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  • Articles  (105)
  • heavy metals  (53)
  • DSC  (52)
  • Springer  (105)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (105)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1999  (105)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical reduction of chromate ions from dilute artificial solutions in a GBC-reactor (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 411-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: chromate ; gas diffusion electrode ; heavy metals ; mass transfer ; packed bed electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of chromate in very low concentration (20 ppm) has been carried out in a GBC reactor. Final concentrations below 0.5 ppm have been achieved at reasonable reaction rates. Spontaneous reduction of chromate by hydrogen in a GBC reactor without an external power source requires careful selection of cathode material. Chemically stable materials such as titanium and RVC tend to passivate when in contact with chromate solution and are unsuitable for use as cathode materials. Graphite, active carbon and graphite felt show no obvious passivation. Reduction of oxidized groups and oxygen are the major side reactions. These occur significantly, especially when using an activated carbon bed as a cathode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003485509422
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of a porous ceramic diaphragm for the removal of metallic impurities from chromium plating baths (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1129-1132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: chrome plating ; heavy metals ; membranes ; porous ceramic diaphragm ; porous pot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003544822054
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on thermal transitions of toluene diisocyanate-based polyurethane elastomers with poly (tetramethylene oxide) as the soft segment by TSC/RMA, DSC and DMA thermal analyzers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymer research 6 (1999), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: TDI-based polyurethane elastomers ; Tg ; Tglobal transition ; DSC ; TSC/RMA ; DMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermal transitions of TDI-based polyurethane elastomers with PTMO as the soft segment were characterized by the depolarization technique in TSC and by using with the thermal windowing technique on selected specimens in the RMA measurements. Results indicate that the broadened thermal transition in the glass transition region as observed in the DSC thermogram is related to the combined Tg transition and the Tglobal transition in the TSC spectrum. This Tglobal transition is associated with the macromolecular property as detected by tan δ in DMA measurement. The increase in the Tg with a high NCO content may be explained by the structural modification found on the urethanic chain with the additional linkage of the hard segment that affects the cooperative motion of the molecular chain. Data measured from DSC, TSC/RMA and DMA with simulated DEA and wide angle X-ray data are presented for the characterization of the polyurethanes. The RMA measurement leads to a compensation search on Tg transition and provides pertinent thermokinetic data that correlates the NCO content with changes in enthalpy and entropy on the relaxation behaviors in the Tg transition of polyurethane elastomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-006-0073-4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New metal-binding ethyldiamino- and dicarboxy-products from Aspergillus niger industrial wastes (1999)
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Aspergillus niger ; heavy metals ; chemical modification ; Langmuir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The metal-binding ability of Aspergillus niger mycelial waste was improved by chemical modification. The latter was performed by introducing additional carboxy groups using oxidation methods or the introduction of the ethyldiamino group first by chlorination of A. niger using mesyl chloride and subsequent reaction of the product with ethylene diamine. Metal binding abilities of the products for Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ were determined according to the Langmuir model, whereby pK D * -values of 3.88 up to 5.02 were revealed. Maximum capacities for the metals were found to be in the range 172 to 1064 mmol/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009286132147
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensatory fertilization of Scots pine stands polluted by heavy metals (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 239-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: compensatory fertilization ; deposition ; heavy metals ; liming ; Pinus sylvestris ; soil pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results from four compensatory fertilization experiments located at different distances (0.5, 2, 4 and 8 km) along a heavy metal deposition gradient extending from the Harjavalta Cu-Ni smelter in SW Finland are presented. The experiments were established in middle-age Scots pine stands growing on dryish sites of sorted glaciofluvial sediments. The soil type in all the experiments is ferric podsol. The treatments in the experiments consisted of liming, a powdered slow-release mineral mixture and stand-specific fertilization which comprised at least methylene urea and ammonium nitrate. Monitoring of deposition and soil solution and studies on soil chemical and microbiological properties, on the nutrient status of trees and needle litterfall, on fine root dynamics and on the growth of the tree stands were carried out during a 5-year period. There was a severe shortage of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the organic layer of the most polluted stands. Although the uppermost mineral soil layer had relatively high exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations, the trees were not able to utilize these nutrient reserves presumably due to the toxic effects of Cu and Ni on the plant roots and mycorrhizas. The treatments that included limestone markedly decreased the Cu and Ni concentrations in the soil solution and soil organic layer, presumably due to immobilisation through precipitation or absorption. The Ca and Mg concentrations correspondingly increased, which certainly contributed to the partial recovery of fine root and stand growth. The powdered mineral mixture and the combination of methylene urea and ammonium nitrate had no short-term effect on the microbial biomass and activity. All the fertilizer treatments increased volume growth in the most polluted stand. The stand-specific fertilization increased needle mass in heavily polluted stands, but the response of the needle mass to fertilizer treatments was low in the less polluted stands. No clear evidence was found to support the role of nutrient status in tree resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009851326584
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Analysis Studies on Isopropylnitrate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: ARC ; DSC ; HFC ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isopropylnitrate (IPN) is described as a detonable material used in propellants and explosives. While there is considerable information available on its sensitivity and compatibility with other materials, very little is known about its thermochemical properties. This paper will describe the results obtained from some DSC, heat flux calorimetry (HFC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) measurements. The ASTM DSC method using a hermetic aluminum pan having a lid with a laser-produced pin hole was used to determine the vapour pressure of IPN1. Results calculated from an Antoine equation are in substantial agreement with those determined from DSC measurements. From the latter measurements, the enthalpy of vaporization was determined to be 35.32±0.62 kJ mol−1. Attempts to determine vapour pressures above about 0.8 MPa resulted in significant decomposition of IPNg. The enthalpy change for decomposition in sealed glass systems was found to be -3.43±0.09 kJ g−1 and -3.85±0.03 kJ g−1, respectively from DSC and HFC measurements on IPN1 samples loaded in air. Slightly larger exotherms were observed for the HFC results in air than those in inert gas, suggesting some oxidation occurs. In contrast, no significant difference in the observed onset temperature of about 150°C was observed for both the HFC and ARC results. From DSC measurements, an Arrhenius activation energy for decomposition of 126±4 kJ mol−1 was found. These measurements were also conducted in sealed glass systems and decomposition appeared to proceed primarily from the liquid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010190829563
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparent Activation Energies of the Non-isothermal Degradation of Eva Copolymer (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; DSC ; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer ; TG ; TG/IR ; thermal degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA, is heated, a two-stage thermal degradation occurs following its melting. The vinyl acetate content of the copolymer was determined to be 43.8% by using TA 2950 and TA 2050 thermogravimetric instruments. TG/FTIR was used to detect the evolved gas. Acetic acid and trans-1-R-4-R'-cyclohexane were the main products evolved from EVA in the first and second stage, respectively. The apparent activation energies were determined for both stages by differential methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010175904064
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization Kinetics of Polypropylene-polyethylene-based Copolymers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: artificial ageing ; DSC ; dynamic crystallization ; isoconversional method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A crystallization kinetics analysis of several polypropylene-polyethylene (PP-PE), PP-rich copolymers was made by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallization was studied via calorimetric measurements at different cooling rates. Several additives were added to the base material. Some test samples were subjected to artificial ageing processes. A modified isoconversional method was used to describe the crystallization process under non-isothermal conditions. The value of the Avrami parameter was determined for primary and secondary crystallization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010123819994
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic Analysis of Thermogravimetric Data XXXII. DSC Study of Some [Co(Diox·H)2(amine)2]X and H[Co(Diox·H)2(N3)2] Type Complexes with Alicyclic α-dioximes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: dioximine complexes of Co ; DSC ; kinetic compensation effect ; kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 14 mixed Co(III) dioximine chelates of the types [Co(Diox·H)2(amine)2]X (X = Br, I, NO3, ClO4) and H[Co(Diox·H)2(N3)2], respectively (Diox·H2-1,2-cyclohexane dione dioxime (nyoxime), 1,2-cycloheptane dione dioxime (heptoxime) 1,2-cyclooctane dione dioxime (octoxime) were obtained and their thermal decompositions were studied in an argon atmosphere. After the dehydration of the crystallohydrates, both types of complexes exhibit 3 decomposition stages. For the [Co(Diox·H)2(amine)2]X type complexes (X = Br, I) the first endothermal stage is the substitution of an amine molecule for the external sphere anion and this process is followed by two exothermal decomposition stages. With H[Co(Diox·H)2(N3)2] type complexes the first and third processes are relatively slow, but the second process is very fast, corresponding to a vertical portion of the TG curves. From the TG curves kinetic parameters were derived for 11 processes and the validity of a non-linear compensation law was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010185517693
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calorimetric Investigations of Some Phases in the System Sodium Fluoride - Aluminium Fluoride (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; enthalpies ; NaAlF4 ; Na5Al3F14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Beside the two well-known minerals cryolite, Na3AlF6, and chiolite, Na5Al3F14, the binary system NaF-AlF3 also contains a third compound, NaAlF4, sodium tetrafluoroaluminate. Solid NaAlF4 has been prepared from its vapour under controlled conditions. The stability of NaAlF4 has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. It is shown that the disproportionation of the compound: 5NaAlF4(s)=Na5Al3F14(s)+2AlF3(s) takes place at considerable rate between 700 and 900 K. The enthalpy of this reaction is calculated and found to be -66.9 kJ. Enthalpies of the two solid state transitions α-Na3AlF6 → β-Na3AlF6 and α-AlF3 → β-AlF3 have also been measured and new values are reported. The enthalpy of formation of chiolite, Na5Al3F14, at 900 K has been recalculated from enthalpy increment data obtained by drop calorimetry. A value of ΔH900 o = -7513.6±12.0 kJ mol-1 has been obtained. This value is in disagreement with the recommended value given in JANAF Thermochemical Tables given at 900 K ΔHf o = -7559.2 kJ mol-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010175006354
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Fe-Ni Distribution Between Pentlandite and Monosulfide Solid Solution Equalized at Low Temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 925-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; equilibrium ; Fe-Ni distribution ; monosulfide solid solution ; pentlandite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two mixtures of pentlandite and the monosulfide solid solution (mss) have been synthesized. The bulk compositions of the samples are Fe6Ni3S8 and Fe3Ni6S8. Differential scanning calorimetry detected exothermic process in the samples under heating. The process takes place in temperature range between phase transition in the mss (near 400 K) and 690 K and is governed by diffusion. X-ray powder diffraction has showed that equilibrium Fe-Ni distribution between pentlandite and the mss is achieved after short-time heating up to 670 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010199332433
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cure Kinetics of Amine Cured Tetrafunctional Epoxy Blends with Poly(Styrene-Co-Acrylonitrile) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1033-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cure kinetics ; DSC ; epoxy resin ; SAN ; thermoplastic blends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cure kinetics using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique were analyzed for a thermoplastic modified tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) epoxy resin cured with diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS), an aromatic diamine. The neat resin and its blends with the poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) of various compositions were studied by applying a phenomenological model proposed by Kamal. Kinetic parameters were determined by fitting experimental data. This model gives a good description of cure kinetics up to the onset of vitrification. Diffusion control was incorporated to describe the cure in the latter stages of cure. The results showed that the addition of SAN did not alter the nature of the reaction, but the reaction rates and final conversions decreased when SAN contents increase, due to reduction of mobility of the reacting species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010128206026
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  • 13
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    Thermal Analysis, Microcalorimetry and Combined Techniques for the Study of Pharmaceuticals (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1285-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: amorphous state ; combined techniques ; drug design ; drug product development ; drug substance ; drug technology ; DSC ; excipients ; failure investigations ; hydrates ; MDSC ; microcalorimetry ; pharmaceuticals ; polymorphism ; polymers ; preformulation ; process optimization ; purity ; quality control ; solvates ; stability ; sub-ambient DSC ; TG ; temperature resolved X-ray diffraction ; water interactions ; thermal microscopy ; water sorption-desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Modern thermal analysis, microcalorimetry and new emerging combined techniques which deliver calorimetric, microscopic and spectroscopic data offer a powerful analytical battery for the study of pharmaceuticals. These techniques are very useful in all steps of development of new drug products as well as methods for quality control in production. The characterization of raw materials enables to understand the relationships between polymorphs, solvates and hydrates and to choose the proper development of new drug products with very small amount of material in a very short time. Information on stability, purity is valuable for new entities as well as for marketed drug substances from different suppliers. Excipients which vary from single organic or inorganic entity to complexes matrixes or polymers need to be characterized and properly controlled. The thermodynamic phase-diagrams are the basis of the studies of drug-excipients interactions. They are very useful for the development of new delivery systems. A great number of new formulations need proper knowledge of the behaviour of the glass transition temperature of the components. Semi-liquid systems, interactions in aqueous media are also successfully studied by these techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010194020563
