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  • Articles  (147)
  • fish  (65)
  • crystal structure  (45)
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  • Springer  (147)
  • 1995-1999  (147)
  • 1998  (147)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of a 1:1 complex between the anthelmintic drug mebendazole and propionic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mebendazole–propionic acid complex ; molecular complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recrystallization of the anthelmintic drug mebendazole from propionic acid yields a 1:1 molecular complex which crystallizes in the triclinic system space group $${P\bar 1}$$ , a = 5.928(2), b = 11.066(2), c = 14.337(6)Å, α = 94.89(3), β = 101.56(3), γ = 96.18(2)°, and Z = 2 complex units in the unit cell. An x-ray diffraction study revealed an R 2 2 (8) hydrogen bonding system in the complex, involving the unprotonated imidazole N and amide N–H function of the drug and the acid carboxylic group. Complex molecules form centrosymmetric dimers by intermolecular N–H···O hydrogen bonding involving the protonated imidazole N atom and the benzoyl O atom of the drug molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021766300133
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure and EPR spectra of glycilglycilglycinocopper(II)bromide sesquihydrate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cu(II) complex ; crystal structure ; EPR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound, Cu(glyglygly)Br·1·5H2O, crystallizes in the space group C2/c, with a = 21.468(7), b = 6.716(5), c = 16.166(6) Å, β = 98.39°, and Z = 8. The tripeptide is bonded to one Cu(II) ion through the nitrogen [Cu–N=1.97(1)Å] and oxygen [Cu–O=2.019(8)Å] atoms of the amino end glycine residue and to another Cu(II) through one oxygen atom [Cu–O=1.931(9)Å] of the terminal carboxyl group. This give rise to covalently bonded and infinite ···–Cu–tripeptide–Cu–··· chains. These chains are linked to one another by a network of H-bonds involving the water molecules and bromide ions. The Cu(II) ion is in a distorted tetragonal pyramidal coordination polyhedron. At the corner of the base of the pyramid are the terminal glycine nitrogen and oxygen atoms of one tripeptide, a carboxylic oxygen of another tripeptide and a bromide ion. The fivefold coordination is completed with a water molecule at the top of the pyramid [Cu–Ow=2.286(9)Å]. For all orientations of the applied magnetic field the single crystal EPR spectra display a single anisotropic exchange collapsed resonance without hyperfine structure. Its position was measured in three perpendicular planes and the crystal g-tensor evaluated from the data. This tensor is interpreted in terms of the contributing Cu(II) complexes in the unit cell to deduce the principal values g1 = 2.273, g2 = 2.050 and g3 = 2.131 for the molecular gyromagnetic tensor. We also discuss the magnitude of the exchange interaction between neighboring copper ions in the lattice on the basis of the features in the EPR spectra and the structural information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021734820606
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene with hexachlorocyclopentadiene and structural characterization of a new addition-substitution product (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 787-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2-Methylnaphthalene ; hexachlorocyclopentadiene ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 2-Methylnaphthalene undergoes Diels-Alder addition and substitution with hexachlorocyclopentadiene to give two products, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,13,14,14-dodecachloro-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a,12b-octahydro-10-methyl-1,4;5,8-dimethanotriphenylene 1 and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,13,14,14-dodecachloro-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a,12b-octahydro-10-(1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentachlorocyclopentadienyl)methyl-1,4;5,8-dimethanotriphenylene 2. The molecular structure of 2 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography: C26H9Cl17, monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 15.316(3), b = 13.698(3), c = 16.116(3) Å, β = 96.113(3)°, and Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021819518557
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of [(PhenH)(PhenH2)][BiCl6]·2H2O with different o-phenanthroline protonations (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 791-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Halobismuthate(III) ; phenanthroline ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between bismuthate oxide and phen (1,10-phenanthroline) in acid medium led to the isolation of the unusual [(PhenH)(PhenH2)][BiCl6]·2H2O derivative, which has been characterized by X-ray analysis and IR spectroscopy. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$[\text[P\bar 1]]$$ with a = 8.313(2), b = 9.349(2), c = 9.807(3) Å, α = 86.39(3), β = 110.27(3) and γ = 106.48(3)°. The crystal structure is made of [BiCl6]3− anions and [(PhenH)(PhenH2)]3+ cations. A network of hydrogen bond interactions involving the two clathrated water molecules, the phenanthroline moiety and the chlorines characterizes the entire structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021871502627
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tris-(thiocyanato)-bis-(hexamethylenetetramine)-nona-(aquo) lanthanum(III): synthesis, crystal structure, IR and Raman characterization (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 879-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Lanthanum complex ; hexamethylenetetramine ; IR spectra ; thiocyanates ; coordination number nine ; tricapped trigonal prism ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound (LaC15H42N11O9S3) was prepared and characterized by means of X-ray, IR and Raman measurements. The crystals are orthorhombic: Pnma (No. 62), a = 21.117(2), b = 14.736(2), c = 10.082(1) Å, and Z = 4. The structure consists of polyhedra with a La(III) ion in the center of them and hexamethylene molecules, which link these polyhedra. Each La(III) ion coordinates seven molecules of water and two thiocyanate ions via nitrogen atoms. The IR and Raman spectra, which have been obtained and interpreted, are in good agreement with X-ray results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022846402229
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and crystal structures of the Ce(IV) β-diketonates, [Ce(tmhd)4] and [Ce(pmhd)4] (tmhd =2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate and pmhd = 1-phenyl-5-methylhexane-1,3-dionate) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cerium(IV) ; β-diketonate ; volatility ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cerium(IV) β-diketonate compounds [Ce(β-diket)4] [where β-diket = tmhd (2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate) 1, pmhd (1-phenyl-5-methylhexane-1,3-dionate) 2] were prepared by reacting cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate [CAN; Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6] with the respective Na(β-diket) compound in ethanol, and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P \bar 1$$ with a = 12.472(4), b = 19.972(5), c = 21.436(3) Å, α = 97.05(7), β = 90.16(2), γ = 106.55(3)°, V = 5076(2) Å3, Z = 4, T = 150(2) K. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. with a = 14.817(6), b = 17.123(6), c = 19.146(3) Å, β = 105.46(4)°, V = 4682(3) Å3, Z = 4, T = 150(2) K. Crystals of 1 contain two independent [Ce(tmhd)4] molecules, with four chelating tmhd ligands bonded to each metal in a distorted dodecahedral arrangement; the cerium atom in 2 is also bonded to four chelating pmhd ligands but in this case the coordination geometry is closer to square antiprism. Both complexes are air and moisture stable. Sublimation studies reveal that 1 sublimes almost quantitatively, while 2 is comparatively involatile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021897102260
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure and spectral characteristics of bis(S-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)methylendithiocarbazato)nickel(II), (Ni(NNS)2) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 871-874 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Nickel(II) complex ; crystal structure ; Schiff base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A nickel(II) complex of the pyridine-2-aldehyde Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate (HNNS) has been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and UV-vis spectra. The crystal structure of the complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic, space P21/c, with a = 14.092(2), b = 16.886(2), c = 8.857(2)Å; β = 105.78(3) °, V = 2028.2(6) Å3, and Z = 4. The nickel atom is octahedrally coordinated by two uninegatively charged tridentate Schiff base in a mer-configuration via the pyridine nitrogen atom, azomethine nitrogen atom, and mecaptide sulfur atom.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022842301321
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benztropine mesylate: crystal structure and kinetics of dehydration (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 885-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Benztropine mesylate ; crystal structure ; thermal analysis ; dehydration kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of benztropine mesylate has been determined. It is orthorhombic, Pbca, with a = 12. 885(8)Å, b = 32.012(9)Å, and c = 10.027(3) Å. It exhibits similar packing to that seen in the previously reported crystal structure of benztropine mesylate monhydrate. X-ray powder diffraction patterns have been used to identify the anhydrous and monohydrate forms. The dehydration of the monohydrate follows a first-order reaction mechanism with activation energy of 92(8) kJ mol−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022898419067
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and X-ray crystallographic characterization of [Cd(NO3)2(15-Crown-5)] and [Cd(NO3)2(18-Crown-6)] (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 521-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cadmium ; crown ether ; 15-crown-5 ; 18-crown-6 ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6 in 3:1 (v/v) CH3CN:CH3OH with Cd(NO3)2·4H2O followed by slow evaporation produces [Cd(NO3)2(15-crown-5)] or [Cd(NO3)2(18-crown-6)]. Crystals of [Cd(NO3)2(15-crown-5)] are orthorhombic with space group Pbca and cell parameters a = 13.562(5), b = 15.941(9), and c = 15.011(7) Å at 295 K. [Cd(NO3)2(18-crown-6)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 11.235(2), b = 11.196(5), c = 15.385(3) Å, and β = 99.89(2)° at 295 K. The metal center in [Cd(NO3)2(15-crown-5)] rests atop the macrocyclic donor array with two cis-bound nitrate anions and adopts a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry. [Cd(NO3)2(18-crown-6)] resides on an equatorial two-fold rotation axis with Cd2+ coordinated in the 18-crown-6 cavity and the nitrate anions oriented in twisted trans positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023239921542
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal and molecular structure of (−)—Crinine (C16H17NO3) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 577-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: (−)—Crinine ; Pancratium ; alkaloid ; Amaryllidaceae ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract (−)—Crinine, C16H17NO3, is an alkaloid extracted from the bulbs of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae). The compound crystallizes in the space group P212121 with cell dimensions a = 6.040(1), b = 12.382(1), c = 17.861(2) Å, with Z = 4. The molecule has five rings and an OH group. The N-containing, five-membered ring and the D ring have envelope conformations. The A and B rings have distorted chair and half-chair conformations, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023256425176
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of 2,2,4,7,7-pentamethyl-3,6-dithiaoctane tetracarbonyl tungsten(0) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Metal carbonyl complexes ; chelate complexes ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The x-ray crystal structure of the complex η2-PDOW(CO)4 (five-membered ring, PDO = 2, 2, 4, 7, 7-pentamethyl-3,6-dithiaoctane) is reported. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c, [#14] with unit cell parameters a = 14.002(14) Å, b = 9.340(10) Å, c = 15.094(12) Å, β = 92.67(4)°, V = 1972(3) Å3; Z = 4. The arrangement of the ligands around the metal atom is distorted from octahedral geometry. Large C–O bond distances and short W–C bond distances of the carbonyl groups located at a trans position with respect to PDO is indicative of a trans influence. The W–S(1) and W–S(2) bond distances of 2.545(3) and 2.545(2) Å, respectively, are shorter than observed for closely related complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022478528825
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of tris(triphenylsiloxy)borane·triphenylsilanol (1:1) adduct (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Triphenylsiloxy ; silanol ; borane ; crystal structure ; adduct
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P \bar 1$$ , with a = 14.458(6), b = 14.630(5), c = 14.721(8) Å, α = 79.75(2), β = 80.11(3), γ = 80.50(3)°, and Z = 2. The crystal structure consists of molecules of (Ph3SiO)3B and Ph3SiOH linked by an weak B···(silanol) acceptor-donor bond, additionally stabilized by OH(silanol)···O(siloxy) hydrogen bonds. The average B–O, Si–O distances and B–O–Si angle are 1.369, 1.649 Å and 137.2°, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021849219098
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    17α-acetoxy-17β-methyl-16β-phenyl-D-homo-4,6-pregnadiene-3,17a-dione: synthesis and crystal structure determination of a new rearranged pregnane derivative (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 487-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Steroid ; pregnadiene ; x-ray diffraction ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound is C29H34O4, tetragonal, P43, a = b = 10.310(1), c = 23.871(2)Å. The A, B, C, and D rings adopt envelope, half-chair, chair, and distorted chair conformations, respectively. The phenyl ring is planar. The methyl substituents at the A/B, C/D, and at C(17) are axial; and the –OCOCH3 group at C(17) and phenyl ring at C(16) are equatorial. The molecules in the crystal are held together by van der Waals forces and several C–H···O hydrogen bond interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021729007943
