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  • Meteorology and Climatology  (264)
  • Space Transportation and Safety  (235)
  • 42.75
  • 2020-2022
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004  (502)
  • 1900-1904
  • 2000  (502)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004  (502)
  • 1900-1904
Year
  • 1
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    Nieuwe en minder bekende vlokreeftjes van sublitorale harde bodems in het Deltagebied (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea) (2000)
    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.11 (2000) p.19
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: New and lesser-known amphipods of hard substrates in the Delta area of the Netherlands (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea) The distribution of 27 new and lesser-known amphipod species of sublittoral hard substrates in the Delta area in the southwest of The Netherlands is described. Data from literature on these species are scarce and/or not readily available. They are supplemented with results from recent investigations of mainly sublittoral hard substrates. Of the 22 marine species only nine occur offshore as well as inshore. The others seem to be restricted to inshore man-made coastline protections. This probably reflects the scarcity of hard substrates further offshore. Four invasive species were recorded in the brackish and freshwater part of the Delta area, two of them of pontocaspian origin.
    Keywords: Arthropoda ; Amphipoda ; Gammaridea ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Herkenning ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 2
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    De opmars van de wespenspin Argiope bruennichi in Nederland (Araneae: Araneidae) (2000)
    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.11 (2000) p.45
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: The expansion of the range of the spider Argiope bruennichi in the Netherlands (Araneae: Araneidae) Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) is one of the biggest and most colourful spiders in Europe and therefore easy to recognise, even by non-specialists. The species has expanded its range in Germany and Belgium for several decades now and reached the south of The Netherlands in 1980. After the discovery of the first female in the south of the province of Limburg more specimens were found in this region in subsequent years. Later the species was discovered near Herkenbosch, about 30 kilometres to the north. Over the last years the expansion continued rapidly and now almost 300 records are brought together. The species has become widespread in the southern and eastern part of The Netherlands. In 1995 a leap of some 70 kilometres was made, from Limburg to the southern parts of the Veluwe. The years 1998 and 1999 were very good for Argiope, both with over 80 records per year. It is suggested that this expansion is related to the warm and sunny summers in the nineties.
    Keywords: Arthropoda ; Araneae ; Araneidae ; Argiope bruennichi ; Wespenspin ; Wespspin ; Tijgerspin ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Uitbreiding ; Fenologie ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 3
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    Nesten van de reuzenmier Camponotus ligniperda in het noordwesten van haar verspreidingsgebied (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2000)
    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.11 (2000) p.13
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Nests of the carpenter ant Camponotus ligniperda in the northwestern part of its range (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Camponotus ligniperda (Latreille, 1802) is a rare ant species restricted to the eastern part of the Netherlands. Most records relate to a low number of workers. In this paper the species is reported for the first time from the province of Drenthe. Some ecological features of the groundnest are compared with the only other recent nest in the Netherlands. Both nests are located under a decidious tree which protects them from excessive precipitation. In contrast with reports from Germany and Sweden, nesting sites in buildings and houses are not known. It is suggested that the low chances for settlement in our country are due to the wet atlantic climate as well as competition with larger Formica species.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus ligniperda ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 4
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    Calibration of Atmospherically Induced Delay Fluctuations Due to Water Vapor (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: We have completed a new generation of water vapor radiometers (WVR), the A- series, in order to support radio science experiments with the Cassini spacecraft. These new instruments sense three frequencies in the vicinity of the 22 GHz emission line of atmospheric water vapor within a 1 degree beamwidth from a clear aperture antenna that is co-pointed with the radio telescope down to 10 degree elevation. The radiometer electronics features almost an order of magnitude improvement in temperature stability compared with earlier WVR designs. For many radio science experiments, the error budget is likely to be dominated by path delay fluctuations due to variable atmospheric water vapor along the line-of-sight to the spacecraft. In order to demonstrate the performance of these new WVRs we are attempting to calibrate the delay fluctuations as seen by a radio interferometer operating over a 21 km baseline with a WVR near each antenna. The characteristics of these new WVRs will be described and the results of our preliminary analysis will be presented indicating an accuracy of 0.2 to 0.5 mm in tracking path delay fluctuations over time scales of 10 to 10,000 seconds.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry: 2000 General Meeting Proceedings; 274-279; NASA/CP-2000-209893
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  • 5
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    Hand-Held Sunphotometers for High School Student Construction and Measuring Aerosol Optical Thickness (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Science education is taking the teaching of science from a traditional (lecture) approach to a multidimensional sense-making approach which allows teachers to support students by providing exploratory experiences. Using projects is one way of providing students with opportunities to observe and participate in sense-making activity. We created a learning environment that fostered inquiry-based learning. Students were engaged in a variety of Inquiry activities that enabled them to work in cooperative planning teams where respect for each other was encouraged and their ability to grasp, transform and transfer information was enhanced. Summer, 1998: An air pollution workshop was conducted for high school students in the Medgar Evers College/Middle College High School Liberty Partnership Summer Program. Students learned the basics of meteorology: structure and composition of the atmosphere and the processes that cause weather. The highlight of this workshop was the building of hand-held sunphotometers, which measure the intensity of the sunlight striking the Earth. Summer, 1999: high school students conducted a research project which measured the mass and size of ambient particulates and enhanced our ability to observe through land based measurements changes in the optical depth of ambient aerosols over Brooklyn. Students used hand held Sunphotometers to collect data over a two week period and entered it into the NASA GISS database by way of the internet.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Materials Presented at the MU-SPIN Ninth Annual Users' Conference; 33-36; NASA/CP-2000-209970
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  • 6
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    Sensitivity and rapidity of vegetational response to abrupt climate change (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Rapid climate change characterizes numerous terrestrial sediment records during and since the last glaciation. Vegetational response is best expressed in terrestrial records near ecotones, where sensitivity to climate change is greatest, and response times are as short as decades.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424); Volume 97; 4; 1359-61
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  • 7
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    Paleoproterozoic snowball earth: extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Geological, geophysical, and geochemical data support a theory that Earth experienced several intervals of intense, global glaciation ("snowball Earth" conditions) during Precambrian time. This snowball model predicts that postglacial, greenhouse-induced warming would lead to the deposition of banded iron formations and cap carbonates. Although global glaciation would have drastically curtailed biological productivity, melting of the oceanic ice would also have induced a cyanobacterial bloom, leading to an oxygen spike in the euphotic zone and to the oxidative precipitation of iron and manganese. A Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth at 2.4 Giga-annum before present (Ga) immediately precedes the Kalahari Manganese Field in southern Africa, suggesting that this rapid and massive change in global climate was responsible for its deposition. As large quantities of O(2) are needed to precipitate this Mn, photosystem II and oxygen radical protection mechanisms must have evolved before 2.4 Ga. This geochemical event may have triggered a compensatory evolutionary branching in the Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase enzyme, providing a Paleoproterozoic calibration point for studies of molecular evolution.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424); Volume 97; 4; 1400-5
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  • 8
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    Rainfall Algorithm Improvements and Validation for the TRMM Microwave Imager (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: The Texas A&M monthly total oceanic rainfall retrieval algorithm is based on radiative transfer models and can only be modified on a physically sound basis. Within this constraint we have examined some improvements to the algorithm and it appears that it can be made significantly better. In particular, it appears that by proper use of the range of frequencies available on TMI (TRMM Microwave Imager) and AMSR that the need for the log-normal fit can be eliminated.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II; Volume 4152; 235-242
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  • 9
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    Reliability of Space-Shuttle Pressure Vessels with Random Batch Effects (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: In this article we revisit the problem of estimating the joint reliability against failure by stress rupture of a group of fiber-wrapped pressure vessels used on Space-Shuttle missions. The available test data were obtained from an experiment conducted at the U.S. Department of Energy Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) in which scaled-down vessels were subjected to life testing at four accelerated levels of pressure. We estimate the reliability assuming that both the Shuttle and LLL vessels were chosen at random in a two-stage process from an infinite population with spools of fiber as the primary sampling unit. Two main objectives of this work are: (1) to obtain practical estimates of reliability taking into account random spool effects and (2) to obtain a realistic assessment of estimation accuracy under the random model. Here, reliability is calculated in terms of a 'system' of 22 fiber-wrapped pressure vessels, taking into account typical pressures and exposure times experienced by Shuttle vessels. Comparisons are made with previous studies. The main conclusion of this study is that, although point estimates of reliability are still in the 'comfort zone,' it is advisable to plan for replacement of the pressure vessels well before the expected Lifetime of 100 missions per Shuttle Orbiter. Under a random-spool model, there is simply not enough information in the LLL data to provide reasonable assurance that such replacement would not be necessary.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Technometrics; Volume 42; No. 4; 332-344
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  • 10
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    Monthly Oceanic Rainfall from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Data (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: We evaluated the performance of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) at-launch algorithm for monthly oceanic rain rate using two years (January 1998 - December 1999) of TMI data. The TMI at-launch algorithm is based on Wilheit et al.'s technique for estimating monthly oceanic rainfall that relies on histograms of multichannel microwave measurements. Comparisons with oceanic monthly rain rates derived from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-13 and F-14 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data show the average rain rates over the TRMM region (between 400S and 40N) are 3.0, 2.85 and 2.89 mm/day, respectively for F-13, F-14 and TMI. Based on the latest version of TB data (version 5), both rainrate and freezing height derived from TMI are similar to those from the F-13 and F-14 SSM/I data. However, regionally the differences are statistically significant at the 95% confidence. Three hourly monthly rainrates are also computed from 3-hourly TB histograms to examine the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Over most of the oceanic TRMM area, a distinct early morning rainfall peak is found. A harmonic analysis shows that the amplitude of the 12h harmonic is significant and comparable to that of the 24h harmonic.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II; Volume 4152; 198-207
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  • 11
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    Field intercomparison of a novel optical sensor for formaldehyde quantification (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A one-week in situ intercomparison campaign was completed on the Rice University campus for measuring HCHO using three different techniques, including a novel optical sensor based on difference frequency generation (DFG) operating at room temperature. Two chemical derivatization methods, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA), were deployed during the daylight hours for three- to four-hour time-integrated samples. A real-time optical sensor based on laser absorption spectroscopy was operated simultaneously, including nighttime hours. This tunable spectroscopic source based on difference frequency mixing of two fiber-amplified diode lasers in periodically poled LiNb03 (PPLN) was operated at 3.5315 micrometers (2831.64 cm 1) to access a strong HCHO ro-vibrational transition free of interferences from other species. The results showed a bias of -1.7 and -1.2 ppbv and a gross error of 2.6 and 1.5 ppbv for DNPH and PFBHA measurements, respectively, compared with DFG measurements. These results validate the DFG sensor for time-resolved measurements of HCHO in urban areas.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Geophysical research letters (ISSN 0094-8276); Volume 27; 14; 2093-6
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  • 12