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  • 14
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    Thermal Analysis, Microcalorimetry and Combined Techniques for the Study of the Polymorphic Behaviour of a Purine Derivative (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 61-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: amorphous ; combined techniques for polymorphism ; DSC ; MKS 492 ; polymorphism ; purine ; quantitative determination ofamorphous and polymorphs ; solvent mediated transitions ; temperature resolved X-ray diffraction ; TG ; thermodynamic relation between polymorphs ; xanthine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The polymorphic behaviour of the purine derivative MKS 492 was studied with investigations of suspensions of selected samples in different solvents and of samples obtained by crystallizations. The samples were analyzed by DSC, TG and X-ray diffraction. Six different crystalline modifications called A, B, B’, C, D and E and an amorphous form were identified. Four pure crystalline modifications, A, B, C and D have been manufactured and characterized by DSC, X-ray, IR, solubilities, densities, hygroscopicity and dissolution measurements. The four forms A, C, D and E are monotrop to the form B. The form B is enantiotrop to the form B’, which revealed the highest melting point of all known polymorphs. This form B’ is only stable at high temperature. Temperature resolved X-ray diffraction was very helpful for proper interpretation of the thermal events. The melting peaks of the forms A and C and the endothermic peak corresponding to the enantiotropic transition B into B’ occur in a narrow range of temperature. The form B which is the most stable one at room temperature has been chosen for further development. Quantitative methods to determine the content of the forms A, C and D in samples of form B or to determine the content of form A, B and D in form C have been developed by using X-ray diffraction. Limits of detection are 1 or 2%. For the quantitative determination of the amorphous fraction, X-ray diffraction and microcalorimetry are compared. For high amounts of the amorphous fraction, the X-ray diffraction method is preferred because it is faster. Microcalorimetry is very attractive for levels below 10% amorphous content. The lowest limit of detection is obtained by microcalorimetry, about 1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010145125531
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  • 15
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    Comparison of Experimental Methods and Theoretical Calculations on Crystal Energies of ‘Isoenergetic’ Polymorphs of Cimetidine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 7-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystal modifications ; DSC ; Gibbs free energy function ; molecular modelling ; solution calorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermodynamic energy relationship between two crystal modifications of cimetidine was investigated and compared with differences in their processing properties with respect to transformation from one modification to the other. The crystal energies of the two modifications A and D were found to be almost identical and therefore the polymorphs are regarded as virtually isoenergetic crystals. This statement is based on DSC measurements of the melting points and of the enthalpies of fusion for the two crystal forms, which enable the calculation of the Gibbs free energy functions. Furthermore, the statement is supported by measurements of the enthalpies of solution in two different solvents. Both DSC and solution experiments reveal a slightly higher stability of the D modification with respect to the A form. In addition, tribomechanical treatment also indicates modification D to be the more stable one, as well as the higher density of the D form. No transformation during DSC at low heating rate was found which could be used in a stability consideration. As the explicit crystal structures of the two modifications are resolved, it was possible to calculate crystal energies theoretically as well. The theoretical results showed a remarkable difference in the crystal energies at zero degree Kelvin. Furthermore, they were just contradicting experimental findings by stating A being more stable than D. Possible reasons for this discrepancy and the feasibility of today's calculation methods with respect to prediction of stability properties are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010137505058
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  • 16
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    Polymorphism of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid Esters Containing Long Fluorocarbon Chains and Their Polymerizability (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 631-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fluorocarbon chain ; polymerizability ; polymorphic behaviors ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular aggregation of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters containing long-fluorocarbon chains: 2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethyl acrylate (FFnEA) and 2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate (FFnEMA) (F(CF2)nCH2CH2OCOC(X)=CH2, where X=H, CH3 and n=6, 8, 10) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature controlled X-ray powder diffraction measurement. These compounds exhibited some characteristic polymorphic behaviors depending on the length of fluorocarbon chain and the α-position methyl group. The solid-state polymerization by γ-ray irradiation was studied for these compounds in the various crystal forms. In the solid-state polymerization, highest polymerizability was observed in the crystal form that exists in the highest temperature region for each compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010113420330
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  • 17
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    Study of Ethyl Cellulose—Benzoic Acid Interactions in Matrices for Controlled Drug Release by DSC (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: benzoicacid ; controlled release ; DSC ; ethyl cellulose ; FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The physical state of benzoic acid (BA) and its interaction with ethyl cellulose (EC) were examined in ethyl cellulose—benzoic acid matrices by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition temperature (Tg) of EC of various matrices having BA in solid solution form (upto 27.7%) was reduced. The BA in matrices containing more than 38.9% drug exhibited distinct melting endotherms due to crystalline form. The peak temperatures of these endotherms were lowered and they broadened as the concentration was lowered. The solubility of BA increased at its melting point as compared to ambient temperature. The melting enthalpy of BA, when plotted as a function of its concentration yielded a straight line with intercept of 330 mg g−1 of matrix. This is the solubility of BA in EC at its melting temperature. Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) investigations confirmed that hydrogen bonding occurred between EC and BA through hydroxyl groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010183301617
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  • 18
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    Combination of DSC and X-ray Diffraction in the Study of the Phase Behaviour of Lipids: Mini-review (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; lipid ; phase behaviour ; synchrotron radiation ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phase behaviour and phase stability of lipids are of importance in an understanding of the biological functions of cell membranes. Among a variety of physical techniques employed to study the phase behaviour and structural properties of polar lipids, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction have proved to be successful and are the most frequently used methods. Applications involving a combination of the two techniques, particularly when synchrotron radiation is used as the light source of X-ray diffraction, are reviewed in this article.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010103205120
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  • 19
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    Measurements of Heat of Zeolite Dehydration by Scanning Heating (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 653-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: dehydration ; DSC ; TG ; water ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for measurement of the heat of zeolite dehydration by scanning heating has been designed. Simultaneous data on heat flow (DSC) and mass loss (TG) are required for evaluation. The heating rate depends on the experimental conditions (point-spread function, sample mass, crucible design, and calorimetric reproducibility). Dehydration measurements have three advantages as compared with the sorption procedure: i) one can investigate samples with irreversible dehydration; ii) no approximation model is needed for calculation of the partial molar heat of dehydration; and iii) the procedure is not labor-consuming. The procedure was tested on the natural zeolites heulandite, chabazite and mordenite. The results are close to those measured by the sorption procedure. The partial molar heat of dehydration was found to depend on the water content. It increases from 50 to 87 J mol−1 K−1 for heulandite, from 53 to 81 J mol−1 K−1 for chabazite, and from 51 to 71 J mol−1 K−1 for mordenite. The approximation of the heat of sorption by linear regression was found to be wrong. Detection of a ‘phase transitioN’ after this approximation has no meaning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010116930852
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  • 20
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    Transformation-Governed Heating Techniques in Thermal Analysis II. (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 725-739 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DDC ; DSC ; DTA ; transformation-governed TA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The described instrumental method makes it possible that the quasi-static heating technique, well applicable to thermogravimetric measurements, (see Part I of this paper) can be used in the case of DTA and DSC examinations, too. Based on the new type of curves the characteristic transformation temperatures, the whole course of the transformation in dependence of sample temperature, the extent of the enthalpy change caused by the transformation or by its partial processes can accurately be determined. The essentially greater accuracy of the measurements — in comparison to the conventional ones — is due to the quasi-static heating technique which ensures that the transformations should take place under quasi-equilibrium conditions.
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    Effects of Added Urea and Alkylureas on Gel to Liquid-Crystal Transitions in Doab Vesicles (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alkylureas ; DOAB vesicles ; DSC ; gel-liquid transitions ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gel to liquid-crystal transition for vesicles in aqueous solution formed by dimethyldi-n-octadecylammonium bromide (DOAB) occurs at 44.7°C. Moreover, the shapes of the scans recorded by a sensitive DSC microcalorimeter are very similar when the vesicular solutions are prepared starting with solid DOAB and comparable amounts of either solid urea or solid alkylureas. Therefore, the DOAB vesicles in aqueous solution accommodate this class of solutes without marked changes in the melting temperature and the enthalpy of the transition. The contrast with effects of added surfactants and simple organic solutes such as THF and ethanol is particularly significant.
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    Thermal and Spectroscopic Study of Dehydration of Lithium Formate Monohydrate Single-crystals (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 807-816 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; hydrogen-bond ; IR ; lithium formate monohydrate ; Raman spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) of lithium formate monohydrate (LiHCOO·H2O) were performed in the temperature range 300–700 K. The DSC/TG measurements show that the dehydration process to anhydrous lithium formate (LiHCOO) is complex and occurs in two stages. The data are correlated to the structure and to the arrangement of the molecules in the crystal, including the hydrogen-bonding. Infrared transmittance and Raman spectra of this crystal are reported and commented on.
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    Thermal Decomposition of Strontium and Barium Malonates (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 789-796 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alkaline earth malonates ; DSC ; DTA ; kinetic parameters ; TG ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition of strontium and barium malonates has been studied isothermally and non-isothermally employing simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA, DSC, XRD and IR spectroscopic techniques. DSC of these malonates has been recorded both in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres. The decomposition is a single step process and the end product formed is carbonate. The energy of activation and frequency factor values for the decomposition of strontium malonate are 547 kJ mol−1 and 1041 s−1 respectively. The activation energy and frequency factor values for isothermal dehydration of barium malonate sester-hydrate are 57–111 kJ mol−1 and 107–1012 s−1 respectively and the corresponding values for decomposition from DSC are 499.5 kJ mol−1 and 1044 s−1 respectively. The higher thermal stability of strontium malonate as compared to that of barium salt is ascribed to its being anhydrous so that decomposition proceeds without restructuring. Their thermal stabilities have also been compared with that of respective oxalate salts.
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    From Precursors to Thin Films - Thermoanalytical Techniques in the Thin Film Technology (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 7-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: ALE ; CVD ; DSC ; DTA ; EGA ; EL display ; solar cell ; sol-gel ; spray pyrolysis ; super-conductor ; TG ; thin films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Processing thin films for advanced applications, for instance in electronics and optoelectronics, involves several steps starting from precursor synthesis and ending up with the devices. Especially when optimizing the first steps of this chain of processes, thermoanalytical techniques play an important role. The review will focus on the main chemical deposition methods (CVD, ALE, spray pyrolysis, sol-gel) giving selected examples of problem-solving by thermal analysis. The techniques discussed are TG, DTA/DSC, EGA and their combinations. High-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) is also a powerful tool for in situ studies of thin films. The examples are taken from solar cell, superconductor and flat panel electroluminescent display technologies.
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    α-β Phase Re-Transformation Kinetics in Nickel Sulphide (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 429-435 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; nickel sulphide ; TG ; toughened glass ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nickel sulphide (NiS) was characterised using X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The 'as received' Millerite, stoichiometric NiS, observed to be slightly nickel deficient, was found to readily decompose in a nitrogen atmosphere at elevated temperatures (450°C max.) to the sulphur deficient Godlevskite, Ni7S6. DSC and X-ray measurements demonstrated that the high temperature form of the Godlevskite was readily stabilised at room temperature. The kinetics of the α-β re-transformation in Godlevskite were then investigated using DSC and were observed to be first order.