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure, absolute configuration, and conformation of the antimalarial compound, Artemisinin (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 539-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Antimalarial ; crystal structure ; peroxy bridge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the antimalarial compound Artemisinin (formerly known as Qinghaosu), C15H22O5 has been determined by direct methods. Crystals are orthorhombic colorless needles, space group P212121, Z = 4. D c = 1.299 g cm −3, with unit cell parameters a = 6.3543(9), b = 9.439(3), c= 24.066(4) Å. The molecule incorporates a fused ring system containing a six-membered ring C which includes an oxygen bridge and a peroxy-bridge. The ring C has a distorted boat conformation and the C - O - O - C torsion angle is 47.8(2)°. Rings A and D have symmetrical chair and distorted chair conformations, repectively. Ring junctions A/B, A/D, and C/D are cis, junction B/D is trans. All inter-molecular contacts are van der Waals. The absolute configuration of Artemisinin was determined from the refined value of the Flack x parameter. [The atomic coordinates given in a previous structure analysis, “Crystal Structure and Absolute Configuration of Qinghaosu,” Qinghaosu Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Academica Sinica, Scientia Sinica, Vol. XXIII No. 3, 380 (1980), do not display the molecule in its absolute configuration.]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023244122450
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cluster Complexes of Polythioether Macrocycles: The Synthesis and Molecular Structures of Ru6(CO)13(cis-SCH2 CHMe(CH2SCH2CHMe)2CH2)(μ6-C) and Ru6(CO)13(trans-SCH2 CHMe(CH2SCH2CHMe)2CH2)(μ6-C) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 9 (1998), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Ruthenium ; thioether macrocycle ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of a mixture of cis-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,5,9-trithiacyclododecane, cis-Me312S3, 1 and trans-3,7,11-trimethyl-l,5,9-trithiacyclododecane, trans-Me312S3, 2, with Ru6(CO)17(μ 6-C), 3, yielded three new cluster compounds Ru6(CO)13(μ-η3-cis-SCH2CHMe(CH2SCH2CHMe)2CH2)(μ 6-C) 4, and two isomers of Ru6(CO)13(μ-η3-cis-SCH2CHMe(CH2SCH2CHMe)2CH2)(μ 6-C) 5a and 5b. The molecular structures of 4 and 5b were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. In both complexes, the macrocycles have adopted tridentate coordination with one of the sulfur atoms in a bridging position. Two carbonyl ligands occupy bridging positions in each compound. Crystal Data for 4·Me2CO: space group=P21/n, a=11.295(1) Å, b=17.547(3) Å, c=20.318(3) Å, β=93.71(1)°, Z=4, 2900 reflections, R=0.025. Crystal Data for 5b·1.5 C6H6: space group=Pbca, a=31.8900(8) Å, b=23.4330(6) Å, c=21.6240(4) Å, Z=16, 12163 reflections, R=0.040.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022681523508
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The First New Hydrogen-Bonded Heterohexanuclear Complex [(salen)Cu]4[(salen)Fe(H2O)2]2(ClO4)2: Molecular and Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 9 (1998), S. 465-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Mixed-metal cluster ; crystal structure ; magnetic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation, magnetic properties, and crystal structure of [(salen)Cu]4[(salen)Fe(H2O)2]2(ClO4)2 via hydrogen bonding are described [salen=N,N′-ethylenebis (salicylideneiminate)]. Crystals are triclinic, of space group $$\rm P\bar 1$$ , with cell constants a=12.853(3), b=13.921(3), c=14.251(3) Å, α=68.68(3)°, β=87.86(3)°, γ=86.82(3)°, and Z=1. The structure was solved and refined to R=0.064 and R′=0.068. The structure comprises the hexanuclear units which result from the linking of four mononuclear fragments [(salen)Cu] and two mononuclear fragment [(salen)Fe(H2O)]+, through Cu -O ⋯ H -O -Fe -O -H ⋯ O -Cu hydrogen bonds of coordinating H2O. In this complex, FeIII ions are in almost square-planar surroundings. The temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibilities of the complex have been studied in the 4.2–300 K range, indicating the presence of an antiferromagnetic interactions between metal ions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021990516837
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  • 17
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    Direct Evidence for Metal Triangle Mobility within a Relatively Rigid Ligand Polytope: Dynamic Disorder in the X-Ray Crystal Structures of Ru3(CO)11(L), L=CN t Bu, PMe3, and Ru3(CO)9{P(OMe)3}3 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 9 (1998), S. 505-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Dynamic disorder ; crystal structure ; ruthenium cluster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The disorder in the X-ray crystal structures of Ru3(CO)11(L), L=CN t Bu 1 and PMe3 3 has been re-examined. Crystallographic data for 1 at 100 K: C16H9NO11Ru3, space group P21/n, a=11.796(5), b=11.748(2), c=16.040(7) Å, β=109.81(3)°, Z=4, 6077 reflections, R=0.028. For 3 at 223 K: C14H9O11PRu3, space group P21/n, a=8.5971(15), b=12.391(7), c=40.345(8) Å, β=94.43(2)°, Z=8, 7966 reflections, R=0.031. The disorder present in 1 and 3 at room temperature disappears reversibly on cooling, showing that it is dynamic in origin. The ligator atoms of the isonitrile and phosphine ligands move by a maximum of ∼0.8 Å, indicating that the whole cluster does not rotate intact within the crystal lattice, but rather that the Ru3 triangle effectively oscillates within a relatively rigid ligand polyhedron. The crystal structure of Ru3(CO)9{P(OMe)3 3} 7, which crystallizes in triclinic (7-t) and monoclinic (7-m) modifications is also reported. Both modifications have two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, and both modifications display dynamic disorder in the metal framework. Crystalllographic data for 7-t at 173 K: C18H27O18P3Ru3, space group P-1, a=11.8085(18), b=15.915(2), c=17.350(3) Å, α=99.929(14), β=101.811(14), γ=90.630(12)°, Z=4, 11242 reflections, R=0.048. For 7-m at 120 K: C18H27O18P3Ru3, space group P21/c, a=11.708(8), b=15.922(5), c=33.950(10) Å, β=99.29(4), Z=8, 10191 reflections, R=0.027.
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  • 18
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    Electroless deposition of Ni–B, Co–B and Ni–Co–B alloys using dimethylamineborane as a reducing agent (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: electroless Ni–Co–B alloy ; dimethylamineborane ; complexing agent ; deposition rate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fundamental aspects of electroless Ni–B, Co–B and Ni–Co–B alloys have been systematically examined. The composition, crystal structure and deposition rate of the alloys were determined as a function of the concentration of reducing agent (dimethylamineborane) and complexing agents (tartrate, citrate, malonate and succinic acid), bath pH and Ni2+/Co2+ ratio. Changes in the deposition rate and metallurgical features of the alloys induced by the change in plating parameters are discussed, based on electrochemical polarization data and the formation enthalpy of the nickel and cobalt borides.
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  • 19
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    Structural and magnetic properties of a syn-anti carboxylate bridged one-dimensional copper(II) complex with ferromagnetic exchange interaction (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 771-777 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Copper ; 1,10-phenanthroline ; trifluoroacetate ; crystal structure ; magnetic exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound [Cu(phen)(O2CCF3)2]n (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) has been synthesized and its crystal structure determined. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 19.229(7), b = 11.281(5), c = 7.621(2) Å, β = 104.305(12)°, and Z = 4. The crystal structure is polymeric, being built from infinite zigzag chains of trifluoroacetate bridged copper(II), with the phenanthroline ligands being stacked between the chains. The variable-temperature (13–300 K) magnetic susceptibility and ESR data are reported and a weak ferromagnetic exchange interaction is observed with the exchange parameter estimated as J = 2.9 cm−1.
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  • 20
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    Crystal structure of chloro(dicarbonyl) bis(acetonitrile) (π-2-methallyl) molybdenum(II) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 839-841 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: π-allyl ; carbonyl ; nitrile ; chloro ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic spacegroup P21/m with a = 6.796(9), b = 12.145(14), c = 7.749(8)Å, β = 101.86(1)°, and Z = 2. The crystal structure consists of molecules of [MoCl(CO)2(NCMe)2(η3-C3H4Me-2)] with crystallographically imposed Cs symmetry and has a pseudo-octahedral geometry, with the π-allyl group trans- to the chloro group and the two cis-carbonyl and acetonitrile groups occupying the equatorial plane.
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  • 21
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    The true nature of a complex of 1,10-phenanthroline with the ammonium ion; crystal structure of bis-phenanthrolineprotium perchlorate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 611-619 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,10-Phenanthroline ; bis-phenanthrolineprotium ; adduct ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Herzog's reported bis-1,10-phenanthrolineammonium perchlorate, [(phen)2(NH4)](ClO4) is in fact the known 2:1 adduct of l,10-phenanthroline (phen) with perchloric acid, [(phen)2H](CIO4). Its crystal structure, mode of formation, and properties are described. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group with $$P\bar 1$$ , a = 7.2510(8), b = 13.120(2), c = 22.083(12) Å, α = 77.4550(12), β = 84.45(2), γ = 82.204(14)°, V = 2026.7(6) Å3, Z = 4, and D c = 1.510 g cm−3. It contains cationic columns of alternating 1,10-phenanthroline and its conjugate acid.
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  • 22
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    Crystal structure of the cytotoxic marine alkaloid 2-bromoleptoclinidinone (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 645-648 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2-Bromoleptoclinidinone ; marine alkaloid ; cytotoxic ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 2-Bromoleptoclinidinone methanol solvate, C18H8BrN3O·CH4O, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 15.7013(2), b = 7.3308(1), and c = 26.9326(1) Å. The molecule is essentially planar, with the largest deviations occurring at bromine (−0.21 Å), carbonyl oxygen O(l) (+0.19 Å) and in ring-A (C(9) −0.15 Å, C(10) −0.15 Å). Methanol occupies the 1,10-phenanthroline-like metal binding site of the title compound.
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  • 23
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of N 12-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N 1,N 1-diethy1-1,12-diaminododecane (AQ-40) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 925-929 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Quinoline ; chloroquine ; antimalarial ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of N12-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N 1,N 1-diethyl-1,12-diaminododecane, AQ-40, was accomplished by a five-step process in 80% overall yield from 12-aminododecanoic acid and 4,7-dichloroquinoline. AQ-40 crystallizes as a monohydrate from reagent grade chloroform/ diethyl ether mixtures in the triclinc space group P-1 with a = 8.667(2), b = 8.9425(10), c = 17.217(3) Å, α = 99.34(1), β = 99.89(2), γ = 91.56(1)°, V = 1295.0 Å3 and Z = 2. The l2-(N 1,N 1-diethylamino)dodecyl side chain is in the fully extended conformation and the water molecule forms hydrogen bonds to the two tertiary nitrogen atoms as well as with the secondary amino group. The nitrogen of the secondary amino group bound to the four-position of the quinoline moiety is virtually planar. This together with the rather short C–N distance of 1.347(3) Å to the quinoline moiety suggests involvement of the lone pair on this nitrogen with the π system of the ring.
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  • 24
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    Molecular structure of trans-[Co(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
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  • 25
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    Crystal structure of NH3(CH2)2NH3BiCl5·2H2O (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 209-212 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bismuth ; crystal structure ; inorganic polymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ethylenediammonium pentachlorobismuthate(III) dihydrate salt is monoclinic with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 10.902(8)Å, b = 7.926(6)Å, c = 15.199(6)Å, β = 96.40(1)°, space group P21/n with Z = 4. The structure shows a layer arrangement parallel to the $$\vec a$$ axis: planes of the [Bi2Cl10]4− bioctahedra alternate with planes of [NH3(CH2)2NH3]2+ dications. The [Bi2Cl10]4− bioctahedra are connected through O(W)–H··· Cl hydrogen bonds, so that infinite unidimensional chains of composition [Bi2Cl10(H2O)2] n 4n− are formed in the structure parallel to the $$\vec a$$ axis. These chains are themselves interconnected by means of the N–H···Cl bonds originating from the [NH3(CH2)2NH3]2+ entities, forming a three-dimensional network.
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  • 26
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    The synthesis and X-ray structure of [Sr2(OSiPh3)4(NH3)5]·0.5C7H8 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Strontium ; triphenylsiloxy ; crystal structure ; ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title complex [Sr2(OSiPh3)4(NH3)5]·0.5C7H8 was prepared by the reaction of strontium metal granules with triphenylsilanol in an ammoniacal-toluene solution at −40°C. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 14.465(3), b = 20.715 (6), c = 25.199(6) Å, β = 95.98(2)°, and Z = 4. The complex has a dimeric structure with one terminal and three bridging triphenylsiloxy ligands, the remaining coordination sites being occupied by five ammonia molecules. The central Sr2O4N5 moiety adopts a distorted M2X9 face-sharing bioctahedral arrangement.
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  • 27
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    Crystal structure of mixed rubidium–ammonium hydrogen sulfate Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 at room temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mixed rubidium–ammonium acid sulfate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 has been determined by X-ray analysis. The mixed compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell parameters a = 14.374(6) Å, b = 4.618(6) Å, c = 14.412(2) Å, β = 118.03(2)°, V = 844.4(4) Å3, and D cal = 1.536 g cm−3 for Z = 8. The mixed compound Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 is a chain-based structure. The Rb+ and NH4 + cations are intercalated between chains, formed of HSO4 - groups linked with OH⋯O hydrogen-bonding. Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 presents a new type of structural arrangement different from those of pure RbHSO4 and NH4HSO4.