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    The DC-8 Submillimeter-Wave Cloud Ice Radiometer (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Submillimeter-wave cloud ice radiometry is an innovative technique for determining the amount of ice present in cirrus clouds, measuring median crystal size, and constraining crystal shape. The radiometer described in this poster is being developed to acquire data to validate radiometric retrievals of cloud ice at submillimeter wavelengths. The goal of this effort is to develop a technique to enable spaceborne characterization of cirrus, meeting key climate modeling and NASA measurement needs.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 13
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    Lightning Strike Peak Current Probabilities as Related to Space Shuttle Operations (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A summary is presented of basic lightning characteristics/criteria applicable to current and future aerospace vehicles. The paper provides estimates on the probability of occurrence of a 200 kA peak lightning return current, should lightning strike an aerospace vehicle in various operational phases, i.e., roll-out, on-pad, launch, reenter/land, and return-to-launch site. A literature search was conducted for previous work concerning occurrence and measurement of peak lighting currents, modeling, and estimating the probabilities of launch vehicles/objects being struck by lightning. This paper presents a summary of these results.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 14
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    Integrated Vehicle Health Management for the 2nd Generation RLV Program (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) for Second Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) program, including details on the second and third RLV programs, IVHM activity at Kennedy Space Center, the NASA X-37 IVHM flight experiment, propulsion and power IVHM, IVHM technologies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, structures IVHM for third generation RLVs, and IVHM systems engineering and integration.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 15
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    2nd & 3rd Generation Vehicle Subsystems (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This paper contains viewgraph presentation on the "2nd & 3rd Generation Vehicle Subsystems" project. The objective behind this project is to design, develop and test advanced avionics, power systems, power control and distribution components and subsystems for insertion into a highly reliable and low-cost system for a Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV). The project is divided into two sections: 3rd Generation Vehicle Subsystems and 2nd Generation Vehicle Subsystems. The following topics are discussed under the first section, 3rd Generation Vehicle Subsystems: supporting the NASA RLV program; high-performance guidance & control adaptation for future RLVs; Evolvable Hardware (EHW) for 3rd generation avionics description; Scaleable, Fault-tolerant Intelligent Network or X(trans)ducers (SFINIX); advance electric actuation devices and subsystem technology; hybrid power sources and regeneration technology for electric actuators; and intelligent internal thermal control. Topics discussed in the 2nd Generation Vehicle Subsystems program include: design, development and test of a robust, low-maintenance avionics with no active cooling requirements and autonomous rendezvous and docking systems; design and development of a low maintenance, high reliability, intelligent power systems (fuel cells and battery); and design of a low cost, low maintenance high horsepower actuation systems (actuators).
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 16
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    IVHM Technologies at JPL (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Integrated Vehicle Health Management Technologies at Jet Propulsion Laboratory are presented. The topics include: 1) Wireless Sensors; 2) Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation (XUV) Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Robotics Future Communication Architecture; 3) Micro Communication and Avionics Systems (MCAS); 4) NASA/DARPA Wireless Camera; and 5) Wireless Camera Assembly.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 17
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    Operations and Range Technology Development (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Operations and Range Technology Project is responsible for the development of key technologies as part of the KSC Spaceport Technology Center Initiative to substantially reduce vehicle launch and processing operations costs and improve the systems safety and reliability. The topics include: 1) Spaceport Technology Areas; 2) Umbilical Systems Development; 3) Automated Payload Handling Systems; 4) Command, Control and Monitor Systems; 5) Intelligent Synthesis Environment; 6) Low TRL Development; 7) Second Generation Project Organization; and 8) ASTP (3rd Generation) Project Organization. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 18
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    Cryogenics Testbed Technology Focus Areas (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Our mission is to bring together the mutual elements of research, industry, and training in the field of cryogenics to advance technology development for the spaceports of the future. Successful technology and productive collaboration comes from these three ingredients working together in a triangle of interaction.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 19
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    Magnetic Launch Assist (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives of this program are to: (1) To develop a safe, reliable, inexpensive, and minimum operation launch assist system for sending payloads into orbit using ground powered, magnetic suspension and propulsion technologies; (2) Improve safety, reliability, operability for third generation Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV); (3) Reduce vehicle weight and increase payload capacity; and (4) Support operational testing of Rocket Based Combine Cycle (RBCC) engines.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 20
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    The X-33 Program Update (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the X-33 program update, including details on program objectives and plans, the X-33 configuration, technologies used, and X-33 assembly and test status.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 21
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    Pathfinder Program (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Pathfinder Program is presented. The topics include: 1) High Visibility Flight Projects; 3) Significant Events/Accomplishments; 4) Pathfinder Flight Experiments; 5) Top level Goals; 6) Flight Testing for a Multistage Reusable System; 7) Key Embedded Technologies; 8) X-34 Vehicle Description; 9) Government Participation; 10) X-37 Vehicle Characteristics; 10) X-37 Vehicle Deployment Process; and 11) X-37 Configuration Modification Options.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 22
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    Ground Operations (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The contents include: 1) Integrated Space Transportation; 2) Fourth Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Research; 3) Ground Operations; 4) Ground Operations Technologies; 5) Sensors; and 6) Umbilicals. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 23
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    Advanced Range Technologies (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Historically, the majority of the total life cycle cost for any complex system is attributed to operational and support activities. Therefore, a primary strategy for reducing life cycle costs should be to develop and infuse spaceport technologies in future space transportation systems. Advanced technologies will benefit current and future spaceports on the earth, moon, Mars, and beyond
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 24
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    Upper Stages (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Upper Stages Project - a partnership between NASA, the US Air Force, and industry - is developing reduced-cost technologies for potential use in the Second Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) space transportation system architectures. This viewgraph presentation will examine peroxide-fueled liquid and liquid/hybrid propulsion systems now in development - technologies expected to substantially lower operation costs for future transportation systems.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 25
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    Reducing Risk for the Next Generations (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It is the goal of this activity to develop 50 kW class Hall thruster technology in support of cost and time critical mission applications such as orbit insertion. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is tasked to develop technologies that enable cost and travel time reduction of interorbital transportation. Therefore, a key challenge is development of moderate specific impulse (2000-3000 s), high thrust-to-power electric propulsion. NASA Glenn Research Center is responsible for development of a Hall propulsion system to meet these needs. First-phase, sub-scale Hall engine development has been completed, the 10 kW engine designed, fabricated, and tested. Performance demonstrated 〉 2400 s, 〉 500 mN thrust over 1000 hrs of operation documented.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 26
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    Flight Experiment Platforms/Opportunities (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of flight experiment platforms and opportunities, including details on flight experiments, ground test experiments, and the X-34 and X-37 projects.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 27
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    Shuttle Upgrade Plan (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the Space Shuttle upgrade plan, including details on safety enhancements, reliability and maintainability improvements, investment protection (mission life remaining), Next Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle technologies, HEDS exploration strategic goals, and upgrades for safety and supportability.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 28
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    2nd Generation RLV Plans (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the Second Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) plans, including details on the background of the RLV, goals and scheduling, program requirements and organization, technology drivers and interfaces, acquisition strategy and planning, and the status of the plans.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 29
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    Radiance and Jacobian Intercomparison of Radiative Transfer Models Applied to HIRS and AMSU Channels (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-07
    Description: The goals of this study are the evaluation of current fast radiative transfer models (RTMs) and line-by-line (LBL) models. The intercomparison focuses on the modeling of 11 representative sounding channels routinely used at numerical weather prediction centers: seven HIRS (High-resolution Infrared Sounder) and four AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit) channels. Interest in this topic was evidenced by the participation of 24 scientists from 16 institutions. An ensemble of 42 diverse atmospheres was used and results compiled for 19 infrared models and 10 microwave models, including several LBL RTMs. For the first time, not only radiances, but also Jacobians (of temperature, water vapor, and ozone) were compared to various LBL models for many channels. In the infrared, LBL models typically agree to within 0.05-0.15 K (standard deviation) in terms of top-of-the-atmosphere brightness temperature (BT). Individual differences up to 0.5 K still exist, systematic in some channels, and linked to the type of atmosphere in others. The best fast models emulate LBL BTs to within 0.25 K, but no model achieves this desirable level of success for all channels. The ozone modeling is particularly challenging. In the microwave, fast models generally do quite well against the LBL model to which they were tuned. However significant differences were noted among LBL models. Extending the intercomparison to the Jacobians proved very useful in detecting subtle and more obvious modeling errors. In addition, total and single gas optical depths were calculated, which provided additional insight on the nature of differences. Recommendations for future intercomparisons are suggested.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Status of TRMM Monthly Estimates of Tropical Precipitation (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Nearly three years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite (TRMM Satellite) monthly estimates of tropical surface rainfall are analyzed to document and understand the differences among the TRMM-based estimates and how these differences relate to the pre-TRMM estimates and current operational analyses. Variation among the TRMM estimates is shown to be considerably smaller than among a pre-TRMM collection of passive microwave-based products. Use of both passive and active microwave techniques in TRMM should lead to increased confidence in converged estimates. Current TRMM estimates are shown to have a range of about 20% for the tropical ocean as a whole, with variations in heavily raining ocean areas of the ITCZ and SPCZ having differences over 30%. In mid-latitude ocean areas the differences are smaller. Over land there is a distinct difference between the tropics and mid-latitude with a reversal between some of the products as to which tends to be relatively high or low. Comparisons of TRMM estimates with ocean atoll and land gauge information point to products that might have significant regional biases. The radar-based product is significantly low biased compared with atoll raingauge data, while the passive microwave product is significantly high compared to raingauge data in the deep tropics. The evolution of rainfall patterns during the recent change from intense El Nino to a long period of La Nina and then a gradual return to near neutral conditions is described using TRMM. The time history of integrated rainfall over the tropical oceans (and land) during this period differs among the passive and active microwave TRMM estimates.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Symposium on Cloud Systems, Hurricanes and TRMM; Unknown
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    TRMM Observations of Polarization Difference in 85 GHz: Information About Hydrometeors and Rain Rate (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Observations made by the Precipitation Radar (PR) and the Microwave Imager (TMI) radiometer on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite help us to show the significance of the 85 GHz polarization difference, PD85, measured by TMI. Rain type, convective or stratiform, deduced from the PR allows us to infer that PD85 is generally positive in stratiform rain clouds, while PD85 can be markedly negative in deep convective rain clouds. Furthermore, PD85 increases in a gross manner as stratiform rain rate increases. On the contrary, in a crude fashion PD85 decreases as convective rain rate increases. From the observations of TMI and PR, we find that PD85 is a weak indicator of rain rate. Utilizing information from existing polarimetric radar studies, we infer that negative values of PD85 are likely associated with vertically-oriented small oblate or wet hail that are found in deep convective updrafts.