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    Thermochemistry of the Decomposition of Some Cobalt Compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 547-552 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cobalt oxysalts ; DSC ; enthalpy of decomposition ; enthalpy of dehydration ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the molar enthalpies of dehydration and decomposition of CoC2O4·2H2O, Co(HCOO)2·2H2O and [Co(NH3)6]2(C2O4)3·4H2O. The first stage of dissociation of each compound is a single-step dehydration both in air and argon atmospheres. The next stages are decomposition processes influenced by experimental parameters. The enthalpies of dehydration and decomposition vary from compound to compound in each atmosphere. The obtained data have been related to the macromechanisms proposed for the thermal decomposition and the parallel-consecutive decomposition-oxidation processes.
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    Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Kinetics When Mechanistic Information Available (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 783-792 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complex process ; DSC ; isoconversional methods ; kinetics ; model-free kinetics ; peak maximum evolution methods ; simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the case of a complex mechanism of two parallel independent reactions, peak maximum evolution methods and model-fitting methods give only a mean value of the kinetic parameters, while isoconversional methods are useful to describe the complexity of the mechanism. Isothermal and non-isothermal isoconversional methods can be used to elucidate the kinetics of the process. Nevertheless, isothermal isoconversional methods can be limited by restrictions on the temperature regions experimentally available because of duration times or detection limits.
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    Feasibility Study of Crude Oil Fields by Thermal Analysis Techniques (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 947-951 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: combustion ; crude oil ; DSC ; TG/DTG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the minimum oil content necessary for self-sustained combustion, which is introduced as a criterion for the selection of suitable reservoirs for in-situ combustion processes. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the heat values of oil-limestone mixtures. The minimum temperature required for the total consumption of the fuel was obtained by thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). The minimum amount of oil necessary to sustain combustion was calculated from these two parameters and compared with the oil content of the reservoir. Reservoirs with an oil content greater than or equal to this minimum value were considered feasible. It was seen that the fields examined are generally not suitable for in-situ combustion processes.
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    Isothermal Crystallisation of PCL Studied by Temperature Modulated Dynamic Mechanical and TMDSC Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1155-1161 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystallisation ; DMA ; DSC ; PCL ; polymer ; temperature modulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature modulated dynamic mechanical analysis (TMDMA) was performed in the same way as temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) measurements. As in TMDSC TMDMA allows the investigation of reversible and non-reversible phenomena during crystallisation of polymers. The advantage of TMDMA compared to TMDSC is the high sensitivity for small and slow changes in crystallinity, e.g. during re-crystallisation. The combination of TMDMA and TMDSC yields new information about local processes at the surface of polymer crystallites. It is shown that during and after isothermal crystallisation the surface of the individual crystallites is in equilibrium with the surrounding melt.
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    The Influence of Annealing and Heavy Ion Irradiation of Multiple Melting and Crystallization in PBT Films (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1141-1146 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystallization ; DSC ; heavy ion irradiation ; melting ; PBT films ; poly(butyleneterephthalate) films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of heavy ion-irradiation (Ar 5.5 MeV amu-1, 5·1011 ion cm-2) on the melting and crystallization of two PBT films subjected to different modes of thermal treatment was investigated. Differences were observed between the processes occurring in both initial films, due to differences in crystalline phase content. The course of melting and crystallization in heavy ion-irradiated films during first heating, cooling and second heating differs from that in the initial films. The density data and DSC results indicate a decreased crystalline phase content in the PBT films after irradiation.
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    Thermal Behaviour of Some Terpenoids (1999)
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1353-1357 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; terpenoids ; TG ; thermal behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The terpenoids acetyl sitosterol, lupeol, acetyl diosgenin and stigmasterol were studied. Comparison of the thermogravimetric curves and the activation energies of the terpenoids suggested the following sequence of thermal stability: acetyl sitosterol 〈 acetyl diosgenin 〈 lupeol 〈 stigmasterol. The DSC curves allowed determination of the melting points and the degrees of purity. Comparison of the TG and DSC curves revealed the presence of phase transitions without mass loss that were attributed to rearrangements in the terpenoid molecules.
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    Lipid-similar Thermal Transition of Polyethylene Glycol Alkyl Ether Detergents (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 371-375 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: C14E8 ; detergent ; DSC ; polyethylene glycol tetradecyl ether ; thermal transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A narrow, reversible endothermic main transition is found in the aqueous micellar phase of octaethylene glycol tetradecyl ether (C14E8) by DSC, characterized by a transition temperature of 41°C and a ΔH value of 0.5 kcal mol−1, which is not observed by light scattering. This transition is assigned to a cooperative conformational rearrangement of the assembled amphiphilic detergent molecules and not to a micelle aggregation process. It is suggested that the detergent’s polar head group is primarily involved in this rearrangement.
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    On the Oximine Complexes of Transition Metals: Part 110: Spectroscopic and DSC study on some [Fe(Diox·H)2L2] and [Fe(Diox)3(BOR)2] type chelates and clathrochelates (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 433-445 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; iron(II)-oxime complexes ; kinetic parameters ; Mössbauer spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of 15 [Fe(Diox#x00B7;H)2L2] type chelates and [Fe(Diox)3(BOR)2] clathrochelates (Diox#x00B7;H2 — dimethylglyoxime, glyoxime, propoxime, nyoxime, furyl-dioxime; L-pyridine, alkyl-pyridine derivatives, diethyl-phenyl-phosphine, diethyl-p-tolyl-phosphine) were obtained and characterized by means of far and middle FTIR and Mössbauer spectroscopic methods. Some structural problems were discussed on the basis of the optical data. The DSC measurements show the higher thermal stability of the clathrochelates without O—H⋯O intramolecular hydrogen bonds (with asymmetric octahedral structure), as compared to the [Fe(Diox#x00B7;H)2L2] trans, symmetric chelates containing O—H⋯O bonds. The kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition of the complexes have been derived using the nomogram method.
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    Decoupled Molecular Dynamics of Glass-forming Liquids Confined in Nano-meter Pores (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 745-752 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: confinement effects ; DSC ; dynamic light scattering ; finite-size effects ; glass transition ; o-terphenyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Calorimetry is the method first used by Jackson and McKenna to study the effect of finite-size on the molecular dynamics of glass-formers confined in nano-meter scale pores. It was found that the glass transition is shifted to lower temperature as pore size decreases. Since then, other spectroscopic techniques have corroborated this finding and given more information on the molecular dynamics. These results are used to compare with the predictions of several theories of glass transition, and in particular the coupling model of the author.
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    Identification of Polyethylene by Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Application to forensic science (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 847-851 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; linear low-density polyethylene(LLDPE) ; low density polyethylene (LDPE) ; polymer blend ; thermal properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A forensic sample consisting of melt-recrystallized polymers that was recovered from the scene of a fire in a factory was identified by differential scanning calorimetry. The factory commonly used two kinds of film sheets, A and B, made by different manufacturers. It was necessary to decide whether the forensic sample related to material A or B. The forensic sample and reference samples of materials A and B were subjected to infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatograph mass spectrometry measurements, which revealed their polyethylene nature. The thermal behaviour of the samples was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and they were found to be blends of two kinds of polyethylenes, low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene. The samples could be identified and distinguished from each other via the DSC measurements.
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    Estimation of the Critical Temperature of Thermal Explosion for the Highly Nitrated Nitrocellulose Using Non-isothermal DSC (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 369-373 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: critical temperature ; DSC ; HNNC ; non-isothermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for estimating the critical temperature (Tb) of thermal explosion for the highly nitrated nitrocellulose (HNNC) are derived from the Semenov's thermal explosion theory and two non-isothermal kinetic equations, dα/dt=Af(α)e−E/RT and dα/dt=Af(α)[1+E/(RT)(1–To/T)]e−E/RT, using reasonable hypotheses. We can easily obtain the values of the thermal decomposition activation energy (E), the onset temperature (Te) and the initial temperature (To) at which DSC curve deviates from the baseline of the non-isothermal DSC curve of HNNC, and then calculate the critical temperature (Tb) of thermal explosion by the two derived formulae. The results obtained with the two methods for HNNC are in agreement to each other.
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    Enthalpic Relaxation of 25Na2O·xTiO2·(75-x)SiO2 Glasses (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; glass ; relaxation ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enthalpic relaxation of the title glasses, studied by differential scanning calorimetry, is well described by a mathematical model based on the stretched exponential relaxation function with the relaxation time proportional to the actual viscosity. The dependence of viscosity on temperature and the fictive temperature was expressed by Mazurin's approximation. The relaxation parameters obtained correlated significantly with the glass composition, indicating the changes in the structural of the TiO2 role near a TiO2 content of 3–4 mol%.
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    Thermal Studies of Nickel(II) Squarate Complexes of Triamines in the Solid State (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 165-172 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; nickel(II) squarate ; phase transition ; TG-DTA ; triamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract [NiL2]C4O4·nH2O [where n=2 when L=diethylenetriamine(dien) and N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (dpt); n=3 when L=N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (aepn); n=0 when L=N2-methyldiethylenetriamine (medien)] and Ni(tmdien)C4O4·2H2O (where tmdien=1,4,7 trimethyl-diethylenetriamine) have been synthesised and investigated thermally in the solid state. Ni(dpt)C4O4·H2O has also been synthesised pyrolytically in the solid state from the corresponding bis complex. All the complexes possess octahedral geometry. The squarate anion takes part in coordination only in monotriamine species. [Ni(medien)2]C4O4 upon heating undergoes phase transition (270–285°C; ΔH=4.9 kJ mol−1) accompanied by colour change pink to grey. Thermal stability decreases with increase in chain length of the triamines.
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    Effects of Pretreatments on the Structure of Palladium-Containing Amorphous Alloys Followed by DSC (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: amorphous palladium alloys ; DSC ; hydrogenation ; mechanical alloying ; phenylacetylene ; structural characterization ; X-ray diffractometry ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Amorphous PdZr, PdCuZr and PdCuSi alloy ribbons and powders are characterized by DSC, XRD and XPS in the as-received state and after treatments with oxygen, hydrogen or dilute hydrogen fluoride solution. Zr-containing alloys are shown to undergo substantial structural changes resulting in palladium enrichment on their surface, whereas no apparent changes in the bulk structure are found for PdCuSi. Catalytic activity and selectivity of the pretreated samples were tested in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene.
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    Effect of Nucleotides on Thermal Transitions of Myosin (1999)
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1203-1209 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: conformation of myosin ; DSC ; EPR ; spin labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The internal dynamics and the thermal stability of myosin in rabbit psoas muscle fibres in different intermediate states of the ATP hydrolysis cycle were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Three overlapping endotherms were detected in rigor, in strongly binding and weakly binding state of myosin to actin. The transition at 58.4°C can be assigned to the nucleotide-binding domain. The transition at highest temperature represents the unfolding of the actin and the contributions arising from the actin-myosin interaction. The transition of 54°C reflects the interaction between the subunits of myosin. Nucleotide binding induced shifts of the melting temperatures and produced variations in the calorimetric enthalpy changes. The changes of the EPR parameters indicated local rearrangements of the internal structure in myosin heads.
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    Application of Thermogravimetry in the Quality Control of Chloramphenicol Tablets (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1323-1327 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: chloramphenicol ; DSC ; quality control ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability and thermal behaviour of chloramphenicol and various of its mixtures were investigated. The thermogravimetric and stability constant results showed that the chloramphenicol base is thermally more stable than the tablet in the studied formulation. The reduction in stability was attributed to the presence of starch in the formulation. The thermal decompositions of the chloramphenicol base and the tablet obey first-order kinetics.
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    Transient DSC, a Novel and Rapid Method for Assessing Pharmaceutical Powder Compacts (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1311-1316 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alumina ; aluminum oxide ; compact ; DSC ; particles ; pentaerythritol tetraacetate ; pharmaceuticals ; powder ; thermal resistance ; transient state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The previously described method involving the use of transient DSC was applied to pharmaceutical powder compacts and to ceramic powder compacts. The samples were prepared by compressing powders of pentaerythritol tetraacetate and two kinds of alumina powder (differing in particle size distribution) up to a pressure of 20 MPa by using a jig. For pentaerythritol tetraacetate, a linear relationship was obtained between the parameter obtained by DSC and the compaction pressure.