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  • 28
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    The crystal and molecular structures of isoperezone, aminoperezone, and isoaminoperezone: a comparative study of their crystal packing (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2-[1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; 2-[1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-6-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; 2-[1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-3-amino-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of isoperezone (1), aminoperezone (2), and isoaminoperezone (3) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (1) yields orange crystals, orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 6.271(6), b = 30.373(7), c = 7.257(1) Å, and Z = 4; compound (2) yields purple crystals, orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 6.498(3), b = 7.500(1) c = 29.200(6) Å, and Z = 4; compound (3) yields purple crystals, monoclinic space group P21 with unit cell dimensions a = 7.354(1), b = 7.511(1), c = 13.283(1) Å, β = 102,07(1)°, and Z = 2. The side chains in (1)–(3) are oriented out of the plane of the quinone ring at an angle of 124, 144, and 97°, respectively. The molecules in the crystal are held together by hydrogen-bonding networks and van der Waals interactions.
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  • 29
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    Crystal structure of [WI2(CO)3{P(OMe)3}2] (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 639-643 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Tungsten(II) ; diiodo ; carbonyl ; trimethylphosphite ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [WI2(CO)3{P(OMe)3}2]crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21, with a = 26.924(5), b = 10.726(2), c = 14.136(3) Å, and Z = 8. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the metal atoms in each case being seven-coordinate with a capped fac-(CO)3 octahedral geometry. The molecular dimensions in the two molecules are nearly identical. The W–P distance to the capping atom 2.397 Å (average) is significantly shorter than the other W–P distance, 2.525 Å (average).
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  • 30
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    Asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reactions: X-ray structures of three novel chiral dihydropyrimidines (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 663-671 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Pyrimidine ; carboxamide ; sulfonyl ; chiral ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three novel dihydropyrimidine compounds N8,6-di(4-nitrophenyl)-(3R)-ethyl-(7R)-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2,c] pyrimidine-8-carboxamide (2), N8,6-di((4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl)-(3R)-ethyl-5-oxo-(7R)-phenyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo [3,2,c]pyrimidine-8-carboxamide (3) and N8,6-di ((4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-(3R)-ethyl-(7R)-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2,c] pyrimidine-8-carboxamide (4) have been prepared (from 2-amino-1-butanol of 64.4% e.e.) and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three compounds contain stereogenic centers, but the crystal of (2) chosen was found to be racemic whilst those of (3) and (4) were found to be homochiral. Compound (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 17.958(4), b = 12.431(2), c = 9.653(2) Å, β = 96.20(3)°, U = 2142.3(7) Å3, Z = 4, and D c = 1.449 g cm−3. Compounds (3) and (4) both crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 9.349(2), b = 5.824(5), c = 26.513(8) Å, β = 99.43(2)°, U = 1424.1(13) Å3, Z = 2 and D c = 1.389 g cm−3 for (3), and a = 5.9526(9), b = 16.3521(10), c = 13.2263(11) Å, β = 92.81(12)°, U = 1285.9(2) Å3, Z = 2 and D c = 1.378 g cm−3 for (4).
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    The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of the heterotrimetallic linear complex [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 713-716 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Heterotrimetallic sulfido cluster ; linear ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex Cu(PPh3)3I reacts with [Et4N]2MoS4 and FeBr2 to give the heterotrimetallic complexes [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1). [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, a = 13.537(4), b = 15.316(4), c = 12.381(4) Å, α = 105.16(2), β = 93.27(3), γ = 101.18(2)°, and V = 2415.0(12) Å3 for Z = 2. The three metal atoms of the structure [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1) are nearly distributed along a line, where three metal atoms (Mo, Cu, Fe) are each in an approximate tetrahedral coordination, the lengths Mo-Fe and Mo-Cu distances are 2.772(2) and 2.798(2) Å, respectively.
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  • 32
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    [CaSb2(EDTA)2(H2O)8]n: synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal behavior (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 447-452 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bimetallic EDTA complex ; crystal structure ; antimony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of a new EDTA complex, [CaSb2(EDTA)2(H2O)8]n, are reported. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 7.132(1) Å, b = 21.893(3) Å, c = 10.891(2) Å, β = 91.15(2)°. Sb(EDTA) entities are connected through carboxylate bridges to the calcium atoms resulting in layers parallel to the (101) plane. These layers are linked through a weak Sb···O bond (3.171 Å). Pyrolysis of this complex under sulfur vapor, between 400 and 800°C, leads to a mixture of the monometallic sulfides. Pyrolysis in air above 700°C allows the easy preparation of the mixed oxide CaSb2O6.
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    Crystal structure of (3,3′,4,4′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphosphaferrocen-2-yl) carboxylic acid and its bis-[W(CO)5] complex·0.5C5H12: Conformation of 1,1′-diphosphaferrocenes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 621-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1-1′-Diphosphaferrocene conformation ; P···P secondary bonding ; bis-[W(CO)5](l,l′-diphosphaferrocene system) ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structures of (3,3′,4,4′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphosphaferrocen-2-yl)carboxylic acid (1) and its bis-[W(CO)5] pentane solvate complex (2) have been determined by X-ray analysis. The compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21 /n space group with Z = 4; a = 7.8404(9), b = 14.9441(16), c = 11.7730(14) Å, β = 92.773(10)°, V = 1377.8(3) Å3, and Dcalc = 1.553 g cm−3. The compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic $$P\bar 1$$ space group with two complex molecules and one pentane molecule in the unit cell. Cell parameters: a = 10.7070(2), b = 12.577(2), c = 13.239(3) Å, α = 84.00(2), β = 77.58(1), γ = 66.06(1)°, V = 1591.0(5) Å3, and Dcalc = 2.100 g cm−3 .The fully eclipsed conformation of the phospholyl rings with P···P secondary bonding of 3.353(1) Å is observed in 1 and a partially eclipsed conformation is found in 2. The 10 possible conformations of 1,1′-diphosphaferrocenes were described as the function of conformational parameter θ and observed geometry of the phospholyl rings.7 We suppose that the earlier conclusions concerning the destabilizing nature of 1,1′-diphosphaferrocene conformations with θ 〈 100° cannot be considered as general. The mode of W – P coordination, the structural changes of 1 by W(CO)5 coordination, the structural effect of phospholyl rings substitution by the –COOH group, and hydrogen bonds are analyzed.
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  • 34
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    Crystal structure of [Co(o-SC6H4NH2){P(OMe)3}3]PF6 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 635-638 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cobalt(II) ; 2-aminobenzenethiol ; trimethylphosphite ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A cobalt-thiolato-phosphite complex [Co(o-SC6H4NH2){P(OMe)3}3]PF6 has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 10.590(4), b = 11.122(3), c = 13.577(5) Å, α = 101.85(1), β = 108.50(1), γ = 101.75(1)°, V = 1420.6(8) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure comprises discrete [Co(o-SC6H4NH2){P(OMe)3}3]+ cations and PF 6 − anions where the metal atom is coordinated in a highly distorted square-pyramidal environment by one chelate o-SC6H4NH 2 − (abt) and two P(OMe)3 ligands in the basal positions, and a third P(OMe)3 in the axial site with Co–N,, 1.847(5), Co–S, 2.166(2), Co–P, 2.157(2), 2.147(2), and 2.125(2) Å.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022417127336
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    Crystal Structure of the Sought-After Tetrameric [(PDBP)AgCl]4 Cluster (PDBP=5-Phenyldibenzophosphole) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 9 (1998), S. 547-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Silver cluster ; crystal structure ; tetrameric cluster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sought-after member of the [(PDBP) n AgX] m (n, m=1,4; 2,2; 3,1; PDBP=5-Phenyldibenzophosphole, X=halides) series, the tetrameric [(PDBP)AgCl]4 cluster has been prepared and structurally characterized. The [P4Ag4Cl4] cluster core of [(PDBP)AgCl]4 bears striking similarity to that of [(Ph3P)AgCl]4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021950902725
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    Interspecific variation in sustained swimming ability of late pelagic stage reef fish from two families (Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 17 (1998), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Dispersal ; coral reefs ; fish ; swimming ; Larvae ; Juveniles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Characteristics of the pelagic stages of reef fishes have generally been investigated at the family level, which may mask important differences among species. Here the variation in sustained swimming ability of the late pelagic stages is examined among species, within two families (Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae). The pomacentrids displayed a 7.5-fold difference in sustained swimming ability across 24 species, while the chaetodontids displayed a 2-fold difference across 10 species. The variation within the Pomacentridae was not related to pelagic larval duration, post-settlement habitat or taxonomy. There was, however, a significant correlation between sustained swimming ability and total length (TL) of individuals (r=0.435, P〈0.0001). Differences in the mean distance swum by pomacentrid species, however, was most strongly related to differences in mean wet weight (r=0.814, P〈0.0001). When the mean distance swum by species was scaled with respect to mean TL there was still a strong correlation with mean wet weight (r=0.644, P〈0.005). Among chaetodontid individuals TL and sustained swimming ability were not correlated (r=−0.004, P=0.978). Furthermore, sustained swimming ability was not significantly related to the trans-oceanic distribution of species in either family. The variation in sustained swimming ability, however, may contribute to explanations of the observed levels of gene flow within populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050104
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    Estuarine reconnection of an impounded mangrove salt marsh in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: short-term changes in fish fauna (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: culverts ; culvert trap ; mosquito impoundment ; seine ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fish population dynamics in a 24.3 ha mangrove-dominated mosquito impoundment in east-central Florida were examined by seining and culvert traps before and after installation of culverts that established estuarine connection for the first time in 39 years. In a 27-day period following the culvert opening, fish species increased from 9 to 21, while total number of fish in the impoundment decreased. Movement of fishes through culverts in both directions commenced immediately following culvert opening. Recruitment of transient species into the impoundment appeared to key on a single wind-driven high tide event. Such short-term events may be important cues for fish movement into and out of impounded salt marshes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009969708038
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    Crystal, Molecular, and Electronic Structure of 1-Acetyl-indoline and Derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 365-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: 1-Acetyl-indoline ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; AM1 calculation ; CI calculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of the following molecules have been determined: 1-acetyl-indoline, 1-acetyl-5-nitro-indoline, l-acetyl-5-nitro-7-bromo-indoline, 1-acetyl-5-bromo-7-nitroindoline, and l-acetyl-5-bromo-7-nitro-indol. Molecular orbital calculations are performed for these compounds and two related species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022419111660
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    Supramolecular Structure Formed from H-Bonding of Ferrocenyl Carbonyl Propanoic Acid and 4,4'-Bipyridine (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular engineering 8 (1998), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8951
    Keywords: hydrogen bond ; ferrocenyl carbonyl proanoic ; supermolecule ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Selective recognition in the title compound, (C14H14FeO3)2 ċ (C10H8N2), between ferrocenyl carbonyl propanoic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine through strong O–-HċN intermolecular hydrogen bonds results in a novel supramolecular architecture. Its crystal structure has been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods while its characterization has been studied by IR and DSC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008279517986
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    Molecular Structure of a Chromatographic Chiral Selector Based on a Terguride Derivative (1998)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Enantioselective chromatographic technique ; chiral selector ; ergot alkaloid derivative ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of (+)1-(3-allylpropyl)-(5R,8S,10R)-N,N-diethyl-N′-[6-methylergolin-8-yl]urea, C22H33N4O (allyl-terguride), has been determined as part of a study on the chiral recognition mechanism of ergot alkaloids when they are used as the chiral stationary phase for the separation of racemic mixtures in liquid chromatographic methods. At the pH of the solution used for the crystallization, the molecules of allyl-terguride are protonated at N(6). All bond distances and angles are in the expected ranges. In the asymmetric unit one hydroxide ion is present. Hydrogen bonds join molecules of allyl-terguride in pairs along the b axis, connecting O(2) of the hydroxide ion to O(1) of one molecule and to N(2) and N(6) of another.
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    Allozymes Reflect the Population-Level Effect of Mercury: Simulations of the Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki Girard) GPI-2 Response (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014352226686
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    Flow Cytometric Analysis of Erythrocyte and Leukocyte DNA in Fish from Chernobyl-Contaminated ponds in the Ukraine (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: genotoxicity ; Chernobyl ; fish ; flow cytometry ; coefficient of variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis was used to assess the potential impact of chronic radionuclide exposure in fish populations inhabiting contaminated sites in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Four species of fish, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca), were collected within a 10 km radius of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and compared with 'control' populations from two uncontaminated locations far removed from the plant. Assays of whole blood, as well as separate erythrocyte and leukocyte components, revealed aneuploid-like patterns in the DNA histograms of some fish, as well as widened G0/G1 peaks. None of the fish collected from the uncontaminated sites demonstrated these kinds of changes in their DNA histograms. Increases in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the G0/G1 peak, indicating abnormal DNA distributions, were observed in several of the fish from Chernobyl relative to the control populations. Cell cycle perturbation in fish from the contaminated sites was also detected, with a higher percentage of cells in G2/M phase relative to the controls. Leukocytes proved more sensitive than erythrocytes, as they displayed a larger number of abnormal DNA histograms. Variations in the cellular DNA content similar to those reported here have been shown for other vertebrate species exposed to radiation and other genotoxic agents in laboratory and field settings.