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    Teleconnection Linking Asian/Pacific Monsoon Variability and Summertime Droughts and Floods Over the United States (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Major droughts and floods over the U.S. continent may be related to a far field energy source in the Asian Pacific. This is illustrated by two climate patterns associated with summertime rainfall over the U.S. and large-scale circulation on interannual timescale. The first shows an opposite variation between the drought/flood over the Midwest and that over eastern and southeastern U.S., coupled to a coherent wave pattern spanning the entire East Asia-North Pacific-North America region related to the East Asian jetstream. The second shows a continental-scale drought/flood in the central U.S., coupled to a wavetrain linking Asian/Pacific monsoon region to North America.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Intercomparison of Global Precipitation Products: The Third Precipitation Intercomparison Project (PIP-3) (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A set of global, monthly rainfall products has been intercompared to understand the quality and utility of the estimates. The products include 25 observational (satellite-based), four model and two climatological products. The results of the intercomparison indicate a very large range (factor of two or three) of values when all products are considered. The range of values is reduced considerably when the set of observational products is limited to those considered quasi-standard. The model products do significantly poorer in the tropics, but are competitive with satellite-based fields in mid-latitudes over land. Over ocean, products are compared to frequency of precipitation from ship observations. The evaluation of the observational products point to merged data products (including rain gauge information) as providing the overall best results.
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    A Texture-Polarization Method for Estimating Convective/Stratiform Precipitation Area Coverage from Passive Microwave Radiometer Data (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Observational and modeling studies have described the relationships between convective/stratiform rain proportion and the vertical distributions of vertical motion, latent heating, and moistening in mesoscale convective systems. Therefore, remote sensing techniques which can quantify the relative areal proportion of convective and stratiform, rainfall can provide useful information regarding the dynamic and thermodynamic processes in these systems. In the present study, two methods for deducing the convective/stratiform areal extent of precipitation from satellite passive microwave radiometer measurements are combined to yield an improved method. If sufficient microwave scattering by ice-phase precipitating hydrometeors is detected, the method relies mainly on the degree of polarization in oblique-view, 85.5 GHz radiances to estimate the area fraction of convective rain within the radiometer footprint. In situations where ice scattering is minimal, the method draws mostly on texture information in radiometer imagery at lower microwave frequencies to estimate the convective area fraction. Based upon observations of ten convective systems over ocean and nine systems over land, instantaneous 0.5 degree resolution estimates of convective area fraction from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TRMM TMI) are compared to nearly coincident estimates from the TRMM Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR). The TMI convective area fraction estimates are slightly low-biased with respect to the PR, with TMI-PR correlations of 0.78 and 0.84 over ocean and land backgrounds, respectively. TMI monthly-average convective area percentages in the tropics and subtropics from February 1998 exhibit the greatest values along the ITCZ and in continental regions of the summer (southern) hemisphere. Although convective area percentages. from the TMI are systematically lower than those from the PR, monthly rain patterns derived from the TMI and PR rain algorithms are very similar. TMI rain depths are significantly higher than corresponding rain depths from the PR in the ITCZ, but are similar in magnitude elsewhere.
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    Double-Edge Molecular Measurement of Lidar Wind Profiles at 355 nm (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We built a direct detection Doppler lidar based on the double-edge molecular technique and made the first molecular based wind measurements using the eyesafe 355 nm wavelength. Three etalon bandpasses are obtained with Step etalons on a single pair of etalon plates. Long-term frequency drift of the laser and the capacitively stabilized etalon is removed by locking the etalon to the laser frequency. We use a low angle design to avoid polarization effects. Wind measurements of 1 to 2 m/s accuracy are obtained to 10 km altitude with 5 mJ of laser energy, a 750s integration, and a 25 cm telescope. Good agreement is obtained between the lidar and rawinsonde measurements.
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    Tropical Convective Outflow and Near Surface Equivalent Potential Temperatures (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We use clear sky heating rates to show that convective outflow in the tropics decreases rapidly with height between the 350 K and 360 K potential temperature surfaces (or between roughly 13 and 15 km). There is also a rapid fall-off in the pseudoequivalent potential temperature probability distribution of near surface air parcels between 350 K and 360 K. This suggests that the vertical variation of convective outflow in the upper tropical troposphere is to a large degree determined by the distribution of sub cloud layer entropy.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Space Shuttle Projects Overview to Columbia Air Forces War College (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This paper presents, in viewgraph form, a general overview of space shuttle projects. Some of the topics include: 1) Space Shuttle Projects; 2) Marshall Space Flight Center Space Shuttle Projects Office; 3) Space Shuttle Propulsion systems; 4) Space Shuttle Program Major Sites; 5) NASA Office of Space flight (OSF) Center Roles in Space Shuttle Program; 6) Space Shuttle Hardware Flow; and 7) Shuttle Flights To Date.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
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    Summary of Symposium on Cloud Systems, Hurricanes and TRMM: Celebration of Dr. Joanne Simpson's Career, The First Fifty Years (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A symposium celebrating the first 50 years of Dr. Joanne Simpson's career took place at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center from December 1 - 3, 1999. This symposium consisted of presentations that focused on: historical and personal points of view concerning Dr. Simpson's research career, her interactions with the American Meteorological Society, and her leadership in TRMM; scientific interactions with Dr. Simpson that influenced personal research; research related to observations and modeling of clouds, cloud systems and hurricanes; and research related to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). There were a total of 36 presentations and 103 participants from the US, Japan and Australia. The specific presentations during the symposium are summarized in this paper.
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    On the Spatial Distribution of High Velocity Al-26 Near the Galactic Center (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We present results of simulations of the distribution of 1809 keV radiation from the decay of Al-26 in the Galaxy. Recent observations of this emission line using the Gamma Ray Imaging Spectrometer (GRIS) have indicated that the bulk of the AL-26 must have a velocity of approx. 500 km/ s. We have previously shown that a velocity this large could be maintained over the 10(exp 6) year lifetime of the Al-26 if it is trapped in dust grains that are reaccelerated periodically in the ISM. Here we investigate whether a dust grain velocity of approx. 500 km/ s will produce a distribution of 1809 keV emission in latitude that is consistent with the narrow distribution seen by COMPTEL. We find that dust grain velocities in the range 275 - 1000 km/ s are able to reproduce the COMPTEL 1809 keV emission maps reconstructed using the Richardson-Lucy and Maximum Entropy image reconstruction methods while the emission map reconstructed using the Multiresolution Regularized Expectation Maximization algorithm is not well fit by any of our models. The Al-26 production rate that is needed to reproduce the observed 1809 keV intensity yields in a Galactic mass of Al-26 of approx. 1.5 - 2 solar mass which is in good agreement with both other observations and theoretical production rates.