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    Simulation of the Glass Transition (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1005-1010 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; enthalpic relaxation ; glass transition ; physical ageing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Enthalpic relaxation has been used to model the development of the glass transition in polymers, using kinetic parameters determined separately. For this purpose the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watt stretched exponential function, relating the extent of relaxation, Φ(t), to time t and an average relaxation time, τa, i.e. $$1 - \Phi \left( t \right) = \exp \left( { - t/ta} \right)^{\beta }$$ where β is inversely related to the breadth of the relaxation spectrum, has been adopted. The relaxation time dependence on temperature was taken to follow the modified Arrhenius relationship, $$\tau _a = A\exp \left[ {\frac{{X\Delta H}}{{RT}} + \frac{{\left( {1 - X} \right)\Delta H}}{{RT'}}} \right]$$ where T is the storage and T′ the fictive temperature, X is the structure factor and ΔH the activation enthalpy. Both have been found to describe the process of enthalpic relaxation in polymer glasses and a direct comparison has been made with the change in specific heat observed with different cooling rates in DSC experiments. The effect of variables, such as activation enthalpies, pre-exponential factors, and the non-linear factors such as X and β on the observed Tgs and the temperature range over which the transition occurred have been determined.
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    Differential Scanning Calorimetric Investigations on Pyloric Caeca During Ripening of Salted Herring Products (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fish ; general proteolytic activity ; pyloric caeca ; ripening ; salted herring product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermoanalytical behaviour of pyloric caeca during salting and ripening was investigated using a Perkin Elmer DSC 7. Not only the thermal stability of the muscle proteins was influenced by salting but also that of pyloric caeca. It was recognised that the salting itself leads to a remarkable increase of the transition temperature compared with raw herring. An influence of the salt:fish ratio could be observed. The higher the salt content the higher the increase of the denaturation temperature. During ripening the transition temperature remained on a high level or showed only a slight decrease during the investigation period. The dependency from the salt content remained evident. The increase of the transition temperature was accompanied by a decrease of the transition enthalpy. The increase of thermal stability is connected with a decrease of the general proteolytic activity in pyloric caeca. Possibly, the enzymes are diffusing from the pyloric caeca into the muscle and cause there an increase of enzymatic activity observable in North Sea herring accompanied by a decrease of activity in pyloric caeca itself. Simultaneous the thermal stability of pyloric caeca is lowered. The reason for the differences in ripening could be seen in some enzyme-inhibiting factors unknown until now.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010101910394
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    Thermal Denaturation of Bacterial Cells Examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; thermal denaturation ; vegetative bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal stability of vegetative cells of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum was studied by counting viable fractions and determining DSC curves of their suspensions. DSC curves in the 5–99°C range showed a series of endothermic transitions between 50 and 60°C, where the heat destruction of cells occurred. Heat denaturation of DNA required a higher temperature than cell killing. Thermal death was strongly influenced by the pH, composition and NaCl content of the suspending buffer. A mathematical model developed by us enabled comparison of DSC peak temperatures and temperatures required for loss of viability.
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    Thermal Properties of Standard and Reference Humic Substances by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 517-526 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; humic substances ; thermal properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differential Scanning Calorimetry combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, was applied to the study of a number of fulvic and humic acids extracted from soils, peat, river and seawater. The thermal patterns obtained were related to the nature and origin of samples. The low-temperature endotherms were attributed to dehydration and loss of peripheral polysaccharide chains. The endotherm at 250°C observed for soil FA was ascribed to partial decarboxylation of more labile surface COOH groups, whereas the high-temperature exotherms at about 500°C were related to the degree of polycondensation of the aromatic network of the humic molecules.
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    Thermal Characterization of Polyurethane Acrylate Resins (1999)
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; enthalpic relaxation ; polyurethane ; TSDC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polyurethane acrylate resins cured by two different ways, a thermal way and a photochemical way, are investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC). Even if both curing methods lead to the same material from a chemical point of view, we show that important differences exist between the thermocured resin and the photocured resin in terms of molecular relaxation behaviour.
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    Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylenes Synthesized with Metallocene Catalysts (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 559-568 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DMTA ; DSC ; mechanical properties ; metallocene catalysts ; polyethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of high density polyethylenes (HDPE) were synthesized via homogeneous polymerization with metallocene catalyst in two different reactors (glass and stainless steel). The thermal and mechanical properties of the polyethylenes, synthesized with two types of reactor and different reaction parameters, are discussed.
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    Studies on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Various Plant Species on Chromite Minespoils in Sub-tropical Regions of India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 55 (1999), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; heavy metals ; mine spoils ; vegetation ; soil-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall.
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    Metals in Feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater, and Red-Tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, Northern Pacific (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 343-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: birds ; environmental pollutants ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca), Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p〈0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species.
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    Heavy Metal Tolerance in Chromogenic and Non-Chromogenic Marine Bacteria from Arabian Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: agar diffusion assay ; Arabian Gulf ; chromogenic bacteria ; heavy metals ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple method – direct agar diffusion assay – was optimised for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity to marine chromogenic and non-chromogenic bacteria. The procedure involved spotting of a 10 microliter test solution on the seeded agar plate and incubation of the plates at 30°C to accelerate bacterial growth. Under optimum conditions, test results were obtainable within 12–18 hr instead of 96 hr incubation time generally required for a marine bacterial assay by conventional agar plate methods. A range of sixteen heavy metals, each at 5 different concentrations was tested. Toxicity was demonstrated by the formation of a clear zone of growth inhibition around the point of application. Toxicity of tested chemicals could be easily demonstrated at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg per spot on the agar plate. A dose dependent relation between metal concentration (μg/spot) and the diameter of the clear zone on agar plate was observed, suggesting potential of this method as an easy and economical tool in quantitative toxicology studies.
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    Transfer of microcontaminants from sediment to chironomids, and the risk for the Pond bat Myotis dasycneme (Chiroptera) preying on them (1999)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: accumulation ; bats ; Chironomidae ; Chiroptera ; food chain transfer ; heavy metals ; Myotis dasycneme ; PAHs ; PCBs ; pesticides ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transfer ratios of metals, PCBs, pesticides and PAHs from the sediment to chironomid larvae and adults collected in a highly contaminated area, the Biesbosch, were studied. Metal concentrations in larvae were 0.28 (Cd), 0.02 (Cr), 0.52 (Cu), 0.06 (Hg), 0.03 (Pb), 0.32 (Zn) times those found in standard sediment, on a dry weight basis. Hg and Zn were well transported to the adult stage. Dry weight ratios of contaminant residues in adults and in larvae were 0.38 (Cd), 0.23 (Cr), 0.62 (Cu), 1.03 (Hg), 0.08 (Pb), 0.94 (Zn). For PCBs and pesticides, the concentration ratios of chironomid larvae fat to sediment (dry organic matter) varied around 3.3, which is consistent with laboratory studies. Organochlorine residues in adult fat were comparable to those in larvae lipids. However, the concentrations of non-ortho PCBs were 1.7 times higher in adults. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), larval fat:sediment (organic matter) concentration ratios ranged from 0.004 to 0.1. Adult: larvae ratios for PAHs varied between 0.2 and 0.6. For naphthalene a much higher transport ratio of 2 was found. Chironomid adults are the most important potential food source of the Pond bat, which lives in low densities in the Biesbosch. The contaminant concentrations measured in the chironomids do not exceed diet levels that are thought to be safe for mammals. However, Pond bats collected in less contaminated areas contained PCB-concentrations of 9, 33 and 76 mg kg−1 lipid weight, which are above concentrations that cause reproduction effects on Mink.
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    Modelling complexation and electrostatic attraction in heavy metal biosorption by Sargassum biomass (1999)
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    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: biosorption ; seaweeds ; ion exchange ; pH ; ionic strength ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biosorption, the passive accumulation of metal ions by biomass, can be used for purifying metal bearing wastewater. Seaweeds represent a readily available source of biosorbent material that possesses a high metal binding capacity. For example, Sargassum can accumulate 2 mequiv of Cd per gram of biomass i.e. 10% of its dry weight. Binding of Cd and Cu by Sargassum is an ion exchange process involving both covalent and ionic bonds. The amount of cations bound covalently or by complexation can be predicted using multi-component sorption isotherms involving 2 types of binding sites, carboxyl and sulphate. A Donnan model was used to account for the effect of ionic strength and electrostatic attraction. The use of a multi-component isotherm that included one term for Na binding was less appropriate than the Donnan model for modelling ionic strength effects. It was possible to predict metal and proton binding as a function of the pH value, metal concentration and ionic strength of the solution.
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    Heavy metal concentrations in surficial sediments from Wadi El Natrun saline lakes, Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 75-92 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: alkaline lakes ; heavy metals ; microbial mats ; Wadi El Natrun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal concentrations of Wadi El Natrun saline lakes were investigated. Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Fe and Al were measured in surficial sediments. The heavy metal concentrations largely indicate the influence of weathering of terrigenous sources on land. In comparison with the average in sedimentary rocks, the concentrations of the heavy metals studied are higher than the global average sandstone. This is also reflected in the high enrichment factors. The heavy metal concentration in lakes II and III decrease in the order Pb〉Zn 〉Cu, while in lake I the decreasing order is Cu〉Zn〉Pb. Sediments with microbial mats were found to concentrate heavy metals above background sediment values.
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    Heavy metal concentrations in surficial sediments from Wadi El Natrun saline lakes, Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 75-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: alkaline lakes ; heavy metals ; microbial mats ; Wadi El Natrun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal concentrations of Wadi El Natrun saline lakes were investigated. Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Fe and Al were measured in surficial sediments. The heavy metal concentrations largely indicate the influence of weathering of terrigenous sources on land. In comparison with the average in sedimentary rocks, the concentrations of the heavy metals studied are higher than the global average sandstone. This is also reflected in the high enrichment factors. The heavy metal concentration in lakes II and III decrease in the order Pb 〉 Zn 〉 Cu, while in lake I the decreasing order is Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb. Sediments with microbial mats were found to concentrate heavy metals above background sediment values.
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    Loss and degradation of wetlands in southwestern Australia: underlying causes, consequences and solutions (1999)
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: altered hydrological regimes ; heavy metals ; nutrient enrichment ; pesticides ; salinization ; wetland degradation ; wetland loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many wetlands (estimated to be about 70%) have been lost in the coastal plain region of southwestern Australia since British settlement (in 1829), primarily as a result of infilling or drainage to create land for agricultural use or urban development. While further loss is almost universally acknowledged as undesirable, wetland degradation continues with little overt public recognition of the causes or consequences. Obvious and direct causes include nutrient enrichment, salinization, pollution with pesticides and heavy metals, the invasion of exotic flora and flora, loss of fringing vegetation and altered hydrological regimes occurring as a result of urbanization and agricultural practices. Underlying causes include a lack of understanding of wetland hydrology and ecology on behalf of both planning agencies and the private sector, and poor coordination of the many different agencies responsible for wetland management. Public and political awareness of wetland values continues to increase, but sectoral organization and responsibilities for wetland management lag behind. Sufficient scientific information now exists for improved management, protection and restoration of wetlands in southwestern Australia. However, this improvement cannot occur without the necessary political will and corresponding sectoral responses needed to implement coordinated wetland management policies and actions.