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    Influence of Taxonomy, Ecology, and Seasonality in River Stage on Fish Contamination Risks in Floodplain Swamps of the Lower Mississippi River (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811713427
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    Role of MnO on the Mullitization Behavior of Al2 O3-SiO2 Gels (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 987-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: mullite ; MnO ; crystal structure ; electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) ; sol-gel chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gels were synthesized from solutions of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminium nitrate (with and without manganese nitrate). The structural evolution of the gels as a function of manganese content and heat-treatment temperature was studied by visible spectrophotometry (VIS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the presence of manganese can induce mullitization at lower temperatures. However, the effect of manganese depends on its content and how it enters into the mullite structure.
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    Accuracy of Secondary Structure and Solvent Accessibility Predictions for a Clostridial Neurotoxin C-Fragment (1998)
    Springer
    The protein journal 17 (1998), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Artificial neural network ; crystal structure ; statistics ; tetanus toxin ; botulinum neurotoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies used Rost and Sander's artificial neural network [(1993a), J. Mol. Biol. 232, 584–599] to predict the secondary structures [Lebeda and Olson (1994), Proteins 20, 293–300] and residue solvent accessibilities [Lebeda and Olson (1997), J. Protein Chem. 16, 607–618] of the clostridial neurotoxins. Because the X-ray crystal structure of the 50-kDa C-terminal half of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin was recently determined, this report evaluates the accuracy of these network-derived predictions. For this predominantly β-strand-containing fragment, predictions, on a per-residue basis, for both secondary structure and solvent accessibility were about 70% accurate. A more flexible and realistic analysis based on overlapping segments yielded accuracies of over 80% for the three-state secondary structure and for the two-state accessibility predictions. Because the accuracies of these predictions are comparable to those made by Rost and Sander using a dataset of 126 nonhomologous globular proteins, our predictions provide a quantitative foundation for gauging the results when building by homology the structures of related proteins.
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    Analysis and optimisation of DNA delivery into wheat scutellum and Tritordeum inflorescence explants by tissue electroporation (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Tritordeum ; Tissue electroporation ; Transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat scutella and tritordeum inflorescences were transformed by tissue electroporation with plasmid DNA containing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gus A) under the control of the rice actin1 promoter. Factors affecting electroporation efficiency were analysed. Important factors were electroporation voltage and pulse length, the volume of electroporation buffer, the osmoticum of electroporation buffer and medium, the osmoticum of pre-electroporation culture medium, and pre-electroporation incubation time and temperature. Maximum transient gene expression was obtained with a single pulse of 550 V/cm from a 960-μF capacitor, using 200 μl of electroporation buffer, after 2–3 h culture on media with 357 mOsm for wheat scutella or 1 day on media with 222 mOsm for tritordeum inflorescences, and 0.5–1 h pre-electroporation incubation with DNA at 24 °C. Under these conditions, up to 90% of the explants showed GUS expression, and up to 149 expression signals were recorded per replicate. Electroporated explants showed high rates of survival and retained the ability to regenerate plants via somatic embryogenesis.
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    The application of wheat microsatellites to identify disomic Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition lines (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; Addition lines ; Chromosome markers ; Homoeology ; Wheat ; Wheat microsatellites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We describe the use of wheat microsatellites for the discrimination of Aegilops markgrafii chromosomes. Twenty out of eighty eight wheat microsatellites (WMS) tested were able to distinguish Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines. Six, three, three, one and six of 18 WMS can be used as markers for single Ae. markgrafii chromosomes B, C, D, F and G, respectively. Addition line A is not available but additional bands, appearing only in Ae. markgrafii and the T. aestivum-Ae. markgrafii amphiploid and not in any of the available addition lines, indicate that three WMS detect markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosomes A. Addition line E could not be detected by any of the WMS markers applied, although the 20 WMS represented all the homologous groups of wheat. All three WMS located on the short arm of group-2 chromosomes were located on Ae. markgrafii chromosome B; three of four WMS, located on the long arm of wheat group-2 chromosomes, were specific to Ae. markgrafii chromosome G and three of four WMS, specific to group-5 chromosomes, were markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosome C, indicating the homoeology of these wheat chromosome arms with the respective Ae. markgrafii chromosomes.
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    Genetic diversity in Australian wheat varieties and breeding material based on RFLP data (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 435-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words RFLP analysis ; Triticum aestivum ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic similarity estimates ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been used to characterise the genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm. One hundred and twenty-four accessions comprising all major Australian wheat varieties and lines important for breeding purposes were assayed for RFLPs with clones of known genetic location and selected to give uniform genome coverage. The objectives of this study were to determine RFLP-based genetic similarity between accessions and to derive associations between agronomically significant traits and RFLP phenotypes. Ninety-eight probes screened against genomic DNA digested with five restriction endonucleases detected a total of 1968 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity (GS) calculated from the RFLP data ranged from 0.004 to 0.409 between accessions, with a mean of 0.18. Cluster analysis based on GS estimates produced four groupings that were generally consistent with available pedigree information. Comparisons of the RFLP phenotypes of accessions containing disease resistance genes present on introgressed alien segments enabled the identification of specific alleles characteristic of these regions. Associations were derived for a range of stem-rust, leaf-rust and yellow-rust resistance genes. These results suggest that RFLP analysis can be used for the characterisation and grouping of elite breeding material of wheat and RFLP profiling can identify chromosome segments associated with agronomic traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050760
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    Relationships between the chromosomes of Aegilops umbellulata and wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops umbellulata ; Co-linearity ; Comparative mapping ; Translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A comparative genetic map of Aegilops umbellulata with wheat was constructed using RFLP probes that detect homoeoloci previously mapped in hexaploid bread wheat. All seven Ae. umbellulata chromosomes display one or more rearrangements relative to wheat. These structural changes are consistent with the sub-terminal morphology of chromosomes 2 U, 3 U, 6 U and 7 U. Comparison of the chromosomal locations assigned by mapping and those obtained by hybridization to wheat/Ae. umbellulata single chromosome addition lines verified the composition of the added Ae. umbellulata chromosomes and indicated that no further cytological rearrangements had taken place during the production of the alien-wheat aneuploid lines. Relationships between Ae. umbellulata and wheat chromosomes were confirmed, based on homoeology of the centromeric regions, for 1 U, 2 U, 3 U, 5 U and 7 U. However, homoeology of the centromeric regions of 4 U with wheat group-6 chromosomes and of 6 U with wheat group-4 chromosomes was also confirmed, suggesting that a re-naming of these chromosomes may be pertinent. The consequences of the rearrangements of the Ae. umbellulata genome relative to wheat for gene introgression are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050710
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    Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Thinopyrum intermedium-derived wheat germplasm specifying resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Translocation ; WSMV resistance ; Thinopyrum intermedium ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Thinopyrum intermedium is a promising source of resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a devastating disease of wheat. Three wheat germplasm lines possessing resistance to WSMV, derived from Triticum aestivum×Th. intermedium crosses, are analyzed by C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to determine the amount and location of alien chromatin in the transfer lines. Line CI15092 was confirmed as a disomic substitution line in which wheat chromosome 4A was replaced by Th. intermedium chromosome 4Ai?2. The other two lines, CI17766 and A29-13-3, carry an identical Robertsonian translocation chromosome in which the complete short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 was transferred to the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ABD genomic DNA from wheat as a probe and S genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria stipifolia as the blocker, and vice versa, revealed that the entire short arm of the translocation was derived from the short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 and the breakpoint was located at the centromere. Chromosomal arm ratios (L/S) of 2.12 in CI17766 and 2.15 in A29-13-3 showed that the translocated chromosome is submetacentric. This translocated chromosome is designated as T4AL ⋅ 4Ai?2S as suggested by Friebe et al. (1991).
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    Characterization of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) forms by gel-electrophoretic analyses of seed storage proteins. III. Comparative analyses of spelt and Central European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1340-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum spelta ; Triticum aestivum ; SDS-PAGE ; Acid-PAGE ; Seed storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seed storage proteins of a few selected spelt forms and crosses have already been electrophoretically analysed by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE and compared with a few winter wheat cultivars. In the analyses presented here further important Central European spelt varieties were included, as well as modern winter wheat cultivars which were chosen as standards. In this study gliadin and glutenin band patterns of modern Central European winter wheat cultivars were analysed, in particular for a comparison with spelt varieties. An improved differentiation within and between the two species was obtained.
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    Comparative analyses of RFLP diversity in landraces of Triticum aestivum and collections of T. tauschii from China and Southwest Asia (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 312-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic diversity ; Triticum tauschii ; Triticum aestivum ; RFLP ; Landrace wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chinese accessions of Triticum tauschii and T. aestivum L. from the Sichuan white (SW), Yunnan hulled (YH), Tibetan weedrace (TW), and Xinjiang rice (XR) wheat groups were subjected to RFLP analysis. T. tauschii and landraces of T. aestivum from countries in Southwest Asia were also evaluated. For T. tauschii, a west to east gradient was apparent where the Chinese accessions exhibited less diversity than those from Southwest Asia. Compared to the Southwest Asian gene pool, the Chinese T. tauschii was highly homogeneous giving a low frequency of polymorphic bands (16%) and banding patterns (1.33 per probe) with 75 RFLP probe-HindIII combinations. Accessions of T. tauschii from Afghanistan and Pakistan were genetically more similar to the Chinese T. tauschii than those from Iran. Of 368 bands found for 39 Chinese hexaploid wheat accessions with 63 RFLP probe-HindIII combinations, 28.3% were polymorphic with an average of 2.6 banding patterns per probe and 5.0 bands per genotype. The individual Chinese landrace wheat groups revealed less variation than those from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey. When classified into country based groups, however, the diversity level over all Chinese landraces was greater than that of some Southwest Asian landraces, especially those from Afghanistan and Iran . The XR wheat group was genetically distinct from the other three Chinese landrace groups and was more related to the Southwest Asian landraces. The TW group was genetically similar to, but more diverse than, the SW and YH groups. The Chinese landraces had a higher degree of genetic relatedness to the Southwest Asian T. tauschii, particularly to accessions from Iran, rather than to the Chinese T. tauschii. ‘Chinese Spring’ was most related to ‘Chengdu-guang-tou’, a cultivar from the SW wheat group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050742
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    A cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) resistance gene transferred from Aegilops triuncialis to hexaploid wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1135-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops triuncialis ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; Cereal cyst nematode ; Resistance gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is an important root parasite of common wheat. A high level of resistance was transferred to wheat from Aegilops triuncialis (TR lines) using the cross [(T. turgidum×Ae. triuncialis)×T. aestivum]. Low fertility (3–5 viable kernels per plant) was observed during the process but the surviving hybrid plants were highly vigorous. To obtain stable resistant lines further crosses to T. aestivum were performed. The resistance in TR lines seems to be transferred from the C genome of Ae. triuncialis (genomes CCUU). Ae. triuncialis was highly resistant to the two Spanish populations of H. avenae tested, as well as to four French races and two Swedish populations. The histological analysis showed a hypersensitive reaction in the roots of a resistant TR line inoculated with the Ha71 pathotype of H. avenae, whereas well-formed syncytia were observed in the roots of the susceptible control. Resistance to the H. avenae Ha71 pathotype seemed to be inherited as determined by a single dominant factor in the crosses between resistant TR lines and susceptible cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050849
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    Molecular Characteristics of Transgenic Wheat and the Effect on Transgene Expression (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: particle bombardment ; transgene expression ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A population of R0 transgenic wheat plants, generated by particle bombardment, was analyzed to define molecular, genetic and phenotypic properties resulting from transformation with a cointegrate vector, or cotransformation with two separate plasmids. By evaluating the progeny of 70 independently-derived transgenic plants, we also identified rare events such as chimerism and transgene elimination, which provide valuable information concerning the development of transgenic cereal plants following bombardment experiments. The frequency of chimerism in our transgenic wheat plants was very low. Furthermore, while transgene elimination did occur, this was also a very rare event. We determined the copy numbers of integrated transgenes and the levels of transgene expression. Comparisons to transgenic rice plants generated in the same manner demonstrated some similarities, but also important differences in transgene behavior. Whereas in rice there is no evidence for any direct relationship between transgene copy number and transgene expression or stability, multicopy populations in wheat demonstrated a bias towards higher levels of expression for the two genes and the maize ubiquitin promoter evaluated in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008833324193
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    Predation by juvenile roach on the calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis and the cyclopoid copepod Cyclops vicinus: a laboratory investigation with mixed and single prey (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: calanoid copepod ; cyclopoid copepod ; fish ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the outcome of predation by juvenile roach on the calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis and the similar sized cyclopoid copepod Cyclops vicinus in laboratory experiments with mixed and single-prey. When ovigerous females and adult non-ovigerous females of the calanoid copepod and the cyclopoid copepod were offered in equal numbers to the fish in the mixed-prey experiments, the cyclopoid copepods were significantly more heavily preyed upon than the calanoids. Between 14 and 16 females of the cyclopoid copepod and only between 2 and 4 calanoids had been consumed after the observation period of two hours. The single-prey experiments revealed that the conspicuousness of the calanoid vs the cyclopoid depended on sex and gravidity. Ovigerous females of the cyclopoid copepod were slightly earlier detected by the fish than ovigerous females of the calanoid, probably a result of the highly visible egg-sacs carried by the cyclopoid females. Females without eggs and males of the cyclopoid copepod were recognized later by the predator than females without eggs or males of the calanoid, probably a result of the different behaviours of the different copepod taxa. Cyclopoids frequently congregated near the aquarium bottom while calanoids were closer to the water surface where they were better visible. The calanoid copepod could better escape the fish's attacks than the cyclopoid copepod. Egg-bearing females of both the calanoid and the cyclopoid copepod could significantly better escape than non-ovigerous females or males. Probably ovigerous females react very early to water disturbances caused by the predator. Activity measurements showed that the cyclopoid copepod displayed 2 to 4 times more hops per time unit than the calanoid. Probably the high number of jerky movements displayed by the cyclopoid attracted attention of the predator and contributed to its greater vulnerability.