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    The Impact of ENSO on Extratropical Low Frequency Noise in Seasonal Forecasts (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This study examines the uncertainty in forecasts of the January-February-March (JFM) mean extratropical circulation, and how that uncertainty is modulated by the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The analysis is based on ensembles of hindcasts made with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) forced with sea surface temperatures observed during; the 1983 El Nino and 1989 La Nina events. The AGCM produces pronounced interannual differences in the magnitude of the extratropical seasonal mean noise (intra-ensemble variability). The North Pacific, in particular, shows extensive regions where the 1989 seasonal mean noise kinetic energy (SKE), which is dominated by a "PNA-like" spatial structure, is more than twice that of the 1983 forecasts. The larger SKE in 1989 is associated with a larger than normal barotropic conversion of kinetic energy from the mean Pacific jet to the seasonal mean noise. The generation of SKE due to sub-monthly transients also shows substantial interannual differences, though these are much smaller than the differences in the mean flow conversions. An analysis of the Generation of monthly mean noise kinetic energy (NIKE) and its variability suggests that the seasonal mean noise is predominantly a statistical residue of variability resulting from dynamical processes operating on monthly and shorter times scales. A stochastically-forced barotropic model (linearized about the AGCM's 1983 and 1989 base states) is used to further assess the role of the basic state, submonthly transients, and tropical forcing, in modulating the uncertainties in the seasonal AGCM forecasts. When forced globally with spatially-white noise, the linear model generates much larger variance for the 1989 base state, consistent with the AGCM results. The extratropical variability for the 1989 base state is dominanted by a single eigenmode, and is strongly coupled with forcing over tropical western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, again consistent with the AGCM results. Linear calculations that include forcing from the AGCM variance of the tropical forcing and submonthly transients show a small impact on the variability over the Pacific/North American region compared with that of the base state differences.
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    Intrinsic Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Modes of the Asian Summer Monsoon: A Re-assessment of Monsoon-ENSO Relationships (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Using global rainfall and sea surface temperature (SST) data for the past two decades (1979-1998), we have investigated the intrinsic modes of Asian summer monsoon (ASM) and ENSO co-variability. Three recurring ASM rainfall-SST coupled modes were identified. The first is a basin scale mode that features SST and rainfall variability over the entire tropics (including the ASM region), identifiable with those occurring during El Nino or La Nina. This mode is further characterized by a pronounced biennial variation in ASM rainfall and SST associated with fluctuations of the anomalous Walker circulation that occur during El Nino/La Nina transitions. The second mode comprises mixed regional and basin-scale rainfall and SST signals, with pronounced intraseasonal and interannual variabilities. This mode features a SST pattern associated with a developing La Nina, with a pronounced low level anticyclone in the subtropics of the western Pacific off the coast of East Asia. The third mode depicts an east-west rainfall and SST dipole across the southern equatorial Indian Ocean, most likely stemming from coupled ocean-atmosphere processes within the ASM region. This mode also possesses a decadal time scale and a linear trend, which are not associated with El Nino/La Nina variability. Possible causes of year-to-year rainfall variability over the ASM and sub-regions have been evaluated from a reconstruction of the observed rainfall from singular eigenvectors of the coupled modes. It is found that while basin-scale SST can account for portions of ASM rainfall variability during ENSO events (up to 60% in 1998), regional processes can accounts up to 20-25% of the rainfall variability in typical non-ENSO years. Stronger monsoon-ENSO relationship tends to occur in the boreal summer immediately preceding a pronounced La Nina, i.e., 1998, 1988 and 1983. Based on these results, we discuss the possible impacts of the ASM on ENSO variability via the west Pacific anticyclone and articulate a hypothesis that anomalous wind forcings derived from the anticyclone may be instrumental in inducing a strong biennial modulation to natural ENSO cycles.
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    Comments on "The Sensitivity Study of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium in the Tropics with a Convective Resolving Model" (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: In general, there are two broad scientific objectives when using cloud resolving models (CRMs or cloud ensemble models-CEMs) to study tropical convection. The first one is to use them as a physics resolving models to understand the dynamic and microphysical processes associated with the tropical water and energy cycles and their role in the climate system. The second approach is to use the CRMs to improve the representation of moist processes and their interaction with radiation in large-scale models. In order to improve the credibility of the CRMs and achieve the above goals, CRMs using identical initial conditions and large-scale influences need to produce very similar results. Two CRMs produced different statistical equilibrium (SE) states even though both used the same initial thermodynamic and wind conditions. Sensitivity tests to identify the major physical processes that determine the SE states for the different CRM simulations were performed. Their results indicated that atmospheric horizontal wind is treated quite differently in these two CRMs. The model that had stronger surface winds and consequently larger latent and sensible heat fluxes from the ocean produced a warmer and more humid modeled thermodynamic SE state. In addition, the domain mean thermodynamic state is more unstable for those experiments that produced a warmer and more humid SE state. Their simulated wet (warm and humid) SE states are thermally more stable in the lower troposphere (from the surface to 4-5 km in altitude). The large-scale horizontal advective effects on temperature and water vapor mixing ratio are needed when using CRMs to perform long-term integrations to study convective feedback under specified large-scale environments. In addition, it is suggested that the dry and cold SE state simulated was caused by enhanced precipitation but not enough surface evaporation. We find some problems with the interpretation of these three phenomena.
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    Evaluation of Bogus Vortex Techniques with Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The effectiveness of techniques for creating "bogus" vortices in numerical simulations of hurricanes is examined by using the Penn State/NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (MM5) and its adjoint system. A series of four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4-D VAR) experiments is conducted to generate an initial vortex for Hurricane Georges (1998) in the Atlantic Ocean by assimilating bogus sea-level pressure and surface wind information into the mesoscale numerical model. Several different strategies are tested for improving the vortex representation. The initial vortices produced by the 4-D VAR technique are able to reproduce many of the structural features of mature hurricanes. The vortices also result in significant improvements to the hurricane forecasts in terms of both intensity and track. In particular, with assimilation of only bogus sea-level pressure information, the response in the wind field is contained largely within the divergent component, with strong convergence leading to strong upward motion near the center. Although the intensity of the initial vortex seems to be well represented, a dramatic spin down of the storm occurs within the first 6 h of the forecast. With assimilation of bogus surface wind data only, an expected dominance of the rotational component of the wind field is generated, but the minimum pressure is adjusted inadequately compared to the actual hurricane minimum pressure. Only when both the bogus surface pressure and wind information are assimilated together does the model produce a vortex that represents the actual intensity of the hurricane and results in significant improvements to forecasts of both hurricane intensity and track.
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    Retrieved Vertical Profiles of Latent Heat Release Using TRMM Rainfall Products (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This paper represents the first attempt to use TRMM rainfall information to estimate the four dimensional latent heating structure over the global tropics for February 1998. The mean latent heating profiles over six oceanic regions (TOGA COARE IFA, Central Pacific, S. Pacific Convergence Zone, East Pacific, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean) and three continental regions (S. America, Central Africa and Australia) are estimated and studied. The heating profiles obtained from the results of diagnostic budget studies over a broad range of geographic locations are used to provide comparisons and indirect validation for the heating algorithm estimated heating profiles. Three different latent heating algorithms, the Goddard Convective-Stratiform (CSH) heating, the Goddard Profiling (GPROF) heating, and the Hydrometeor heating (HH) are used and their results are intercompared. The horizontal distribution or patterns of latent heat release from the three different heating retrieval methods are quite similar. They all can identify the areas of major convective activity (i.e., a well defined ITCZ in the Pacific, a distinct SPCZ) in the global tropics. The magnitude of their estimated latent heating release is also not in bad agreement with each other and with those determined from diagnostic budget studies. However, the major difference among these three heating retrieval algorithms is the altitude of the maximum heating level. The CSH algorithm estimated heating profiles only show one maximum heating level, and the level varies between convective activity from various geographic locations. These features are in good agreement with diagnostic budget studies. By contrast, two maximum heating levels were found using the GPROF heating and HH algorithms. The latent heating profiles estimated from all three methods can not show cooling between active convective events. We also examined the impact of different TMI (Multi-channel Passive Microwave Sensor) and PR (Precipitation Radar) rainfall information on latent heating structures.
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    Raman Lidar Measurements of Water Vapor and Cirrus Clouds During the Passage of Hurricane Bonnie (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The NASA/GSFC Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) was stationed on Andros Island in the Bahamas during August - September, 1998 as a part of the third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) which focussed on hurricane development and tracking. During the period August 21 - 24, hurricane Bonnie passed near Andros Island and influenced the water vapor and cirrus cloud measurements acquired by the SRL. Two drying signatures related to the hurricane were recorded by the SRL (Scanning Raman Lidar) and other sensors. Cirrus cloud optical depths (at 351 nm) were also measured during this period. Optical depth values ranged from approximately 0.01 to 1.4. The influence of multiple scattering on these optical depth measurements was studied with the conclusion that the measured values of optical depth are less than the actual value by up to 20% . The UV/IR cirrus cloud optical depth ratio was estimated based on a comparison of lidar and GOES measurements. Simple radiative transfer model calculations compared with GOES satellite brightness temperatures indicate that satellite radiances are significantly affected by the presence of cirrus clouds if IR optical depths are approximately 0.02 or greater. This has implications for satellite cirrus detection requirements.