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    Fine-root growth, mortality and heavy metal concentrations in limed and fertilized Pinus silvestris (L.) stands in the vicinity of a Cu-Ni smelter in SW Finland (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilization ; fine roots ; heavy metals ; liming ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to assess 1) the growth of fine roots into ingrowth cores and fine root mortality, 2) the effects of liming and correction fertilization on fine-root growth and mortality, and 3) the concentrations of heavy metals in fine roots in control, limed or fertilized Scots pine stands at different distances from a copper-nickel smelter. Fine-root biomass in the ingrowth cores in the control plots varied between 1 (at 0.5 km from the smelter) and 252 and 271 g/m2 (at 4 and 8 km, respectively). In the most polluted stand at 0.5 km, 98% of the fine roots that had grown into the ingrowth cores had died before sampling. Corresponding values for the other stands (4 and 8 km) were only 13-18%. At 0.5 km, liming increased the growth and survival of fine roots. The concentrations of Cu and Ni were also smaller in fine roots from the limed plot than those from the control plot. In the correction fertilization treatment at 0.5 km the total ingrowth of fine roots was at the same level as in the control, but less fine roots had died. Thus, the correction fertilizer treatment increased the survival but not the growth of fine roots. At 4 or 8 km, there were no significant differences in the fine-root biomass or necromass or element concentrations between the treatments.
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    Effect of an artificial metal pollution on nematode assemblage of a calcareous loamy chernozem soil (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 35-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: heavy metals ; plant microelements ; soil pollution ; soil nematode communities ; Maturity Index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal pollution in soils constitutes an acute problem threatening various groups of living organisms. Nematode samples were taken in the framework of a complex food-chain experiment which is being carried out after artificially contaminating a part of an agrobiotope. The 13 heavy metals and microelements involved in the study are the following: Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn. Parallel plots receiving maximum concentrations equal to approx. 270 ppm were sampled twice during a complete vegetation period of winter wheat. Nematode abundance and richness as well as Maturity Index data revealed that Se and Cr had significantly negative effects on assemblages, while Zn appeared to have a generally positive influence on these parameters. Impacts by the other elements are less obvious or quite neutral (like that of Al). Favorable soil conditions and time elapsed (over 5 years) since the contamination, both resulting in a decrease of available element concentrations, may account for the not very pronounced effects.
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    Heavy metal uptake, physiological response and survival of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) from marine and brackish waters in relation to the induction of heat-shock protein 70 (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 393 (1999), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; accumulation ; physiological fitness ; survival ; HSP 70 ; Mytilus ; Baltic Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies demonstrate that blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Baltic population are more sensitive, in terms of physiological response and survival when exposed to toxic substances, compared to mussels from a more marine environment. The question whether this can be explained by environmental factors or genetic differences in the ability to synthesise a common stress-inducible protein (HSP 70) was addressed in two experiments. In the first experiment mussels from the North and Baltic Seas were acclimatised to an intermediate salinity of 15‰ S in the laboratory. The physiological performance was studied when the heavy metal cadmium was added and accumulated by the animals during a one week exposure. Tissue concentration was measured and related to physiological response. The level of expression of HSP 70 was analysed by densitometry on Western blots. North Sea mussels rapidly induced high levels and multiple forms of HSP 70, reached a comparatively low tissue concentration of cadmium, and showed only a minor physiological response and low mortality rates. Baltic Sea mussels had low levels of HSP 70, induced at slow rate, reached higher tissue concentrations of cadmium, and showed a more pronounced physiological response and higher mortality rates. High levels of stress proteins and a rapid induction corresponded well with physiological fitness, and the mussels from the North Sea thus seem to have a more efficient detoxification system, probably including stress-inducible proteins. In the second experiment, juvenile mussels from the Baltic population were acclimatised for a month to North Sea conditions in a field transplant. The mussels were then exposed to low-dose copper in the laboratory and the accumulation, physiological response and synthesis of stress inducible proteins were assessed. The results indicate that the physiological differences described between the populations are to a large extent explained by environmental factors. However, some differences can still be observed between the populations, e.g., a lower rate of induction of a major stress protein in Baltic than in North Sea mussels. It can thus be suggested that a reduced ability to stress protein induction, in their natural low saline habitat, might be a contributing factor to the higher pollution sensitivity earlier demonstrated for Baltic blue mussels.
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    Point and diffuse source analysis of heavy metals in the Elbe drainage area: Comparing heavy metal emissions with transported river loads (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 410 (1999), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Elbe ; heavy metals ; point and diffuse sources ; river loads ; retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two independent methods are presented to estimate point and diffuse source contributions in emissions and riverine loads. The first method uses emission factors and areal statistics of the Elbe catchment to estimate the emissions of the diffuse and point sources. The second method relies on relationships between load–discharge and concentration–discharge, using monitoring data from several water quality stations. These statistical relationships are then used to separate point and diffuse contributions to the total riverine load, after incorporating the point waste water flow discharges. Both methods are applied to the Elbe river for the period 1992–1995 to estimate the contribution of point and diffuse sources for six heavy metals. The results of the source apportionment estimates for the Elbe river show that there are regional differences in source strength and source origin. The main inputs of metals occur in the Czech Republic nowadays, whereas for Cd the Mulde catchment contributes large amounts. The comparison of both methods shows some differences, which are caused by retention in the river system and uncertainties in emissions.
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    Rare earth elements and heavy metal distribution in estuarine sediments of east coast of India (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 397 (1999), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rare earth elements ; estuarine sediments ; east coast of India ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bed sediment samples collected from the Hoogly, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery estuaries on the east coast of India were analyzed for rare earth elements (REEs), mainly lanthanides (La–Lu), Y, a number of metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb), using Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Continental weathering plays an important role in the distribution of REEs and metals. However, metals showed wide variation in concentration among estuaries, mainly due to varying salinity, which controls complex estuarine processes, and partly to anthropogenic inputs. Factor analysis of elemental data identified two major groups of elements: (i) LREEs, HREEs, Cd, Pb and Ag, revealing an association with detritals brought in by the rivers; and (ii) V, Cr , Co, Ni and Zn, indicating complex estuarine processes and human input. LREEs are more enriched than HREEs (LREE/HREE ratio varied between 12 and 40) reflecting silicate weathering of crustal materials, and a resultant increase in LREEs in detritals. We conclude that the estuarine system constitutes 70% of LREEs and 30% of HREE flux to the Bay of Bengal.
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    Non-isothermal Decomposition Kinetics of Complex of Co(III), Ni(II) with O,O'-dialkyldithiophosphates and Adducts of Ni-complex with Pyridines (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: adducts ; cobalt complex ; DSC ; kinetics ; nickel complex ; O,O'-dialkyldithiophosphate ; pyridine ; TG-DTG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal behaviour of tri(O,O'-diisopropyldithiophosphate)cobalt(III), Co(dptp)3 and bis (O,O'-diethyldithiophosphate)nickel(II), Ni(detp)2 and its adducts with pyridine, Ni(detp)2(py)2 or 4-methylpyridine, Ni(detp)(mpy)2 in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere was investigated by TG-DTG and DSC techniques, which showed a medium endothermic peak for the evolution process of pyridine(or 4-methylpyridine) and a strong exothermic peak for that of O,O'-diethyldithiophosphate. The thermal stability and decomposition patterns for these compounds were compared and interpreted in terms of structural features such as bond character and steric effects. The kinetic parameters and mechanisms of every decomposition stage involved for all these complexes were obtained employing the non-isothermal kinetic analysis method suggested by Malek et al., which showed the kinetics mechanism for pyrolysis of pyridine(or 4-methylpyridine) is an S-B empirical model with lower activation energy, while that of O,O'-dialkyldithiophosphate is a diffusion model. These results are in accord with the fact that two ligands are of different type.
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    Effect of Solvent Composition on DSC Exothermic Peak of Human Serum Albumin Suspended in Pyridine-n-Hexane Mixtures (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; exothermic peak ; human serum albumin ; non-equilibrium state ; pyridine-n-hexane mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Human serum albumin (HSA) immersed in pyridine-n-hexane mixtures was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). State of the solid HSA in organic solvent mixtures is the non-equilibrium state which is seen as the exothermic peak on the DSC curves. The enthalpy change corresponding to this exothermic peak approaches zero when going from pure pyridine to pure n-hexane. Dependence of the enthalpy change on the pyridine concentration is suggestive that the non-equilibrium state of the immersed HSA results from the HSA-pyridine interactions 'frozen' at the lower temperature. Most likely the temperature-initiated exothermic peak observed on the DSC curves reflects the swelling of HSA by pyridine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010180004973
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    Effect of Heating Rate on Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Al91La5Ni4 Alloys by DSC (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 437-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Al-La-Ni amorphous ribbons ; DSC ; heating rate ; non-isothermal crystallization kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Crystallization kinetics of Al91La5Ni4 amorphous ribbons produced by a melt-spinning method were studied by DSC analysis and X-ray diffraction. The effect of heating rate (from 4 to 200°C min-1) was investigated in the temperature range from 298 to 700 K. Increases the heating rate from 4 to 200°C min-1 resulted in increases of the temperature difference between the two stages of the transformation process: crystallization of Al and crystallization of the Al compounds from 148.9 to 167.4 K. The apparent activation energies for the first step, related to Al crystallization, and to the second step related to crystallization of Al4La and Al3Ni, were found to be 161±9 and 199±10 kJ mol-1, respectively. The results indicate the possibility of tailoring the heating treatment to produce the required fraction of the amorphous phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010131508113
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    DSC and Electronmicroscopic Investigation of Dispersion-Type Processed Cheeses Made Without Peptization (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1211-1216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: dispersion-type processed cheese ; DSC ; ELMI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast with the traditional method of cheese processing, where Ca breaks down from the protein chain and protein is peptized, a new technology has been elaborated, during which cheese is dispersed without phosphate-containing processing salt, when the gel is formed by plant hydrocolloids. Raw material of constant composition was processed with a phosphate-containing salt or in the presence of hydrocolloids. Thermodynamic processes occurring during the processing and in the end-products were examined by an ultra-sensitive micro DSC method. The structures of end-products were also investigated by electronmicroscopy. The temperature ranges of the endothermal processes indicating the transformations of protein and hydrocolloids can be distinguished: 81-90°C for peptization processing and 61-72°C for processing without peptization. The differences are less in the end-products: 75-87°C in traditional processed cheese and 68-74°C in processed cheeses made without peptization. In contrast with the spongy structure of traditional processed cheeses consisting of peptized proteins, processed cheeses made without peptization involve structure-forming elements created by the interaction of linear macromolecules of hydrocolloids and cheese proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010177616929
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    DSC Screening of Potential Prochlorperazine-Excipient Interactions in Preformulation Studies (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1317-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cyclodextrins ; drugs ; DSC ; excipients ; prochlorperazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry was used to examine the thermal behaviour of mixtures of the drug prochlorperazine with standard excipients, to assess potential interactions, and of mixtures with cyclodextrins, to investigate inclusion complexation which could increase the photostability of the drug. For most of the excipients (magnesium stearate, stearic acid, Explotab®, Ac-Di-Sol®, Encompress® and Ludipress®, lactose and Starch 1500) disappearance or broadening of the melting endotherm of the drug indicated interactions. Lubritab® was the only 'inert' excipient tested. Mixtures of prochlorperazine and the cyclodextrins gave incomplete inclusion complexation as shown by only partial disappearance of the melting endotherm of the drug.