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    Negative Impact on the Aquatic Ecosystems of the State of Morelos, Mexico from Introduced Aquarium and Other Commercial Fish (1998)
    Springer
    Aquarium sciences and conservation 2 (1998), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: fish ; introductions ; management ; México ; native species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Of the 22 fish species presently inhabiting the waters of the state of Morelos, México, more than half (64%) have been introduced, mainly for fisheries and ornamental aquaculture purposes. Even though there are other significant problems such as pollution, eutrophication and drought, we found that fish introductions have caused the worst ecological impacts. These problems stem from a general lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics, importance and appropriate use and management of aquatic resources. Conservational actions are proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676403693
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    Developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, and cell-specific expression of calmodulin genes in common wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: calcium ; in situ hybridization ; multigene family ; polyploid ; signal transduction ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, we reported on the characterization of the calmodulin (CaM) gene family in wheat [44]. We classified wheat CaM genes into four subfamilies (SFs) designated SF-1 to SF-4, each representing a series of homoeoallelic loci on the homoeologous chromosomes of the three genomes of common wheat. Here we studied the expression of these wheat CaM genes in the course of wheat development. Northern blot analysis using SF-specific probes revealed differences in SF expression levels in different organs and stages of development. Subsequently, cell-specific expression of CaM SFs was investigated by in situ RNA hybridization. In developing seeds, all CaM SFs showed highest expression in the embryo and less in the aleurone and in the starchy endosperm. In primary roots, all four CaM SFs were expressed in the root cap, meristematic regions and in differentiating cells. During development of the roots, expression gradually decreased. The wheat glutenin gene, which was used as a control throughout our experiments, was found to be expressed in the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone, embryos or vegetative tissues. In stems, at advanced stages of growth, differences in cell-specific expression of CaM SFs were found. For example, SF-2 was highly expressed in differentiating phloem fibers. Thus, CaM genes in common wheat exhibit a developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, cell- and SF-specific expression patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005902905512
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    Changes in the abundance and diversity of coastal wetland fauna from the open water/macrophyte edge towards shore (1998)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 6 (1998), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: marsh ; community structure ; physical and chemical ; fish ; zooplankton ; microcrustacea ; benthic ; Laurentian Great Lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Great Lakes coastal wetlands are widely recognized as areas of concentrated biodiversity and productivity, but the factors that influence diversity and productivity within these systems are largely unknown. Several recent studies have suggested that the abundance and diversity of flora and fauna in coastal wetlands may be related to distance from the open water/macrophyte edge. We examined this possibility for three faunal groups inhabiting a coastal wetland in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. We sampled crustacean zooplankton and benthic macro-invertebrates at five distances from open water in the summer 1994, and fish at three distances from open water in 1994 and 1995. We found significant spatial trends in the total abundance and diversity of zooplankton and fish, as well as the diversity of benthic macro-invertebrates. Zooplankton abundance and taxa richness were highest at intermediate distances from open water in a transition zone between the well-mixed bayward portion of the wetland, and the non-circulating nearshore area. Benthic macro-invertebrate taxa richness increased linearly with distance from open water. In contrast, fish abundance and species richness declined linearly and substantially (abundance by 78%, species richness by 40%) with distance from open water. Of the 40 taxa examined in this study, 21 had significant horizontal trends in abundance. This led to notable differences in community composition throughout the wetland. Our results suggest that distance from open water may be a primary determinant of the spatial distributions of numerous organismal groups inhabiting this coastal wetland. Several possible reasons for these distributions are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008447705647
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    Swamp-riverine tropical fish population: a comparative study of two spatially isolated freshwater ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia (1998)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 6 (1998), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: Malaysia ; swamps ; freshwater ; fish ; riverine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-four fish species were collected during a study from October 1996 of the swamp-riverine fish populations of two spatially isolated Malaysian freshwater swamp ecosystems. Twenty one species were collected from the Beriah Kanan River, which is located in northern Peninsular Malaysia, compared to only 10 species obtained from the Ulu Sedili River in the south. At both sites, the species Rasbora einthovenii and Hemirhamphodon pogognathu appeared to be the most dominant species, whereas Rasbora pauciperforata and Nemacheilus selangoricus were very rarely caught and Beriah Kanan and Ulu Sedili River, respectively. An analysis of the physico-chemical data showed that although pH, conductivity and ammonium levels were fairly similar at both sites, orthophosphate, hardness and total suspended solids were relatively higher for Ulu Sedili River.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008436005627
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    The induction of the “turbo reductase” is inhibited by cycloheximide, cordycepin and ethylene inhibitors in Fe-deficient cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 205 (1998), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; Ethylene ; Ferric-reducing capacity ; Iron deficiency ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dicotyledonous plants respond to Fe deficiency by enhancing the capacity of their roots to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II). It has been suggested that there are two different ferric redox systems in the roots: the standard reductase, active with ferricyanide and not inducible by Fe deficiency, and the turbo reductase, active with both ferricyanide and ferric chelates and inducible by Fe deficiency. We have used different experimental approaches to test whether or not the Fe(III)-reducing capacity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ashley) roots can be explained by considering the standard and the turbo reductase as the same enzyme. For this, we used both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants, which were treated with ethylene inhibitors (cobalt or silver thiosulfate; found to inhibit the turbo reductase in a previous work), a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide), or an mRNA polyadenylation inhibitor (cordycepin). At different times after application of these inhibitors, reduction of both ferricyanide and Fe(III)-EDTA were determined. In addition, we studied the effects of pH and temperature on the reduction of ferricyanide and Fe(III)-EDTA by both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants. Results suggest that there are, at least, two different ferric redox systems in the roots. Enhancement of Fe(III)-reducing capacity (turbo reductase) by Fe-deficient plants probably requires the de novo synthesis of a (or several) protein(s), which has a high turnover rate and whose expression is presumably regulated by ethylene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279305
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    Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic effects ; inheritance ; quality ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.
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    Bread wheat: F1 hybrid performance and parental diversity estimates using molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; heterosis ; genetic distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e., France, England and Italy. Combining ability for grain yield and several agronomic and quality traits was studied in an eight-parent diallel cross. Highly significant combining ability effects were observed for all the traits while specific combining ability effects were statistically significant for grain yield, plant height, heading time and Chopin alveograph parameter P. The level of genetic diversity between parents as estimated using molecular markers is considered a tool for predicting the hybrid performance and heterosis of crosses. To explore this possibility, RFLP and RAPD markers were used to predict the performance of hybrids obtained from diallel and top crosses. The performance of the hybrids was determined in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in several locations. Coefficient of parentage (rp), based on pedigree information for all the pairwise combinations of the parents ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. The parents were assayed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 87 primers which generated 304 polymorphic bands. Genetic similarity between parents, estimated on the basis of common bands using the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (J), ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. Correlation between parental diversity and hybrid performance was generally weak. A positive trend is observed in the yield potential of the hybrids produced in Italy in the last 10 years. In fact among the first set of hybrids produced by random crossing of the available cultivars, none produced 10% more than the checks whereas the last generation of hybrids includes combinations yielding 15% more than the best standards. Our results clearly indicate the need to develop specific strategies in order to identify and/or to select parental lines with a high level of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The information regarding the genetic diversity of the parental lines do not appear helpful for predicting F1 performance.
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    The detection of allelic variants at the recessive vrn loci of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalisation response ; Vrn – genotypes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Substitution lines with reciprocal substitutions of chromosomes containing recessive alleles of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomeVrn genes between varieties of winter wheat with high vernalisation requirement (‘Mironovskaya 808’) and low vernalisation requirements (‘Bezostaya 1’) have been created. On this basis the genetic determination of vernalisation requirement was established. Substitution lines Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5A), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5B), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5D) and reciprocal substitution lines Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5A), Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5B) and Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5D) were grown under different durations of vernalisation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks) and their response was evaluated. Photoperiodic sensitivity of the original parental genotypes was also determined. Reciprocal substitution lines of the same chromosome that carries the same vrn allele responded differently to vernalisation deficit. Differences have been shown between all group 5 reciprocal substitutions. Lines carrying chromosomes 5A and 5D of Mironovskaya 808 had a high vernalisation requirement whereas lines carrying chromosome 5B of Bezostaya 1 (vrn2B) had a low vernalisation requirement. The reciprocal lines had a reverse requirement. This explains the different vernalisation requirements of the original varieties: Mironovskaya 808 with a high vernalisation requirement carries two alleles (vrn1M and vrn3M) in its genotype that increase the vernalisation requirement, whereas Bezostaya 1 with a lower requirement for vernalisation contains only one such allele (vrn2B). By combination of the alleles in the lines with the substitution of chromosome 5B carrying vrn2 allele that in both original genotypes work inversely to the other alleles, transgressive genotypes have been formed: genotype vrn1M vrn2B vrn3M determines a higher vernalisation requirement than original variety Mironovskaya 808, and genotype vrn1B vrn2M vrn3B determines a lower vernalisation requirement than the original Bezostaya 1. An incomplete vernalisation requirement prolonged the time to heading, with exponential dependence on the vernalisation deficit, or prevented heading altogether. The original varieties further differed in photoperiodic sensitivity (Mironovskaya 808 sensitive, Bezostaya 1 less sensitive) that also influenced the background of substitution lines. The impact of the background on the heading time showed itself by about one week difference between Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 grown under 8 weeks vernalisation and normal photoperiod. The difference between the lines with Mironovskaya 808 background and the lines with Bezostaya 1 background was approximately the same and was not significantly changed in different vernalisation variants of the lines. This difference may be caused by different photoperiodic sensitivity of the original varieties, but also by other genes, such as genes of earliness per se.
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    Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; tolerance to deoxynivalenol ; somaclonal variant ; in vitro selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety.
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    Agronomic performance of chromosomes 1B and T1BL.1RS near-isolines in the spring bread wheat Seri M82 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; T1BL.1RS ; chromosome substitution and translocation ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The T1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - rye (Secale cereale L.) translocations have been of particular interest and are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the T1BL.1RS chromosome on grain yield and its components using 20 near-isolines of spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Seri M82’ (10 homozygous for chromosome 1B substitution and 10 homozygous for T1BL.1RS). The test lines have been produced by substituting the 1B chromosome in Seri M82 (T1BL.1RS, T1BL.1RS) through backrossing. Two field experiments were evaluated under optimum (five irrigations) and reduced (one irrigation) moisture conditions for two consecutive production cycles at the Mexican National Agricultural Research Institute, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of T1BL.1RS had a significant effect on grain yield, harvest index, grains/m2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, test weight, flowering date and physiological maturity in both moisture conditions. The agronomic advantage of the 1B substitution lines on above-ground biomass yield at maturity, spikes/m2and grain-filling duration was expressed only under the optimum moisture condition. The presence of T1BL.1RS increased grain yield 1.6% and 11.3% for optimum and reduced moisture conditions, respectively. These results encourage further use of T1BL.1RS wheats in improving agronomic traits, especially for reduced irrigation or rainfed environments.
