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  • Articles  (11)
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  • groundwater  (11)
  • Springer  (11)
  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1999  (11)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (11)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (11)
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Keywords
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  • Springer  (11)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (11)
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Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total System Performance Assessment for Waste Disposal Using a Logic Tree Approach (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 915-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Yucca Mountain ; performance assessment ; logic tree ; high-level radioactive waste ; Monte Carlo ; expert judgment ; repository ; groundwater ; climate ; infiltration ; percolation ; hydrothermal ; corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has sponsored the development of a model to assess the long-term, overall “performance” of the candidate spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model simulates the processes that lead to HLW container corrosion, HLW mobilization from the spent fuel, and transport by groundwater, and contaminated groundwater usage by future hypothetical individuals leading to radiation doses to those individuals. The model must incorporate a multitude of complex, coupled processes across a variety of technical disciplines. Furthermore, because of the very long time frames involved in the modeling effort (≫104 years), the relative lack of directly applicable data, and many uncertainties and variabilities in those data, a probabilistic approach to model development was necessary. The developers of the model chose a logic tree approach to represent uncertainties in both conceptual models and model parameter values. The developers felt the logic tree approach was the most appropriate. This paper discusses the value and use of logic trees applied to assessing the uncertainties in HLW disposal, the components of the model, and a few of the results of that model. The paper concludes with a comparison of logic trees and Monte Carlo approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007018611145
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of hydraulic diffusivity of aquifers by spectral analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 85-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Hydraulic diffusivity ; groundwater ; spectral analysis ; stochastic boundaries.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: This study uses the cyclical frequency to develop the mathematical relationship between hydraulic diffusivity and spectral density functions calculated from groundwater level variation. Such relationship can be applied to (1) unsteady state, one-dimensional confined aquifer with time-dependent water level on both end boundaries, and (2) linearized unconfined aquifer with or without vertical recharge. The spectral density functions of groundwater fluctuations are largely affected by the spectral density functions obtained from time-dependent end boundaries and their cross-spectral density functions. Hydraulic diffusivity of an aquifer can be solved by type-curve matching technique at a specified frequency band under the conditions of (1) confined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends, (2) unconfined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends with surface recharge, and (3) unconfined aquifer subjected to surface recharge but neglecting the water table fluctuations on both end boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050033
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Groundwater NO3 and F Contamination Processes in Pushkar Valley, Rajasthan as Reflected from 18O Isotopic Signature and 3H Recharge Studies (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 56 (1999), S. 209-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: contamination process ; δ18O ; fluoride ; groundwater ; nitrate ; Rajasthan ; recharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Agricultural activity in the Pushkar Valley, Rajasthan is constrained due to limited availability of good quality water. In this context, occurrence of nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater was investigated and reported. Integration of stable isotope (δ18O) data with recharge characteristics (based on 3H-tracer studies) helps in clearly characterizing the processes controlling contamination by point and non-point sources. High nitrate and fluoride groundwaters are associated with high δ18O waters. This indicates that significant quantities of evaporated (isotopically enriched) surface run-off water and rain water infiltrate along with nitrate and fluoride salts in the soil. The applicability of this approach under different hydrometeorological conditions is also confirmed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005903619718
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Groundwater Quality Assessment of Tehsil Kheragarh, Agra (India) with Special Reference to Fluoride (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: correlation ; district Agra ; factor analysis ; fluoride ; groundwater ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride concentration and other parameters in groundwater from 261 villages in Tehsil Kheragarh of District Agra were assessed and attempts were made to observe the relationship between fluoride and other water quality parameters. Of 658 groundwater samples (collected from separate sources) analysed for fluoride, 27% were in the range of 0–1.0 mg/L, 25% in 1.0–1.5 mg/L, 32% in1.5–3.0 mg/L and 16% above 3.0 mg/L. The highest fluoride concentration recorded was 12.80 mg/L. Significant correlation of fluoride with pH, alkalinity, Na, SiO2 and PO4 were observed. Factor analysis was also attempted in order to identify the contributing sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006117604763