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    Melting of PbBr2: A DSC investigation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; lead bromide ; melting ; systematic error
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The melting of PbBr2 in sealed crucibles was investigated by means of DSC. Three factors were considered to affect melting point: i) impurities, ii) the bromine pressure over the PbBr2, and iii) photolysis. Both crystals and powders were investigated. The peak of the melting changed after sample grinding. The bromine pressure over the PbBr2 was found to cause a significant error in the determination of the melting point. Lead bromide melts at 370.6±0.2°C. The heat of melting is 42.9±1.8 J g−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010105100283
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    DSC Studies of the Effects of Cisplatin and Transplatin on G-Actin (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: actin ; cisplatin ; DSC ; thiol ; transplatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cisplatin and its trans isomer transplatin on the thermal denaturation of G-actin were studied with a Micro DSC-III differential scanning calorimeter. The denaturation enthalpy of G-actin was found to be 12 J g−1, and the denaturation temperature was 328 K. The thermal denaturation curve showed that increasing cisplatin concentration decreased the enthalpy change. However, after the ratio of cisplatin to G-actin attained 8:1 (mol:mol), the denaturation enthalpy no longer decreased. Transplatin decreased the enthalpy change more rapidly. In contrast with cisplatin, the denaturation peak at 328 K disappeared, and a strong exothermic peak appeared at 341 K when the ratio of transplatin to G-actin was 8:1 (mol:mol). The enthalpy change was 75 J g−1, which is far in excess of the range of weak interactions. This strong exothermic phenomenon probably reflects the agglutination of protein. The effects of cisplatin and transplatin on the number of the free thiol groups of G-actin are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010143910861
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    Thermal Behavior of Nafion Membranes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 569-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: counterion effect ; DSC ; membrane ; Nafion-H ; Nafion salts ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal behavior of Nafion-117 membranes was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TG measurements revealed that the mechanism of thermal degradation of a Nafion membrane in the acid form is different from that of Nafion in the sodium form. The DSC curves for the first heating, for both acid and salt forms, display two endothermic peaks, near 120 and 230°C. The high-temperature peak was assigned to the crystalline domains melting in Nafion, and the low-temperature peak was attributed to a transition into ionic clusters, since this transition exhibits significant changes depending on the nature of the counterion and the degree of hydration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010196226309
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    Role of kinetin in alleviation of copper and zinc toxicity in Lupinus termis plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: heavy metals ; kinetin ; lupin ; Lupinus termis ; metallothionein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of exogenous kinetin application on the growth and some physiological processes of Lupinus termis plants growing in metal containing solutions with excess concentrations of Cu and Zn ion were studied. Generally, plants growing in these solutions had a lower chlorophyll (Chl.) content, leaf relative water content (RWC) and produced less biomass than the control plants. Proline content was higher in metal-treated plants than in untreated controls. Chromatography of cell-free-extracts of roots and shoots indicated three main protein peaks with molecular weights about 170, 75--70 and 5--45 kDa. These peaks were coincident with Cu or Zn maxima. Addition of kinetin reduced the decline in Chl. content in metal-treated plants, improved water status of the plants and enhanced growth of the shoots and roots. The Cu or Zn content expressed on a per mg protein basis was raised when kinetin was applied to the growing shoots. Kinetin (Kin), Cu and Zn, singly and in the presence of kinetin (Cu × Kin and Zn × Kin), significantly affected the parameters tested. Only the effects of Cu × Kin and Zn × Kin interactions on shoot fresh weight and Cu × Kin on root length were statistically insignificant. Based on the calculated coefficient of determination (η 2) the roles of Cu and Zn in affecting Chl. content and growth were dominant in comparison to kinetin. Kinetin effect was dominant for root length and proline content, but the role of the interaction was subdominant. The results of this study indicate that kinetin can alleviate the harmful effects of Cu and Zn on the growth of lupin plants through stimulation of Cu and Zn incorporation into metal-binding proteins.
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    Effects of copper pollution on the ultrastructure of Lessonia spp. (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: coastal pollution ; copper pollution ; heavy metals ; macroalgae ; Lessonia ; L. nigrescens ; L. trabeculata ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants of Lessonia trabeculata and L. nigrescens were studied by transmission electron microscopy in order to evaluate ultrastructural level changes in response to copper exposure. Samples of fronds, stipes, and holdfasts were collected from areas with and without copper mining discharges. Changes in cell ultrastructure observed in Lessonia trabeculata were related to copper concentrations in seawater, seaweeds and extracted alginates. The results strongly suggest that tolerance or adaptation of Lessonia to high concentrations of copper is the capacity of different plant tissues to accumulate copper as precipitates, primarily at two levels: the cell wall and periplasmalemmal space, with the vacuolar system being a third site.
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    The ecological effects of mining discharges on subtidal habitats dominated by macroalgae in northern Chile: population and community level studies (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 217-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: coastal pollution ; copper pollution ; iron pollution ; heavy metals ; macroalgae ; macroinvertebrates ; Lessonia ; L. trabeculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1996/97, a study was carried out to evaluate several variables related to the potential ecological effects of soluble copper and iron released as the result of direct dumping of mine tailing into the littoral zone of the Pacific Ocean off northern Chile. Variables studied included: 1. content of copper and iron in mining discharges; 2. distribution of Cu and Fe in seawater at study sites; 3. distribution of Cu and Fe in the seaweed Lessonia trabeculata and in its alginates (obtained from frond, stipe and holdfast); 4. alterations in Lessonia morphology; and 5. variability in the macroinvertebrate community associated with Lessonia holdfasts and the inter-plant subtidal community. The variables were evaluated for different depths and distance from discharge sources, as well as for control areas far from any mining activity. It was observed that tailings from copper mining caused more ecological perturbation than those from iron mining; however, the lack of organisms very close to tailing discharges could be caused by stress produced by loading of fine sediments rather than by the presence of heavy metals. This work shows that the concentrations of heavy metals in seawater, plants, and alginates of Lessonia in contaminated and control sites were highly variable, decreasing with depth and distance from the contamination source. What were originally considered as control areas far from anthropogenic metal release, showed high concentration of heavy metal due to natural orogenetic processes occurring along the Chilean coast.
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    The role of phytoplankton in pollutant transfer processes in rivers. Example of River Marne (France) (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; nutrients ; heavy metals ; colloids ; ultrafiltration ; river
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the spring phytoplanktonic blooms on the partition of nutrients and metals between the dissolved and particulate phases was studied over two years in the river Marne, upstream of its confluence with the river Seine. Particular attention was devoted to copper and manganese, determined in the dissolved phase (〈 0.22 μm), subdivided into the colloidal phase and the 'truly dissolved' phase (〈 10 KDaltons) obtained by tangential ultrafiltration. During the algal growth peaks, a sharp reduction of nutrients was observed in the dissolved phase: in 1994, consumption of 70% of silica, 50% of ammonium and 40% of soluble phosphorus present before the phytoplanktonic bloom. The water concentration peaks of suspended matter (SM) and of particulate metals, phosphorus and carbon coincide with those of chlorophyll. The highly significant correlations between pH and chlorophyll (r = 0.92, P 〈 0.001), pH and SM (r = 0.97, P 〈 0.001) and chlorophyll and SM (r = 0.93, P 〈 0.001) confirmed the phytoplanktonic nature of SM and the determining role of pH in the partition of metals, its increase being responsible for the coprecipitation of metal. As a corollary to the increase in the particulate phase, a decrease of 55% was observed for copper and manganese in the 'truly dissolved' phase compared to the concentrations outside bloom periods. The importance of the colloidal fraction was also shown. During the strong algal growth periods, the proportion of 'colloidal metal' in the dissolved phase (〈 0.22 μm) reached 60% and the increase in the colloidal fraction was 4 times stronger for copper than for manganese. While manganese seemed to be more associated with macroparticles, copper was more associated with fine colloidal biological particles intrinsic to the phytoplankton.
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    The role of phytoplankton in pollutant transfer processes in rivers. Example of river Marne (France) (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; nutrients ; heavy metals ; colloids ; Ultrafiltration ; river
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the spring phytoplanktonic blooms on the partition of nutrients and metals between the dissolved and particulate phases was studied over two years in the river Marne, upstream of its confluence with the river Seine. Particular attention was devoted to copper and manganese, determined in the dissolved phase (〈 0.22μm), subdivided into the colloidal phase and the ‘truly dissolved’ phase (〈 10 KDaltons) obtained by tangential Ultrafiltration. During the algal growth peaks, a sharp reduction of nutrients was observed in the dissolved phase: in 1994, consumption of 70% of silica, 50% of ammonium and 40% of soluble phosphorus present before the phytoplanktonic bloom. The water concentration peaks of suspended matter (SM) and of particulate metals, phosphorus and carbon coincide with those of chlorophyll. The highly significant correlations between pH and chlorophyll (r=0.92,P 〈 0.001), pH and SM (r=0.97,P 〈 0.001) and chlorophyll and SM (r=0.93,P 〈 0.001) confirmed the phytoplanktonic nature of SM and the determining role of pH in the partition of metals, its increase being responsible for the coprecipitation of metal. As a corollary to the increase in the particulate phase, a decrease of 55% was observed for copper and manganese in the ‘truly dissolved’ phase compared to the concentrations outside bloom periods. The importance of the colloidal fraction was also shown. During the strong algal growth periods, the proportion of ‘colloidal metal’ in the dissolved phase (〈 0.22μm) reached 60% and the increase in the colloidal fraction was 4 times stronger for copper than for manganese. While manganese seemed to be more associated with macroparticles, copper was more associated with fine colloidal biological particles intrinsic to the phytoplankton.
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    The distribution of heavy metals in deposited urban dusts and sediments, Coventry, England (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 21 (1999), S. 97-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: heavy metals ; particle size control ; polluted dusts and sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of urban dusts and sediments have been collected and categorised into three compartment those which act mainly as sources, those undergoing transport and those which have been deposited. The sediments were fractionated into 〈 63 μm to match similar sized lacustrine sediments and 〈 2 mm to represent natural and anthropogenic fluvially transported sediments. Preliminary results of total heavy metals analysis show that the 〈 2 mm fraction of the source group exhibits the greatest variabilty in metal concentrations. Overall, however, the 〈 63 μm fraction dominates regardless of compartment. Some heavy metal concentrations decrease through the source‐transport‐deposit process, possibly due to selective onward transport of finer material or other anthropogenic processes unique to the urban environment (e.g. street cleansing). Site‐specificity is indicated in a comparison with other similar studies.
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    Heavy Metals and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Red Fox in Relation to Some Biological Paramaters (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 54 (1999), S. 87-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: heavy metals ; organochlorines ; red fox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metals and organochlorine contamination were analyzed in tissues of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Province of Siena (central Italy). Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations were assessed in liver tissues and the data were analyzed for differences in relation to sex and age. Overall Hg, Cd and Pb mean values were 0.16, 0.62 and 0.64 μg g_1 d.w., respectively. HCB, DDT and PCB concentrations were assayed in fatty tissues and muscle. The highest levels of those pollutants were found in muscle (0.47, 1.16 and 20.2 μg g_1 lipid basis of HCB, DDTs and PCBs respectively), rather than in fat (0.23, 0.49 and 7.2 μg g_1 l.b. of HCB, DDTs and PCBs respectively). Pollutant accumulation was analyzed in relation to sex, age and sexual maturity of females.
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    Differentiation of Clams from Fishing Areas as an Approximation to Coastal Quality Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 54 (1999), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: coastal index ; discriminant analysis ; fishing areas ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The quality assessment of fishing areas on the basis of the levels of heavy metals in clams ( Chamelea gallina) was attempted by using discriminant analysis. Five metals, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, were analyzed in the soft edible parts of clams from three fishing areas. The descriptive methods applied to data obtained do not show enough differences between sampling stations for management purposes. Only discriminant analysis is successful in the differentiation between all fishing areas. Through the first discriminant function, the group centroids are proposed as index of different source of clams. These values standardized are proposed as coastal quality index.
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    Levels of Heavy Metals in Karelian Wildlife, 1989–91 (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 56 (1999), S. 177-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioindicators ; concentrations ; heavy metals ; Karelia ; wildlife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, zinc and iron were determined in samples of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, lungs and hair of moose (N = 67), reindeer (N = 45), brown bear (N = 18), wild boar (N = 10) and squirrel (N = 18) shot in Karelia from 1989 to 1991 during regular hunting. The highest heavy-metal concentrations were found in livers, kidney, lungs and hair samples. The samples of muscle contained lowest levels of these elements. The tissues of moose, reindeer and brown bear were contaminated with heavy metals to a greatest extent. Lowest levels of toxicants were recorded in wild boar. Results indicate a widespread presence of heavy metal in the environment and in wildlife, which may be linked to acid precipitation. There was no evidence of these elements accumulated to toxic levels, but Karelian public have been informed that the eating of moose liver and kidney would probably result in their exceeding WHO standard weekly intake limit for cadmium.