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    Inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; diallel graph ; gene action ; excised-leaf water loss ; relative water content ; bread wheat ; osmotic adjustment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little information is available on the genetics of excised leaf water loss and relative water content in wheat. An experiment conducted on the F1 generation from a half-diallel set of crosses involving two drought tolerant, two moderately tolerant and two sensitive varieties was initiated to investigate the inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content. This experiment was conducted under glass-house and field conditions at tillering and anthesis stages of plant development. Additive gene action, in general, played a major role in determining the inheritance of these traits. General combining ability (GCA) was the main source of genetic variation among crosses, while specific combining ability (SCA) was negligible. Strong phenotypic correlations existed between per se performance and GCA effects in the majority of cases. Heterosis was unimportant. Genotype-environmental interactions and/or differential gene expression appeared to account for different results found between environments and growth stages, respectively. Selection for relative water content appeared to be more effective at anthesis, while for excised-leaf water loss at both stages of plant growth. In addition to drought resistance, wide differences for morphological characters and relative positions of parental arrays revealed the possibility of obtaining desirable segregants for drought stress conditions from the cross Kharchia 65 × WH 147.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018644113378
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
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    Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
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    Production of polyhaploids of hexaploid wheat using stored pearl millet pollen (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hexaploid wheat ; pearl millett ; Pennisetum glaucum ; polyhaploid ; pollen storage ; Triticum aestivum ; wide crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of drying and freezing on viability of pearl millet pollen were examined with the aim of using stored pollen in polyhaploid production of hexaploid wheat. Freshly collected pollen of pearl millet line NEC 7006 with 55% water content, germinated at a frequency of 80%. Pollen that was dried for two hours to 6% water content showed 50% germination frequency and maintained similar frequencies after the freezing process. In crosses of hexaploid wheat variety Norin 61 with fresh pearl millet pollen, embryos were obtained at a frequency of 27.6%. In crosses with pollen stored at -196 °C, -80 °C and -20 °C for one month, embryo formation frequencies ranged from 27.5 to 17.4%. After five and twelve months of storage, the frequencies ranged from 29.7 to 14.6% at storage temperatures of -196 °C and -80 °C, and from 8.0 to 3.2% at -20 °C, indicating significant differences among storage temperatures. However, no significant frequency difference was found among pollen water contents at the time of collection. All plants regenerated from crosses with pearl millet pollen stored for five months were wheat polyhaploids. These results suggest that stored pearl millet pollen is an efficient medium for producing polyhaploids in hexaploid wheat.
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    Analysis of genetic profiles of winter wheats from Russia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; genetic diversity ; ancestors ; genetic profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of GRIS, the wheat genetic resources database, the retrospective analysis of winter wheat breeding programs in the ex-USSR during its existence, and modern Russia, was conducted. The dynamics of genetic diversity of released cultivars was studied. A significant tendency to reduce the use of local materials was discovered, although a stable set of original ancestors has prevailed over the last 40 years. The modern cultivar genes pool has increased as a result of the utilisation of North American semidwarf varieties. Breeding programs at different breeding centres are distinguished by varying levels of genetic diversity. The need to discover new sources of disease resistance and environmental adaptation are problems that remain.
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    Characterization of Triticum aestivum/Psathyrostachys juncea derivatives by genomic in situ hybridization (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: in situ hybridization ; Psathyrostachys juncea ; chromosome translocation ; translocation addition ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique, one translocation line, seven translocation-addition lines, five translocation plus translocation addition lines and two ditelosomic addition lines were identified in backcross progenies of Triticum aestivum L. -Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski intergeneric hybrids. No complete P. juncea chromosomes were detected in the 25 lines studied. The results suggest that intact P. juncea chromosomes may be difficult to isolate in a wheat background.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018333625723
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    Identification of proton transfer pathways in the X-ray crystal structure of the bacterial reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 55 (1998), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bacterial photosynthesis ; crystal structure ; electron transfer ; proton transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structural features that have important implications for the fundamental process of transmembrane proton transfer are examined in the recently published high resolution atomic structures of the reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides in the dark adapted state (DQAQB) and the charged separated state (D+QAQB −); the latter is the active state for proton transfer to the semiquinone. The structures have been determined at 2.2 Å and 2.6 Å resolution, respectively, as reported by Stowell et al. (1997) [Science 276: 812–816]. Three possible proton transfer pathways (P1, P2, P3) consisting of water molecules and/or protonatable residues were identified which connect the QB binding region with the cytoplasmic exposed surface at Asp H224 & Asp M240 (P1), Tyr M3 (P2) and Asp M17 (P3). All three represent possible pathways for proton transfer into the RC. P1 contains an uninterrupted chain of water molecules. This path could, in addition, facilitate the exchange of quinone for quinol during the photocycle by allowing water to move into and out of the binding pocket. Located near these pathways is a cluster of electrostatically interacting acid residues (Asp-L213, Glu-H173, Asp-M17, Asp H124, Asp-L210 and Asp H170) each being within 4.5 Å of a neighboring carboxylic acid or a bridging water molecule. This cluster could serve as an internal ‘proton reservoir’ facilitating fast protonation of QB − that could occur at a rate greater than that attainable by proton uptake from solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006047519260
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    Evaluation of surgery procedures for tagging eel Anguilla anguilla with biotelemetry transmitters (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 371-372 (1998), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tagging ; surgery ; cyanoacrilate adhesive ; fish ; eel ; Anguilla anguilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Externally attached telemetry transmitters are unsuitable to tag yellow eels Anguilla anguilla (L.), in streams where they exhibit cryptic life habits and hide in narrow cavities between rocks. We evaluated the adequacy of surgical implantation and closing procedures for tagging eels with biotelemetry transmitters. Epoxy dummy transmitters (18 × 8 mm, 1.6–1.7 g) were implanted in eels anaesthetised with 2-phenoxy-ethanol (0.9 ml l-1), through a 20 mm mid ventral incision made in the posterior quarter of their body cavity. The incision was either left open, or closed in different ways: stitches (absorbable or non absorbable suture material) or commercial-grade cyanoacrilate adhesive (LoctiteTM). Fish were stocked in a 4 m2 flow through tank (15–17 °C), controlled daily for mortality and weekly for evaluating the healing process. No transmitter was expelled over a 12-week period, even in eels with unclosed incisions, of which 50% healed within 28 days (t 50). Regardless of the nature of the filament, suturing induced skin and muscle necrosis, caused significantly higher mortality rates (60% after 10 weeks) and paradoxically slowed down the healing rate (40 and 45 d, respectively). Cyanoacrilate suppressed the inflammatory response and granted higher survival rate (90%), but did not permit to speed up the closing process (t_50 = 52 d), as eels actively bit and removed the adhesive within hours. This behaviour was suppressed when we applied a freshly cut fragment of the eel dorsal fin as a biological bandage over the drying cyanoacrilate. The adhesive remained in place for one to two days and permitted to substantially increase the healing rate (t 50 = 15 d). These results substantiate the efficiency of surgery techniques for tagging eels with radio transmitters, at least for units of small weight and bulk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017090117425
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    Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in male yellow perch, Perca flavescens: the effect of age and photothermal manipulation (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: fish ; 11-ketotestosterone ; testosterone ; estradiol ; sperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasma steroid concentrations in two and three year-old male yellow perch maintained under two different photothermal regimes were investigated. Initially, all fish kept indoors were exposed to the same water temperature (22 °C) and photoperiod (15L:9D). By the end of August, following the first sampling, fish were exposed to different photothermal regimes. Groups A2 (2 year old) and A3 (3 year old) were maintained under photothermal conditions similar to those of southern Ohio. Groups B2 (2 year old) and B3 (3 year old) were exposed to a condensed light/temperature regime designed to accelerate maturation. Testosterone (T) was the major circulating androgen in all groups. In regime A fish, plasma concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and T were very low in August, increased in October and remained elevated until March. In regime B plasma androgens were high until February and then dropped abruptly in March. The elevated circulating levels of 11KT and T were associated with production of sperm. The highest sperm concentration in the groups A3 and B3 was observed in February and December, respectively. There were no major differences in profiles and levels of plasma steroids between two age categories within each photothermal regime. These data indicate that the compression of the photothermal cycle accelerated both the occurrence of the low postspawning levels of circulating steroids and the completion of milt production. Higher sperm concentration observed in B3 group earlier in the season compared to A3 group also support the notion that the condensed photothermal cycle accelerated gonadal maturation. It appears that modification of the environmental cues may be a useful tool for manipulation of reproductive processes in male yellow perch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007460630535
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    Sex determination system of the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: backcross ; crossover ; gynogenesis ; meiosis ; triploid ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus, is the only fish species known in which artificial triploids are always male, regardless of the kind of polyploidization technique used. In order to elucidate the genetic sex determination system of the rosy bitterling, two kinds of gynogenesis were carried out: retention of the second polar body (GRSPB) and suppression of the first cleavage (GSFC). The sex ratio of progeny was nearly 7:1 (♂:♀) for both GRSPB and GSFC, while those of control and parental fish were almost 1:1. In backcrosses of female progeny by GRSPB and normal diploid males, male progeny were observed at low frequency (one or two individuals in each experiment), except in one experiment where the appearance rate of males was about 50%. From results of gynogenesis and backcrosses, the following conclusions can be made. The genetic sex determination system of the rosy bitterling is a heterogametic female system (ZW). Survival rate of superfemales (WW), produced by gynogenesis, is much lower than that of males (ZW).There is a possibility that crossovers between sex determining genes and a centromere occur in the first meiosis. With repect to the mechanism of unisexuality (male) of artificial triploids of the rosy bitterling, only males (ZZZ and ZZW) are presumed viable, while females (ZWW) are probably inviable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007328414175
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    Osteology of Zacco pachycephalus, sensu Jordan & Evermann (1903), with special reference to its systematic position (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Formosan cyprinid ; skeletal system ; Opsariichthys ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The skeletal system of Zacco pachycephalus, sensu Jordan & Evermann (1903), is described and compared with that of other related barilines to clarify its systematic position. Osteological characters fall generally into two categories in terms of apomorphic features. The first category is exemplified by autapomorphies such as lower jaw bone shape and the number of branchiostegal rays and hypurals. The latter characters are highly unusual among Cyprinidae. The second category consists of synapomorphies linking Z. pachycephalus and Opsariichthys uncirostris. Specialization of jaw bones for a piscivorous habit is also notable. The quadrate-pterygoid fenestra of Z. pachycephalus and O. uncirostris is considered derived. We conclude that Zacco pachycephalus should be transferred from Zacco to Opsariichthys based on the present osteological analysis.
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    Variations in age and size at maturity of female Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, populations from man-made lakes of Côte d'Ivoire (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 453-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: phenotypic plasticity ; reproductive style ; fish ; cichlid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus females were studied in two large hydroelectric dams and 6 small agropastoral reservoirs of Côte d'Ivoire, selected for their diversity of environmental conditions and sizes (6 to 80000 ha). Comparative analysis of age and size at maturity revealed large differences between the populations with early maturity, late maturity, and intermediate situations. All the populations matured in their first year, between 5.6 and 10 months. Age and size at maturity were positively correlated with the reservoir area. The range of variation in age at maturity between populations was far greater than that of size at maturity. However, size at maturity also appears to be very plastic as intra-population variations of 2 to 3 cm were found between consecutive years. A comparison of age at maturity for a population in 1994 and 1996 showed that this trait is also likely to vary significantly at the intra-population level. Environmental factors which could potentially affect age and size at maturity are discussed. Growth differences are the probable explanation for the observed patterns of variation between populations. Rapid changes in age and size at maturity at inter or intra-population levels suggest that the observed variations might be explained by differences in environmental variables (phenotypic plasticity) rather than by genetic differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007453731509
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    Comparative ecology and historical biogeography of the genus Brachyrhaphis (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: poeciliid ; area cladogram ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic systematics was used to reveal micro-evolutionary processes and macro-evolutionary patterns that have resulted in the current distribution of species of the live-bearing fish genus Brachyrhaphis. A previously constructed molecular phylogeny for the genus determined that two distinct clades, deep-bodied and slender-bodied, exist within the genus. Micro-habitat variables were measured for all extant members of the genus. Water flow differed significantly between the clades and was converted to a discrete variable and, along with elevation and micro-habitat type, mapped onto the phylogeny for the genus. The evolution of micro-habitat choice was hypothesized using these results. A detailed distribution map was constructed to unveil biogeographic patterns and was also interpreted in light of the molecular phylogeny. The phylogeny was then used to construct an area cladogram. This cladogram was compared to the one derived from paleogeography. The molecular-based area cladogram adds to the growing database required to resolve the biogeography of the Caribbean.