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Case of Hydrochemical Characterization of an Alluvial Aquifer Influenced by Human Activities (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 365-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alluvial aquifer ; groundwater ; hydrochemistry ; multivariateanalysis ; water pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract 21 physico-chemical parameters have been determined in 47 groundwater samples collected in October 1994 from the alluvial aquifer of the Pisuerga river, located at the north-east of Valladolid (north-western Spain). Conventional hydrochemical methods and multivariate statistical analysis have been used to discriminate natural phenomena and pollution processes in the area. It has been demonstrated the existence of a heterogeneity in groundwater mineral contents related to anthropic actions such as irrigation, source of irrigation water and location of polluting sources. This study demonstrates the existence of two sub-units in the alluvial aquifer (left and right river banks) with different hydrochemical characteristics, and identifies three different singular areas in the left bank. Groundwater from this bank showed higher levels of dissolved ions caused by concentration processes derived from the predominant use of groundwater for crop irrigation, whilst in the right bank of the aquifer less saline water from canals is used. Degradation of groundwater quality has been observed in some areas of the left aquifer sub-unit (north, Santovenia and south-central sites) where anomalous high concentrations of sulphate, sodium, chloride and nitrate were measured, and can be related to the presence of potentially polluting sources such as leachates from industrial waste disposals, sewage effluents and use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005065422156
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bubble Extraction of Dissolved Gases from Groundwater Samples (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 525-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dissolved methane ; gas chromatograph ; groundwater ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for measuring the concentration of dissolved methane in water samples. A 250 μL bubble is injected into a 5 mL vial to create a headspace. The headspace gas is subsequently analysed by gas chromatograph. The technique requires a headspace equilibrium time of at least 13 hours. The extraction efficiency of the method for methane saturated water was 101.9% ± 1%. The technique is applicable to other dissolved gases in groundwater. The method was used during a comparative evaluation of groundwater sampling devices at a field site. It was found that low flow rate sampling with either a Grundfos electric submersible pump or a peristaltic pump were more precise than using a bailer to measure dissolved methane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005102925436
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium precipitates formed downstream of springs in a mountainous environment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; aluminium ; groundwater ; mountainousenvironment ; Nordic countries ; precipitates ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Areas a few square metres in size, devoid of higher vegetation other than moss, have been mapped at 600–700 m above sea level in the mountains of the western part of central Norway. The moss is covered by a grey precipitate during dry summer periods. The precipitate has been identified by ICP-AES analysis of HNO3-extract, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an aluminium(Al)-hydroxide, probably amorphous Al-hydroxide and diaspore (Al(OH)3), containing 21–25% Al by weight. In comparison, the underlying moraine deposits contain 1.5–3.5% Al by weight. A small spring, where groundwater discharges, is located uphill of each contaminated area. The Al content of the water which emerges from these springs decreases downhill away from the spring and is inversely proportional to the pH. The runoff waters originating at the springs have been modelled using the computer-codes MINTEQA2 and ALCHEMI and are found to be saturated with respect to amorphous Al(OH)3. This study raises the very important question as to what extent a lower pH in the influent meltwater may leach out more aluminium and possibly lead to the formation of larger amounts of precipitate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005173117738
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenic Concentrations in Water, Soil, Milk and Forage in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 133-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; cow's milk ; forage ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic levels were determined in seventy three samples of well water, and in fifty samples of soil, forage and cow's milk collected at the most important dairy farms of the Comarca Lagunera located in Coahuila and Durango, Mexico, region naturally rich in As. The total inorganic arsenic concentration in well water ranged from 7 to 740 μg L-1 and about ninety percent of the total arsenic was found as As(V). The agricultural soil texture of the sampled area was sandy clay loam type with total arsenic levels up to 30 μg g-1, however, the extractable arsenic was not higher than 12% of the total and it was higher in the 0–30 cm depth horizon. In alfalfa, the most important crop, the total aresenic ranged from 0.24 to 3.16 μg g-1, with 40% of it accumulated at the root level. Significant correlations (p=0.05) were obtained between arsenic (III), (V) and total inorganic arsenic in groundwater with arsenic in soil (0–30 cm depth), and with arsenic in alfalfa (leaves and roots). It was also found a good correlation between extractable arsenic in soil with As concentrations in alfalfa (roots). Arsenic concentrations found in milk ranged from 〈0.9 to 27.4 ng g-1. The cow's milk biotransfer factor for arsenic was up to 6 × 10-4, applying a pharmacokinetic approach. It was associated with the exposure not only to food but also to water arsenic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005095900193