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    Estimating the Effect on Soil Organisms of Exceeding No-Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) of Persistent Toxicants (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 9-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: NOEC ; competition ; biodiversity ; nematodes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In estimating the effects of toxic substances on ecosystems we generally lack information on the sensitivity (expressed as a no-observed effect concentration, NOEC) of individual species in the field, and have to rely on information from laboratory test species, expressed as a frequency distribution of NOECs. In this case we can express toxic stress as the fraction of organisms that is exposed above its NOEC: the potentially affected fraction (PAF). This paper describes a model of the soil food web and the effect of toxic stress by persistent pollutants. The model predicts that in the absence of competition, individual species disappear from the foodweb at toxic concentrations 3–5 times their NOEC. With competition present, species affected by toxic stress are replaced by less sensitive ones. This has a twofold effect: species disappear from the foodweb at a lower concentration because loss of competitiveness occurs well before absolute extinction, but the replacement of disappearing species implies that the effect on total biomass and diversity becomes only noticeable at a PAF level near 100%. Model predictions are in good agreement with observations on nematode communities in experimental fields contaminated with copper and zinc. The model serves to illustrate why overall measures of ecosystem functioning (total biomass, production, diversity) are affected by toxic stress only at high levels of pollution, which is particularly true for systems with a high diversity. This apparent robustness masks a considerable genetic ‘erosion’, i.e. the disappearance of sensitive species or genotypes. The PAF is a good indicator of the latter effect.
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    Removal of Heavy Metals from Calcareous Contaminated Soils by EDTA Leaching (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: EDTA ; heavy metals ; leaching ; lead ; soil remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The performance of EDTA for the treatment of calcareous soils contaminated with heavy metals from mining and smelting activities was evaluated in this study. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 500 to 35 000 mg kg-1 Pb and 700 to 20 000 mg kg-1 Zn, were subjected to EDTA treatment and the extraction of heavy metals was found to vary, ranging between 50 and 98% for Pb and 50 to 100% for Zn. Total residual concentrations were above the limits set by regulatory authorities; leachable metals, however, were efficiently removed and treated soils were all acceptable in terms of toxicity. The effect of EDTA concentration and pulp density was studied on a soil sample containing 12 000 mg kg-1 Pb and 10 000 mg kg-1 Zn. Heavy metals removal was improved at low pulp densities and when EDTA concentration was increased from 0.025 to 0.25 M. The tetrasodium salt Na4-EDTA was found to be less effective for metals removal compared to the disodium salt Na2-EDTA, though applied at higher concentrations. This experimental work has also demonstrated the great importance of soil matrix for the overall evaluation of the EDTA leaching as a cost effective remedial option. The simultaneous dissolution of calcite was found to consume approximately 90% of the available EDTA. It was thus concluded that for the treatment of calcareous soils the design criteria and cost estimations should be based on the calcite content of the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005089515217
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    The Impact of Atmospheric Deposition of Non-Acidifying Substances on the Quality of European Forest Soils and the North Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 357-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; deposition ; heavy metals ; persistent organic pollutants ; soil quality ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the pilot study ESQUAD the impact of atmospheric deposition of three heavy metals (cadmium, copper and lead) and two persistent organic pollutants (benzo(a)-pyrene and lindane) on the quality of European soils and seawater has been calculated. Calculations have been made of atmospheric transport and deposition using a detailed emissions database for Europe. This enabled deposition maps to be produced to a resolution of approximately 50 km. The distribution of pollutant concentrations in forest soils was calculated for each grid cell using a database of soil property parameters in Europe. For the North Sea, a model was used to map long-term concentrations in water and sediment, which are due to atmospheric deposition and other, non-atmospheric sources. The model calculations allowed detailed comparisons of deposition fluxes and concentrations of the substances studied with critical loads and environmental quality threshold values, including critical loads. Although significant uncertainties were identified, the study gives insight in how threshold exceedance rates in Europe relate to pollutant type, threshold type, environmental compartment and chemophysical phase (adsorbed, dissolved). For all pollutants and for all compartments exceedances were calculated for at least some of the quality thresholds that were chosen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005083425852
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    Chemical Composition of Urban Wet Deposition in Amman, Jordan (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: anions ; cations ; chemical composition ; heavy metals ; rain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation events were collected during the period from October 1996 to April 1997 from two sites in the city of Amman, Jordan. The samples were analyzed for major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+), major anions (F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-), in addition to heavy metals (Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+). High levels of Ca2+ and SO42- were observed. The results were comparable with some regional values and they indicate that about 58% of Na+ and Cl- are of marine origin, while Ca2+, K+ and a large fraction of SO42- are of soil dust origin. Heavy metals were detectable in most of the samples, zinc showed the highest concentrations. Significant correlation was obtained between zinc and lead, which may indicate automobile emission source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005086616451
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    Environmental Impacts in the Jianghan Plain: Evidence from Lake Sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 21-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: China ; eutrophication ; heavy metals ; palaeolimnology ; spheroidal carbonaceous particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract There is growing concern about the environmental impact of rapid economic growth in China. The problem is compounded by the scarcity of baseline data on the state of China's natural environment. As a step towards solving this problem, palaeolimnological methods have been applied to seven lakes in the Jianghan Plain, China, to evaluate recent changes in human impact. Lake sediment cores show enhanced concentrations of fossil fuel derived spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and Pb at all sites across the Jianghan Plain. The distribution of these industrial contaminants shows the overwhelming influence of the industrial cities. Wuhan dominates the fossil fuel derived pollution, while the copper smelter at Daye dominates the heavy metal pollution. Analysis of sediment diatom assemblages indicates mean total phosphorus concentrations of greater than 40 μg L-1 P in the lakes of the more intensely agricultural western part of the Jianghan Plain. The sediment concentration profiles for biogenic elements at these sites indicates a post-1960 eutrophication. Evidence for eutrophication in the eastern lakes is much weaker, though some evidence is present at all sites. The tracers of industrial pollution (Pb and SCP) correlate with Mn in the many of the lake sediments. This is compatible with both soil acidification, and soil gleyification due to intensified rice production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005040713678
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    Long-Term Transformation and Redistribution of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in Arid-Zone Soils: II. Incubation at the Field Capacity Moisture Content (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 221-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arid-zone soils ; field capacity ; fractionation ; heavy metals ; kinetics ; redistribution ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformation of added Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, in two arid-zone soils incubated in the field capacity moisture regime for one year, were studied. The heavy metals were fractionated into six empirically defined fractions using a selective sequential dissolution (SSD) protocol optimized for arid-zone soils. Each of these fractions was named based on the major soil component targeted for dissolution during the specific SSD step, but it is not assumed that they are mineralogically and chemically totally specific. The transformations of the metals in the two soils incubated at the field capacity regime were compared with those at the moisture saturation regime (Han and Banin, 1997). An initial fast stage of transformation of the soluble metals from the exchangeable (EXC) fraction to the less labile fractions (the carbonate (CARB) fraction for Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu, and the organic matter (OM) fraction for Cr, and to some extent Cu and Ni) occurred during the fractionation and within one hour after addition. This was followed by a second stage, involving long-term transformation processes of all metals: added Cd was transferred from the EXC into the CARB fraction; added Cr was transferred from the CARB to the OM fraction and Pb was transferred very slowly to the easily reducible oxide (ERO) fraction. Added Cu, Ni and Zn were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the ERO fraction and to some extent OM and RO fractions. In Part I of this series, we reported that during incubation in the saturated moisture regime, Zn and Ni were transferred mainly into the RO and OM fractions. Cadmium, Cr and Pb underwent the same transformation pathways during the slow long-term process, with slightly different rates, in both water regimes. At low levels of addition, the incubated soils moved over one year towards a distribution similar to that of the native soil. At higher levels, the soils still remained removed from the quasi-equilibrium which characterized the native soil, even at the end of one year of incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005006801650
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    Substances in Urban Snow. A comparison of the contamination of snow in different parts of the city of Luleå, Sweden (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 377-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; snow quality ; urban snow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate how the quality of snow varies within a city. The study area is situated in the Luleå municipality, in northern Sweden (lat. 65°35′N and long. 22°10′E). For this study, the city was divided into three different types of areas: housing areas, city centre and outskirts. In one area of each type, sampling sites were selected. Snow samples were taken at nine occasions, once every fourteenth day in the city centre and in the housing area. Analyses were carried out for pH, conductivity, suspended solids and both the total and dissolved concentration of phosphorus and selected metals. It was concluded that traffic or activities related to traffic were a major source of heavy metals and phosphorus in urban snow, both in the city centre and in the housing area. Also, the type of area and the design of the street were important for the quality of snow. A clear relation was found between the pH and the quantity of suspended solids in the snow. Higher pH values were found in snow samples from sites with higher traffic loads, and lower pH values at sites, which were the no-traffic sites, with small quantities of particles. The particulate and dissolved substances in the snow behaved in different ways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005121116829
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    An Investigation Into the Mechanism by Which Synthetic Zeolites Reduce Labile Metal Concentrations in Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 21 (1999), S. 157-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: contaminated land ; in situ remediation ; heavy metals ; bioavailability ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The addition of synthetic zeolites and similar materials to metal contaminated soils has been shown to reduce soil phytotoxicity and to improve the quality of plant growth on such amended soils. To gain an understanding of the mechanism by which the phytotoxicity of contaminated soils is reduced when treated with synthetic zeolites, sequential extraction procedures and soil solution techniques have been used to identify changes associated with metal speciation in amended soils. Sequential extraction data and changes in soil solution composition are presented for three different contaminated soils, amended with three synthetic zeolites (P, 4A and Y) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 5% w/w, or lime at 1%. The soils were collected from the site of a metal refinery, an old lead zinc mine spoil tip and from a field which had been treated with sewage sludge. After incubation of the zeolite treated soils for between one and three months, results showed a reduction in the metal content of the ammonium acetate fraction between 42% and 70%, depending on soil, zeolite and rate of addition, compared with the unamended soils. In addition, soil solution experiments indicated that synthetic zeolite amendments were more efficient at reducing metal content than comparable lime treatment. The mechanism by which synthetic zeolites reduce metal bioavailability in contaminated soils is discussed and compared to other amendments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006677115486
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    Cd/Fe Interaction in Higher Plants - Its Consequences for the Photosynthetic Apparatus (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Calvin cycle enzymes ; chlorophyll ; chloroplast structure ; heavy metals ; photosynthesis ; photosystems ; plant growth ; uptake of mineral elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium is one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants, affecting, among other things, plant mineral composition. It easily interacts with iron, one of the most important elements for plant growth and metabolism. This interaction, including modifying effects of lowered or excessive Fe supply on Cd-exposed plants and its consequences for the photosynthetic apparatus is reviewed. The influence of modified Fe and Cd supply on the uptake of both metals, their distribution, plant growth, and photosynthesis is also explained. Moderate Fe excess has a beneficial influence on Cd-treated plants, resulting in more intensive growth, photosynthetic pigments accumulation, and more efficient light phase of photosynthesis. Nutrient-medium Fe deficiency increases plant susceptibility to Cd. The main open questions of Cd/Fe interaction are: (1) the strong Fe-dependency of Cd mobility within the plant, and (2) photosynthetic dark phase adaptation to Cd stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007097518297
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    Competitive Effect of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Nickel on Ion Adsorption and Desorption by Soil Clays (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; clay ; desorption ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluated the effect of competing copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel ions in 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 on heavy metal sorption and desorption by soil clay fractions. Initial Cu addition levels varied from 99 mg kg-1 to 900 mg kg-1 and Zn, Cd and Ni levels were 94, 131 and 99 mg kg-1, respectively. Sorption of Cu conformed to a Freundlich equation. The amounts of metals not displaced by successive 48 h desorption cycles with 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 were considered ‘specifically adsorbed’. Total sorption of Zn and Cd generally decreased in the order: Vertisol 〉 Gleyic Acrisol 〉 Planosol clay. More than 70% of the copper was specifically sorbed. Specific sorption of Zn was depressed by competition with Cu in the three clays investigated. At surface coverages higher than 200 mg Cu per kg of soil clay, zinc sorption in the Planosol and Gleyic Acrisol clays took place at low affinity sites. The exchangeable component of sorbed cadmium accounted for 〉:60% of the sorption in the Vertisol clay, 〉70% in the Gleyic Acrisol clay and was almost 100% in the Planosol clay. Nickel was not retained by the Planosol and Gleyic Acrisol clays and was ionexchangeably adsorbed by the Vertisol clay. At the conditions studied, Ni and Cd remain a ready source of pollution hazard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005076821325