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    Rainfall Morphology in Semi-Tropical Convergence Zones (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Central Florida is the ideal test laboratory for studying convergence zone-induced convection. The region regularly experiences sea breeze fronts and rainfall-induced outflow boundaries. The focus of this study is the common yet poorly-studied convergence zone established by the interaction of the sea breeze front and an outflow boundary. Previous studies have investigated mechanisms primarily affecting storm initiation by such convergence zones. Few have focused on rainfall morphology yet these storms contribute a significant amount precipitation to the annual rainfall budget. Low-level convergence and mid-tropospheric moisture have both been shown to correlate with rainfall amounts in Florida. Using 2D and 3D numerical simulations, the roles of low-level convergence and mid-tropospheric moisture in rainfall evolution are examined. The results indicate that time-averaged, vertical moisture flux (VMF) at the sea breeze front/outflow convergence zone is directly and linearly proportional to initial condensation rates. This proportionality establishes a similar relationship between VMF and initial rainfall. Vertical moisture flux, which encompasses depth and magnitude of convergence, is better correlated to initial rainfall production than surface moisture convergence. This extends early observational studies which linked rainfall in Florida to surface moisture convergence. The amount and distribution of mid-tropospheric moisture determines how rainfall associated with secondary cells develop. Rainfall amount and efficiency varied significantly over an observable range of relative humidities in the 850- 500 mb layer even though rainfall evolution was similar during the initial or "first-cell" period. Rainfall variability was attributed to drier mid-tropospheric environments inhibiting secondary cell development through entrainment effects. Observationally, 850-500 mb moisture structure exhibits wider variability than lower level moisture, which is virtually always present in Florida. A likely consequence of the variability in 850-500 moisture is a stronger statistical correlation to rainfall, which observational studies have noted. The study indicates that vertical moisture flux forcing at convergence zones is critical in determining rainfall in the initial stage of development but plays a decreasing role in rainfall evolution as the system matures. The mid-tropospheric moisture (e.g. environment) plays an increasing role in rainfall evolution as the system matures. This suggests the need to improve measurements of magnitude/depth of convergence and mid-tropospheric moisture distribution. It also highlights the need for better parameterization of entrainment and vertical moisture distribution in larger-scale models.
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    Multiple Quasi-Equilibria of the ITCZ and the Origin of Monsoon Onset (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Chao's numerical and theoretical work on multiple quasi-equilibria of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the origin of monsoon onset is extended to solve two additional puzzles. One is the highly nonlinear dependence on latitude of the "force" acting on the ITCZ due to earth's rotation, which makes the multiple quasi-equilibria of the ITCZ and monsoon onset possible. The other is the dramatic difference in such dependence when different cumulus parameterization schemes are used in a model. Such a difference can lead to a switch between a single ITCZ at the equator and a double ITCZ, when a different cumulus parameterization scheme is used. Sometimes one of the double ITCZ can diminish and only the other remain, but still this can mean different latitudinal locations for the single ITCZ. A single idea based on two off-equator attractors for the ITCZ, due to earth's rotation and symmetric with respect to the equator, and the dependence of the strength and size of these attractors on the cumulus parameterization scheme solves both puzzles. The origin of these rotational attractors, explained in Part I, is further discussed. The "force" acting on the ITCZ due to earth's rotation is the sum of the "forces" of the two attractors. Each attractor exerts on the ITCZ a "force" of simple shape in latitude; but the sum gives a shape highly varying in latitude. Also the strength and the domain of influence of each attractor vary, when change is made in the cumulus parameterization. This gives rise to the high sensitivity of the "force" shape to cumulus parameterization. Numerical results, of experiments using Goddard's GEOS general circulation model, supporting this idea are presented. It is also found that the model results are sensitive to changes outside of the cumulus parameterization. The significance of this study to El Nino forecast and to tropical forecast in general is discussed.
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    Evolution of Tropical and Extratropical Precipitation Anomalies During the 1997 to 1999 ENSO Cycle (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The 1997-1999 ENSO period was very powerful, but also well observed. Multiple satellite rainfall estimates combined with gauge observations allow for a quantitative analysis of precipitation anomalies in the tropics and elsewhere accompanying the 1997-99 ENSO cycle. An examination of the evolution of the El Nino and accompanying precipitation anomalies revealed that a dry Maritime Continent preceded the formation of positive SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean. 30-60 day oscillations in the winter of 1996/97 may have contributed to this lag relationship. Furthermore, westerly wind burst events may have maintained the drought over the Maritime Continent. The warming of the equatorial Pacific was then followed by an increase in convection. A rapid transition from El Nino to La Nina occurred in May 1998, but as early as October-November 1997 precipitation indices captured substantial changes in Pacific rainfall anomalies. The global precipitation patterns for this event were in good agreement with the strong consistent ENSO-related precipitation signals identified in earlier studies. Differences included a shift in precipitation anomalies over Africa during the 1997-98 El Nino and unusually wet conditions over northeast Australia during the later stages of the El Nino. Also, the typically wet region in the north tropical Pacific was mostly dry during the 1998-99 La Nina. Reanalysis precipitation was compared to observations during this time period and substantial differences were noted. In particular, the model had a bias towards positive precipitation anomalies and the magnitudes of the anomalies in the equatorial Pacific were small compared to the observations. Also, the evolution of the precipitation field, including the drying of the Maritime Continent and eastward progression of rainfall in the equatorial Pacific was less pronounced for the model compared to the observations.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Predictability of the 1997 and 1998 South Asian Summer Monsoons (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The predictability of the 1997 and 1998 south Asian summer monsoon winds is examined from an ensemble of 10 Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) simulations with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and soil moisture, The simulations are started in September 1996 so that they have lost all memory of the atmospheric initial conditions for the periods of interest. The model simulations show that the 1998 monsoon is considerably more predictable than the 1997 monsoon. During May and June of 1998 the predictability of the low-level wind anomalies is largely associated with a local response to anomalously warm Indian Ocean SSTs. Predictability increases late in the season (July and August) as a result of the strengthening of the anomalous Walker circulation and the associated development of easterly low level wind anomalies that extend westward across India and the Arabian Sea. During these months the model is also the most skillful with the observations showing a similar late-season westward extension of the easterly CD wind anomalies. The model shows little predictability or skill in the low level winds over southeast Asia during, 1997. Predictable wind anomalies do occur over the western Indian Ocean and Indonesia, however, over the Indian Ocean they are a response to SST anomalies that were wind driven and they show no skill. The reduced predictability in the low level winds during 1997 appears to be the result of a weaker (compared with 1998) simulated anomalous Walker circulation, while the reduced skill is associated with pronounced intraseasonal activity that is not well captured by the model. Remarkably, the model does produce an ensemble mean Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) response that is approximately in phase with (though weaker than) the observed MJ0 anomalies. This is consistent with the idea that SST coupling may play an important role in the MJO.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Monsoon-Enso Relationships: A New Paradigm (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This article is partly a review and partly a new research paper on monsoon-ENSO relationship. The paper begins with a discussion of the basic relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO dating back to the work of Sir Gilbert Walker up to research results in more recent years. Various factors that may affect the monsoon-ENSO, relationship, including regional coupled ocean-atmosphere processes, Eurasian snow cover, land-atmosphere hydrologic feedback, intraseasonal oscillation, biennial variability and inter-decadal variations, are discussed. The extreme complex and highly nonlinear nature of the monsoon-ENSO relationship is stressed. We find that for regional impacts on the monsoon, El Nino and La Nina are far from simply mirror images of each other. These two polarities of ENSO can have strong or no impacts on monsoon anomalies depending on the strength of the intraseasonal oscillations and the phases of the inter-decadal variations. For the Asian-Australian monsoon (AAM) as a whole, the ENSO impact is effected through a east-west shift in the Walker Circulation. For rainfall anomalies over specific monsoon areas, regional processes play important roles in addition to the shift in the Walker Circulation. One of the key regional processes identified for the boreal summer monsoon is the anomalous West Pacific Anticyclone (WPA). This regional feature has similar signatures in interannual and intraseasonal time scales and appears to determine whether the monsoon-ENSO relationship is strong or weak in a given year. Another important regional feature includes a rainfall and SST dipole across the Indian Ocean, which may have strong impact on the austral summer monsoon. Results are shown indicating that monsoon surface wind forcings may induce a strong biennial signal in ENSO and that strong monsoon-ENSO coupling may translate into pronounced biennial variability in ENSO. Finally, a new paradigm is proposed for the study of monsoon variability. This paradigm provides a unified framework in which monsoon predictability, the role of regional vs. basin-scale processes, its relationship with different climate subsystems, and causes of secular changes in monsoon-ENSO relationship can be investigated.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Early Spring in Europe: A Result of More Dominant North-Atlantic Southwesterlies? (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Abstract A 1999 study reports an advancement of spring in Europe by 0.2 days per year in the 30 years since 1960. Our analysis indicates that this trend results directly from a change in the late-winter surface winds over the eastern North Atlantic: the southwesterly direction became more dominant, and the speed of these southwesterlies increased slightly. Splitting the 52-year NCEP reanalysis dataset into the First Half, FH (1948-1973)), and the Second Half, SH (1974-1999), we analyze the wind direction for the February mean at three sites at 45N: site A at 30W, site B at 20W, and site C at 10W. The incidence (number of years) of the southwesterlies in SH Vs. (FH) at these sites respectively increased in SH as follows: 24(18), 19(12), 14(l 1); whereas the incidence of northeasterlies decreased: 0(2), 1(2), and 1(6). When the February mean wind is southwesterly, the monthly mean sensible heat flux from the ocean at these sites takes zero or slightly negative values, that is, the surface air is warmer than the ocean. Analyzing the scenario in the warm late winter 1990, we observe that the sensible heat flux from the ocean surface in February 1990 shows a "tongue" of negative values extending southwest from southern England to 7N. This indicates that the source of the maritime air advected into Europe lies to the south of the "tongue." Streamline analysis suggests that the Southwestern or southcentral North Atlantic is the source. For February 1990, we find strong, ascending motions over Europe at 700 mb, up to -0.4 Pa/s as monthly averages. Associated with the unstable low-levels of the troposphere are positive rain and cloud anomalies. Thus, positive in situ feedback over land in late winter (when shortwave absorption is not significant) apparently further enhances the surface temperature through an increase in the greenhouse effect due to increased water vapor and cloudiness.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 52
