world" design space/metrics and a consequent lack of the requisite breadth and depth of research information required to evaluate/apply the concept. The article reviews the extant wave drag reduction approaches that are (a) well understood/applied, (b) under active study/indicate considerable promise, and (c) those in the nascent stage only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122110
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