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    Enzyme Activities in a Sandy Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge and Coal Fly Ash (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal fly ash ; heavy metals ; nutrient cycling ; sewage sludge ; soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies showed that coal fly ash could stabilize sewage sludge by reducing metal availability, but fly ash may cause an adverse effect on soil microbial activities. Therefore, an experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of amendment of soil with anaerobically digested dewatered sewage sludge, stabilised with alkaline coal fly ash, on soil enzyme activity and the implications for soil nutrient cycling. Sewage sludge was amended with 0, 5, 10, 35 and 50% w/w of fly ash, and then the ash-sludge mixtures were incubated with a sandy soil at 1:1 (v/v). Dehydrogenase activity decreased with an increase in fly ash amendment level and the time of incubation. Soil receiving 5% ash-sludge amendment had a higher dehydrogenase activity than other treatments. Soil receiving 10% ash-sludge mixture had the highest urease activity and in general, urease activity decreased with increasing incubation time. Phosphatase activity was the highest at 5% ash-sludge mixture amended soil and no general trend was observed with time. Water-soluble Zn, Mn and Cu contents were suppressed by the addition of fly ash. The present experiment indicated that addition of 10% ash-sludge mixture should have a positive benefit on the activity of soil microorganisms, N and P nutrient cycling, and reduce the availability of heavy metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005025605302
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    Magnetic Separation of Ferrite Sludge from a Wastewater Purification Process (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 385-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ferrite sludge ; heavy metals ; magnetic separation ; wastewater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purification of wastewater containing dissolved metal ions by in situ precipitation gives rise to a sludge composed mainly of ferrites MeXFe3-xO4 (where Me represents the existing metal ions in the wastewater). Oxides, iron oxy-hydroxides and other impurities are also present in the sludge in smaller proportion. The present investigation proposes magnetic separation of the sludge to recover the ferrites for their possible re-use. Under optimum operating conditions of the magnetic separator, a recovery efficiency of the magnetic fraction in excess of 99% and a high degree of selectivity were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005176228953
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    Effects of Fly Ash pH on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Chicory (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 397-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chicory ; fly ash pH ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chicory was cultivated in a pot experiment using two soils of different pH. Treatments were NPK, fly ash (pH 8) + NP and fly ash (pH 12) + NP, respectively. Another series of pots received heavy metals in soluble form additionally to the described treatments. It was observed that fly ash causes generally a decrease in Zn, Cd, Ni and Cu concentrations of chicory. The reduction occurs both for the metals naturally present in the soil and, to a greater extent, for those added as salts. This effect is more evident when fly ash at pH 12, rather than that at pH 8, was used. The increase of soil-pH through the fly ash addition is the major factor decreasing heavy metal availability. It was observed that potassium originating from fly ash is not available for crop uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005087526761
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    Predicting Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Surface Sediments of Norwegian Headwater Lakes from Atmospheric Deposition: An Application of a Simple Sediment-Water Partitioning Model (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 27-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bootstrapping ; heavy metals ; Norway ; palaeolimnology ; partition coefficients ; pH ; redundancy analysis ; surface sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Data from 96 headwater lakes from Norway are used to model heavy metal concentrations in surficial lake sediments in relation to atmospheric deposition. The study evaluates the application of sediment-water partitioning models at the field scale and finds optimum values for the partition coefficients. The impact of environment (sediment type, lake water pH, etc.) on KDvalues is explored directly by comparing KDestimates with environmental variables. KDvalues for each metal are found by optimising the fit between predicted and observed surface-sediment concentrations. The sensitivity of the KDestimates to data structure is examined by bootstrapping. KDvalues of 105.8and 106.2were calculated for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively, comparable to recent direct observations. Biogenic silica influenced KDvalues for Cd, Pb and Zn, whereas lake depth influenced Pb. pH did not have any detectable effect. KDfor zinc (Zn) was less well defined, but higher than indicated by published experimental measurements. The results suggest that sediment-water partitioning models have an important contribution to make to field-scale lake studies of sediment heavy metals, and have important implications for palaeolimnological evaluations of heavy metal deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005096820943
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    Sorption of Heavy Metals by Canola Meal (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 251-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: canola meal ; energy dispersive X-ray ; heavy metals ; scanning electron microscopy ; sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The results from this research indicate that canola meal (CM) can be used for adsorption of Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+and Ni2+from aqueous solutions. The order of sorption for these metals in single metal systems was as follows (molar basis): Zn2+〉 Cu2+〉 Cd2+〉 Ni2+〉 Pb2+. It was noted that a decrease in the concentration of CM caused a higher metal loading on the meal. Increases in the metal concentration, temperature or pH resulted in increased sorption of the metals by the meal. The systems with identical ratios of CM to Zn2+concentrations, regardless of their levels, resulted in the same amount of metal adsorbed per unit weight of meal. The Freundlich isotherm type model was used in this study and was found to fit the experimental equilibrium concentration data of Zn2+and Cd2+; however, the Langmuir isotherm model fit only the equilibrium data of Zn2+. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses revealed that the metal ions were sorbed mainly at the cell wall and only small amounts of ions diffused into the cytoplasm of the CM cells. The Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) tests were inconclusive regarding the direct participation of free radicals in copper sorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005093821620
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    Monitoring of Phytotoxicity of Lead and Mercury from Germination and Early Seedling Growth Indices in Two Rice Cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biomonitoring indices ; germination ; heavy metals ; lead ; mercury ; rice ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Ratna and IR36) separately with 10-5and 10-4M PbCl2and HgCl2decreased germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot and root length, tolerance index (TI), vigour index (VI) and dry mass of shoot and root but increased percentage difference from control (% DFC) of germination and percentage phytotoxicity in both the cultivars. It was observed from these indices that the phytotoxic effect of mercury was greater than lead at identical concentrations and that IR36 appeared more tolerant than Ratna to these metals. Among the monitoring indices examined, TI, VI, and % phytotoxicity seemed to serve as good biological monitoring methods for evaluating the relative toxicity of lead and mercury to rice cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005135629433
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    Characteristics of Medical Waste in Taiwan (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 413-421 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; incineration ; medical waste ; Taiwan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was threefold: to investigate the types and amounts of medical waste from various hospitals in Taiwan; to analyze residues from incinerated medical waste for heavy metal content; and to measure the amount of infectious and general medical waste per bed per day and determine the ratio of infectious to general medical waste. Information was first obtained on the amounts of medical waste produced per bed per day and on waste handling and treatment. Next, residue samples were taken from incinerators and analyzed for heavy metal content. Third, daily records concerning waste content and weight from one hospital were kept over the period of one year. Chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were significantly higher in medical waste than in general waste. Medical waste fluctuated significantly over the one-year period. Records showed that wastes containing dialysis material and wood/cotton materials were found to have the highest weight and wastes containing human organs had the lowest weight. Results of the present study underscore the need for all hospitals to effectively separate waste for proper treatment and disposal, particularly waste that produces residues which may be hazardous to the environment. In addition, hospitals also need to recycle or reuse certain materials in order to reduce waste production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005169032759
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    Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil and Vegetation in the Vicinity of Industries in Bangladesh (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 347-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bangladesh ; contamination ; heavy metals ; soils ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetation in the vicinity of industries around Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Categorically soils, grass (Cynoden doctylon L), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes L), rice (Oryza sative L), and arum (Alocasia esculenta L) were collected from tannery, ceramic, textile dying and sulphuric acid producing industrial sites. The concentrations of total Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.1–1.8, 28–217, 106–577, 25–112, 17–99 and 53–477 mg kg−1 soil, respectively among the industrial sites. The concentrations of some heavy metals ranged from background levels to levels in excess of tolerable limits in agricultural soils. The concentrations of total Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn decreased with increasing distance from the disposal points of the tannery and the textile dying industries. Cadmium, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn showed highly significant (p 〈 0.01) positive correlations with their total and DTPA-extractable contents in soils. The concentrations of most heavy metals were also higher in the vegetation samples of tannery area and the content of Pb (13–45 mg kg−1) in grass samples exceeded the toxic limit. In correlation matrix, plant concentrations of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were significantly correlated with their total and extractable contents in soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005193207319
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    Gravel Sludge as an Immobilizing Agent in Soils Contaminated by Heavy Metals; A Field Study (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 465-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gravel sludge ; heavy metals ; immobilization ; soil remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Field plot studies were conducted on sandy loam soils in Dottikon, Rafz and Giornico contaminated by Zn, Cu and Cd to investigate the effectiveness of gravel sludge as an in situ immobilization additive. In addition to NaNO3-extractable heavy metal concentrations in the soil, metal concentrations in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were analyzed at two application doses of gravel sludge. Application of gravel sludge increased pH in all three topsoils by up to 0.6 units and reduced NaNO3-extractable Zn concentrations by more than 65%. No effect was seen for the NaNO3-extractable Cu concentrations in Rafz and even an increase resulted in Giornico. In Dottikon, gravel sludge additions decreased the NaNO3-extractable Cu concentrations from 0.97 to 0.7 mg kg−1 and reduced the concentrations of Zn and Cu by more than 35% in ryegrass. For lettuce grown in Giornico and Dottikon, we found reductions of Zn and Cd concentrations by 22 to 48%, whereas in Rafz, no significant variations were found. Immobilization by gravel sludge was most efficient in soils with high total/NaNO3-extractable heavy metal ratio and more effective for ryegrass than for lettuce. Part of the immobilization effect was due to a pH increase, caused by CaCO3 in gravel sludge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005167004828
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    Comparative Effectiveness of Tillandsia Usneoides L. and Parmotrema Praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale as Bio-Indicators of Atmospheric Pollution in Louisiana (U.S.A.) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bio-accumulation ; heavy metals ; Louisiana ; Parmotrema praesorediosum ; partitioning ; sulfur dioxide ; Tillandsia usneoides ; X-ray micro-probe analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia usneoides L. (Bromeliaceae) and the lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale, growing on bald cypress trees in southern Louisiana, were chemically examined by means of X-ray micro-probe analysis to determine their comparative elemental content. The plants were found to effectively bio-accumulate heavy metals and sulfur from the atmosphere; the accumulatory capacities and implications are discussed. Partitioning occurs within the plants of T. usneoides and consequently any analytical procedure should standardise on precisely which parts are to be analysed. The bio- accumulation of certain heavy metals such as manganese, nickel and cadmium increases with age of the T. usneoides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005042427595
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metals in the Aerosols Collected at Two Stations in Mallorca (Spain) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aerosols ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An extensive study of the different heavy metals (Fe, Mn Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) present in the atmospheric aerosols collected at two stations in Mallorca located in the evirons of a new incinerator plant has been carried out. The aim of this study is to establish the quality of the air surrounding this new MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) incinerator on the island of Mallorca prior to its setting up. Besides, a study of the distribution of the analyzed metals in both the fine (diameter ≤1.5 μm) and coarse (diameter ≥1.5 μm) fractions of the aerosol has been performed. Concentrations of heavy metals in the atmospheric aerosols prior to the running of the new incinerator plant were found to be very low and similar to the values obtained at other Mediterranean stations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005091027762
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Heavy Metals Contents in Sewage Sludges from Industrialized and Non-Industrialized Region (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; polycyclic aromatic compounds ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The total contents of PAHs, organic polar fractions and 14 major hydrocarbons containing 3–6 aromatic rings as well as heavy metal contents were determined in sewage sludges from highly industrialized (Upper Silesia), agricultural and recreational regions of Poland. Sludges from the industrial region showed markedly increased concentrations of all the organic micropollutants and 2–10 times higher levels of the following heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn and Co. The levels, however, did not exceed the Polish as well as European Economic Community limit values, which renders all the sludges applicable to land and some of them suitable for utilization on agricultural soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005066327712
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