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    On the Origin of Monsoon (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: It is a long-held fundamental belief that the basic cause of a monsoon is land-sea thermal contrast on the continental scale. Through general circulation model experiments we demonstrate that this belief should be changed. The Asian and Australian summer monsoon circulations are largely intact in an experiment in which Asia, maritime continent, and Australia are replaced by ocean. It is also shown that the change resulting from such replacement is in general due more to the removal of topography than to the removal of land-sea contrast. Therefore, land-sea contrast plays only a minor modifying role in Asian and Australian summer monsoons. This also happens to the Central American summer monsoon. However, the same thing cannot be said of the African and South American summer monsoons. In Asian and Australian winter monsoons land-sea contrast also plays only a minor role. Our interpretation for the origin of monsoon is that the summer monsoon is the result of ITCZ's (intertropical convergence zones) peak being substantially (more than 10 degrees) away from the equator. The origin of the ITCZ has been previously interpreted by Chao. The circulation around thus located ITCZ, previously interpreted by Chao and Chen through the modified Gill solution and briefly described in this paper, explains the monsoon circulation. The longitudinal location of the ITCZs is determined by the distribution of surface conditions. ITCZ's favor locations of higher SST as in western Pacific and Indian Ocean, or tropical landmass, due to land-sea contrast, as in tropical Africa and South America. Thus, the role of landmass in the origin of monsoon can be replaced by ocean of sufficiently high SST. Furthermore, the ITCZ circulation extends into the tropics in the other hemisphere to give rise to the winter monsoon circulation there. Also through the equivalence of land-sea contrast and higher SST, it is argued that the basic monsoon onset mechanism proposed by Chao is valid for all monsoons.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Effect of Combined Spaceborne Microwave and Continuous Lightning Measurements on Precipitation Forecasts of the 1998 Ground-Hog Day Storm (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We evaluated the impact of several newly available sources of meteorological data on mesoscale model forecasts of precipitation produced by the extra-tropical cyclone that struck Florida on February 2, 1998. Precipitation distributions of convective rainfall events were derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Multi-Channel Passive Microwave Sensor (TMI) microwave radiometric data by means of the Goddard PROFiling (GPROF) algorithm. Continuous lightning distributions were obtained from sferics measurements obtained from a network of VLF radio receivers. Histograms of coincident sferics frequency distributions were matched to those of precipitation to derive bogus convective rainfall rates from the continuously available sferics measurements. SSM/I and TMI microwave data were used to derive Integrated Precipitable Water (IPW) distributions. The TMI also provided sea surface temperatures (SSTS) of the Loop Current and Gulf Stream with improved structural detail. A series of experiments assimilated IPW and latent heating from the bogus convective rainfall for six-hours in the MM5 mesoscale forecast model to produce nine-hour forecasts of all rainfall as well as other weather parameters. Although continuously assimilating latent heating only slightly improved the surface pressure distribution forecast, it significantly improved the precipitation forecasts. Correctly locating convective rainfall was found critical for assimilating latent heating in the forecast model, but measurement of the rainfall intensity proved to be less important. The improved SSTs also had a positive impact on rainfall forecasts for this case. Assimilating bogus rainfall in the model produced nine-hour forecasts of radar reflectivity distributions that agreed well with coincident observations from the TRMM spaceborne precipitation radar, ground based radar and spaceborne microwave measurements.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Raman Lidar Measurements of Water Vapor and Cirrus Clouds During The Passage of Hurricane Bonnie (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The NASA/GSFC Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) was stationed on Andros Island in the Bahamas during August - September, 1998 as a part of the third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) which focussed on hurricane development and tracking. During the period August 21 - 24, hurricane Bonnie passed near Andros Island and influenced the water vapor and cirrus cloud measurements acquired by the SRL. Two drying signatures related to the hurricane were recorded by the SRL and other sensors. Cirrus cloud optical depths (at 351 nm) were also measured during this period. Optical depth values ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.5. The influence of multiple scattering on these optical depth measurements was studied. A correction technique is presented which minimizes the influences of multiple scattering and derives information about cirrus cloud optical and physical properties. The UV/IR cirrus cloud optical depth ratio was estimated based on a comparison of lidar and GOES measurements. Simple radiative transfer model calculations compared with GOES satellite brightness temperatures indicate that satellite radiances are significantly affected by the presence of cirrus clouds if IR optical depths are approximately 0.005 or greater. Using the ISCCP detection threshold for cirrus clouds on the GOES data presented here, a high bias of up to 40% in the GOES precipitable water retrieval was found.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Sampling Errors of SSM/I and TRMM Rainfall Averages: Comparison with Error Estimates from Surface Data and a Sample Model (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Quantitative use of satellite-derived maps of monthly rainfall requires some measure of the accuracy of the satellite estimates. The rainfall estimate for a given map grid box is subject to both remote-sensing error and, in the case of low-orbiting satellites, sampling error due to the limited number of observations of the grid box provided by the satellite. A simple model of rain behavior predicts that Root-mean-square (RMS) random error in grid-box averages should depend in a simple way on the local average rain rate, and the predicted behavior has been seen in simulations using surface rain-gauge and radar data. This relationship was examined using satellite SSM/I data obtained over the western equatorial Pacific during TOGA COARE. RMS error inferred directly from SSM/I rainfall estimates was found to be larger than predicted from surface data, and to depend less on local rain rate than was predicted. Preliminary examination of TRMM microwave estimates shows better agreement with surface data. A simple method of estimating rms error in satellite rainfall estimates is suggested, based on quantities that can be directly computed from the satellite data.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Contributions of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The tropical cyclone rainfall climatology study that was performed for the North Pacific was extended to the North Atlantic. Similar to the North Pacific tropical cyclone study, mean monthly rainfall within 444 km of the center of the North Atlantic tropical cyclones (i.e., that reached storm stage and greater) was estimated from passive microwave satellite observations during, an eleven year period. These satellite-observed rainfall estimates were used to assess the impact of tropical cyclone rainfall in altering the geographical, seasonal, and inter-annual distribution of the North Atlantic total rainfall during, June-November when tropical cyclones were most abundant. The main results from this study indicate: 1) that tropical cyclones contribute, respectively, 4%, 3%, and 4% to the western, eastern, and entire North Atlantic; 2) similar to that observed in the North Pacific, the maximum in North Atlantic tropical cyclone rainfall is approximately 5 - 10 deg poleward (depending on longitude) of the maximum non-tropical cyclone rainfall; 3) tropical cyclones contribute regionally a maximum of 30% of the total rainfall 'northeast of Puerto Rico, within a region near 15 deg N 55 deg W, and off the west coast of Africa; 4) there is no lag between the months with maximum tropical cyclone rainfall and non-tropical cyclone rainfall in the western North Atlantic, while in the eastern North Atlantic, maximum tropical cyclone rainfall precedes maximum non-tropical cyclone rainfall; 5) like the North Pacific, North Atlantic tropical cyclones Of hurricane intensity generate the greatest amount of rainfall in the higher latitudes; and 6) warm ENSO events inhibit tropical cyclone rainfall.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Dynamics of Monsoon-Induced Biennial Variability in ENSO (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The mechanism of the quasi-biennial tendency in El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-monsoon coupled system is investigated using an intermediate coupled model. The monsoon wind forcing is prescribed as a function of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies based on the relationship between zonal wind anomalies over the western Pacific to sea level change in the equatorial eastern Pacific. The key mechanism of quasi-biennial tendency in El Nino evolution is found to be in the strong coupling of ENSO to monsoon wind forcing over the western Pacific. Strong boreal summer monsoon wind forcing, which lags the maximum SST anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific approximately 6 months, tends to generate Kelvin waves of the opposite sign to anomalies in the eastern Pacific and initiates the turnabout in the eastern Pacific. Boreal winter monsoon forcing, which has zero lag with maximum SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific, tends to damp the ENSO oscillations.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    The Influence of Soil Moisture, Coastline Curvature, and Land-Breeze Circulations on Sea-Breeze Initiated Precipitation (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Idealized numerical simulations are performed with a coupled atmosphere/land-surface model to identify the roles of initial soil moisture, coastline curvature, and land breeze circulations on sea breeze initiated precipitation. Data collected on 27 July 1991 during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment (CAPE) in central Florida are used. The 3D Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) cloud resolving model is coupled with the Goddard Parameterization for Land-Atmosphere-Cloud Exchange (PLACE) land surface model, thus providing a tool to simulate more realistically land-surface/atmosphere interaction and convective initiation. Eight simulations are conducted with either straight or curved coast-lines, initially homogeneous soil moisture or initially variable soil moisture, and initially homogeneous horizontal winds or initially variable horizontal winds (land breezes). All model simulations capture the diurnal evolution and general distribution of sea-breeze initiated precipitation over central Florida. The distribution of initial soil moisture influences the timing, intensity and location of subsequent precipitation. Soil moisture acts as a moisture source for the atmosphere, increases the connectively available potential energy, and thus preferentially focuses heavy precipitation over existing wet soil. Strong soil moisture-induced mesoscale circulations are not evident in these simulations. Coastline curvature has a major impact on the timing and location of precipitation. Earlier low-level convergence occurs inland of convex coastlines, and subsequent precipitation occurs earlier in simulations with curved coastlines. The presence of initial land breezes alone has little impact on subsequent precipitation. however, simulations with both coastline curvature and initial land breezes produce significantly larger peak rain rates due to nonlinear interactions.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Rainfall Across the Globe: Precipitation. The Role of Landmass in Monsoon Development. The Relationship Between Precipitation and Sea Surface Temperature on Decadal Time Scales (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The numerical simulation of precipitation helps scientists understand the complex mechanisms that determine how and why rainfall is distributed across the globe. Simulation aids in the development of forecastin,g efforts that inform policies regarding the management of water resources. Precipitation modeling also provides short-term warnings, for emergencies such as flash floods and mudslides. Just as precipitation modeling can warn of an impending abundance of rainfall, it can help anticipate the absence of rainfall in drought. What constitutes a drought? A meteorological drought simply means that an area is getting a significantly lower amount of rain than usual over a prolonged period of time and an agricultural drought is based on the level of soil moisture.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 2000 NCCS Highlights: Enabling NASA Earth and Space Sciences; 56-65