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphate Mobilization and Pore Water Chemistry in Relation to Groundwater Hydrology and Summer Drought in two Conifer Swamps on the Canadian Shield (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 97-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: catchment hydrology ; conifer swamp ; groundwater ; peat ; porewater ; sulphate mobilization ; summer drought ; water levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations in sulphate (SO4 2-) concentration of porewater and net SO4 2- mobilization were related to differences in water level fluctuations during wet and dry summers in two conifer swamps located in catchments which differed in till depth and seasonality of groundwater flow. Sulphate depletion at the surface and in 20 cm porewater coincided with anoxia and occurred mainly during the summer when water levels were near the peat surface and water flow rates were low in both catchments. There was an inverse relationship between net SO4 2- mobilization and water level elevation relative to the peat surface, explaining variation in SO4 2- dynamics between the swamps during summer drought periods. Aeration of peat to 40 cm and a large net SO4 2- mobilization (10–70 mg SO4 2- m-2 d-1) occurred during a dry summer in which the water level dropped to 60 cm below the surface in the swamp receiving ephemeral groundwater inputs from shallow tills within the catchment. This resulted in high SO4 2- concentrations in the surface water and porewater (30–50 mg L-1), and elevated SO4 2- concentrations remained through the fall and winter. In contrast, within the swamp located in the catchment with greater till depth (〉 1 m), continuous groundwater inputs maintained surface saturation during the dry summer, and SO4 2- mobilization and concentrations of SO4 2- in the pore water during the following fall did not increase. Susceptibility to large water table drawdown and mobilization of accumulated SO4 2- is influenced by the occurrence of ephemeral vs. continuous groundwater inputs to valley swamps during dry summer periods in the Canadian Shield landscape. This study reveals that extrapolation of results of SO4 2- cycling from one wetland to another requires knowledge of the hydrogeology of the catchment in which the wetlands are located.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005081505086
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromium speciation in natural waters draining contaminated land, Glasgow, U.K. (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 389-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cr (III) ; Cr (VI) ; groundwater ; porewater ; riverwater ; sediments ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Historically, solid waste from chromite ore processing has been disposed of at a number of sites in Glasgow, Scotland. Leachate from these sites has been implicated as a source of chromium (Cr) contamination to both groundwaters and stream waters in the south east area of the city. In this study, chromium speciation has been determined in ground-, stream-, river- and pore waters, to assess the extent of contamination and the associated risk. The speciation of chromium is important, as the trivalent species of chromium (Cr(III)) is an essential form of the element, while hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known carcinogen to humans via inhalation. Concentrations of total chromium have also been determined in sediments from the River Clyde, to assess the significance of local concentrations relative to those elsewhere in the catchment. High concentrations of Cr(VI) were found in groundwaters and streamwaters in the area immediately surrounding the contaminated sites, and high concentrations of chromium were also found in River Clyde sediments downstream of these sites. However, these concentrations rapidly decrease away from the chromium-contaminated south eastern side of the city. Data from porewaters suggest that some reduction of Cr(VI) occurs naturally in the sediments, indicating that the risk posed by high concentrations of Cr(VI) should be decreased over the longer term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005017506227
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the Urease Inhibitor N-(n-BUTYL)-Thiophosphoric Triamide Decreased Nitrogen Leaching from Urea in a Fine Sandy Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 587-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: groundwater ; nitrogen ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Application of soluble forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to citrus trees in sandy soils of central Florida may cause leaching of NO 3 − below the rooting depth. A leaching column study was conducted to evaluate the leaching of urea, NH 4 + and NO3 − forms of N from calcium nitrate, urea, and urease inhibitor coated urea (Agrotain: N-(-n butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)) applied to a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments) during six cycles of intermittent leaching with 220 mL each of water (total 1320 mL) through the soil columns (equivalent to 30 cm rainfall). The amount of NO3-N recovered in the leachate from calcium nitrate treated soil accounted for 43% of the total N applied. Leaching of N from urea and Agrotain treated soil was pronounced during the second and third leaching events. Cumulative leaching of urea form of N accounted for 12 and 8% of total N applied as urea and Agrotain, respectively. The cumulative amounts of NO3-N and NH4-N recovered in six leachate fractions from urea treated soil accounted for 14 and 21%, respectively, of the total N applied to the column. The corresponding values for the Agrotain treated soil were 8 and 17%, respectively. Soil analysis after the completion of leaching showed no urea throughout the entire depth of column in either urea or Agrotain treatments. The total recovery of N (leachate plus soil) was 48.1, 40.4, and 49.7% of total N applied as urea, Agrotain, and calcium nitrate, respectively. This study demonstrated a significant reduction in leaching of N forms from Agrotain as compared with that from urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005116911788
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