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    Gastric evacuation rates and maximum daily rations of rainbow trout fed chironomid larvae at 7.8, 10.0 and 12.8°C (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: food consumption ; Salmo gairdneri ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; fish ; stream population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gastric evacuation rate (GER) and maximum daily ration (CMAX) data for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are scant, particularly those that apply to field populations of this species. We determined GERs and CMAXs of rainbow trout (approx. 160-300 mm TL, 40-300 g live weight), fed chironomid larvae at 7.8, 10.0 and 12.8°C. Primary GER and CMAX results are provided so they can be readily compared and combined with data from related studies. Disclosure of primary data should facilitate development of predictive equations for GER and CMAX that are applicable to the broad array of conditions under which rainbow trout exist. Our GERs at 10°C were intermediate to but different from most reported in other such studies of rainbow trout at this temperature where different food types were used. Our CMAX values for rainbow trout were substantially higher than those reported in a previous study, and we argue that our values are probably more appropriate for stream-dwelling populations. We also provide evidence that Elliott's (1972, 1975) equations for predicting GER and CMAX in brown trout, Salmo trutta, should not be applied to rainbow trout as has been done in some studies.
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    Life-history variations in the fluvial sculpin, Cottus nozawae (Cottidae), along the course of a small mountain stream (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: mark-and-recapture ; size at maturity ; age at maturity ; restricted movement ; individual growth ; sex ratio ; population density ; phenotypic plasticity ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life-history variations in male and female fluvial sculpins, Cottus nozawae, were studied in a small mountain stream in Hokkaido, Japan, primarily by using capture-mark-recapture methods. At three study areas established along the stream course, the majority of marked sculpins were recaptured in their original location over one or more years, indicating their long-term occupation of each restricted habitat area. Sculpin densities increased toward the upstream habitats, whereas individual growth rates were more rapid downstream. In both sexes, sculpins distributed downstream matured at a larger body size and later in life than upstream sculpins, clearly demonstrating a clinal variation in these respects. A comparison of life-history variations in C. nozawae with those in amphidromous C. hangiongensis suggests that intrapopulational life-history variations in the former might be environmentally induced, and that one of the most important determinants for the variations in Cottus species might be population density.
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    Dyadic relationships in nesting males of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: dyad ; aggressive interaction ; social relationships ; nesting males ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional scaling analysis of nest site location, nesting interval, and aggressive and mating interactions revealed that male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, formed nesting clusters comprising five patterns of dyadic relationships. These patterns were defined by intervening variables such as size difference between the two males, nest site locations, synchronization of nesting cycles (egg presence in the nest), distance between two nests, and nest raiding behaviours. Several patterns of dyadic relationships were integrated among nesting males and their constellations indicated an expression of the social structure. Through an understanding the social structure, I described effects of social context or situations on individual reproductive success.
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    Daily spawning and development of sensitivity to gonadotropin and maturation-inducing steroid in the oocytes of the bambooleaf wrasse, Pseudolabrus japonicus (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: maturational competence ; protogyny ; teleost ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cycle of oocyte development of the bambooleaf wrasse, Pseudolabrus japonicus, was studied to elucidate the endocrinological mechanism of oocyte maturation in a marine teleost. A single female reared with two males spawned every day for 17 days in captivity, indicating that this species is a daily spawner. Ovarian histology revealed that germinal vesicle migration of the largest oocytes progressed from 12:00 to 3:00 h, and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was completed at 6:00 h. Ovulation and spawning occurred between 6:00 and 9:00 h. The effectiveness of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-P), which is one of the most potent steroidal inducers of GVBD in bambooleaf wrasse oocytes, in inducing final oocyte maturation was examined at eight different times of the day. The responsiveness of the oocyte to HCG and steroid differed at different times of the day. The GVBD could be induced by HCG but not 17,20β-P at 9:00 h. Between 12:00 and 18:00 h, not only HCG but also 17,20β-P induced GVBD. Both GVBD and ovulation spontaneously occurred between 0:00 and 6:00 h without any hormonal treatment. These results clearly showed that the oocyte of the bambooleaf wrasse possessed a diurnal maturation cycle. Responsiveness of oocytes to HCG appeared earlier than responsiveness to 17,20β-P. This suggests that sensitivity to 17,20 β-P is induced by gonadotropic hormone (GTH).
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    Home range of the Japanese fluvial sculpin, Cottus pollux, in relation to nocturnal activity patterns (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 53 (1998), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: appearance ; residential tendency ; substratum use ; nocturnal activity ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of space use related to the activity of individual Japanese fluvial sculpins, Cottus pollux, were examined during the non-breeding season, in the upper reaches of the Inabe River, central Japan. Sculpins appeared more frequently at night than in daytime. Among 31 recaptured sculpins, 30 (96.8%) showed nocturnal activity patterns, there being no fish which exhibited an entirely diurnal activity pattern. Of 21 sculpins captured both in daytime and at night, the most common pattern of space use (n = 14, 66.7%) was that in which the nocturnal home range entirely encompassed the diurnal range. Overall, nocturnal home ranges were significantly larger than diurnal ranges. Active sculpins were rarely found on sand-associated substrata in daytime, but were seen more frequently on such substrata at night.
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    Development of community metrics to evaluate recovery of Minnesota wetlands (1998)
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 6 (1998), S. 217-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: wetlands ; land use ; biological integrity ; biological diversity ; ecosystem monitoring ; ecosystem recovery ; amphibians ; fish ; birds ; plants ; invertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monitoring wetland recovery requires assessment tools that efficiently and reliably discern ecosystem changes in response to changes in land use. The biological indicator approach pioneered for rivers and streams that uses changes in species assemblages to interpret degradation levels may be a promising monitoring approach for wetlands. We explored how well metrics based on species assemblages related to land use patterns for eight kinds of wetlands in Minnesota. We evaluated land use on site and within 500 m,1000 m, 2500 m and 5000 m of riverine, littoral, and depressional wetlands (n = 116) in three ecoregions. Proportion of agriculture, urban, grassland, forest,and water were correlated with metrics developed from plant, bird, fish, invertebrate, and amphibian community data collected from field surveys. We found79 metrics that relate to land use, including five that may be useful for many wetlands: proportion of wetland birds, wetland bird richness, proportion of insectivorous birds, importance of Carex, importance of invasive perennials. Since very few metrics were significant for even one-half of the wetland types surveyed, our data suggest that monitoring recovery in wetlands with community indicators will likely require different metrics,depending on type and ecoregion. In addition, wetlands within extensively degraded ecoregions may be most problematic for indicator development because biotic degradation is historic and severe.
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    Accumulation of mercury in estuarine food chains (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: fish ; invertebrates ; ligands ; mercury ; methylmercury ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract To understand the accumulation of inorganic mercury and methylmercury at the base of the estuarine food chain, phytoplankton (Thalassiosira weissflogii) uptake and mercury speciation experiments were conducted. Complexation of methylmercury as methylmercury-bisulfide decreased the phytoplankton uptake rate while the uptake rate of the methylmercury-cysteine and -thiourea complexes increased with increasing complexation by these ligands. Furthermore, our results indicated that while different ligands influenced inorganic mercury/methylmercury uptake by phytoplankton cells, the ligand complex had no major influence on either where the mercury was sequestered within the phytoplankton cell nor the assimilation efficiency of the mercury by copepods. The assimilation efficiency of inorganic mercury/methylmercury by copepods and amphipods feeding on algal cells was compared and both organisms assimilated methylmercury much more efficiently; the relative assimilation efficiency of methylmercury to inorganic mercury was 2.0 for copepods and 2.8 for amphipods. The relative assimilation is somewhat concentration dependent as experiments showed that as exposure concentration increased, a greater percentage of methylmercury was found in the cytoplasm of phytoplankton cells, resulting in a higher concentration in the copepods feeding on these cells. Additionally, food quality influenced assimilation by invertebrates. During decay of a T. weissflogii culture, which served as food for the invertebrates, copepods were increasingly less able to assimilate the methylmercury from the food, while even at advanced stages of decay, amphipods were able to assimilate mercury from their food to a high degree. Finally, fish feeding on copepods assimilated methylmercury more efficiently than inorganic mercury owing to the larger fraction of methylmercury found in the soft tissues of the copepods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005959211768
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  • 86
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    A method for the external attachment of acoustic tags on roundfish (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 371-372 (1998), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; tagging ; telemetry ; heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper proposes a new method for the external attachment of an acoustic tag on roundfish. The tag is placed in anterio-ventral position and attached with two wires passed around the pelvic girdle. This tagging method was tested on Atlantic cod and European sea bass using acoustic heart rate transmitters. Preliminary results concerning metabolic demand (oxygen consumption), heart rate and behaviour of free swimming individuals are presented and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017017810099
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  • 87
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    Long-term changes in crustacean zooplankton and water quality in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake densely stocked with fish (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 391 (1998), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: crustacean zooplankton ; long-term changes ; water quality ; fish ; Lake Donghu ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From surveys made in 1962–1963, 1973–1974, 1979–1996 at two Stations in Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic water body near Wuhan, P. R. China, the authors, derive long-term changes in species composition, standing crop and body-size of planktonic crustaceans. The species number decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The cladocerans dropped from 46 (1960s) to 26 (1980s) to 13 (1990s); the copepods decreased from 14 (1960s) to 10 (1980s) to 7 (1990s). From the mid-1980s on, the dominant crustaceans also changed: Daphnia hyalina and D. carinata ssp. were replaced by Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum at Stations 1 and 2, respectively; Cyclops vicinus replaced Mesocyclops leuckarti. Densities and biomass of Cladocera decreased markedly after 1987. Annual average densities and biomass of cladocerans were statistically differences between 1962–1986 and 1987–1996 (P 〉 0.01). Annual average densities of Daphnia (Station 1 + Station 2) were negatively correlated with fish yield . Since the 1980s, annual average body length of Cladocera and Calanoida decreased, while annual average body length of Cyclopoida increased. In the same years, average body length of copepods was lower during May–October than during January–April and November–December. A 12-yr data analysis showed annual average concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to be negatively correlated with annual average density of Daphnia, whilst lake transparency was positively correlated with annual average densities of Daphnia. The results imply that, since Daphnia feeds efficiently on phytoplankton, it could decrease concentration of Chl-a, and enhance water transparency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003502105797
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    Arrival of an Australian anguillid eel in New Zealand: an example of transoceanic dispersal (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: biogeography ; Anguilla ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anguilla reinhardtii, hitherto known from eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island, has recently been discovered in rivers of northern New Zealand. Identification, based on morphological and genetic characteristics, is unequivocal; eight consecutive year classes have been found. The only reasonable explanation of this occurrence is transoceanic dispersal to New Zealand, probably from subtropical oceanic spawning grounds north of New Zealand. This corroborates past hypotheses that the strongly diadromous freshwater fish fauna of New Zealand is derived by transoceanic dispersal of known marine life intervals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007326405148
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  • 89
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    Sound production during feeding in Hippocampus seahorses (Syngnathidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: bioacoustics ; feeding behavior ; functional morphology ; fish ; cavitation ; stridulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While there have been many anecdotal reports of sounds produced by Hippocampus seahorses, little is known about the mechanisms of sound production. We investigated clicking sounds produced during feeding strikes in H. zosterae and H. erectus. Descriptions of head morphology support the idea that feeding clicks may represent stridulatory sounds produced by a bony articulation between the supraoccipital ridge of the neurocranium and the grooved anterior margin of the coronet. Analysis of high-speed video and synchronous sound recordings of H. erectus indicate that the feeding click begins within 1-2 msec of the onset of the rapid feeding strike (4 msec mean duration). Surgical manipulations of the supraoccipital-coronet articulation resulted in a decreased proportion of feeding strikes that produced clicks. This study provides several lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that feeding clicks in Hippocampus seahorses are stridulatory in origin and are produced by the supraoccipital-coronet articulation. Our results are not consistent with previous suggestions that sounds may be produced by cavitation due to rapid pressure changes within the buccal cavity during the feeding strike.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007434714122
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  • 90