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    Dust in the Sky: Atmospheric Composition. Modeling of Aerosol Optical Thickness (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Aerosol is any small particle of matter that rests suspended in the atmosphere. Natural sources, such as deserts, create some aerosols; consumption of fossil fuels and industrial activity create other aerosols. All the microscopic aerosol particles add up to a large amount of material floating in the atmosphere. You can see the particles in the haze that floats over polluted cities. Beyond this visible effect, aerosols can actually lower temperatures. They do this by blocking, or scattering, a portion of the sun's energy from reaching the surface. Because of this influence, scientists study the physical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Reliable numerical models for atmospheric aerosols play an important role in research.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 2000 NCCS Highlights: Enabling NASA Earth and Space Science; 38-45
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    Measurements and Calculations of Microwave Radiance and Reflectivity for Storm-Associated Frozen Hydrometeors (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: During the TEFLUN-B (Texas-Florida under-flights for TRMM) field experiment of August-September, 1998, a number of ER-2 aircraft flights with a host of microwave instruments were conducted over many convective storms, including some hurricanes, in the coastal region of Florida and Texas. These instruments include MIR (Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer), AMPR (Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer), and EDOP (ER-2 Doppler Radar). EDOP is operated at the frequency of 9.7 GHz, while the AMPR and the MIR together give eleven channels of radiometric measurements in the frequency range of 10-340 GHz. The concurrent measurements from these instruments provide unique data sets for studying the details of the microphysics of hydrometeors. Preliminary examination of these data sets shows features that are generally well understood; i.e., radiometric measurements at frequencies less than or equal to 37 GHz mainly respond to rain, while those at frequencies greater than or equal to 150 GHz, to ice particles above the freezing level. Model calculations of brightness temperature and radar reflectivity are performed and results compared with these measurements. For simplicity the analysis is limited to the anvil region of the storms where hydrometeors are predominantly frozen. Only one ice particle size distribution is examined in the calculations of brightness temperature and radar reflectivity in this initial study. Estimation of ice water path is made based on the best agreement between the measurements and calculations of brightness temperature and reflectivity. Problems associated with these analyses and measurement accuracy will be discussed.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II; Volume 4152; 25-32
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    GLOW- The Goddard Lidar Observatory for Winds (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: GLOW (Goddard Lidar Observatory for Winds) is a mobile Doppler lidar system which uses direct detection Doppler lidar techniques to measure wind profiles from the surface into the lower stratosphere. The system is contained in a modified van to allow deployment in field operations. The lidar system uses a Nd:YAG laser transmitter to measure winds using either aerosol backscatter at 1064 nm or molecular backscatter at 355 nm. The receiver telescope is a 45 cm Dall-Kirkham which is fiber coupled to separate Doppler receivers, one optimized for the aerosol backscatter wind measurement and another optimized for the molecular backscatter wind measurement. The receivers are implementations of the 'double edge' technique and use high spectral resolution Fabry-Perot etalons to measure the Doppler shift. A 45 cm aperture azimuth-over-elevation scanner is mounted on the roof of the van to allow full sky access and a variety of scanning options. GLOW is intended to be used as a deployable field system for studying atmospheric dynamics and transport and can also serve as a testbed to evaluate candidate technologies developed for use in future spaceborne systems. In addition, it can be used for calibration/validation activities following launch of spaceborne wind lidar systems. A description of the mobile system is presented along with the examples of lidar wind profiles obtained with the system.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring; Volume 4153; 314-320
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    Advanced Chemical Propulsion (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Design, propellant selection, and launch assistance for advanced chemical propulsion system is discussed. Topics discussed include: rocket design, advance fuel and high energy density materials, launch assist, and criteria for fuel selection.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    GRCop-84 Development for Combustion Chamber Liners (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development, test, and thermophysical & mechanical properties of a GRCop-84 alloy for combustion chamber liners is discussed. Topics discussed include: History of GRCop-84 development, GRCop-84 thermal expansion, thermal conductivity of GRCop-84, yield strength of GRCop-84, GRCop-84 creep lives, GrCop-84 low cycle fatigue (LCF) lives, and hot fire testing of GRCop-84 spool pieces.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 65
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    IVHM for the 3rd Generation RLV Program: Technology Development (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objective behind the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) project is to develop and integrate the technologies which can provide a continuous, intelligent, and adaptive health state of a vehicle and use this information to improve safety and reduce costs of operations. Technological areas discussed include: developing, validating, and transfering next generation IVHM technologies to near term industry and government reusable launch systems; focus NASA on the next generation and highly advanced sensor and software technologies; and validating IVHM systems engineering design process for future programs.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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  • 66
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    Space 2000 Transportation Day (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The contents include: 1) In-Space Transportation Goals; 2) In-Space Investment Rationale; 3) In-Space Transportation Technology Elements; 4) Space Transfer Technology Project Elements; and 5) Propellantless Propulsion Technology Project Elements.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) Activities at Kennedy Space Center (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) goals are to develop and integrate the technologies which can provide a continuous, intelligent, and adaptive health state of a vehicle and use this information to improve safety and reduce the costs of operations.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    GTX Project Summary (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives of the GTX (Vertical Take-off/ Horizontal Landing reusable single-stage-to-orbit system) project this viewgraph presentation summarizes include the following: (1) Determine whether or not air-breathing propulsion can enable reusable single stage to orbit vehicles; (2) Provide validated system performance data, and a baseline system design; and (3) Develop technologies applicable to high-speed airbreathing propulsion
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: ST Day 2000: Risk Reduction for The Next Generations
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    FY 2001 and Beyond Program Plan (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The scope of the project summarized in this viewgraph presentation is to develop and demonstrate third generation airframe technologies that provide significant reductions in cost of space transportation systems while dramatically improving the safety and higher operability of those systems. The Earth-to-orbit goal is to conduct research and technology development and demonstrations which will enable US industry to increase safety by four orders of magnitude (loss of vehicle/crew probability less than 1 in 1,000,000 missions) and reduce costs by two orders of magnitude within 25 years.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: ST Day 2000: Risk Reduction for The Next Generations
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    Integrated Airframe Demonstrations (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objective of the project described in this viewgraph presentation is to develop and verify the technology required for the application of minimal weight control surfaces that meet MASP vehicle requirements. The approaches include the development of design and fabrication concepts, the verification of concept design through sub-component fabrication and tests, the design and fabrication of a full-scale segment of the carbon-carbon control surface, and the design verification and fabrication technology by thermal and structural tests.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: ST Day 2000: Risk Reduction for The Next Generations
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    60K Combustion Devices Testbed (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A 60K combustion devices testbed is reviewed. In this current paper the following criteria of the testbed is discussed: mitigate risk, increase technology readiness level, improve combustion device designs, and reduce full-scale development time.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    2nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle NASA Led Propulsion Tasks (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Design, development and test of a 2nd generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) is presented. This current paper discusses the following: 2nd Generation RLV Propulsion Project, Overview of NASA Led Tasks in Propulsion, Gen2 Turbo Machinery Technology Demonstrator, and Combustion Devices Test Bed, GRCop-84 Sheet For Combustion Chambers, Nozzles and Large Actively Cooled Structures
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Electromagnetic Propulsion (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and development of an Electromagnetic Propulsion is discussed. Specific Electromagnetic Propulsion Topics discussed include: (1) Technology for Pulse Inductive Thruster (PIT), to design, develop, and test of a multirepetition rate pulsed inductive thruster, Solid-State Switch Technology, and Pulse Driver Network and Architecture; (2) Flight Weight Magnet Survey, to determine/develop light weight high performance magnetic materials for potential application Advanced Space Flight Systems as these systems develop; and (3) Magnetic Flux Compression, to enable rapid/robust/reliable omni-planetary space transportation within realistic development and operational costs constraints.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    The NASA IVHM Technology Experiment for X-37 (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The NASA IVHM (Integrated Vehicle Health Management) technology experiment for X-37 is presented. The goals and objectives of this program are: to reduce cost and increase reliability of space transportation; to demonstrate benefits of in-flight IVHM to the operation of a Reusable Launch Vehicle; to advance this IVHM technology to Technology Readiness Level approx. 7 within a flight environment; and to operate IVHM software on the Vehicle Management Computer. The following sections are included: Background (X-37 & Livingstone), Livingstone model example from DS-1, Experiment overview, X-37 IVHM scope, Stanley interface to livingstone model, Right ruddervator actuator, Motor state diagram, inferred nominal state, and X-37 informed maintenance experiment.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Mini Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion (M2P2) (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The M2P2 concept is based on the transfer of momentum from the solar wind to an artificial magnetic field structure like that naturally occurs at all magnetized planets in the Solar System, called the magnetosphere. The objectives of this program include the following: (1) Demonstrate artificial magnetospheric inflation through cold plasma filling in vacuum; (2) Demonstrate deflection of a surrogate solar wind by an artificial magnetosphere in the laboratory vacuum chamber; (3) Compare theoretical calculations for thrust forces with laboratory measurements; (4) Develop flight control algorithms for planning mission specific trajectories; and (5) Develop M2P2 system concept.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Propulsion IVHM Extreme Environment Instrumentation Power IVHM (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This paper presents propulsion and instrumentation power for integrated vehicle health management technologies. The topics include: 1) Propulsion IVHM Capabilities Research; 2) Projects: X-33 Post-Test Diagnostic System; 3) X-34 NITEX; 4) Advanced Health Monitoring Systems; 5) Active Vibration Monitoring System; 6) Smart Self Healing Propulsion Systems; 7) Extreme Environment Sensors; and 8) Systems Engineering and Integration.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Structures IVHM for 3rd Generation RLVs (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The primary goal of a Structures Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) system for 3rd generation Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV) is to provide near 100% structural sensing coverage and thus eliminate both routine, and especially unplanned, inspections which are costly and time consuming. To meet this goal, significant advances in sensing and measurement system technology, data systems architectures, and structures based analysis methodology will be required to enable the needed large numbers of sensors with little weight penalty. This program will leverage X-33, 2nd Gen RLV, Shuttle, and Aviation Safety SIVHM system development experience to address this goal.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Macro Level Simulation Model Of Space Shuttle Processing (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The contents include: 1) Space Shuttle Processing Simulation Model; 2) Knowledge Acquisition; 3) Simulation Input Analysis; 4) Model Applications in Current Shuttle Environment; and 5) Model Applications for Future Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV's). This paper is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Spaceport Operations Element (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the spaceport operations element, including details on NASA Ames air traffic management technologies, reusable launch vehicles, space transportation of the future, and spaceport flight operations research topics.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    Airframe/TPS Session (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the second generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) airframe configuration, including details on the structures and materials, tanks, airframe/cryotank demonstrations, internal assemblies, weight growth and margin, and safety and cost requirements.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    2nd Generation Turbomachinery Technology Demonstrator (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: 2nd Generation Turbomachinery Technology Demonstrator is reviewed. This paper discusses the background, benefits, approach, development, performance and risks of the 2nd Generation Turbomachinery Technology Demonstrator.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Type: Space Transportation Technology Workshop: Propulsion Research and Technology
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    STS-92 Crew Activity Report/Flight Day 8 Highlights (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: On this eighth day of the STS-92 mission, the flight crew, Commander Brian Duffy, Pilot Pamela A. Melroy, and Mission Specialists Koichi Wakata, Leroy Chiao, Peter J.K. Wisoff, Michael E. Lopez-Alegria, and William S. McArthur prepare for the fourth and final spacewalk of the mission. Scenes are shown of Lopez-Alegria and Wisoff during their 6 hour 56 minute spacewalk against a backdrop of the Earth. Central America and Florida are easily seen and North Carolina can be identified through the clouds. Lopez-Alegria and Wisoff prepare a latch assembly that will later hold the solar array truss while Wakata operates the arm.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
    Format: text
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    Surface Acoustic Wave Hygrometer for In Situ Meteorology (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition, 2000
    Format: text
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    STS-92 Meal - Suit up - Depart O&C - Launch Discovery On Orbit - Landing - Crew Egress (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The video begins with the introduction of the crew of Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-92, at their customary pre-flight meal. The crew consists of Commander Brian Duffy, Pilot Pamela Melroy, and Mission Specialists Leroy Chiao, William McArthur, Peter "Jeff" Wisoff, Michael Lopez-Alegria, and Koichi Wakata. The introduction and suit-up of the astronauts, and their departure in the Astrovan are shown at a quick pace. The video shows in detail the seating of the crew and each astronaut's final preparations in the White Room prior to boarding. Views of Discovery's night launch include: SLF Convoy, Beach Tracker, VAB, Pad Perimeter, Tower-1, UCS-15, Press Site, UCS-23, OTV-61, OTV-70, OTV-71, and the In-Cabin Ascent Camera. While in orbit, the Discovery orbiter docks with the International Space Station (ISS). The docking is shown in a series of still images. The video includes clips from four extravehicular activities (EVAs). The crew members who performed the EVAs comment on them while speaking to Mission Control. During the EVAs, the Z1 Truss and an antenna are attached to the ISS. The crew members on the fourth EVA test jet packs. Views of landing include: TV-1, TV-2, TV-3, LRO-1, and HUD.
    Keywords: Space Transportation and Safety
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    Interplanetary shock triggering of auroral substorm activity: a mechanism (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) & Seminar on Space Weather; Torun; Poland
    Format: text
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    SHDOM (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: SHDOM is a general purpose, publicly available, three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer model. SHDOM is an explicit method, which means it solves for the whole radiation field, as distinct from Monte Carlo methods which solve for particular radiative outputs. SHDOM is particularly well suited for remote sensing applications, where it can compute outgoing radiances at many angles from a cloud field at virtually no extra cost. SHDOM is not appropriate for calculating domain average quantities for which Monte Carlo methods excel. The I3RC intercomparison offers an opportunity to explore the pros and cons of SHDOM and Monte Carlo models on some real world inhomogeneous cloud fields. Specifically, we wish to determine the computer resources required to achieve a particular accuracy for a certain number of outputs using SHDOM and Monte Carlo models. This will help guide modelers on the appropriate choice of SHDOM or Monte Carlo for their applications. To emphasize the importance of this accuracy versus CPU time tradeoff, we are submitting two SHDOM entries (low and high resolution) in the I3RC.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    What is Success? Evaluating S'COOL, an Educational Outreach Project Focused on NASA's CERES Program (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: The Students' Cloud Observations On-Line (S'COOL) Project involved students in K-16 as ground truth observers for a NASA Earth-Observing satellite instrument. The Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument allows scientists to study the Earth's energy budget and how clouds affect it. Student reports of cloud conditions help scientists verify their algorithms and allow students to be involved in obtaining and analyzing real scientific data. The presentation contains 23 slides.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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    Interplanetary shock effects on the nightside auroral zone, magnetosphere and ionosphere (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Responses of the nightside magnetosphere and auroral zone to interplanetary shocks are studies using WIND solar wind data and POLAR UV imaging data.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Proceedings on Space Weather|Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Colloquium; Green Bay; Taiwan
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    Electromagnetic electron and proton cyclotron waves in geospace: a Cassini snapshot (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The Cassini spacecraft flew past the Earth in a trajectory almost along the Sun-Earth line, giving a unique perspective of low frequency waves in geospace.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Colloquium; Green Bay; Taiwan|Proceedings on Space Weather
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    A neural network to retrieve the mesoscale instantaneous latent heat flux over oceans from SSM/I observations (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The turbulent latent and sensible heat fluxes are necessary to study heat budget of the upper ocean or initialize ocean general circulation models. In order to retrieve the latent heat flux from satellite observations authors mostly use a bulk approximation of the flux whose parameters are derived from different instrument. In this paper, an approach based on artificial neural networks is proposed and compared to the bulk method on a global data set and 3 local data sets.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: ANS 11th Symposium of Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation; Albuquerque, NM; United States
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    Satellite Observations of the Somali Jet in the Arabian Sea (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Lecture at India Meteorological Department; New Delhi; India
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    Solar sail vehicle system design for the Geostorm Warning Mission (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: This paper describes the mission and system design for a viable, promising first mission application of solar sail technology.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: AIAA Space 2000 Conference and Exposition; Long Beach, CA; United States
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    Pre-launch performance characteristics of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: This paper summarizes the results of testing and gives a detailed report on the spectral, radiometric and spatial performance of the AIRS.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: International Europto International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) Conference; Barcelona; Spain
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    Space Environment Effects on Interplanetary Spacecraft (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: S-RAMP Conference; Sapporo; Japan
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    Magnetic Storms (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Sun, Interplanetary Medium and Space Weather; Crete; Greece
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    AIRS, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder on the EOS-Aqua (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: International Radiation Symposium 2000; Saint Petersburg; Russia
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    Ulysses (Type IV) Interplanetary Discontinuities and their Consequences (Viewgraphs) (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Colloquium, Space Weather Meeting; Taipei, Taiwan; Republic of China
    Format: text
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    Development of the polar vortex in the 1999-2000 Arctic winter stratosphere (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The 1999-2000 Arctic stratospheric vortex was unusually cold, especially in the early winter lower stratosphere, with a larger area near polar stratospheric cloud formation temperatures in Dec and Jan, and much lower temperatures averaged over Nov-Jan, than any previously observed Arctic winter.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; Volume 27; no. 17; 2589-2592
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    Ulysses (Type IV) Interplanetary Discontinuities and their Consequences (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Space Weather Study Using Multi-Point Techniques; Taipei, Taiwan; Republic of China
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    Multimission Space and Solar Physics Microspacecraft (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The solar fields and particles environment and its interaction with planetary magnetospheres are not only of considerable scientific interest, they can impact human endeavors as well.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: International Conference on Low-Cost Planetary Missions; Laurel, MD; United States
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