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    Simulating smallmouth bass reproductive success in reservoirs (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Micropterus dolomieu ; reproduction ; predictive model ; Brownlee Reservoir ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An individual-based model of nesting smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, is used to predict the effects of water level fluctuations on reproductive success. The model simulates daily nest site selection, spawning, nest guarding, and development and survival of eggs, embryos, and larvae until dispersal. The model was configured for Brownlee Reservoir, Idaho-Oregon. Each reservoir bank is represented as a rectangular grid of cells, with each cell characterized by an assigned slope, substrate, and elevation, and by a water depth that varied daily. Nest site (cell) selection is determined from a habitat suitability index (HSI) based on substrate, slope, and depth. Development of young is temperature-dependent. Mortality of young occurs via attrition, abandonment by the guarding male, and probabilistic whole-nest catastrophe. Simulations were performed that used observed data for 1991 to 1996. Model predicted nest habitat selection and egg-to-dispersal survival rates were similar to observed values. Additional model simulations showed that: (1) nest habitat selection was best predicted when depth, slope, and substrate were considered together rather than singly, (2) egg-to-dispersal survival was related to the magnitude of water level fluctuations during the peak spawning period, (3) relating mortality to HSI values resulted in lower survival, while relating growth to HSI values resulted in higher survival, and (4) spawning habitat is not limiting in Brownlee Reservoir. Suggestions for future monitoring of reservoir-based smallmouth bass populations are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007489627887
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    Arrival of an Australian anguillid eel in New Zealand: an example of transoceanic dispersal (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: biogeography ; Anguilla ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anguilla reinhardtii, hitherto known from eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island, has recently been discovered in rivers of northern New Zealand. Identification, based on morphological and genetic characteristics, is unequivocal; eight consecutive year classes have been found. The only reasonable explanation of this occurrence is transoceanic dispersal to New Zealand, probably from subtropical oceanic spawning grounds north of New Zealand. This corroborates past hypotheses that the strongly diadromous freshwater fish fauna of New Zealand is derived by transoceanic dispersal of known marine life intervals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007326405148
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  • 92
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    Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: conservation implications for an imperiled species (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 429-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: fish ; Catostomidae ; temperature ; salinity ; pH ; hypoxia ; conservation biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Teleostei: Catostomidae), is an imperiled sucker native to large rivers of the Atlantic slope of the southeastern United States. Juvenile M. robustum were tested for tolerances to temperature, salinity, pH, and hypoxia in order to evaluate basic early life-history requirements. Static (acute) tests resulted in estimates of mean lower temperature tolerances (5.3–19.4 °C) that varied with prior thermal acclimation and indicated no apparent difference in tolerance among fish 30, 60, and 90 days old. Fish acclimated to 20 °C and 30 °C had significantly different mean critical thermal maxima (34.9 °C and 37.2 °C, respectively) and exhibited pronounced increased opercular ventilation rates with elevated temperatures. Fish exposed to acute and chronic increases in salinity showed unusual patterns of mortality above the isosmotic point (9 ppt) that reflected possible differences in body mass and prior acclimation conditions (i.e., water ionic composition); small fish and those held in soft water were the least tolerant of increased salinity. Abrupt exposure to extreme pH values resulted in greater than 50% mortality at pH values below 4.3 and above 9.5 within a 96-hour period. Fish exposed to progressive hypoxia utilized aquatic surface respiration at a mean oxygen concentration of 0.72–0.80 mg O2 l-1 (20 °C and 30 °C acclimated fish, respectively), and lost equilibrium at 0.54–0.57 mg O2 l-1. Juvenile M. robustum are moderately tolerant of a wide range of ambient physicochemical parameters, but further research is needed to determine how both abiotic and biotic factors have contributed to population decline and extirpation of this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007486632102
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    Generalists as sequential specialists: diets and prey switching in juvenile silver perch (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: planktivory ; insectivory ; pond fertility ; fish ; Bidyanus bidyanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diets of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, in organically fertilised aquaculture ponds were dominated by chironomid larvae, Daphnia and calanoid copepods. Insects and crustaceans contributed approximately 80% and 20% by weight to the diet respectively. Classification of the stomach contents of individual fish revealed 8 diet groups, 4 of which were dominated by planktonic crustaceans and 4 by insects. Each diet group was strongly dominated by a different prey type. Fish from the same sample tended to belong to the same diet group and there was a non-random distribution of diet groups across ponds. Perch diets were influenced by the method of pond fertilisation (livestock effluent or pellet feed). Shifts in the representation of groups indicated that fish switched from one diet group to another over a 2–4 week period. The selection of planktonic prey by perch was related to prey densities in the ponds. Fish preferred Daphnia when these prey were common, but switched to calanoids and insects when Daphnia were scarce. A perfect rank correlation between the mean body size of planktonic prey and their contribution to the diet suggested that prey choice involved comparative decisions based on prey size. These findings indicate that, while classified as dietary generalists, silver perch exhibit consumption patterns which at the individual level are highly specialised at any given time. These patterns can be predicted, given information on prey densities in the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007489100809
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    Use of substratum ripples for flow refuging by Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: station-holding ; current ; trough ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability to maintain position in a current without actively swimming (station-holding) was measured on substratum ripples for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, a bentho-pelagic fusiform species. The current velocities tested ranged from 0–111 cm sec-1. Ripples were sinusoidal, with twelve combinations of ripple wavelength (10, 25, 50, 125 cm) and ripple amplitude (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 cm). Ripple wavelengths were chosen to approximate 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 times fish total length. The potential of ripples to locally retard current and thereby provide a refuge from the flow was measured as a velocity ratio, utrough/ufree-stream, where utrough is the flow velocity measured at a height of 0.5 cm from the bottom of a trough and ufree-stream the flow velocity measured at a height of 10 cm above ripple crests. Cod usually swam steadily above substratum ripple crests in the free-stream flow. They used substratum ripples to hold station on only 3 of the 12 ripples tested by refuging from the flow in the ripple troughs (flow refuging). These ripples had wavelengths approaching twice the body length, with ripple amplitudes that produced velocity ratios of 0.44–0.65, thus providing at least a 35% flow reduction in the troughs. In addition, these ripples were only used at intermediate velocities starting at 49–78 cm sec-1 and ending at 81–109 cm sec-1 depending on the ripple morphology, suggesting there may be costs involved in flow refuging, probably in stability control. Flow refuging on substratum ripples could dramatically impact the physiology and ecology of cod in high current velocities by providing areas of retreat for energetic savings, but also offering opportunities for enhanced feeding and migration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007449630601
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    Reproductive success in female Neolamprologus mondabu (Cichlidae): influence of substrate types (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: substrate brooder ; body size ; home range size ; habitat preference ; Lake Tanganyika ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual variation in body size, home range size, and reproductive success among Neolamprologus mondabu (Cichlidae) females were investigated with reference to substrate types in the littoral zone of northern Lake Tanganyika. Larger females occupied sandy substrates and smaller ones stony substrates. Female reproductive success, estimated as the number of offspring successfully released per month, was higher on sandy substrates than on stony substrates. This may be attributable to higher spawning intensity and better protection of broods against predators in open, sandy habitats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007380431013
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    Factors influencing otolith strontium/calcium ratios in Anguilla japonica elvers (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: eel ; salinity ; temperature ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature and salinity on the concentration ratios of strontium (Sr) to calcium (Ca) within the sagittal otoliths of elvers of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, were studied by spot analysis using a wavelength dispersive X-ray electron microprobe. A total of 340 elvers were used: 100 elvers were reared for 15 days under various salinity conditions (freshwater, one-third seawater, two-thirds seawater and pure seawater at 22 °C; 240 elvers were reared for 58 days under various water temperature conditions (12, 17, 22, 27 °C) in either freshwater or pure seawater. Otolith Sr/Ca ratios were found to be positively correlated with water salinity. On the other hand, the Sr/Ca ratios were not found to be significantly different among the various temperature groups. The above results strongly suggest that the physiological mechanism of incorporation of Sr and Ca within the otolith of an eurythermal fish, Japanese eel, does not change within this range of temperatures (12–27 °C).
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    Reproduction, diet and population structure of the mountain mullet, Agonostomus monticola, in Jamaica, West Indies (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 53 (1998), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: size at maturity ; spawning ; sex ratios ; fecundity ; diet ; population structure ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reproduction, feeding and population structure were investigated in the mountain mullet, Agonostomus monticola, in eastern Jamaica between 1982 and 1986. Female fishes just outnumbered males 1.2 : 1. Minimum size at maturity for females was 123 mm fork length (FL) and 96 mm FL for males. Mean size at maturity for females was 165.8 mm FL (S.D.=1.61) and for males was 148.4 mm FL (S.D.=2.97). Fecundity was 340 000 eggs for a 25 g ovary. Fecundity (F) was related to size by the equation F=153.8 FL1.36. Mean lengths of males and females captured by all methods were 129.4 mm (S.D.=5.56) and 160.4 mm FL (S.D.=0.70), respectively. A. monticola was found to be chiefly an insectivorous feeder. The major food items found in stomach contents in ranked sequence were insects, freshwater prawns, plant detritus and algae.
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    Effects of substrata, resident conspecifics and damselfish on the settlement and recruitment of the stoplight parrotfish, Sparisoma viride (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 53 (1998), S. 393-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: pre-settlement ; post-settlement ; Caribbean ; microhabitat ; coral reef ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recruitment plays an important role in the population dynamics of marine organisms and is often quantified as a surrogate for settlement. When quantified, recruitment includes settlement plus a period of time in the benthic habitat. Therefore, it is essential to determine whether post-settlement processes alter patterns established at settlement. I conducted a series of experiments on 2.0 m2 patch reefs to examine the importance of pre- and post-settlement processes to the distribution and abundance of recruits of the stoplight parrotfish, Sparisoma viride, on the Tague Bay reef, St. Croix, USVI. Recruitment was higher to the coral Porites porites than to another common coral Montastrea annularis, but there was no evidence of microhabitat choice at settlement. This result, in conjunction with the examination of the size classes of recruits present on P. porites and M. annularis patch reefs in a separate experiment suggested that differences in recruitment were established after settlement. Stoplights settled in higher numbers to patch reefs that contained conspecific residents, and persistence was higher at higher recruit density. Although resident damselfish directed significant amounts of agonistic behavior towards newly stoplight recruits, damselfish presence had no effect on settlement. However, damselfish presence did reduce stoplight recruitment. These results demonstrate that both pre- and post-settlement processes influence the recruitment of stoplight parrotfish. More importantly, these results indicate that benthic processes can alter recruitment patterns from initial settlement patterns, and indicate that workers should be careful in using recruitment as a proxy for settlement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007471805769
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    The use of polynomial regression analysis with indicator variables for interpretation of mercury in fish data (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: binary variables ; fish ; impoundment ; indicator variables ; James Bay ; mercury ; polynomial regression ; Québec ; reservoirs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mercury levels in fish in reservoirs and natural lakes have been monitored on a regular basis since 1978 at the La Grande hydroelectric complex located in the James Bay region of Québec, Canada. The main analytical tools historically used were analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), linear regression of the mercury-to-length relationship and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) multiple comparisons of mean mercury levels. Inadequacy of linear regression (mercury-to-length relationships are often curvilinear) and difficulties in comparing mean mercury levels when regressions differ lead us to use polynomial regression with indicator variables. For comparisons between years, polynomial regression models relate mercury levels to length (L), length squared (L2), binary (dummy) indicator variables (Bn), each representing a sampled year, and the products of each of these explanatory variables (L × B1, L2 × B1, L × B2, etc.). Optimal transformations of the mercury levels (for normality and homogeneity) were found by the Box-Cox procedure. The models so obtained formed a partially nested series corresponding to four situations: (a) all years are well represented by a single polynomial model; (b) the year-models are of the same shape, but the means may differ; (c) the means are the same, but the year-models differ in shape; (d) both the means and shapes may differ among years. Since year-specific models came from the general one, rigorous statistical comparisons are possible between models. Polynomial regression with indicator variables allows rigorous statistical comparisons of mercury-to-length relationships among years, even when the shape of the relationships differ. It is simple to obtain accurate estimates of mercury levels at standardized length, and multiple comparisons of these estimations are simple to perform. The method can also be applied to spatial analysis (comparison of sampling stations), or to the comparison of different biological forms of the same species (dwarf and normal lake whitefish).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005997430906
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    Temperature, growth and dietary effects on fish mercury dynamics in two Ontario lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 175-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: bioenergetics ; fish ; mercury ; methylmercury ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A bioenergetics-based model was used to investigate the effects of temperature, growth and dietary exposure on methylmercury dynamics in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from two lakes sampled in northwestern Ontario. Orange Lake was smaller, warmer, had slower fish growth and higher mercury concentrations in yearling yellow perch and walleye (three fold difference in 40 cm walleye) than Trout Lake. The model was applied to test the hypothesis that higher water temperatures in Orange Lake increased metabolic needs, food consumption and mercury uptake in fish. The effects of different growths rates in the lakes were also considered. Temperature/metabolic effects and growth effects on internal methylmercury dynamics in walleye and perch were predicted to occur but be of secondary importance. Different dietary exposure to methylmercury was likely the dominant source of variation in fish mercury concentrations between the two lakes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005986505407
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